SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ TURKISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

Received: March 26, 2017 Revision received: June 18, 2017 Copyright © 2017 Istanbul University Department of Sociology Accepted: August 22, 2017 tjs.istanbul.edu.tr/en OnlineFirst: November 30, 2017 DOI 10.26650/TJS.2017.2.0002 December 2017 37(2) 211258

Original Article

Towards a Sociology of Classical Greek Music

Mark Griffith1

Abstract In this article I briefly survey, from a synchronic perspective, the various occasions on which music of one kind or another was played in archaic and classical Greece (ca. 750-320 BCE), and discuss the different social functions served by these performances and the various effects that they made (or were supposed to make) on their audiences. A sociology of ancient Greek music should look somewhat different from a history of that music, and different too from a purely philosophical/aesthetic or technical appreciation of that musical culture; and I attempt to include both etic and emic accounts of (i.e. members of which social groups and classes) and This article attempts to take due account of the “liveness” and corporeality of all Greek musical performance, and of its strong, but not uniform, affective impact. In particular, I focus on differences of gender, status, and ethnicity, and on the social functionalities of different musical idioms and instruments (strings, pipes, and percussion) that we can identify from our various sources, both literary and visual. Overall, I find Aristotle (especially in the ) to be the most helpful and reliable guide.

Keywords

To cite this article: Turkish Journal of Sociology, 37 TURKISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

what music amounted towhat it did for peoplewho performed the various different kinds of musicwho listened and/or responded in one way or another to these different kinds,what ordinary Greek people, as well as theorists and philosophers, thought about the role of music and musicians within their larger social and existential world.

212 Griffith

On Music

213 TURKISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

makinglisteningappreciation

(i)(ii)

(i)

fonosfera

214 Griffith

(ii)

horeia paidesneoi parthenoi andres

215 TURKISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

kithara auloi habitus kitharists kitharodes kithara nomos eunomia

auloi

On choreiaLaws Hymn to Apollo kitharodes

216 Griffith

choreiaLaws Politics

Social Realities and Imaginary Representations: Greek Musical Performances, 750-320 BCE aoidoi

IonRepublicLaws

217 TURKISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

De AnimaPoliticsPoetics

Hierarchies of Musical Taste & Performance Restrictions Strings vs pipes… and percussion – differences of gender & ethnicity. lyra, kithara auloi krotala, krembala kymbalatympanaseistra rhomboi auloisyrinx

hexis, habitus, Oxford Classical Dictionary auloi pandoura daimones

218 Griffith

kithara

kitharodes kitharists kitharodeskitharists kithara

Constitution of the astunomoi kithara aulos

219 TURKISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

Performers vs listeners.

aulos aulete Pythianaulos LawsPolitics technikoi banausoi

220 Griffith

Odyssey Theogony “Homeric Hymn” to Apollo

Odyssey Iliad kithara Iliad not

Theogony

Ion Odyssey Ion Ion maniaPhaedrus Homeric Hymn to Apollo Achilleid

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aoidos

Homeric Hymn to Apollo kithara kithara

chelys kitharachelys phorminxkithara i.e kitharodeskithara

222 Griffith

phorminx phorminx he goes up to join the congregation of the other gods; and at once the immortals devote themselves to lyre music (kitharis) and song. The Muses, responding all together with lovely voice sing The lovely-haired Graces and the cheerful Horai, and Harmonia, Hebe, and Zeus’ daughter Aphrodite dance (orcheuntai), holding each other’s wrists; and among them also performs, singing (metamelpetai) Artemis Among them also Ares and the keen-sighted Argus-slayer [= Hermes] they watch their dear son sporting/playing (paizonta) among the immortal gods Homeric Hymn to Apollo

enkitharizei kitharodes hama

phorminxkithara/kitharis

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metamelpetai

kithara krotala paizousi

watching

Maiden Songs Politics paidiá Politics

224 Griffith

kithara Hymn

Liveness: The dynamics of live, synaesthetic performance; aspects of sound- production and -reception; musicians and “audiences”.

TheogonyHomeric Hymn to HermesThesmophoriazusae a priori

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fromto

chara enthousiasmos

Howards End Iliad Homeric Hymn to Hermessyrinx choreia

226 Griffith

Od Theog

Homeric Hymn to Apollo be

aulos kitharodic nomes

Theogony SymposiumPoliticsLife of Nicias WaspsFrogs

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Homeric Hymn to Apollo

,

Ion Thesmophoriazusae

228 Griffith

banausos, Politics aulos

Gorgias, PhaedrusOn the Sublime IonPhaedrusenthousiasmos LawsPolitics Laws

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LawsPolitics Republic PoeticsPolitics

accompanied by dance choreia

Lycurgeia EdoniansBassarids

230 Griffith

kithara auloi,

auloi kithara

BrutusPrefaceThe Ancient Orators

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auloi kitharaauloi

auloi Republic Laws

LIMC

232 Griffith

Republic Laws

(i) kitharists (ii) (iii)

aulos Frogs Republic De Caelo

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chelys barbitos Dionusou Technitai Homeric Hymn to Apollo

