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G8 Arms Exports and Human Rights Violations

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G8 Arms Exports and Human Rights Violations TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 2. United States of America ........................................................................................... 8 2.1 Arms Sales and Export Controls ...................................................................... 8 2.2 Exports of Security Equipment ...................................................................... 14 2.3 Military and Police Training .......................................................................... 15 2.4 Specific Recommendations ............................................................................ 20 3. Russian Federation ................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Arms Production ............................................................................................ 22 3.3 Arms Export Control ...................................................................................... 23 3.4 Small Arms .................................................................................................... 24 3.5 Larger weapons .............................................................................................. 25 3.6 Foreign Licenced Production ......................................................................... 26 3.7 Arms for Natural Resources ........................................................................... 27 3.8 Foreign-based Brokers, Dealers and Agents .................................................. 29 3.9 Impact on Violations within Russia ............................................................... 30 3.10 Specific Recommendations .......................................................................... 31 4. France ....................................................................................................................... 32 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 32 4.2 Production and Exports .................................................................................. 32 4.3 Arms Control ................................................................................................. 32 4.4 Small Arms and Light Weapons .................................................................... 34 4.5 Larger Arms Exports ...................................................................................... 36 4.6 Security Equipment ........................................................................................ 39 4.7 Licensing of Foreign Production ................................................................... 40 4.8 Brokering arms supplies ................................................................................ 41 4.9 French military aid ......................................................................................... 42 4.10 Specific recommendations ........................................................................... 44 5. United Kingdom ....................................................................................................... 45 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 45 5.2 Arms Export Controls .................................................................................... 45 5.3 Impact of the ‘war on terrorism’ .................................................................... 46 5.4 Small Arms & Light Weapons ....................................................................... 48 5.5 Holes in the Controls ..................................................................................... 51 5.6 Specific Recommendations ............................................................................ 57 6. Germany ................................................................................................................... 58 6.1 Arms production and trade ............................................................................. 58 6.2 Arms export controls ...................................................................................... 59 6.3 Direct Exports ................................................................................................ 60 6.4 Indirect Exports .............................................................................................. 63 6.5 Security Equipment ........................................................................................ 65 6.6 Arms brokering and trafficking ..................................................................... 67 6.7 Specific Recommendations ............................................................................ 68 AI Index: IOR 30/003/2003 Amnesty International 2 A Catalogue of Failures: G8 Arms Exports and Human Rights Violations 7. Italy .......................................................................................................................... 69 7.1 Production and Trade ..................................................................................... 69 7.2 Arms Export Control Principles ..................................................................... 69 7.3 Arms Exports ................................................................................................. 70 7.4 Law on arms exports ...................................................................................... 74 7.5 Arms brokering and trafficking ..................................................................... 75 7.6 Italian NGOs’ campaign ................................................................................ 76 7.7 Specific Recommendations ............................................................................ 77 8. Canada ...................................................................................................................... 77 8.1 Production and Trade ..................................................................................... 77 8.2 Arms Export Control ...................................................................................... 78 8.3 Indirect Arms Trade ....................................................................................... 80 8.4 Small arms and light weapons ....................................................................... 83 8.5 Exports of “Dual Use” Technologies ............................................................. 84 8.6 Specific Recommendations ............................................................................ 87 9. Japan ........................................................................................................................ 88 9.1 Production and Trade ..................................................................................... 88 9.2 Transfers of Advanced Technology ............................................................... 89 9.3 Foreign Licensed production ......................................................................... 90 9.4 Small arms ..................................................................................................... 91 9.5 Electronic equipment ..................................................................................... 92 9.6 Security Equipment ........................................................................................ 94 9.7 Specific Recommendations ............................................................................ 94 10. Overall Recommendations ..................................................................................... 95 10.1 Call for a Global Arms Trade Treaty ........................................................... 95 10.2 Oppose Indiscriminate Weapons ................................................................. 97 10.3 Curb Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation .................................... 98 10.4 Police and Security Equipment .................................................................... 99 Amnesty International AI Index: IOR 30/003/2003 A Catalogue of Failures: G8 Arms Exports and Human Rights Violations 1. Introduction Weak national control of the international transfer of “conventional” arms and security equipment contributes to the persistence of gross human rights violations. Of all the states with inadequate laws and administrative procedures to manage the export, transit and import of such arms – of which there are very many - none are more conspicuous than those states running the world’s largest industrialised economies – the Group of Eight. Amnesty International is opposed to the transfer of military, security, and police equipment, technology and expertise that can reasonably be assumed will contribute to human rights violations in the receiving country, and has consistently appealed to the G8 governments to abide by this principle which they have long recognised but never fully implemented. As this study shows, the governments of the G8 authorize unparalleled levels of arms and related assistance to the world’s armed forces and law enforcement agencies, but often to those who persistently commit gross human rights violations - equipping them, emboldening them and rewarding them. At least two thirds of all global arms transfers in the years 1997-2001 came from five members of the G8. 1 The top supplier of weapons to the world was the United
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