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Making the City Mobile: the Place of the Motor Car in the Planning of Post-War Birmingham, C

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Making the City Mobile: the Place of the Motor Car in the Planning of Post-War Birmingham, C Making the City Mobile: The Place of the Motor Car in the Planning of Post-War Birmingham, c. 1945-1973 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester Matthew Parker Centre for Urban History University of Leicester May 2015 i Abstract Making the City Mobile: The Place of the Motor Car in the Planning of Post-War Birmingham, c. 1945-1973 This thesis explores the ways in which Birmingham was planned for the purposes of mass automobility between 1945 and 1973. The urban landscape was reshaped substantially during this period; the relationship between automobility and town planning is examined to elaborate a deeper historical understanding of the impact of the motor car on the urban environment. Existing literature on the impact of the motor car on British society has focussed on specific roads or patterns of car usage. This thesis instead addresses the issue of how the city changed as a result of planning for automobility and what the repercussions of this strategy were. City centre redevelopment, slum clearance, public transport provision and pollution are investigated to show how the city’s commercial, civic and residential spaces changed, and how the lives of Birmingham’s inhabitants were affected as a result of living in a ‘motor city.’ Birmingham City Engineer Herbert Manzoni believed that a modern city should be redeveloped to facilitate increased car use. The redevelopment of Birmingham as a ‘motor city’ was in large part ideological. Birmingham was not planned as a ‘motor city’ in reaction to increased motor car use, but rather proactively redeveloped to facilitate future increases in motor ownership. This thesis argues that Birmingham Corporation utilised other aspects of the planning process, such as city centre redevelopment and slum clearance, to implement new road systems. It also argues that these policies had repercussions for everyone, including pedestrians. The pursuit of automobility in Birmingham resulted in a lack of resources being directed towards public transport and growing concerns with public health caused by motor car pollution. As a consequence by the early 1970s the tide had turned against the motor city ideal. ii Acknowledgements The utmost appreciation must firstly go towards my supervisor Simon Gunn. Simon’s guidance and knowledge has been invaluable and it is impossible to think of a greater influence on the development of my research. I also express thanks to Sue Townsend for her advice and encouragement, and I am indebted to The Leverhulme Trust for the financial assistance provided to allow me to undertake this research. The assistance of Sally Horrocks regarding the histories of public health and pollution was incredibly valuable. Thanks go to the many staff and students based at the Centre for Urban History who over the past few years who have offered helpful advice or resources, and in particular Richard Harrison. Staff at all the libraries and archives visited must be thanked for their help during research trips. Special thanks are reserved for the assistance of Richard Shenton at the Media Archive for Central England. From Leicester, I could not have managed without the support and patience of Becca Fisher. Ben Harvey was a continuous source of academic stimulation, entertainment and friendship. Thanks also go to Joe, Cat, Sarah and Claire. There is an endless list of people to thank from Sheffield, but particular thanks is made to Adam, Ed, Jamie, Josh, Luke, Martin, Miles and Ryan. The final thanks and dedication go to my family. My parents, Barry and Carol, for their continuous encouragement. My brothers Stephen and Christopher for welcome relief at home through trips to Hillsborough and long conversations about horse racing. And finally to my grandparents, Anne, Audrey and Byron, and to the memory of Vincent. Matthew Parker. iii Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1 - Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 Birmingham and the Rise of the Motor Age in Britain, c. 1945-1973 ...................................... 2 Urban History and the Motor Car ........................................................................................... 10 Automobility and Modernity................................................................................................... 20 Research Questions, Thesis Structure and Sources ................................................................. 25 Chapter 2 – Urban Form .......................................................................................................... 30 Suburbanisation and Ribbon Development – the 1930s and 1940s ........................................ 31 The Development of the City Centre and the Restriction of Urban Sprawl – the 1950s and 1960s ....................................................................................................................................... 42 The Decline of the ‘Motor City’ – the 1970s .......................................................................... 52 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 59 Chapter 3 - Traffic Architecture and the Redevelopment of the City Centre ..................... 61 The Inner Ring Road and City Centre Redevelopment ........................................................... 63 ‘Strip’ Development – Smallbrook Ringway .......................................................................... 67 ‘Integrated’ Development - Paradise Circus & the Central Library ....................................... 74 Traffic Flow and Service Tunnels ........................................................................................... 83 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 89 Chapter 4 – Roads, Slum Clearance and Blight ..................................................................... 92 Planning for Slum Clearance and Automobility ..................................................................... 93 Consequences of Comprehensive Redevelopment ............................................................... 105 Road Plans and Housing Blight: The Coventry Road Skyway ............................................. 110 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 114 Chapter 5 - Public Transport ................................................................................................. 116 iv The Demise of the Tramways and the Rise of the Motor Buses ........................................... 118 The Railways’ Struggles and the Shift towards Integrated Transport Services .................... 126 Unrealised Schemes .............................................................................................................. 137 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 150 Chapter 6 – Public Health and Pollution .............................................................................. 153 The Development of Research .............................................................................................. 155 The Electric Car and the Attitudes of Whitehall ................................................................... 168 Birmingham: Gravelly Hill Interchange ............................................................................... 176 Chapter 7 – Driving in the ‘Motor City’ ............................................................................... 190 Portraits ................................................................................................................................. 191 Realities ................................................................................................................................. 202 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 220 Chapter 8 – Conclusion: Automobility in Urban Britain, 1945-1973 ................................. 223 Town Planning and Automobility ......................................................................................... 223 Unlocking ‘Motor Cities’ ...................................................................................................... 229 Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 233 Appendix A: Timeline of Important Developments in Birmingham, c. 1937-1978 ............. 233 Appendix B: Timeline of National Developments in Transport Policy ...............................
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