Using English Articles A/An the Zero Article
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CHAPTER 1 the STUDY of COLLOCATIONS 1.0 Introduction 'Collocations' Are Usually Described As "Sequences of Lexical Items W
CHAPTER 1 THE STUDY OF COLLOCATIONS 1.0 Introduction 'Collocations' are usually described as "sequences of lexical items which habitually co-occur [i.e. occur together]" (Cruse 1986:40). Examples of English collocations are: ‘thick eyebrows’, 'sour milk', 'to collect stamps', 'to commit suicide', 'to reject a proposal'. The term collocation was first introduced by Firth, who considered that meaning by collocation is lexical meaning "at the syntagmatic level" (Firth 1957:196). The syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations of lexical items can be schematically represented by two axes: a horizontal and a vertical one. The paradigmatic axis is the vertical axis and comprises sets of words that belong to the same class and can be substituted for one another in a specific grammatical and lexical context. The horizontal axis of language is the syntagmatic axis and refers to a word's ability to combine with other words. Thus, in the sentence 'John ate the apple' the word 'apple' stands in paradigmatic relation with 'orange', 'sandwich', 'steak', 'chocolate', 'cake', etc., and in syntagmatic relation with the word 'ate' and 'John'. Collocations represent lexical relations along the syntagmatic axis. 114 Firth's attempt to describe the meaning of a word on the collocational level was innovative in that it looked at the meaning relations between lexical items, not from the old perspective of paradigmatic relations (e.g. synonyms, antonyms) but from the level of syntagmatic relations. Syntagmatic relations between sentence constituents had been widely used by structural linguists (e.g. 'John ate the apple' is an 'Subject-Verb-Object' construction), but not in the study of lexical meaning. -
Grammar for Academic Writing
GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Tony Lynch and Kenneth Anderson (revised & updated by Anthony Elloway) © 2013 English Language Teaching Centre University of Edinburgh GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Contents Unit 1 PACKAGING INFORMATION 1 Punctuation 1 Grammatical construction of the sentence 2 Types of clause 3 Grammar: rules and resources 4 Ways of packaging information in sentences 5 Linking markers 6 Relative clauses 8 Paragraphing 9 Extended Writing Task (Task 1.13 or 1.14) 11 Study Notes on Unit 12 Unit 2 INFORMATION SEQUENCE: Describing 16 Ordering the information 16 Describing a system 20 Describing procedures 21 A general procedure 22 Describing causal relationships 22 Extended Writing Task (Task 2.7 or 2.8 or 2.9 or 2.11) 24 Study Notes on Unit 25 Unit 3 INDIRECTNESS: Making requests 27 Written requests 28 Would 30 The language of requests 33 Expressing a problem 34 Extended Writing Task (Task 3.11 or 3.12) 35 Study Notes on Unit 36 Unit 4 THE FUTURE: Predicting and proposing 40 Verb forms 40 Will and Going to in speech and writing 43 Verbs of intention 44 Non-verb forms 45 Extended Writing Task (Task 4.10 or 4.11) 46 Study Notes on Unit 47 ii GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Unit 5 THE PAST: Reporting 49 Past versus Present 50 Past versus Present Perfect 51 Past versus Past Perfect 54 Reported speech 56 Extended Writing Task (Task 5.11 or 5.12) 59 Study Notes on Unit 60 Unit 6 BEING CONCISE: Using nouns and adverbs 64 Packaging ideas: clauses and noun phrases 65 Compressing noun phrases 68 ‘Summarising’ nouns 71 Extended Writing Task (Task 6.13) 73 Study Notes on Unit 74 Unit 7 SPECULATING: Conditionals and modals 77 Drawing conclusions 77 Modal verbs 78 Would 79 Alternative conditionals 80 Speculating about the past 81 Would have 83 Making recommendations 84 Extended Writing Task (Task 7.13) 86 Study Notes on Unit 87 iii GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Introduction Grammar for Academic Writing provides a selective overview of the key areas of English grammar that you need to master, in order to express yourself correctly and appropriately in academic writing. -
AUDIENCE 98 Public Service, Public Support
