Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

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Ulaanbaatar Tarzad

Mongolian University of Science and Technology

ABSTRACT One of the unsolved problems in science is the finding of the united theory, which explains everything in the universe. Scientists explore it in the infinitesimal orbiggest space. Here I have created a single fundamental theory of everything based on the open hysteresis of electromagnetism. Some researchers had known being whatever secret preserved in hysteresis of materials for a long time. But they can describe neither its mathematical definition nor internal secret. My theory shows brand-newly the universe from quantum mechanics to cosmology by a simple trigonometrical formula. The origin, fate, and a largest structure of the universe are described. I indicate that the diameter of the whole universe is approximately 60000 Mpc, which equals 195.7 billion light-years.

Keywords: Open hysteresis, water structure, climate variability, turn-off point, and instability strips.

Classification: FOR Code: 070499

Language: English

LJP Copyright ID: 925653 Print ISSN: 2631-8490 Online ISSN: 2631-8504

London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal

465U Volume 20 | Issue 5 | Compilation 1.0

© 2020. Ulaanbaatar Tarzad. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncom- mercial 4.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

Ulaanbaatar Tarzad ______

ABSTRACT One of the unsolved problems in science is the finding of the united theory, which explains everything in the universe. Scientists explore it in the infinitesimal or biggest space. Here I have created a single fundamental theory of everything based on the open hysteresis of electromagnetism. Some researchers had known being whatever secret preserved in hysteresis of materials for a long time. But they can describe neither its mathematical definition nor internal secret. My theory shows brand- newly the universe from quantum mechanics to cosmology by a simple trigonometrical formula. The origin, fate, and a largest structure of the universe are described. I indicate that the diameter of the whole universe is approximately 60000 Mpc, which equals 195.7 billion light-years.

Keywords: Open hysteresis, water structure, climate variability, turn-off point, and instability strips.

Author: Department of Physics, School of Applied Sciences, Mongolian University of Science and Technology Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, All Field Survey LLC, Mongolia.

I. INTRODUCTION Modern science reality is that humanity waits something results, and scientists search the unified theory, consciousness, stars life cycle, dark energy, the fate of the universe. Scientists classify everything, if possible, such as a periodic system of elements, HRD of stars, Standard Model of elementary particles. There is a lot of theories and models concerning united theory. These theories may be very interested, but they are not perfect. Some part is very nice; another part is problematic. The scientific community is yet to find a united theory. According to my investigations we need to seek everything theory in the micro world, especially, in the origin of eternal motions of electromagnetism, which is described only by the mathematical circle. This motion is the motion of spin producing universe. The universe is rich in spin, consequently, in electromagnetism. Magnetization, which magnetizes a material, namely we are known as spins, magnetic spins, and spin angular momentum. London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal Spins are physical cleanness theoretically as well as experimentally. The spins give rise to magnetic effects and can be studied by a variety of techniques and can be described theoretically. All magnetism mainly arises from the electrons of the atoms and molecules, of course, the nuclei and the quark also produce magnetic effects. Magnetism is essentially a quantum mechanical phenomenon, particularly the orbital motion of electrons as well as the spin of the electron. So, it is a only quantum mechanical effect. To build a unified theory, we need to study spin quantum mechanics, which is described by wave function (hysteresis of magnetism) of trigonometry and drives-up us also to cosmology because the small produce large. Without trigonometry, the mathematics have not able to judge its own path because it has expression: positive and negative infinities. However, nature has only a circle path coming back to starting point anytime by a hysteresis.

“The concept of the circle is ubiquitous. It can be described mathematically, represented physically, and employed technologically. The circle is an elegant, abstract form that has been transformed by humans into tangible, practical forms to make our lives easier. And yet, no one has ever discovered a true mathematical circle” [1]. The mathematical circle is a hysteresis itself. We open closed hysteresis in the universe, from which some examples of smaller and larger phenomena are indicated in this paper.

© 2020 London Journals Press Volume 20 | Issue 5 | Compilation 1.0 73 Supreme Theory of Everything indicates not only physical events, but the weirds as socio-economics, climate fluctuation in different time-scale or human destiny, etc. It can identify important connections between observations and model inputs and predictions.

II. HYSTERESIS Sir James Alfred Ewing studied firstly the hysteresis of magnetic materials around 1890. Today, this kind of studies, models, and theories is a lot.

