Unccd 2018 Report

UNCCD 2018 REPORT

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PREFILLED PRAIS3 TEMPLATE

I. COUNTRY PROFILE

This information is required to facilitate analysis of progress indicators for Strategic Objectives 1 and 2.

Land Area

Land area for Trinidad and Tobago is not subject to significant changes and so is constant from year to year (see Table I-1).

TABLE I-1: LAND AREA (2018)

YEAR TOTAL LAND WATER TOTAL COMMENTS AREA (km2) BODIES (km2) COUNTRY AREA (km2) 2000 2005 2010 5,128 2015 2016 (4828 – Trinidad 2017 300 – Tobago) 2018 77,502 (comprising archipelagic 82,630 waters, territorial sea and EEZ)

Source of Information:

 Draft NAP to Combat LD and to Mitigate the effects of Drought in T&T: 2017-2025 August 26, 2016. Page 5.  Central Statistical Office (CSO) website (accessed January 24, 2019)

Demographics

Demographics are required over several years to estimate the proportion of the population below the international poverty line (Strategic Objective 2-1) and the proportion of the population using safely managed drinking water (Strategic Objective 2-2). Increases in population may also be useful in ascertaining pressure on land capital in rural and urban areas. Table I-2 shows changes in the population over the period 2000-2018. The urban/rural split is calculated for 2011.

TABLE I-2: POPULATION CHANGE (2000-2018)

YEAR URBAN RURAL TOTAL COMMENTS 2000 1,262,366 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1,310,106 2010 1,317,714 2011 942,893 385,126 1,328,019 2012 1,335,194 2013 1,340,557 2014 1,345,343 2015 1,349,667 2016 1,353,895 2017 1,356,633 2018 1,359,193

Sources of Information:

 Data supplied by Central Statistical Office, January 2019

According to the Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (VCA) Report for Trinidad and Tobago prepared by Particip GmbH, areas in Trinidad and Tobago are classified as urban or rural based primarily on the population density per square kilometre. Areas with a population density of 200 or more persons per square kilometre are classified as urban, whereas areas with a density of fewer than 200 persons are classified as rural. Based on this classification and 2011 population data, the report concluded that 71% of the population lives in urban areas, while the remaining 29% reside in smaller rural villages and towns. Urban settlements are concentrated in the western half of Trinidad and along the East/West and North/South Corridors while the rural areas are located in the east and southwest peninsula. For Tobago, the south-west is urbanized while the lowest population is found in the north-east.

II. A. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 1: TO IMPROVE THE CONDITION OF AFFECTED ECOSYSTEMS, COMBAT DESERTIFICATION/ LAND DEGRADTION, PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT AND CONTRIBUTE TO LAND DEGRADATION NEUTRALITY

SO1-1 TRENDS IN LAND COVER

Land Cover

Distribution of vegetation types, bare rocks and soils, inland water bodies and human impacted surfaces.

Quantitative Data

The following data (see Tables A-1 and A-2) was provided by Trinidad and Tobago’s National Focal Point interpreted from European Space Agency.

TABLE II-1: LAND COVER CHANGES [2000-2015 (km2)] Land cover (km2)

Tree- Year Artificial Other covered Grassland Cropland Wetland surfaces land areas

2000 3615 94 1212 76 75 0 2001 3626 94 1200 76 76 0 2002 3626 93 1198 76 79 0 2003 3667 92 1150 78 85 0 2004 3673 92 1142 78 87 0 2005 3674 90 1125 79 105 0 2006 3673 88 1111 78 122 0 2007 3669 86 1103 77 136 0 2008 3666 85 1098 77 145 0 2009 3659 86 1096 77 154 0 2010 3649 87 1097 76 162 0 2011 3644 87 1097 76 169 0 2012 3641 87 1094 76 175 0 2013 3638 86 1089 76 183 0 2014 3621 87 1097 76 192 0 2015 3620 87 1093 76 197 0 Net area +5 -7 +119 0 +122 0 change