blank page AUDIENCE 98 Public Service, Public Support A project of Audience Research Analysis Funded by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting Leslie Peters, Editor AUDIENCE 98 Core Team David Giovannoni Leslie Peters Jay Youngclaus AudiGraphics® is a registered trademark of Audience Research Analysis. VALS™ is a registered trademark of SRI International. AUDIENCE 98® is a registered trademark of David Giovannoni, Audience Research Analysis, and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Copyright © 1999 Corporation for Public Broadcasting 901 E Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 ii “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.” - Albert Einstein iii blank page Table of Contents Foreword viii Acknowledgments ix 1. The Essential Findings of AUDIENCE 98 1 Public Service, Public Support 3 Fundamentals in Brief 4 2. Programming Causes Audience 7 A Community of Characters 9 3. Rounding Up the Usual Suspects 27 Public Radio’s Minority Audiences 29 Public Radio’s Generation X Audience 38 Public Radio’s Older Audience 48 Getting to More with the Concept of Core 52 4. The More Things Change... 57 A Question of Place 59 It Ain’t Net-cessarily So 64 Listening, More or Less 72 5. ...The More They Stay the Same 77 The Importance of Community Radio 79 6. Following the Money 89 Public Service Begets Public Support 91 The Value of Programming 95 7. Audience Volunteers Support 111 Givers 113 Giving 126 The Effect of On-Air Pledge Drives 130 Low Anxiety 145 Yield Not to Temptation 150 8. The Buck Stops Here 155 Public Service Economics 157 v Appendix 163 About AUDIENCE 98 165 How AUDIENCE 98 Links Listener Income to Listening 167 How AUDIENCE 98 Links Underwriting Income to Listening 169 What We Learned by Gathering Underwriting Information from Stations 170 Understanding the Giving Model 172 vi Foreword Sometimes research changes what we think. -
Sports Broadcaster Warner Wolf Sues Don Imus for Age Discrimination
Sports Broadcaster Warner Wolf Sues Don Imus for Age Discrimination hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/sports-broadcaster-warner-wolf-sues-don-imus-age-discrimination-1085119 Two broadcasting legends are squaring off in New York Supreme Court. On Thursday, Warner Wolf filed a discrimination lawsuit against Don Imus. Wolf, an 80-year-old sports broadcaster who became in famous in New York for his catchphrase "Let's go to the videotape," alleges that Imus routinely made inappropriate comments about his age. "Indeed, despite Mr. Wolf’s years of loyal service and unparalleled broadcasting caliber, Defendants’ discriminatory conduct towards Plaintiff came to a head on October 31, 2016, when Defendants unlawfully terminated Mr. Wolf’s employment based upon his age, replacing him with a sportscaster decades his junior," states the complaint. "Adding insult to injury, after terminating Plaintiff’s employment, Defendants and non-party Cumulus Media, Inc. refused to honor a severance clause in Plaintiff’s employment agreement that provided for 26 weeks of severance pay – amounting to $97,500.00 – in the event of Plaintiff’s termination." Imus spent decades himself in broadcasting — both on radio and on television. Along with Howard Stern, Imus helped define morning shock jock radio, but his career invited controversy at certain points due to insensitive remarks. Most famously, he was fired in 2007 from CBS over sexist and racist comments about the Rutgers women's basketball team. In January, Imus announced his imminent retirement. Wolf began providing services for Imus in the Morning in 1996, according to the complaint (read here), and he would later follow Imus' return to the air on WABC following the scandalous comments about Rutgers female athletes. -
A Contrastive Study of Determiner Usage in EST Research Articles
International Journal of Language Studies Volume 7, Number 1, January 2013, pp. 33-58 A contrastive study of determiner usage in EST research articles Peter MASTER, San Jose State University, USA This paper analyzes the use of determiners in the research article (RA) genre. Research articles representing eight fields within the domain of science and technology were selected from respected journals, two articles in each field, with a total of 65,729 words. Two research articles from TESOL, a field outside the realm of science and technology, were also selected for comparison. The determiners were identified and counted in each article. The total number of words per RA was determined by means of a computer word-count utility to guarantee accuracy and uniformity. The zero articles, which are not visible