Mayergoyz, I.D. (2003), [2] wrote: “The phenomenon of hysteresis has been with us for ages and has been attracting the attention of many investigators for a long time. The reason is that hysteresis is ubiquitous. It happens in many different areas of science. …However, the very meaning of hysteresis varies from one area to another, from paper to paper and from author to author. As a result, a stringent mathematical definition of hysteresis needs to avoid confusion and ambiguity. Such a definition will serve a twofold purpose: first, it will be a substitute for vague notions, and, second, it will pave the road for a more or less rigorous treatment of hysteresis”.

Bertotti, G. (1998) [3] showed, “Hysteresis is at the heart of the behavior of magnetic materials. All applications rely heavily on particular aspects of hysteresis. The variety of working conditions involved brings to light the fascinating richness of phenomena that may arise and drive the behavior of different materials. On the other hand, a strong interest in hysteresis is not just the result of technological pressure. The comprehension of the physical mechanisms responsible for hysteresis and the development of adequate mathematical tools to describe it have attracted the attention of theoretical physicists and mathematicians for years. It is a beautiful example of a physical and mathematical problem of intriguing elegance and challenging complexity that is, at the same time, the source of pervading technological progress. Nobody can remain indifferent when considering the long but firm interdisciplinary chain that ties spin models of ferromagnetism to engineering applicatio ns of magnetic components ”.

Mellodge, P. (2016) [4] wrote, “Hysteresis is the most complicated of all the nonlinearities presented because y is not simply a function of x, as it has been in the other cases. Rather, y is also a function of x˙. Unlike the other nonlinearities, there is no single mathematical expression for hysteresis. It is typically expressed graphically. The first thing to note about the relationship between x and y is that for a given x, there may be two possible values for y. The way to interpret the relationship is as follows.

London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal Consider a specific value for x shown in Figure 1 as x0. The question is whether the y value will take on value y1 or y2. Just knowing x0 is not enough information. The value of y depends on the where x came from. If x is increasing, then y = y2. If x is decreasing, then y = y1. The curve is followed in the direction given by the arrows and indicates whether to use the upper or lower part.

Figure 1. Demonstrating how to interpret a hysteresis curve. A system with hysteresis is one that has memory. Its output depends on where it came from”. For this reason, leading scientists worked hard to express the mathematical formulations of the magnetic hysteresis, but generally experimental.

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

74 Volume 20 | Issue 5 | Compilation 1.0 © 2020 London Journals Press 2.1 Experimental and Theoretical Studies For example, one of the well-studied hysteresis is the Hall-effect, which can present all the physical peculiarity of reality.

2.2 Hall effects A classic example of hysteresis is the Hall effect. Visint in, A. [5] wrote: “A survey of past and ongoing research on mathematical modeling of hysteresis phenomena; it aims to illustrate some aspects of the mathematics of hysteresis and its applications, also in connection with partial differential equations (PDEs). Following M. Krasnosel’ ski, first, we introduce the concept of hysteresis operator and study some examples, then we establish connections with applications, finally, we deal with related differential equations”.

Present day, active investigations flow in branches of the Hall effect in semiconductors, quantum Hall effect (Figure 2), anomalous Hall effect (Figure 3), spin Hall effect, quantum spin Hall effect, Hall effect in ionized gases and relationship with star formation.

Figure 2: Hysteresis in quantum Hall effect [6] London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal

Figure 3: Hysteresis of anomalous Hall effects [7]

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

© 2020 London Journals Press Volume 20 | Issue 5 | Compilation 1.0 75 In hysteresis, the flow way is very important, because which wing of hysteresis does begin? Nobody can use them without authors. So, we can list a lot of mathematical models for hysteresis curves. So, the hysteresis modeling problem continues in a world-wide intensive study. But there isn’t any commonly accepted theory or model. But there are not big differences between macroscopic materials and quantum effects in an aspect of hysteresis curves. It whispers us that everything is governed by one law of hysteresis.

One of the typical examples of ferromagnetic hysteresis is the magnetic pole reversal of the Earth.

The hysteresis is a type of dynamic nonlinearity because it is multi-branching nonlinearity. The well- known examples can be found in ferromagnetism, piezoelectricity, spin glasses, semiconductors, economics, and physiology.

Bertotti, G. and Mayergoyz, I. [8]wrote in detail the mathematical models of hysteresis, differential equations with hysteresis via a canonical example, Preisach models of hysteresis, Random-Field Isling models of hysteresis, hysteresis in magnetic materials, magnetic hysteresis in nanostructured materials, superconducting hysteresis.

Inna Vishik, [9] summary zeda number of models for understanding ferromagnetism: the Weiss (mean-field) model, Landau (mean-field) theory, a Heisenberg , and Ising model, and the Stoner (teehee) criterion/model.

