Benito Mussolini & Italian Fascism

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Benito Mussolini & Italian Fascism Benito Mussolini & Italian Fascism 1883 - 1945 Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 – 1943 Ruled constitutionally until 1925 Established dictatorship Nickname Il Duce “The Leader” Desired to delay WWII but sided with Germany June 10, 1940. Early Life Father was blacksmith and socialist Mother was Catholic schoolteacher Eldest of 3 children Named after famous Mexican and Italian socialists Learned anarchist, military authoritarian nationalism from father Fascism • New, militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader • Shared ideas but no clearly defined theory or program • Extreme nationalism: -extreme loyalty to one’s country • Authoritarian leader to guide and bring order to the state • Nations must struggle – peaceful states will be conquered Communism vs. Fascism Similarities • Rule by dictators allowing only one political party – no democracy • Denial of individual rights • State is supreme Differences Classless society Every class has place and purpose International scope Nationalists Working classes Aristocrats & Industrialists Paris Peace Conference of 1919 At the end of WWI, Italy gets little Rising inflation and unemployment Italians disappointed in seemingly weak democratic government Desire a leader who would be strong and take action Mussolini Promises Change • Newspaper editor and aspiring politician • Established Fascist Party in 1919 (WWI?) Directly after the end of WW1 (1918) • Promises to revive Italian economy and rebuild its armed forces • As economic and social conditions worsened, his Fascist Party gained popularity • Preyed upon upper class fear of working classes March on Rome October 1922 (Two years before death of Lenin) 30,000 Fascists march to Italian capital Demand that King Emmanuel III put Mussolini in charge of gov’t. After violence and threatened uprising, Mussolini takes power “legally” Italy under Mussolini • Abolished democracy • Outlawed all political parties except Fascist Party • Secret police jailed anyone opposed • Radio stations and publications could only issue Fascist doctrines • Outlawed labor strikes Never had the complete control that Stalin had in Russia or Hitler in Germany Mussolini’s hands on approach Mussolini’s not afraid of a little work… Mussolini, Man of Sports & Leisure Putin, a Mussolini rip-off? Mussolini’s HEADquarters Rome, Italy BFFs Mussolini meets Hitler Mussolini, Master of Propaganda .
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  • Chapter One: Introduction
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  • Fascism Rises in Europe
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  • Notes 335 Bibliography 387 Index 413
    CONTENTS PREFACE IX ONE: THE AMBIGUOUS LEGACY 3 The Crisis of Classical Marxism 6 The Crisis in Italy 20 Italian Revolutionary Syndicalism 22 TWO: THE FIRST REVOLUTIONARY SOCIALIST HERESY 32 The Evolution of Syndicalism 32 Syndicalism and the Nature of Man 34 Syndicalism and Social Psychology 37 Syndicalism and the Social and Political Function of Myth 43 Elitism 50 Syndicalism and Industrial Development 58 THREE: THE FIRST NATIONAL SOCIALISM 64 Revolutionary Syndicalism: Marxism and the Problems of National Interests 64 Syndicalism and Proletarian Nationalism 71 Revolutionary Syndicalism, War, and Moral Philosophy 73 Syndicalism, Nationalism, and Economic Development 83 National Syndicalism and Lenin's Bolshevism 91 FOUR: THE PROGRAM OF FASCISM 96 The Fascism of San Sepolcro 101 Syndicalism, Nationalism, and Fascism 103 FascismandIdeology 112 Fascism and Bolshevism 121 FIVE: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF FASCISM 127 Alfredo Rocco, Nationalism, and the Economic Policy of Fascism 133 Economic Policy from 1922 until the Great Depression 140 Fascist Economic Policy after the Great Depression 153 The Political Economy of Fascism and the Revolutionary Socialist Tradition 162 SIX: THE LABOR POLICY OF FASCISM 172 The Origins of Fascist Syndicalism 172 The Rise of Fascist Syndicalism 183 The Evolution of Fascist Syndicalism 190 The Functions of Fascist Syndicalism 196 The Labor Policy of Fascism and Revolutionary Marxism 206 SEVEN: THE ORCHESTRATION OF CONSENSUS 214 Syndicalism, Fascism, and the Psychology of the Masses 215 The Rationale of Orchestrated
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  • Youth, Gender, and Education in Fascist Italy, 1922-1939 Jennifer L
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current Honors College Spring 2015 The model of masculinity: Youth, gender, and education in Fascist Italy, 1922-1939 Jennifer L. Nehrt James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019 Part of the European History Commons, History of Gender Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Nehrt, Jennifer L., "The model of masculinity: Youth, gender, and education in Fascist Italy, 1922-1939" (2015). Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current. 66. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019/66 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Model of Masculinity: Youth, Gender, and Education in Fascist Italy, 1922-1939 _______________________ An Honors Program Project Presented to the Faculty of the Undergraduate College of Arts and Letters James Madison University _______________________ by Jennifer Lynn Nehrt May 2015 Accepted by the faculty of the Department of History, James Madison University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors Program. FACULTY COMMITTEE: HONORS PROGRAM APPROVAL: Project Advisor: Jessica Davis, Ph.D. Philip Frana, Ph.D., Associate Professor, History Interim Director, Honors Program Reader: Emily Westkaemper, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, History Reader: Christian Davis, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, History PUBLIC PRESENTATION This work is accepted for presentation, in part or in full, at Honors Symposium on April 24, 2015.
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  • Laughing at Power, Fascism, and Authoritarianism: Satire, Humor, Irony, and Interrogating Their Political Efficacy
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