TABLE A-1: LAND COVER AREA CHANGE MATRIX [2000-2015 (km2)] COUNT IN KM2 2000 to 2005 To Tree-covered Grassland Cropland Wetland Artificial Other Water From areas surfaces land body Tree-covered areas 3607 0 2 0 6 0 0 Grassland 1 90 0 0 4 0 0 Cropland 67 0 1123 5 18 0 0 Wetland 0 0 0 75 2 0 0 Artificial surfaces 0 0 0 0 76 0 0 Other land 0 0 0 0 0 N/A 0 Water body 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 COUNT IN KM2 2005 to 2010 To Tree-covered Grassland Cropland Wetland Artificial Other Water From areas surfaces land body Tree-covered areas 3648 4 12 0 11 0 0 Grassland 0 84 0 0 6 0 0 Cropland 2 0 1085 0 38 0 0 Wetland 0 0 0 77 2 0 0 Artificial surfaces 0 0 0 0 105 0 0 Other land 0 0 0 0 0 N/A 0 Water body 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 COUNT IN KM2 2010 to 2015 To Tree-covered Grassland Cropland Wetland Artificial Other Water From areas surfaces land body Tree-covered areas 3621 2 23 0 4 0 0 Grassland 0 85 0 0 3 0 0 Cropland 0 0 1070 0 27 0 0 Wetland 0 0 0 76 1 0 0 Artificial surfaces 0 0 0 0 163 0 0 Other land 0 0 0 0 0 N/A 0 Water body 0 0 0 0 0 0 70

COUNT IN KM2 2000 to 2015 To Tree-covered Grassland Cropland Wetland Artificial Other Water From areas surfaces land body Tree-covered areas 3552 6 37 0 20 0 0 Grassland 1 81 0 0 13 0 0 Cropland 68 0 1056 5 83 0 0 Wetland 0 0 0 71 5 0 0 Artificial surfaces 0 0 0 0 76 0 0 Other land 0 0 0 0 0 N/A 0 Water body 0 0 0 0 0 0 70

FIGURE 1

LAND COVER 2000

FIGURE 2

LAND COVER 2015

FIGURE 3

LAND COVER CHANGE

2000 ‐ 2015

FIGURE 4

LAND COVER FLOWS

2000 ‐ 2015

Further to the information presented above:

 Figures 5 and 6 below show the Forest Inventory and General Land Cover.

Source: Helmer et al., 2012. Detailed Maps of Tropical Forest Types are within reach: Forest Tree Communities for Trinidad and Tobago mapped with Multiseason LANDSAT and Multiseason Fine Resolution Imagery. Forest Ecology and Management.

Source: The Institute of Marine Affairs©.

Disclaimer: The Institute of Marine Affairs gives no representation or warranties either expressed or implied as to the appropriateness and fitness of the data for a particular purpose and as such is not liable for inferences recommendations or conclusions drawn by third parties.

FIGURE 5: FOREST RESOURCE INVENTORY AND GENERAL LANDCOVER INVENTORY OF THE INDIGENOUS FOREST OF TRINIDAD

61°50'0"W 61°40'0"W 61°30'0"W 61°20'0"W 61°10'0"W 61°0'0"W 620000 640000 660000 680000 700000 720000 1200000 1200000 FOREST RESOURCE INVENTORY AND GENERAL LANDCOVER TOCO ! 10°50'0"N C A R I B B E A N S E A LWS 10°50'0"N INVENTORY OF THE INDIGENOUS FOREST OF TRINIDAD YSF-C AD AIN RO YSF-Wag IA M AR MATLOT P LWP ! Cd YSF-Wag YSF-Wag Prepared for Cd YSF-Wag LWP YSF-Wag THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPULBIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO YSF-Wag Cd Cd PA RIA M AIN By ROAD Cd BLANCHISSEUSE The USDA FOREST SERVICE - INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL FORESTRY ! LWS

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620000 640000 660000 680000 700000 720000 61°50'0"W 61°40'0"W 61°30'0"W 61°20'0"W 61°10'0"W 61°0'0"W FIGURE 6: FOREST RESOURCE INVENTORY AND GENERAL LANDCOVER INVENTORY OF THE INDIGENOUS FOREST OF TOBAGO