2.1.2. The electric and magnetic open hysteresis

The diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ant ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic have a very important characteristic is magnetic hysteresis. All the magnetic and ferromagnetic studies concentrate on closed hysteresis.

The origin of magnetism lies in the orbital and spin motions of electrons, and the electrons interact with one another. The best way to introduce the different types of magnetism is to describe how materials respond to magnetic fields. It may be surprising to some, but all matter is magnetic. It's just that some materials are much more magnetic than others. The main distinction is that in some materials, there is no collective interaction of atomic magnetic moments, whereas in other materials, there is a very strong interaction between atomic moments.

London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal Here the Supreme Theory of Everything opens the hysteresis loop hides everything reality. The closed hysteresis has no exact mathematical formula, but open hysteresis has. This convolution function can determine the light behaviors such phenomena from as light reflection, refraction, polarization, interference, diffraction, and magnetization to quantum computing. As result, everything is described by the wave function of the circle. Everything formula [10]. = sin( ) |cos | (1) 𝑎𝑎 Where a is the thickness of a flat slab.𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑥𝑥 − 𝜃𝜃

“Theory of everything would still be without time and space. The theory of everything must include everything” [11]. “The closed hysteresis is a most complicated of all the nonlinearities” [4]. But the open hysteresis is under standable, shown in Figure 4. In original graph (Figure 1), the vertical axis indicates the magnetization (polarization) and the horizontal axis is the magnetic field (electric field). But if we exchange the two axes, the electric and magnetic fields are shown in the vertical axis and the magnetization (polarization) is in the horizontal axis. In this case, the hysteresis is easy to formulate mathematically and more practicable to use.

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

Figure 4: Open ferromagnetic hysteresis; Ms is saturation magnetization, Mr is remnant magnetization.

(Note that this figure is not computational)

The magnetic field intensity (H) increases to infinity, but the magnetization (M) saturates at a point (Ms). When H equals 0, the magnetization goes to remnant magnetization; then magnetic field is changed by a negative magnetic field. After magnetic pole swaps, it goes to positive magnetic pole by the spin angular moments (Figure 4) as x and a coefficient.

The Everything Formula (1) indicates the magnetic behavior and exchange interaction in open hysteresis, because of that all ferroelectric materials exhibit piezoelectric effect because of symmetry lack. Ferroelectrics exhibits spontaneous polarization, i.e., polarization in the absence of an electric field. In ferroelectrics, the polarization can be changed and even reversed by an external electric field. Ferroelectrics are the electric analog of the ferromagnets, which may display permanent magnetic behavior. In ferroelectrics, the polarization can be changed and even reversed by an external electric field. Based on Figure 4 and the Supreme Theory of Everything (Everything law), we explain the ferromagnetic behavior. If > 0, the right side (dark side) of a full cycle is spin up; if < 0, its left side becomes spin up, and the right side is spin down. 𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃

2.1.3. Exchange Interactions in Electromagnetism

“In chemistry and physics , the exchange interaction (with an exchange energy and exchange term) is a quantum mechanical effect that only occurs between identical particles. Despite sometimes being London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal called an exchange force in an analogy to classical force, it is not a true force as it lacks a force carrier.

The effect is due to the wave function of indistinguishable particles being subject to exchange symmetry, that is, either remaining unchanged (symmetric) or changing sign (ant symmetric) when two particles are exchanged. Both bosons and fermions can experience exchange interaction. For fermions, this interaction is sometimes called Pauli repulsion and is related to the Pauli Exclusion Principle. For bosons, the exchange interaction takes the form of an effective attraction that causes identical particles to be found closer together, as in Bose–Einstein condensation.

The exchange interaction alters the expectation value of the distance when the wave functions of two or more indistinguishable particles overlap. This interaction increases (for fermions) or decreases (for bosons) the expectation value of the distance between identical particles (compared to distinguishable particles) [12]. Among other consequences, the exchange interaction is responsible for ferromagnetism and the volume of matter. It has no classical analogue” [13].

Magnetic properties come from the additive effects of electron spins. Atoms with unpaired ↑electrons are called paramagnetic. Paramagnetic atoms are attracted to a magnet. Atoms with paired ↑↓

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

© 2020 London Journals Press Volume 20 | Issue 5 | Compilation 1.0 77 electrons are called diamagnetic. Diamagnetic atoms are repelled by a magnet. Atoms with unpaired electrons all lined up in the same direction are called ferromagnetic. Ferrimagnetic of a substance displays a weak form of ferromagnetism associated with parallel but the opposite alignment of neighboring atoms. In contrast with ant ferromagnetic materials, these alignments do not cancel out, and there is a net magnetic moment (Figure 5). We can indicate electromagnetic relations based on Formula (1).

