Allocation of Reproductive Effort by Breeding Blackbirds, Family Icteridae
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A Comprehensive Species-Level Molecular Phylogeny of the New World
YMPEV 4758 No. of Pages 19, Model 5G 2 December 2013 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution xxx (2013) xxx–xxx 1 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev 5 6 3 A comprehensive species-level molecular phylogeny of the New World 4 blackbirds (Icteridae) a,⇑ a a b c d 7 Q1 Alexis F.L.A. Powell , F. Keith Barker , Scott M. Lanyon , Kevin J. Burns , John Klicka , Irby J. Lovette 8 a Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, and Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, 100 Ecology Building, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 9 55108, USA 10 b Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA 11 c Barrick Museum of Natural History, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA 12 d Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14950, USA 1314 15 article info abstract 3117 18 Article history: The New World blackbirds (Icteridae) are among the best known songbirds, serving as a model clade in 32 19 Received 5 June 2013 comparative studies of morphological, ecological, and behavioral trait evolution. Despite wide interest in 33 20 Revised 11 November 2013 the group, as yet no analysis of blackbird relationships has achieved comprehensive species-level sam- 34 21 Accepted 18 November 2013 pling or found robust support for most intergeneric relationships. Using mitochondrial gene sequences 35 22 Available online xxxx from all 108 currently recognized species and six additional distinct lineages, together with strategic 36 sampling of four nuclear loci and whole mitochondrial genomes, we were able to resolve most relation- 37 23 Keywords: ships with high confidence. -
21 Sep 2018 Lists of Victims and Hosts of the Parasitic
version: 21 Sep 2018 Lists of victims and hosts of the parasitic cowbirds (Molothrus). Peter E. Lowther, Field Museum Brood parasitism is an awkward term to describe an interaction between two species in which, as in predator-prey relationships, one species gains at the expense of the other. Brood parasites "prey" upon parental care. Victimized species usually have reduced breeding success, partly because of the additional cost of caring for alien eggs and young, and partly because of the behavior of brood parasites (both adults and young) which may directly and adversely affect the survival of the victim's own eggs or young. About 1% of all bird species, among 7 families, are brood parasites. The 5 species of brood parasitic “cowbirds” are currently all treated as members of the genus Molothrus. Host selection is an active process. Not all species co-occurring with brood parasites are equally likely to be selected nor are they of equal quality as hosts. Rather, to varying degrees, brood parasites are specialized for certain categories of hosts. Brood parasites may rely on a single host species to rear their young or may distribute their eggs among many species, seemingly without regard to any characteristics of potential hosts. Lists of species are not the best means to describe interactions between a brood parasitic species and its hosts. Such lists do not necessarily reflect the taxonomy used by the brood parasites themselves nor do they accurately reflect the complex interactions within bird communities (see Ortega 1998: 183-184). Host lists do, however, offer some insight into the process of host selection and do emphasize the wide variety of features than can impact on host selection. -
FIELD GUIDES BIRDING TOURS: Southern Argentina 2012
Field Guides Tour Report Southern Argentina 2012 Nov 3, 2012 to Nov 20, 2012 Dave Stejskal For our tour description, itinerary, past triplists, dates, fees, and more, please VISIT OUR TOUR PAGE. Chilean Flamingos on scenic Laguna Nimez. Birds and beautiful scenery abound in southern Argentina! (Photo by guide Dave Stejskal) What a great trip! We spent about two and a half weeks together exploring the scenic and wildlife highlights, and the wine, of Southern Argentina without a hitch - well, almost without a hitch if you exclude the bus breakdown on Day 2! Even with that minor glitch, I thought we did great with just about everything, including the weather. I don't recall the weather ever significantly affecting our birding at all on this one, which might be a first. The rich, flat pampas in Buenos Aires Province was our first venue and it proved to quite good, with good looks at nearly all the specialty birds that we were looking for there. The big prize this year was pulling out a rare Dot-winged Crake for incredible looks near Punta Rasa - a bird that I hadn't seen at all in at least fifteen years! Woo hoo!! A close male Bearded Tachuri was right up there, too, but it's proving to be rather regular on this tour - but still thrilling when you find one. Bay-capped Wren-Spinetail, Hudson's Canastero, Olrog's Gull, and Curve-billed Reedhaunter were also high-quality finds this year, but there were many others, so read on. Chubut Province was exciting as usual, providing us with numerous avian highlights as well as several excellent mammal encounters. -
Version: 05 Sep 2018 Lists of Victims and Hosts of the Parasitic Cowbirds (Molothrus). Peter E. Lowther, Field Museum Brood
version: 05 Sep 2018 Lists of victims and hosts of the parasitic cowbirds (Molothrus). Peter E. Lowther, Field Museum Brood parasitism is an awkward term to describe an interaction between two species in which, as in predator-prey relationships, one species gains at the expense of the other. Brood parasites "prey" upon parental care. Victimized species usually have reduced breeding success, partly because of the additional cost of caring for alien eggs and young, and partly because of the behavior of brood parasites (both adults and young) which may directly and adversely affect the survival of the victim's own eggs or young. About 1% of all bird species, among 7 families, are brood parasites. The 5 species of brood parasitic “cowbirds” are currently all treated as members of the genus Molothrus. Host selection is an active process. Not all species co-occurring with brood parasites are equally likely to be selected nor are they of equal quality as hosts. Rather, to varying degrees, brood parasites are specialized for certain categories of hosts. Brood parasites may rely on a single host species to rear their young or may distribute their eggs among many species, seemingly without regard to any characteristics of potential hosts. Lists of species are not the best means to describe interactions between a brood parasitic species and its hosts. Such lists do not necessarily reflect the taxonomy used by the brood parasites themselves nor do they accurately reflect the complex interactions within bird communities (see Ortega 1998: 183-184). Host lists do, however, offer some insight into the process of host selection and do emphasize the wide variety of features than can impact on host selection. -
New Zealand Passerines : a Contribution to Passerine Phylogeny
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. New Zealand Passerines: a contribution to Passerine phylogeny A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (MSc) in Genetics Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand RYAN ENGLAND 2013 ii Abstract The passerines are the largest avian order, with over 6000 species. There is strong evidence to suggest that this group arose in Australasia, with most deep lineages located in Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. The deepest lineage is the New Zealand wrens, which diverged from the main passerine lineage, possibly around 80 mya. The second split between the suboscines (mainly new world distribution) and oscines (Australasian origin) is well established. Within the oscines there are a number of small basal lineages, all located within Australasia, then around 45 mya the large division into the Passerida and the Core Corvoidea occurred. The Core Corvoidea have undergone many rapid radiations early on in their history, which has made resolving the relationships within the group complicated. The Passerida are classified into three main superfamilies, but the relationships of these three are unresolved, and the monophyly of each has been questioned. Next generation Illumina sequencing was used to sequence the mitochondrial genomes of six native passerine species. We report a sequenced mitochondrial genome from a representative of each New Zealand passerine family, apparently a first for any country.