60°48'0"W 60°44'0"W 60°40'0"W 60°36'0"W 60°32'0"W 740000 745000 750000 755000 760000 765000 770000

1260000 FOREST RESOURCE INVENTORY AND GENERAL LANDCOVER 1260000 INVENTORY OF THE INDIGENOUS FOREST OF TOBAGO

Prepared for ST. GILES ISLAND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO By Ssd St. Giles The USDA FOREST SERVICE - INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL FORESTRY Wildlife Sanctuary and COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY - CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF MILITARY LANDS in cooperation with 1255000 THE FORESTRY DIVISION AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY, YSF 1255000 Ssd Ccp 11°20'0"N MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND THE ENVIRONMENT YSF 11°20'0"N and Ssd THE WATERSHED UNIT, DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND Ssd CHARLOTTEVILLE! THE ENVIRONMENT TOBAGO HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY Ssd Ccp Sch A YSF YSF-B E S LMF

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LWS R ESM YSF URBAN OR BUILT-UP LAND FOREST INCLUDING FOREST/SHRUB LAND Agric N Agric YSF A

V Y ESO WA WA Agric R H I High-Medium Density 1235000 YSF IG Rain Forest 1235000 BON ACCORD H H ! S L CLA O E UDE N YSF Lower Montane Rain Forest OLD Agric STORE BAY ROAD Low Density Sch LMF Licania - Serrette Agric A.N.R. ROBINSON ESM YSF INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT YSF Urban Grass Sch Lowland Rain Forest YSF-C AGRICULTURAL LAND Ccp Crappo - Cabbage Palm 11°8'0"N 11°8'0"N WA Active Woody Agriculture Xerophytic Rain Forest

WAC Active Woody Agriculture - Coconut XFBb Balata - Blue Copper (on ultramafic soil) Grassy Areas, Herbaceous Agriculture Agric or Pasture Other Forest and Woodlands

1230000 ¯ Semi-evergreen Seasonal Forest 1230000 HERBACEOUS WETLAND Sch Sandbox - Cogwood - Hogplum UTM - Zone 20N Nonforested Wetland Dry Evergreen - Littoral Woodlands and Forest WGS84 ESH Herbaceous Wetland LWS Seaside Grape - Manchineel

NONVEGETATED XFBa Balata Scale 1:100,000 Quarry Deciduous Seasonal Forest 00.5 1 2 3 4 Kilometers Coastal Sand and Rock Ssd Simaruba - Silverthatch - Dogroot

00.5 1 2 3 4 Bare Ground and Bulldozed Land Forested Wetland Miles ESM 1225000 Water - Permanent Mangrove 1225000 11°4'0"N 11°4'0"N ESO Other Wooded Wetland Citation: Helmer, E. H., T. S. Ruzycki, J. Benner, S. M. Voggesser, B. P. Scobie, C. Park, D. W. Fanning and S. Ramnarine. 2012. Detailed maps BOUNDARIES of tropical forest types are within reach: forest tree communities for Trinidad and Tobago mapped with multiseason Landsat and multiseason Young Secondary Forest fine-resolution imagery. Forest Ecology and Management 279, 147-166. Wildlife Sanctuaries YSF Young Secondary Forest Forest Reserves YSF-C Secondary Forest - Former Coconut Plantation

YSF-B Bamboo

1220000 740000 745000 750000 755000 760000 765000 770000 1220000 60°48'0"W 60°44'0"W 60°40'0"W 60°36'0"W 60°32'0"W FIGURE 7: FOREST TREE COMMUNITIES BASED ON THE 2014 LIDAR SURVEY

Legend LU_level_1

Agricultural land Forest including forest/shrub land Herbaceous wetland Non vegetated Plantations Urban or built up land 0 3.757.5 15 22.5 30 Kilometers Qualitative Assessment

Interpretation of the Indicator

Figure 3, above indicates areas where there have been changes in tree covered areas to grassland and cropland over the period 2000 to 2015, while Figure 4, above illustrates gains and losses of the various vegetation types. These land conversion changes are described in Table A-3.