Figure 5: Relations of ferromagnetic, ant ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic (Note that this figure is not computational)

Based on Figure 5, we conclude:

• The ant ferromagnetic and ferromagnetic have their saturation limits, which may be symmetric at the black singularity. • The electric and magnetic fields are infinite. • The two wings of open hysteresis at black singularity determine the ferromagnetic and ant ferromagnetic forces, finally becomes ferrimagnetism as their superposition. 2.2 Structure of Water and Ice

Water has a polar molecule means it has a permanent dipole moment. 2.2.1. Liquid water London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal Water is a covalent compound. It consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded with the oxygen atom at the center. In a water molecule, the central atom goes SP3 hybridization. According to the VSEPR theory, it should have a tetrahedral structure, still, the presence of two lone pairs of a electron in oxygen increases the repulsion between the H atoms, and its shape becomes distorted tetrahedral. The HOH bond angle decreases from 109.5o to 104.5o. Due to the strong electronegative character of oxygen, the water molecule is highly polarized. Therefore, there is a formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the oxygen of one molecule and hydrogen of another molecule. The extra energy is required to break this molecular bond. Due to this strong association between the hydrogen and oxygen, water molecules become liquid and solid at room temperature. In the absence of the hydrogen bonds, water would be in a gaseous state as that of H2S. This state is the reason for H2O being liquid at room temperature while H2S is gas at the same temperature while both of the compounds have similar bonding. It is also the reason for the anomalous behavior of water [14]. The angle HOH is 104.450 and formula of its hysteresis is described by

7 sin ( ) = | | (2) ∙ 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

Figure 6: 2D structure of water molecule

2.2.2. Molecular structure of water

Figure 7: Intermolecular 2D structure of water connected by hydrogen band We also determine the water intermolecular structure (Figure 7).

2.2.3. Ice structure When the water freezes, angle HOH increases by 15.550. It means the distance of HH increases by 14.48 pm. So, the volume of ice is 1.0956 times more than water. The formula of ice hysteresis (Figure 8) is London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal described by next:

5 sin ( ) = | | (3) ∙ 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥

Figure 8: 2D structure of ice molecule

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

Figure 9: Attractive (black lines) and repulsive (red and green lines) forces in frozen water structure (2D) (Note that this figure is not computational) The ice structure is more persistent and strength than liquid water, due to attraction and repulsion forces of oxygen and hydrogen atoms equal to each other (Figure 9). Ice can understand what we tell due to it has a memory as shown thoughts, emotions, and words affect water by Masaru Emoto. Water can memorize information. Water is deeply connected to our individual and collective consciousness.

“Every water molecule in the universe is either a para- wateror an ortho-water molecule. Each hydrogen atom in water has a magnetic moment, which is associated with the proton's spin of ½. As is found in molecular hydrogen (H2), the protons (within the hydrogen atoms) in water (H2O) may possess parallel or antiparallel nuclear spin [15].

In conclusion, here we can see also that the water molecule has also a singlet state of spin. So, the water molecules have entangled. Water archives and transfers infinite information.

The Supreme Theory of Everything suggests that the ion-ion exchange interactions and quarks interactions in a nucleus are the same as the water molecules. 2.3. Forecasting and Reconstruction of Climate The ψ wave function in the Supreme Theory of Everything is very sensitive in time evolution. Because Everything Formula (1) is a convolution function, which indicates a combined influence the same to a logarithmic ruler. For example, the climate fluctuation of the Little Ice age is described by

London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal approximately 80-85 percent [16].

Figure 10: Climate fluctuation of Little Ice Age a) by Supreme Theory of Everything [16]and b) https://www.21stcentech.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Greenland-ice-core-data.png

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

80 Volume 20 | Issue 5 | Compilation 1.0 © 2020 London Journals Press We have a huge possibility of not only precise investigations and reconstructions of paleoclimatology but paleo-geosciences by high definition using the STE.

From Figure 9, we also can read the climate of Earth that there were cold in 1940-1954, warm in 1965- 1988, cold in 1995 -2003 and warm in 2010-2020. There will go cold in 2026-2032 and warm in 2040- 2052, so on.

Figure 11: Climate change in Earth’s history: above, by STE and lower, climate history

http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~leeman/GeoColumn.gif

The accuracy of the relation between calculation by STE and climate fluctuation in Earth’s history is 60-65 percent [16]. It suggests the climate is not a random phenomenon, and we need to investigate it in details.

