Reduplicative Amnesia: Belief that certain places are reproduced or relocated. This can be: time-based or event-based. Capgras Syndrome: Belief that familiar person Anatomically: Burgess et al. (2000, 2001) has been duplicated. Diferent brain regions involved in retrospective and prospective memory. Frontal lobe lesion Confabulation: Erroneous, grandiose, delusional patients typically have impairment in prospective memories. memory (e.g. planning, maintaining intentions: multiple errands task).

Prospective vs Memory Syndromes Retrospective Memory linked to Frontal Remembering to carry out Lobes Frontal Lobes: Located at the anterior part of the intended actions. brain. Involved in many cognitive operations. Memory processes linked to working memory Frontal lobe patients typically have difculty Frontal Lesion Patients & Memory and strategic aspects of LTM (lateral) and realising that they are doing things diferently or Metacognition prospective memory (frontal) that they are doing things wrong (Hirst et al. Ability to reflect on own Three Component Model proposed by 1988) memories and knowledge. Working Memory A on-line control of short term memory. Used for storage and Baddeley, 2001 Comprised of the visuospatial manipulation of information. sketchpad, the phonological loop which is Remote Memory mediated by the central executive and the Long-Term Memory episodic bufer (which holds and intergrates info Last lecture, we discussed temporally graded from LTM) amnesia. Anatomically: Verbal and Nonverbal storage Frontal lesion patients do not typically sufer linked to Posterior (back) brain regions from a similar temporal gradient (better whereas central executive is linked to frontal remote recall than recent recall). Their recall of lobes. Which is why Baddeley (1986) refers to Memory storage is related to the medial frontal lobe impairment as dysexecutive remote and recent memories are equally temporal lobes. impaired. syndrome (typically fail on Wisconsin card Strategic encoding and retrieval involves sorting (changing rule halfway through task Their recognition is fine, which suggests that frontal lobes. without telling them rule has changed, they again, retrieval is the problem. realise) or N-back task or multiple errands task) Frontal Lesion Patients (Hirst et al. 1998): Find This is called perseverative behaviour. no benefit in recall between related and unrelated words, which suggests that frontal lobes are involved with strategic (e.g. categorising) encoding & retrieval. Normal controls find related words easier to recall.

Interference: (Shimamura et al. 1995) Patients sufer proactive interference, which suggests that they have difculty focusing on relevant info. Recognition vs. Retrieval: (Wheeler et al. 1995) Patients with frontal lobe lesions have recognition memory less afected than retrieval. Recognition depends on type of task however (e.g. increased errors if distractors are semantically related to targets).