to the word-counting program, were added to the total word count for each article before the percentages of occurrence were calculated. The data obtained were analyzed not only in terms of the whole corpus but also with the life and physical sciences treated separately. It is concluded that, as far as determiner use is concerned, the research article as a genre appears to maintain its boundaries no matter what the topic while it differs in specific ways from fictional prose. The study also confirms that although the may appear to be the most frequent word, the zero article is the most frequent free morpheme in the English language. Keywords: Determiners; Predeterminers; Central Determiners; Postdeterminers; Genre; Research Article; RA; EST; Zero Article 1. Introduction The research article is the primary means of disseminating new scientific knowledge in the English language. -
Professor Tyler, Director of Legal Writing, Retires
How the future will judge Bush Special insert: The Gravel Alumus career shaped by JAG The public’s view After a revival last year, Judge William O’Neill of President Bush is The Gravel returns has a distinguished divided. The Gavel once again just in time career including a columnists debate how to distract you from stint in the JAG Corp. future historians and studying. This satirical The Gavel interviews generations will view insert looks at the lighter Judge O’Neill about his Bush’s presidency. side of law school life. experiences. BROADSIDE, PAGE 6 INSERT, PAGE 1 CAREER, PAGE 4 THE GAVEL VOLUME 55, ISSUE 6 APRIL 2007 THE STUDENT NEWSPAPER AT CLEVELAND-MARSHALL COLLEGE OF LAW BLSA hosts Professor Tyler, annual director of legal banquet By Chuck Northcutt writing, retires STAFF WRITER ler did not enter the practice of law On March 30, 2007, the Black By J.R. White GAVEL CONTRIBUTOR through traditional means. Tyler Law Student’s Association, BLSA, Professor Barbara Tyler will worked as an emergency room held its annual scholarship and retire at the end of this academic nurse and nursing instructor for awards banquet at the City Club year, bringing an end to an amaz- 22 years in her first career. of Cleveland. ing career that has spanned profes- In law school, while most were BLSA gave three separate sions and touched many lives. overwhelmed with class prepara- awards for their 2006-2007 essay Photo by Chuck Northcutt Tyler began her journey to law tion, Tyler balanced homework competition. Recipients were Mer- school by doing something sneaky. -
Acquisition of the English Article System by Speakers of Polish in ESL and EFL Settings
Teachers College, Columbia University Working Papers in TESOL & Applied Linguistics, Vol. 4, No. 1 Acquisition of the English Article System by Speakers of Polish Acquisition of the English Article System by Speakers of Polish in ESL and EFL Settings Monika Ekiert1 Teachers College, Columbia University ABSTRACT This paper examines the second language (L2) developmental sequence of article acquisition by adult language learners in two different environments: English as a Second Language (ESL), and English as a Foreign Language (EFL). On the basis of an existing classification of English articles (a, the, zero), data on article usage were obtained from adult learners who were native speakers of Polish, a language that has no articles or article-like morphemes. Data analyses led to some limited conclusions about the order of acquisition of the English article system, and may contribute to a more detailed understanding of the nature of interlanguage representations. INTRODUCTION The English article system, which includes the indefinite article a(n), the definite article the, and the zero (or null) article,2 is one of the most difficult structural elements for ESL learners, causing even the most advanced non-native speakers of English (NNS) to make errors. These errors occur even when other elements of the language seem to have been mastered. According to Master (2002), the difficulty stems from three principle facts about the article system: (a) articles are among the most frequently occurring function words in English (Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman, 1999), making continuous rule application difficult over an extended stretch of discourse; (b) function words are normally unstressed and consequently are very difficult, if not impossible, for a NNS to discern, thus affecting the availability of input in the spoken mode; and (c) the article system stacks multiple functions onto a single morpheme, a considerable burden for the learner, who generally looks for a one-form-one-function correspondence in navigating the language until the advanced stages of acquisition. -