The hysteresis of Earth’s climate has memory to remember all time series of weather and climate from very beginning to nowadays. The overcharged anthropogenic influences are a lot in present climate change. Still, we are necessary to understand that the climate mechanism is governed by nature regularity due to hysteresis of climate. So, the hysteresis decides everything.

III. THE EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS IN THE UNIVERSE London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal

The exchange interaction in quantum mechanics is the same in the Universe.

3.1 Energy and Mass Resources in a Star and Exchange Interaction

The prerequisite condition of a star to live in the Main-Sequence is abundant in fuel resource. The mass and energy exchanges of a star decide the fate of its life, which depends on what wing does dominate in it. The first resource is the hydrogen. If the resource decreases, it becomes a variable star in the stability strip.

3.2. Superposition of States of Ordinary and Dark Matter

“The principle of superposition states that, when two or more waves of the same type cross at some point, the resultant displacement at that point is equal to the sum of the displacements due to each wave” [17].

By the astronomical progress, we know the locations of stars in FHRD, which consists of main- sequence stars, variable stars branch and the horizontal branch of supergiant.

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

© 2020 London Journals Press Volume 20 | Issue 5 | Compilation 1.0 81 Exchange interactions of ordinary mass and energy are described by their superposition. The FHRD has two wings: left and right, superposition of which indicates the fate of star from new- born to dead. The superposition is the instability strip in FHRD. We have known the main sequence, instability strip, and variable branch:

Since, Superposition (Main sequence Resource) = Instability strip Probability of Resource = Main sequence Instability strip − In this case, we use the inverse function of Everything Formula (1).− sin ( + ) ( ) = |cos ( )| 𝑎𝑎∙ 𝑥𝑥 𝜃𝜃 (4) ( ) = 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 � Where is a dimensionless constant showing 𝑑𝑑the𝑥𝑥 density𝑦𝑦 state of energy

The curve𝑦𝑦 of solutions of inverse function introduces the result of superposition or exchange interaction (Equation 4).

3.3 Turn off-Points of Stars A high result of STE is cosmological that the superposition of attraction and repulsion of all forces creates the ferrielectric and ferrimagnetic forces as weak interaction, which is drawn so-called turnoff point on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram of stars, where it leaves the main sequence after the exhaustion of its fuel. It is often referred to as turn-off point on the main-sequence. If so, what can we do to assess the resource? Electric and magnetic fields are everywhere. According to the STE, the open hysteresis may help us. London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal

Figure 12: The Turn-off points and instability strip of stars as aresult of exchange interaction of Zero- age sequence and their resources of energy and mass (Note that this figure is not computational)

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

82 Volume 20 | Issue 5 | Compilation 1.0 © 2020 London Journals Press H-R Diagram displays the stars in main-sequence, instability strip and branches of giants, and dwarfs. In the other words, we can investigate the dark side (dark energy and dark matter) from the H-R Diagram, which is shown from Pearson Education. Inc., [18]. The instability strip originates as exchange interaction and superposition of Zero-age sequence and dark side of the universe. In this case, the scene of celestial bodies with dark energy and dark matter in the H-R diagram is fulfilled. I would like to call it the Full Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram (FHRD).

3.4. Instability Strip and Supergiant Branch in FHRD Today astronomers register, in general, mainly the main sequence stars and variable stars in HRD. The resource side is shifted up generally due to the existence of hysteresis (Figure 14) and piezoelectric asymmetry. The superposition of light and resource sides determines the instability strip of HRD, which is the same the ferrimagnetic phenomenon in the open hysteresis shown in Figure 14. If the repulsion wing is insufficient, the turn-off point begins, and then instability strip jumps rapidly to attraction wing. It is the horizontal branch of supergiant in FHRD. If the mass and energy resources are insufficient, the stars as SNI a and Super giants in instability strip of FHRD explode rapidly and go backward (Figures 14b-14c). On the other words, if the strength of the repulsion wing is not enough, the instability strip turns rapidly back to the attraction wing.

London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal

Figure 13: The life cycle of a star a) Mean sequence stars and instability strip, b) Supergiant and c) B-band light curves of Supernova Ia (SNIa) (Note that these figures are not computational) So, we also can determine the energy and mass resources by the attraction curve and the instability branch.

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

Credit: NASA/CXC/SAO

Figure 14: Cepheid light curve [19]

Cepheid variable stars expand and contract in a repeating cycle of size changes. The change in size can be observed as a change in apparent brightness (apparent magnitude). Cepheids have a repeating cycle of change that is periodic – as regular as the beating of a heart, with a period of 1 to 70 days with an amplitude variation of 0.1 to 2.0 magnitudes.

