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Narratives of religious identity: the self-perception of the Jacobite Syrian Christians of Kerala Volume 2 Appendices Sarah Knight Thesis submitted for the Degree of PhD in the Study of Religions 2019 Department of the Study of Religions and Philosophies School of Oriental and African Studies University of London Contents Appendix 1 Maps ..................................................................................................... 5 Map 1.1. 1st century trade routes between Mesopotamia/Levant and India ............... 5 Map 1.2. Christianity in South India in the antique and medieval periods ................ 6 Map 1.3. Syrian Christian migrations ........................................................................ 7 1.4 Travellers’ routes between Antioch and Malankara ........................................ 8 Appendix 2 MV manuscript ................................................................................... 10 2.1. Full page image ............................................................................................. 11 2.2. Sections – transcribed into modern Malayalam (pre-1971 script) and unicode phonetic transcription ............................................................................................... 12 2.3. Comparison of Malayalam and Syriac versions of MV ................................ 31 Appendix 3 1771 ola .............................................................................................. 46 Appendix 4 Ancient Syrian Christian Ballads ....................................................... 54 4.1 Thoma Parvam (approximate translation in prose) ....................................... 54 4.2 Margamkali Pattukal ..................................................................................... 56 Appendix 5 Mar Abdel Massih I’s letter to the Jacobite Syrian Christians ........... 59 Appendix 6 Colophon of the 1301 Codex .............................................................. 62 Appendix 7 St Thomas: related texts, collated from Jacobite Syrian sources ....... 68 7.1. Chalakuzhy Thaliyola Grandham .................................................................. 68 7.2. Summary of translated excerpts from Jacobite Syrian sources ..................... 71 7.3. Hymns on St Thomas by St Ephrem the Syrian ............................................ 73 Appendix 8 Manichaeism in India ......................................................................... 77 8.1. Karuthedathu ola ........................................................................................... 77 8.2. Excerpt from Abdel Ahad (Patriarch Yacoub III) 1948:475-483): ............... 78 8.3. Rev. Peet on the terms: ‘Manigrammakkar’ and ‘Tharissa’.......................... 81 Appendix 9 Edessan migration: related texts ......................................................... 83 9.1. Kandanad Chronicle ...................................................................................... 83 9.2. Honours and privileges at the time of the Edessan Migration ...................... 87 2 9.3. Northerners and Southerners ......................................................................... 92 9.4. Chronogram ................................................................................................... 93 9.5. Couto account of Cheraman Perumal ............................................................ 94 9.6. Bar Hebraeus on the establishment of Catholicosate in Seleucia ................. 99 Appendix 10 Kollam migration: related texts ........................................................ 101 10.1. Zachariah 1973 on Mar Sabor and Aphroth (Kollam 825) ...................... 101 10.2. Persian Crosses ........................................................................................ 103 Appendix 11 Composite Jacobite Syrian accounts ................................................ 106 Appendix 12 Copper plate charters ........................................................................ 120 Appendix 13 Oath of the Leaning Cross ................................................................ 121 13.1. Text of the Oath ....................................................................................... 121 13.2. Padiyola of 1653 ...................................................................................... 122 Appendix 14 Mar Ahatalla’s three letters (1652-1653) ......................................... 123 14.1. Letter 1 of Mar Ahattalla. ........................................................................ 123 14.2 Letter 2 of Mar Ahattalla. ........................................................................ 128 14.3. Letter 3 of Mar Ahattalla. ........................................................................ 133 Appendix 15 17th century Jacobite primary sources .............................................. 139 15.1. Priest Itty Thomen’s letter ....................................................................... 139 15.2. Mar Gregorius Abdal Jaleel’s Letter ....................................................... 139 Appendix 16 Arrival of Maphrian Mar Baselius Yaldo and Mar Ivanios in 1685 142 Appendix 17 Mar Thoma IV’s letters .................................................................... 146 17.1. Letter 1 (translation copied from Yeates) ................................................ 146 17.2. Letters 2-6 ................................................................................................ 148 17.3. Table of summary details for the 6 Letters of Mar Thoma IV ................ 170 Appendix 18 19th century primary sources ............................................................ 173 18.1. Punnathara Mar Dionysius’s letter to Gambier/CMS .............................. 173 18.2. Mavelikara Padiyola 1836 ....................................................................... 176 3 18.3. Mulanthuruthy 1876 ................................................................................ 178 18.4. Royal Court Appeal case judgement ....................................................... 181 Appendix 19 Ramban Bartholoyo Abdel Ahad (later Patriarch Yacoub III) – Articles of Doctrine and Faith of the Jacobite Syrian Christians ............................... 194 4 Appendix 1 Maps Map 1.1. 1st century trade routes between Mesopotamia/Levant and India 5 Map 1.2. Christianity in South India in the antique and medieval periods (based on Niekamp’s map of 1740). 6 Map 1.3. Syrian Christian migrations 7 1.4 Travellers’ routes between Antioch and Malankara These extracts show the routes that various travellers took between Malabar and Mesopotamia. 1.4.1 The Niranam Grandhavari (Chronicle) : ‘The way from Malankara to Antioch’ 1 (From: Kurian Thomas 2000:165-6) (I ) write about the way of going from Malankara to Antioch: From Kochi to Bagdad (Vagudasu), if you run two months (on board a ship) northwards you reach Bagdad. For this, ship’s fare of Rupees 60 is due per person. If board is paid for by the ship-owner, another Rupees 40 is due as well. From Bagdad to Nineveh (you) need to walk northwards for ten days overland. Then you reach Nineveh. From Nineveh northwards to Antioch, if you walk seven days overland, you reach Antioch. From Antioch if you walk westwards six days overland you arrive at the city of Bu’urppa. (Urfa?) From there if you walk westwards for six days overland, you reach Ha’alvan. From there westwards in five days you reach Peruva. From Peruva if you take ship westwards in ten days you reach Jerusalem. 1.4.2. Marignolli’s2 account (From: Yule 1866/1915: Cathay and the Way thither: p.328) ‘How, or in what company, Marignolli quitted Ceylon, he left untold. We only gather from very slight and incidental notices that he must have sailed to Hormuz, and afterwards travelled by the ruins of Babylon to Baghdad, Mosul, Edessa, Aleppo, and thence to Damascus, Galilee, and Jerusalem. The sole further trace of him on his way to Italy, is that he seems to have touched at Cyprus. In 1353, according to Wadding, he arrived at Avignon, bringing a letter from the Khan to the Pope (now Innovent VI), in which the monarch was made to express the greatest esteem for the Christian faith, to acknowledge the subjection of his Christian lieges to the Pope, and to ask for more missionaries.’ 1 Translated by Sarah Knight. 2 A Roman Catholic cleric in the 14th century on similar journey 8 1.4.3. Route taken by Mar Joseph Pulikkottil3 in 1864, from Malankara to Mardin:18644 Fr. Joseph Pulikkottil (1833-1909) travelled to Mardin, in 1864, to be consecrated as bishop Mar ‘Joseph Mar Dionysius’ by the Patriarch of Antioch. He narrates his journey in the travelogue:‘Journey