The Case of English Phrasal Verbs and Their Polish Equivalents
Lexicographic potential of corpus equivalents: The case of English phrasal verbs and their Polish equivalents Magdalena Perdek Keywords: phrasal verbs, equivalence, parallel corpora. Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate Polish equivalents of English phrasal verbs as found in an English-Polish (E-P) parallel corpus PHRAVERB. Given the semantic idiosyncrasy exhibited by phrasal verbs, it is assumed that the equivalents generated by PHRAVERB will often differ from those found in E-P dictionaries. The qualitative corpus analysis aims to show that arriving at the desirable Polish counterpart involves a detailed semantic breakdown of the English structure, a careful analysis of the context in which it is used, as well as linguistic and translation skills, necessary to detect the nuances and subtleties of meaning in both languages. PHRAVERB is used to analyze the lexicographic potential (LP) of corpus equivalents. Four levels of LP have been established – high, average, low and zero – to evaluate which corpus-derived equivalents are eligible for inclusion in E-P dictionaries. To this end, 2,514 occurrences of PVs in the parallel corpus, with their equivalents, have been identified and analyzed. 1. Introduction The English phrasal verb is a peculiar union of a verb and a particle (prepositional or adverbial) that often produces a unique meaning, uninferable from the meanings of its constituents. This semantic unpredictability of phrasal verbs (PVs) along with their specific syntactic configurations, poses major problems for the non-native speakers who often consciously choose to avoid using the structures and instead fall back on the synonymous, “safer”, Latinate verbs. Adding to the comprehension difficulties is the often stressed informal and colloquial character of phrasal verbs. -
UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works
UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title English article usage as a window on the meanings of same, identical and similar Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5r0183cz Journal English Language and Linguistics, 20(2) ISSN 1360-6743 Authors Filipović, L Hawkins, JA Publication Date 2016-07-01 DOI 10.1017/S1360674316000083 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Proof Delivery Form English Language & Linguistics Date of delivery: Journal and vol/article ref: ELL 1600008 Number of pages (not including this page): 19 This proof is sent to you on behalf of Cambridge University Press. Please check the proofs carefully. Make any corrections necessary on a hardcopy and answer queries on each page of the proofs Please return the marked proof within 2 days of receipt to: Kay McKechnie, Copyeditor, 45 Northcroft Road Ealing, London W13 9SS UK Authors are strongly advised to read these proofs thoroughly because any errors missed may appear in the final published paper. This will be your ONLY chance to correct your proof. Once published, either online or in print, no further changes can be made. To avoid delay from overseas, please send the proof by airmail or courier. If you have no corrections to make, please email [email protected] to save having to return your paper proof. If corrections are light, you can also send them by email, quoting both page and line number. • The proof is sent to you for correction of typographical errors only. Revision of the substance of the text is not permitted, unless discussed with the editor of the journal. -
Congressional Record—House H3445