Cycles of Cepheids are similar but not same because its internal processes are very active. According to STE, these curves are an open hysteresis, which causes the output value to depend on the history of the input. It is not only in a cycle, but in full cycles of a Cepheid life due to its memory as climate history shown in Figure 10. Hence, we can describe these STE formulas and conclude.

3.5. Turn-off Points in Galactic Star Clusters Open hysteresis displays only physical states of a star. The turn-off processes happen in star, and star clusters, and galaxies have their turn-off points and instability strips due to initial mass resource of stars (Figure 15). The galaxy has its birth, juvenility, olden, and death time, as the same life cycle of stars. So, we see that every cluster has its own hysteresis loop, which indicates not only a multitude of physical phenomena but gives us great possibilities for the determination of the FHRD’s resource. London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal

Figure 15: H-R diagrams of various galactic star clusters [20].

The h+χ Persei has a turn-off point, because its hysteresis loop, which is wider than the M41 or M11. It gives a great possibility to determine the dark side of the H-R diagram. We determine its right-wing of open hysteresis by the white singularity.

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

4.1 Reason for Acceleration The reason for accelerating expansion of the universe is the repulsion force of electron. If the right side is stronger or left side weaker, the ratio of exchange energies is changed, particularly acceleration of the universe due to dominating resources.

Figure 16: Limited acceleration of the universe (Note that these figures are not computational) Acceleration of the universe has also the repulsion (saturation) limit (Figure (16)). Attraction also has saturation limit. We need to attend that the instability strips of FHRD are changed not only for different stars, various galactic star clusters, but everything such as human brain processes, life, economic development, and so on, due to the phenomena as piezoelectric behaviors. We understand that the repulsion wing is monopole, and the attraction wing is a dipole in Figure (17).

a) b) London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal

Figure 17: a) Monopole and dipole components of the cosmological deceleration parameter (inferred from the JLA catalog of 740 SNeIa) [21] and b) The relative proportions of hydrogen and helium in the universe can be used for evidence of a hot big bang [22].

Figure (17a) shows a closed hysteresis with a high loop. Figure (17b) indicates the protons and neutrons were equal before the Big Bang, then changed the numbers of protons and neutrons after Big Bang.

When the number of protons is larger than of neutrons, the hysteresis loop exists. Consequently, the exchange interaction will activate because lack of symmetry, but Figure (17a) does not indicate it.

Equation (5) describes its hysteresis is shown in Figure (18).

 π   π  0.25 sinx −  0.25 sinx +   1.98   1.98  c(x) := ; c1(x) := (5) cos(x) cos(x)

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

Figure 18: Closed and open hysteresis of the universe.

From Figure (17), Figure (18), and Formula (5), I suggest that the ordinary matter (4 percent) is the result of the the exchange interaction between the repulsive hydrogen (73 percent) and attractive helium (23 percent). The mass and energy resources of celestial bodies are possible, at first, the

hydrogen, spin wave function, and its associated magnetic moment.

The accelerating expansion of the universe is the observation that the expansion of the universe is such that the velocity at which a distant galaxy is receding from the observer is continuously increasing with

time [23], [24], [25] and [26]. But the reason for expansion is explained by the repulsion force of hydrogen. According to the Supreme Theory of Everything, the acceleration of the universe originates

by the magnetic repulsion, as shown in Figure 16.

4.2. Hubble flow and Velocity-Distance Relation The contemporary classic method for determination of the size and acceleration of the universe is the

Hubble’s law. But it changes during the time history of the universe. The spectrum analysis gives us a lot of information about large distance celestial bodies: the direction of motion, velocity, temperature, energy state, polarization, mass, chemical content, and so on. Doppler effect describes the velocity of

moving light source by line shift in the spectrum:

London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal = (6) 𝜆𝜆−0𝜆𝜆 𝑣𝑣 This equation is for observable (i.e., nearby) galaxies𝜆𝜆 𝑐𝑐 red shift (z) is proportional to the distance to the

galaxy:

= (7) 𝐻𝐻 Where H is Hubble constant. 𝑍𝑍 𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝐷 =

Nearby galaxies:

𝑐𝑐𝑍𝑍= 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷 Radial velocity is proportional to distance. The Hubble law is valid in nearby galaxies (700 Mpc). But it

is not constant for distant galaxies more than 12000𝑣𝑣 𝐻𝐻Mpc𝐷𝐷 [24] (see Right picture in Figure 19).

Distant galaxies:

The Hubble flow (Figure 19) is described by the next formula:

0.7 sin ( ) = |cos | (8) 𝑥𝑥 𝐻𝐻 𝑥𝑥 Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

4.3. Large Structure of Universe According to the STE, the large-scale structure of the universe is described by Hubble flow based on Formula (8) and right picture of Figure 19.