TABLE A-3: LAND CONVERSION DESCRIPTIONS (2000-2015)

Land conversion Net Driver(s) Description of Comments From To area Direct Indirect changes change (km2) Tree- Grassland 6 Deforesta- -Population May be as a covered tion Pressure result of areas (Land -Lack of clearing for develop- awareness development ment; (poor that did not Forest fires) agricultural happen e.g.: practices) road infrastructure, housing, industrial estates Cropland Tree- 68 Economic Withdrawal Regeneration covered benefits from of secondary areas from Agriculture forest on plantation abandoned forestry sugarcane lands and cocoa and coffee estates; and increase in cultivation of timber Cropland Artificial 83 Deforest- Population Demand for The CSO Surfaces ation Pressure private and has (Land public housing projected a develop- developments, requirement ment) Tourism of approx. Tree- Artificial 20 Deforesta- Population developments 2,000 ha of covered Surfaces tion Pressure (Tobago) land to areas (Land industrial satisfy develop- development housing ment) (Trinidad), demand to recreational 2020 spaces, roads, etc (2001 – 2010)

Source of Information on drivers:

 Draft NAP pp57  5th CBD Report for Trinidad and Tobago  Central Statistical Office. Second Compendium of Environmental Statistics, 2009.  Consultation Meetings (see Consultation Report)

The 5th CBD Report discusses a survey of land use and land cover which was conducted in 2015 using LIDAR. This survey indicated a decrease in extent of all forest types up until 2010. However between 2010 and 2015 there was an increase (see Table A-4 below).

TABLE A-4: FOREST TYPES (1970 – 2015)

FOREST ACREAGE (ha) (1 ha = 0.01 km2) TYPE 1970 1990 1994 2000 2005 2010 2015 Evergreen 98,180 88,718 90,295 86,352 84,381 82,410 129,441 seasonal Semi- 13,928 12,586 12,810 12,251 11,971 11,691 18,286 evergreen seasonal Deciduous 3,617 3,268 3,326 3,181 3,108 3,035 4,923 seasonal Dry 495 447 455 435 425 415 656 evergreen Seasonal 926 837 852 815 796 778 1219 montane Montane 21,619 19,535 19,882 19,014 18,580 18,146 28,367 Swamp 16,789 15,171 15,441 14,767 14,429 14,092 21,569 Secondary 22,650 20,467 20,831 19,921 19,466 19,021 30,008

Hotspots

The following areas of Trinidad may be considered as “hotspots” for the period 2010-2015.

TABLE A-5: LAND COVER HOTSPOTS (2018)

Hotspot Location Area (km2) Comments Sangre Grande Sangre 36.98  Increase in residential Regional Grande squatting Corporation  Increase in quarrying Point Fortin Borough Point Fortin 0.44  Increase in residential Corporation squatting  Increase in road development Chaguanas Borough Chaguanas 14.68  Expansion of residential Corporation areas  Increase in sand mining Source: Town and Country Planning Division via email dated May 15, 2019.

The information above represents approved developments and does not take into consideration unauthorized settlements.

While no quantitative data was received regarding the increase in quarrying activities within the Sangre Grande Regional Corporation and the Chaguanas Borough Corporation, stakeholders indicated that this activity has increased significantly within the last 5 years.

Brightspots

The following areas of Trinidad may be considered as “brightspots” for the period 2010- 2015.

TABLE A-6: LAND COVER BIGHTSPOTS (2000 – 2015)

Brightspot Location Area (km2) Comments Greatest increase in Northeast of Trinidad 470.31 extent of evergreen seasonal forest (2010-2015) Greatest % increase Western Northern Range 18.88 in deciduous seasonal forest (2010-2015) Management of State-owned forest plantations 280 (28,000 Replanting as plantation forests hectares) trees are harvested; enrichment planting (ongoing) Regularization of 21 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 0.289 scheduled squatter (Harmony Hall, Milton, John sites Boodoo, Squatterville Macaulay, Lawrence Wong) Penal Debe (Wellington Road, 0.03 Picton Diamond, Greenfield) Sangre Grande (Pine 0.579 Monitoring of Settlement regularized sites Jacob Hill, KP Lands, stems the Graham Trace) expansion of the Princes Town (Glenroy) 0.025 site into adjacent Tunapuna Piarco (La Paille, 0.51 forested areas Samaroo Village, Race Course, Bon Air) San Fernando (Retrench 0.007 Village) Point Fortin (Southern 0.047 Gardens, Springle Street) Chaguanas 0.127 Arima 0.038 Caroni Lands Orange Grove 250 m2 2-acre parcels of Orange Grove 250 m2 land distributed to Jerningham 939 m2 previous