Sound Effects, Affect, and Psychology: Aristotle On Perception, Hearing, and Voice ()

On Psychology De Anima

Laws Politics

234 Griffith

PoliticsPoeticsDe Anima phantasia

psophoi tupteinkrouein, krouma

psophos De Anima

aulos

Problemata Peri HarmonianOn Things HeardDe Audibilibus phantasia Investigation into AnimalsHistoria Animalium. nous Timaeus De AnimaTimaeus

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eidos logos) De Anima

logoseidos hama gignetai

De Anima Politicspathos Politics

236 Griffith

pathos

Politics

Thesmophoriazuae katharsis PoeticsPolitics mimeisthai kineisthai Timaeus

237 TURKISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

PoliticsPoetics pathos rhythmosharmonia psych

De Anima phantasia heneka tou eu PoliticsPoeticsLaws

238 Griffith

Aristotle’s Sociology of Musical Types and Effects Politics Politics

endoxa

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Politics

. (i) relaxation, release of stress, funanapausis, anesis, paidiá(ii) ethical improvement (iii) leisured/aesthetic critique and appreciation (iv) practical

Politics Politics Poeticsrhythmosharmonia melos De AnimaDe AudibilibusProblemataPoliticskatharsis in Poetics Politics Politics praktikos harmoniaiPolitics.

240 Griffith activity(v) arousal of strong emotion and affective statesenthousiasmos

dunamis tinos... kharin(i)(paidiá anapausis (ii) ethizousan (iii) Pol

praktikos praktikakathartika Politics De AnimaPolitics

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Politics

(i) relaxation, release of stressfunanapausis, anesis, paidiá suntonias anapausin Politics paidiá Poetics De Anima (ii) ethical improvement and character formationPol

Poetics

242 Griffith

Rep. aulos aulos kairous aulos katharsis (iii) leisured, aesthetic critique and appreciation krisis) anesis, paidiá (i)(iii)

(iv) Practical music/music of action –music for getting things praktika kitharodes

s.vv contraDe Musica katharsis

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, auloi(v) “Enthusiastic” music enthousiasmos entheos enthousiastikos Politics enthousiastikos orgiastikoshieros bakkhikos auloiphrugisti all katharsis

harmoniais paideian praktikais enthousiastikaispathos) peri enias sumbainei ... psuchas touto en pasais huparchei

maniaekstasis, enthousiasmos dunamin aulos auloi

244 Griffith

enthousiasmos kathistamenous iatreias katharsis pasi gignesthai tina katharsin Politics

katharsin tinakouphizesthai

anapausin eleutheros kai pepaideumenos

ta kathartic praktika kathartika

245 TURKISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY kata phusin oikeion Poetics auloiharmonia

pathos auloi katharsis aulos enthousiasmos pathostemporary

harmoniai auloi katharsis auloiharmonia Politics Aulos

246 Griffith

paidiáanesis aulos

Religion and Musical Gods Homeric Hymn to Apollo

syrinx Hymn to Apollo

katharsis PoeticsRepublic katharsis katharsis

247 TURKISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

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Başvuru: 26 Mart 2017 Revizyon: 18 Haziran 2017 Copyright © 2017 İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü Kabul: 22 Ağustos 2017 tjs.istanbul.edu.tr OnlineFirst: 30 Kasım 2017 DOI 10.26650/TJS.2017.2.0002 Aralık 2017 37(2) 211–258

Uzun Özet

Mark Griffith1

Öz eserinin) bu

Anahtar Kelimeler Müzik ve Duygu

Sosyoloji Dergisi, 37 SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ

lyrakithara) (auloisyrinx ) lyra

250 Griffith

auloi), auloi lyrakithara

kithara aulos

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dithyrambossatyros

Apollo

(i) anesis/paidiá (ii) paideia (iii) praktika (iv) enthousiasmos (v) Ruh ÜzerineDe Anima

References/Kaynakça Ethos and education in Greek music Die Vereine der dionysischen Techniten im Kontext der hellenistischen Gesellschaft. Musique et Antiquité Greek musical writings

252 Griffith

Greek musical writings Psicomusicologia nella Grecia Antica. Atti del Seminario Internazionale di Studio Poesia, canto, accompagnamento strumentale nel De musica attribuito a Plutarco. Epitrepontes Classical Antiquity, 31 Music and emotion: Theory and research Deep listeners. music, emotion, and trancing. Tragedy and the idea of modernity Antropologia sonora del mondo antico. Why music moves us Tragedy and the idea of modernity Plato’s Utopia recast. His later ethics and politics Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste The logic of practice Initiation into the mysteries of the ancient world. Hermes the thief Classical Antiquity, 34 Music and image in classical Athens. Music and emotion: Theory and research Greek religion Papers on the Amasis Painter and his world Synaesthesia and the ancient senses Choruses of young women in ancient Greece Greek lyric Metaphysics, soul, and ethics in ancient thought