Figure 19: Universe expansion by velocity and distance relation (Right picture is from [27]) (Note that this figure is not computational)

I introduce the diameter of the whole universe is approximately 60000 Mpc, which equals 195.7 billion light years.

It looks like Lemaître’s study of the evolution of the expanding universe in 1931. He introduced a spherical universe with finite space but without boundaries. He wrote: “We may imagine that space appears as a first atom and that the appearance of space coincides with the origin of time. The universe came into existence with a vanishing radius. During the subsequent expansion, the universe passed through three eras. First, a period with rapid expansion, then a period with slow expansion followed by a final period with accelerated expansion (Figure 20). There is no doubt that we presently live in the London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal third era” [28].

Figure 20: Evolution of the expanding universe

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

© 2020 London Journals Press Volume 20 | Issue 5 | Compilation 1.0 87 A short history of the largest distance study [29]: • The currently accepted Cosmological Principle, based on the work of Albert Einstein, suggests that the largest structures we should be able to find would be about 370 mega parsecs across (more than 1.2 billion light-years). • Margaret Geller (1989) indicated that the diameter of the observable universe is 4 billion years of light by the red shift survey. • Alan Guth (1980) determined the observable diameter of the universe is 93 billion light-years by inflation theory. Based on Formula (1), and Formula (8) we can draw the large-scale structure of the universe, as shown in Figure 21.

Figure 21: The structure and evolution of the universe in relation [16] with NASA Cosmology I llustrations [30]

The early universe has begun with a Big Bang, which was the end of a big black singularity, and then it goes toward the Big expansion and then will go Big contraction, and finally to next Big Bang as a cyclic hysteresis.

“Origin and future of the universe: How did the conditions for anything to exist arise? Is the universe heading towards a Big Freeze, a Big Rip, a Big Crunch, or a Big Bounce? Or is it part of an infinitely

London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal recurring cyclic model?” [31]. It was one of the unsolved problems in cosmology.

V. CONCLUSION

1. Supreme Theory of Everything (STE) describes everything by the Formula (1) of hysteresis: sin( ) ( ) = |cos( )| 𝑎𝑎 ∙ 𝑥𝑥 − 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2. Formula (1) of STE is also the mathematical definition 𝑥𝑥of open hysteresis. 3. Everything has upper and lower limits saturations of hysteresis. 4. All hysteresis have memory, which is senseitive for a long time. 5. There is not a big difference between macroscopic materials and quantum effects in the aspect of hysteresis.

6. Formula (1) of STE doesn’t include any space and time, but the only period as time is understood time. 7. The formula of water hysteresis is described by 7 sin ( ) = | | ∙ 𝑥𝑥 Supreme Theory of Everything:𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 Whole Universe in a Simple Formula 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 88 Volume 20 | Issue 5 | Compilation 1.0 © 2020 London Journals Press 8. The formula of ice hysteresis is described by next:

5 sin ( ) = | | ∙ 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 9. The instability strips of stars and galactic star clusters𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 in𝑥𝑥 Full Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram (FHRD) are the superpositions of the repulsion forces (mass and energy resources) and the attraction force (main sequence branch). So, relatively well-studied main sequence branches and instability strip give us a great possibility to assess mass and energy resources. 10. Not only for stars, various galactic star clusters have the instability strips, but everything has as

human brain processes, life, economic development, etc. 11. The Hubble flow, including the relation of the receding velocity and x indicates distance is described by the next formula:

0.7 sin = | | 𝑥𝑥 𝐻𝐻 12. The diameter of the whole universe is approximately𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 60000 Mpc, which equals 195.7 billion light - years by STE.

13. Accelerating expansion of the universe has a saturation limit due to its hysteresis. 14. The early universe has begun with a Big Bang, which was the end of a big black singularity, and now it is going toward the Big expansion and then will go Big contraction, and finally to next Big Bang.

REFERENCES

1. Ernest Zebrowski, A History of the Circle: Mathematical Reasoning and the Physical Universe, Rutgers University Press, 2000. 2. Mayergoyz, I.D., Introduction, Mathematical Models of Hysteresis and Their Applications, 2003, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/hysteresis 3. Bertotti, G., (1998), Magnetic hysteresis, Hysteresis in Magnetism, https://www. sciencedirect. com/topics/engineering/hysteresis 4. Mellodge, P., (2016), Hysteresis, Characteristics of Nonlinear System, A practical approach to dynamical system for engineers, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/hysteresis 5. Visintin A., Mathematical models of hysteresis, Topics in No smooth Mechanics, J. J. Moreau, P. D. Panayiotopoulos and G. Strang Eds., Birkhäuser, Basel (1988), pp. 295--326.