April 17, 2007 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H3445 women are a class act, and I am proud HONORING BROWNIE SCOUT TROOP Cranfill, Caitlyn Minton and Hope to represent them and Rutgers Univer- 114 Brown. sity here in Congress. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a It is my hope that their example is After outrageous comments were previous order of the House, the gentle- reproduced by many others, and that made about the team by Don Imus on woman from North Carolina (Ms. FOXX) the soldiers who receive the fruit of his CBS radio and MSNBC show, the is recognized for 5 minutes. their labors feel honored and respected team showed great courage in choosing Ms. FOXX. Mr. Speaker, I rise today by this act of young-hearted kindness. to meet with him so he could see first- to honor the patriotic efforts of Brown- f hand how wrong his sexist and racist ie Scout Troop 114 of Liberty Grove The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a comments were. During this emotion- Baptist Church. This group of 18 young previous order of the House, the gentle- ally and mentally exhausting ordeal, women has demonstrated a tangible woman from the District of Columbia these remarkable young women were commitment to supporting our troops (Ms. NORTON) is recognized for 5 min- graceful and poised as they became stationed in Iraq. Last month they col- utes. media headlines for controversy. lected donations to send nearly 250 (Ms. NORTON addressed the House. And I strongly denounce Don Imus’ boxes of Girl Scout cookies to the Her remarks will appear hereafter in divisive comments. -
Warner Wolf Says Firing by Don Imus Was Age-Based
Warner Wolf Says Firing By Don Imus Was Age-Based law360.com/articles/1013013/warner-wolf-says-firing-by-don-imus-was-age-based By Vin Gurrieri Law360 (February 15, 2018, 5:20 PM EST) -- A battle of legendary New York broadcasters broke out Thursday when sportscaster Warner Wolf accused longtime radio personality Don Imus of illegally firing him from the “Imus in the Morning” radio show because he was too old. Warner Wolf alleged in his New York state court suit that Don Imus, shown in 2015, fired him in late 2016 because of his age and replaced him with a decades-younger sports radio personality. (AP) Wolf, 80, alleged in his New York state court suit that Imus, 77, fired him in late 2016 from his job as sports anchor for the morning radio program because of his age and replaced him with Sid Rosenberg, a decades-younger sports radio personality who has a history of controversial on-air remarks.The suit comes as Imus' show itself is set to end March 29, according to media reports. Besides the firing, which Wolf claims violated New York’s city and state anti-discrimination law, the veteran sportscaster claims he was stiffed on nearly $100,000 in severance pay that was due to him under an employment contract he had with Cumulus Media Inc. The company, which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy late last year, owns WABC, the station that airs Imus’ show. “It is hard to imagine a more iconic sportscaster than Warner Wolf and it is shameful that despite his continuing abilities at providing insight into the world of sports, he was terminated because of his age and not even provided the severance for which he was contractually entitled,” Douglas Wigdor of Wigdor LLP, who represents Wolf in the case said in a statement. -
Warner Wolf Suing Don Imus for Age Discrimination
Warner Wolf suing Don Imus for age discrimination nypost.com/2018/02/15/warner-wolf-suing-don-imus-for-age-discrimination/ By Andrew Marchand For a retirement present, one New York broadcast legend has filed a lawsuit against another. Warner Wolf is taking Don Imus and three others to the New York State Supreme Court, alleging Wolf was let go from WABC’s “Imus in the Morning” show at the end of 2016 because of age discrimination and is owed severance, as well as damages for “severe mental anguish, emotional distress, humiliation,” among other maladies. Imus is scheduled to retire from his show at the end of March. He regularly makes fun of everything and everybody. In the suit, Imus is the first one named as a defendant, along with WABC GM Chad Lopez, Cumulus Sr. VP Mike McVay and WABC program director Craig Schwalb. The claim was filed late Thursday morning, and a copy was obtained by The Post. Wolf’s lawyer, Douglas H. Wigdor writes, “Imus routinely made inappropriate comments about the Plaintiff’s age, including stating that it was ‘time to put [Mr. Wolf] out to pasture’ and ‘shoot him with an elephant dart gun.’” In 2016, the suit says that Imus replaced Wolf, then 78, because of his age and hired Sid Rosenberg, who was 30 years younger. Wolf claims that Cumulus refused to honor severance for 26 weeks of pay, amounting to $97,500. There seems to be a disagreement between the two parties if a deal had been officially consummated. Both Imus and Wolf have had legendary broadcast careers.