253 SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ

Poetry and prophecy The politics of Olympus. Form and meaning in the major Homeric Hymns Music in Greek and Roman culture The context of ancient drama Music and the muses. The culture of mousike in the classical Athenian city The Greeks and the new. Novelty in ancient Greek imagination and experience Oxford handbook of aesthetics A thousand plateaus Magic and rhetoric in ancient Greece The masters of truth in ancient Greece Aristoteles’ Politik Greek and Roman actors Aspects of an ancient profession Sound and sentiment: Birds, weeping, poetics, and song in Kaluli expression The origins of criticism: Literary culture and poetic theory in classical Greece Reading dancing: Bodies and subjects in contemporary American dance. Studien zur Musikarchäologie 3, Orient-Archäologie 10 Philanthropia kai Eusebeia. Festschrift für Albrecht Dihle La musica in Grecia Atti del Seminario Internazionale di Studio Poesia, canto, accompagnamento strumentale nel De musica attribuito a Plutarco = Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica 128 n.s. 99 Helios, 42 Mousiké. metrica, ritmica e musica greca in memoria di G. Comotti

254 Griffith

Education in Greek and Roman Antiquity The genres of archaic and classical Greek poetry Music and difference in ancient Greece Dissonance: Auditory aesthetics in ancient Greece. Baghdader Mitteilungen, 36 Ancient Greek music. A new technical history. Performance culture and athenian democracy Greek and Roman actorsAspects of an ancient profession Aristotle’s Poetics The aesthetics of mimesis Between ecstasy and truth. Interpretations of Greek poetics from Homer to Longinus Music and the muses. The culture of Mousike in the classical Athenian city Die Kabiren. Aristotle De Anima Couroi et Courètes. Journal de Psychologie Music and emotion: Theory and research Music grooves Classical Philology, 111 Sound sentiment: An essay on the musical emotions Current approaches to religion in ancient Greece Die musische Agone der Panathenäen in archaischer und klassischer Zeit Singing for the gods.

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Dithyramb in context Wild soundscapes: Discovering the voice of the natural world. Aristotle. Politics Books 7-8 The singing life of birds Les routes de la voix. L’Antiquité grecque et le mystère de la voix Les Associations de Technites dionysiaques à l’époque hellénistique The many-headed Muse. This is your brain on music. The science of a human obsession University of California Publications in Classical Philology 13 Dance and ritual play in Greek religion Education and culture in the political thought of Aristotle. Aristotle. Poetics Stringed instruments of ancient Greece Agoni poetico-musicali nella Grecia antica 1. Beozia Nature’s music. The science of birdsong A history of education in antiquity The cultures within ancient Greek culture Apollo’s lyre: Greek music and music theory in antiquity and the middle ages. Race: Antiquity and its legacy The anthropology of music. Emotion and meaning in music Choreia. Pindar and dance Music and the muses. The culture of Mousike in the classical Athenian city A companion to ancient aesthetics Attractive performances: Ancient Greek dance. Pindar’s Homer. The lyric possession of an epic past Mètis: Anthropologie des mondes grecs anciens 9–10 256 Griffith

The study of ethnomusicology The Politics of Aristotle choreiaClassical Philology, 112 Transactions of the American Philological Association, 147 Music, language and the brain Plato on music, soul and body ChoreiaHomeric Hymn to Apollo. Classical Antiquity, 28 Frontiers of pleasure: Models of aesthetic response in archaic and classical Greek thought Performance and culture in Plato’s laws Pauly RE Supp4 De Curetibus et Corybantibus The origins of aesthetic thought in ancient Greece: Matter, sensation, and experience Synesthesia and the ancient senses Tragedy and the idea of modernity The sublime in antiquity. The culture of kitharoidia Singing Alexandria: Music between practice and textual transmission Performing citizenship in Plato’s Laws. American Journal of Philology, 125 Aristotelis Politica Aristotle De Anima Classical Antiquity, 31 Music and trance: A theory of the relations between music and possession Nature Neuroscience, 14 The tuning of the world Hethitische KultmusikOrient-Archäologie 14

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Aristotle De Anima Aristotle on the function of tragic poetry. Musicking. The meanings of performing and listening Performance and gender in ancient Greece Cambridge Classical Journal, 62 Horos, 10-12 Musical beliefs. Psychoacoustic, mythical, and educational perspectives .Ancient Greek music in performance The origins of music The varieties of enchantmentEarly Greek views of the nature and functions of poetry The music of tragedy. Performance and imagination in Euripidean Theater Journal of Hellenic Studies, 101 Ancient Greek music Classical Quarterly 32 Performance culture and Athenian democracy Journal of Hellenic Studies, 127 Journal of Hellenic Studies, 85 Music therapy: Research and evidence-based practice

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