6. Cui-Zu Chang, Jinsong Zhang, Xiao Feng, Jie Shen, Zuocheng Zhang, Minghua Guo, Kang Li, London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal YunboOu, Pang Wei, Li-Li Wang, Zhong-Qing Ji, Yang Feng, Shuaihua Ji, Xi Chen, Jinfeng Jia, Xi Dai, Zhong Fang, Shou-Cheng Zhang, Ke He, Yayu Wang, Li Lu, Xu-Cun Ma, Qi-KunXue, Experimental Observation of the Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in a Magnetic Topological Insulator, Science, Vol 340, 2013 7. Yong-Chang Lau, Davide Betto, Karsten Rode, JMD Coey , Plamen Stamenov, Spin-orbit torque switching without external field with a ferromagnetic exchange -biased coupling layer, arXiv:1511.05773 [cond- mat.mes-hall], 2015 8. Bertotti, G., I.D. Mayergoyz and C. Serpico, Analytical solutions of Landau-Lifshitz equation for precessional dynamics, Physica B, 343, 325-330, 2004. 9. Inna Vishik, Why does ferromagnetism disappear at 1034K for iron? https://www.quora.com/Why- does-ferromagnetism -disappear-at-1034K-for-iron 10. Ulaanbaatar T., Formula Extraction in Supreme Theory of Everything, Advances in Theoretical and Computational Physics, Vol 2, Issue 4, 2 of 3, 2019 11. John P. Lynch, Dimensional energy theory, http://www.extremethinking.net/book2/ thehumanbeing.html 12. David J. Griffiths: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition, pp. 207–210.

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula

© 2020 London Journals Press Volume 20 | Issue 5 | Compilation 1.0 89 13. Exchange interaction, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_interaction#cite_ref-1 14. Properties of water, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water 15. Ortho-Water and Para-Water ,http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/ortho_para_water.html 16. Ulaanbaatar T., Supreme Theory of Everything, Advances in Theoretical and Computational Physics, Vol 2, Issue 2, 2-6, 2019 17. Quantum superposition, https://www.google.com/search?ei= AzLTXt2rJpaMr7wPlIuU4AI&q =superposition+in+energy+states&oq=superposition+in+energy+states&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQ DFAAWABg2ipoAHAAeACAAQCIAQCSAQCYAQCqAQdnd3Mtd2l6&sclient=psy - ab&ved=0ahUKEwiduZ-vod3pAhUWxosBHZQFBSwQ4dUDCAs 18. Brau, J., Measuring the Stars: Giants, Dwarfs, and the Main Sequence https://pages.uoregon. edu/jimbrau/astr122/Notes/Chapter17.html 19. Cepheid light curve, http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/multiwavelength -astronomy/optical/s cience/1 2.html 20. H-R diagrams of various galactic star clusters http://www.fr.euhou.net/ docupload/files/SpectrJ/ SpectrJ/eLesson/EN/Lesson42_evolution.htm 21. Colin, J., R. Mohayaee, M. Rameez and S. Sarkar, Evidence for anisotropy of cosmic acceleration, A & A 631, L13 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936373 22. The expansion of the universe, http://www.alevelphysicsnotes.com/astrophysics/big_bang.php 23. Overbye, Dennis (20 February 2017). “Cosmos Controversy: The Universe Is Expanding, but How fast?”. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 February 2017. 24. Scharping Nathaniel (18 October 2017). “Gravitational Wave Show How Fast the Universe is the Universe is Expanding”. Astronomy. Retrieved 18 October 2017. 25. Weaver, Donna; Villard, Ray (11 March 2018). “Measuring universe expansion reveals mystery – Is Something unpredicted going on in the depths of space?”. Earth & Sky. Retrieved 11 March 2018. 26. "Nobel physics prize honors accelerating universe find". BBC News. 2011-10-04. 27. Universe expansion by velocity and distance relation https://i.stack.imgur.com/7bl6l.png 28. Lemaitre, G. The expanding universe. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 1931, 41, 491–501. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/6/4/132/htm 29. The History & Structure of the Universe (Infographic) https://www.space.com/13336-universe- history-structure-evolution-infographic.html 30. Model of expanding Universe, https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo0109g/. 31. Origin and future of the universe, list of unsolved problems in physics, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics#Cosmology_and_general London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal _relativity.

Supreme Theory of Everything: Whole Universe in a Simple Formula