Brightspot Location Area (km2) Comments Felicity 1&2 1870 m2 sugarcane Edinburgh 1844 m2 farmers for Waterloo 1&2 4058 m2 agriculture (since Exchange 1&2 3547 m2 2003) Montserrat 1&2 779 m2 Reform 740 m2 Reform (Williamsville) 980 m2 Cedar Hill 1806 m2 Petit Morne A 538 m2 La Fortune 2200 m2 La Fortune (Picton) 938 m2 Petit Morne (Bronte) 1400 m2 Reforestation  Embacadere, San 14.8 (1,477.7 Undertaken by projects: Fernando ha) civil groups; South Zone:  Quinam Road, Siparia National  Mendez Trace Extension, Reforestation and Quinam Watershed  Warwell Road, Tableand Rehabilitation  Martin Trace, Freeport Programme  Patrick Trace, Buenos Aires  Cumoto Trace, Barrackpore  South Oropouche Trace, Barrackpore  Pommerack Trace, Coromandel  Bankraf Road, Chickland  Arena Road, Freeport  Mac Nair Road, Chin Chin  Mulchan Trace, Penal  Bunsee Trace, Penal  Ramdass Trace, Piparo  Orange Valley, Waterloo  Plaisannce Park, Claxton Bay  Waterloo Cremation Site, Waterloo  Mendez Road, Quinam  Gordino Riverbank, Woodland  Board Walk, Kings Wharf Reforestation  Valencia Old Road 17.1 (1,711.6 Undertaken by projects:  Malajo Quarry Road ha) civil groups; East Zone:  Bois Bande, North Eastern National Settlement Reforestation and  La Seiva Extension, Watershed Sangre Grande Rehabilitation  Mafeking Branch Road, Programme Mayaro  Cats Hill Road

Brightspot Location Area (km2) Comments  Pine Road And  Guayaguayare Road, Rio Claro  Aripo Farm Lands, Aripo Road  Fecal Dump Road  Guppy Hill Road  Oilfield Road, Union Village  Balata East Road, Bristol Village,Mayaro  La Salle Road, Biche  Paria Branch Road, Grande Riviere  La Pas Road, San Souci  Haynes Trace, Cumana  Upper Rio Grande Road  Church Street  Orosco Road, Mathura  Plum Mitan  Kernahan and Sandhill  Plum Mitan  Cumuto, Valencia Reforestation  St. Anns 3.75 Undertaken by projects:  Mt Hope (375.4 ha) civil groups; North Zone:  Diego Martin National  Lady Young Road Reforestation and  Fort George Watershed  Maraval Rehabilitation  Caura Programme  La Fillette  Tunapuna  Carenage  St. Joseph  Five Rivers, Arouca  Lopinot Mayaro Rio Claro  Nariva Swamp 236 hectares Undertaken by Regional Corporation over 200 persons / Sangre Grande who were trained Regional Corporation in activities such as nursery production, planting, tending, fire suppression and first aid activities. Sangre Grande  National Quarries Facility 80 hectares Rehabilitation of Regional Corporation in Turure state quarry lands

Source of Information on Hotspots and Brightspots:

 5th CBD Report for Trinidad and Tobago  Caroni 1975 Limited  National Restoration, Carbon Sequestration, Wildlife and Livelihood Project, EMA  Consultation Meetings (Forestry Division, Land Settlement Agency) (see Consultation Report)

Complementary Information

The distribution of forest is shown in the Table A-6, below.

TABLE A-6: FOREST COVER (PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL LAND AREA)

Source of Information: Forestry Division, 2016 (quoted in Draft NAP pp8) Forest cover Land Area (ha) Land area Proportion of (converted to km2) total land area (%) Total land area 513,000 5130.00 100.0 Total forest cover 234,476 2344.8 45.7 Forest reserves 127,474 1274.7 24.8 Unproclaimed forest 11,652 116.5 2.3 reserves Other state lands 39,350 393.5 7.7 Private lands (estates, etc) 56,000 56 10.9

Forest Cover by Type in T&T (as a % of Total Forest Cover as of 2015) based on 45.7% total forest cover is shown below.

TABLE A-7: FOREST COVER (PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL FOREST COVER)

Source of Information: 5th CBD Report for T&T Indigenous Forest Type % Cover Location Evergreen seasonal 55.2 North east Semi-evergreen seasonal 7.8 Southern extremes Deciduous seasonal 2.1 Western Northern Range Dry evergreen 0.28 East coast Seasonal montane 0.52 Northern Range Montane 12.1 Northern Range Swamp 9.2 Coastal Secondary 12.8 Widely distributed

According to the VCA Report for T&T, Trinidad and Tobago lost 3.8 % of its forest cover (90 km²) between 1990 and 2005. Between 1990 and 2000 the average annual deforestation rate was 0.30 %. However this rate declined to 0.18 % per annum between 2000 and 2005.

SO1-2 TRENDS IN LAND PRODUCTIVITY / FUNCTIONING OF THE LAND

Land Productivity Dynamics

This indicator estimates the overall above-ground vegetation biomass productivity resulting from land components and their interactions.

Quantitative Data

Land productivity is estimated by means of Earth observations of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) which is represented by weight/area/time period as annual NPP.

Data provided by Trinidad and Tobago’s National Focal Point from the European Space Agency for land productivity is presented in Figure 8, below and the following tables for the period 2000-2013.

FIGURE 8

LAND PRODUCTIVITY DYNAMICS2000 ‐ 2013

TABLE A-8: NATIONAL LEVEL ESTIMATES OF LAND PRODUCTIVITY DYNAMICS WITHIN EACH LAND COVER TYPE: AREA COVERED BY EACH CLASS OF LAND PRODUCTIVITY DYNAMICS (IN KM2)

Net land productivity dynamics 2000-2013 (km2) Land cover class Declinin Moderate Increasin Stressed Stable No data g decline g Tree-covered 149 164 947 1728 397 areas Grassland 4 3 26 13 34 Cropland 59 45 380 123 443 Wetland 3 3 11 25 13 Artificial surfaces 22 2 21 17 10 Other land 0 0 0 0 0

Land conversion Net land productivity dynamics 2000-2013 (km2)

Net area change Declinin Moderat Increasin From To (km2) Stressed Stable g e decline g

Artificial Cropland 83 16 3 29 16 17 surfaces Tree-covered Cropland 36 0 6 10 6 14 areas Tree-covered Artificial 20 3 1 8 4 4 areas surfaces Artificial Grassland 13 2 0 4 5 2 surfaces

Sources of Information

National Focal Point from the European Space Agency

Qualitative Data

Interpretation of the Indicator

Based on the quantitative data, describe the most significant negative or positive changes in land productivity as well as their drivers.

TABLE A-9: CHANGES IN LAND PRODUCTIVITY DESCRIPTIONS (2000-2013)

Land Area (km2) Land Direct Indirect Comments Cover/Land Productivity Conversion Dynamics Cropland to 83 Declining Deforestation Population Removal of Artificial Pressure vegetation Surfaces for quarrying, housing, industry, road construction Tree- 36 Increasing Clearing covered of vegetation areas to for Cropland agricultural production None of the direct or indirect descriptors in the PRAIS template are a good fit for describing the increasing trends in land productivity.

Hotspots/Brightspots

Hotspots and Brightspots on Land Productivity are linked to those associated with Land Cover and information shown in Tables A-5 and A-6, above.

Complementary information

NONE

SO1-3 TRENDS IN CARBON STOCKS ABOVE AND BELOW GROUND

Soil Organic Carbon Stocks

Soil organic carbon (SOC) estimates of the amount of carbon stored in soil and it is the main component of soil organic matter (SOM). SOC influences physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and is important for improving soil fertility and quality, water retention, reducing soil erosion and enhancing soil productivity. SOC is used as a proxy for ecosystem and soil health.

Quantitative Data

National level estimates of the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock in topsoil (0-30 cm) within each cover type (in tonnes per hectare) for the period 2000-2015 are shown in the following Table and Figure 9, as provided by the National Focal Point for Trinidad & Tobago from the European Space Agency.

TABLE A-10: ESTIMATES OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK (2000-2015)

SOC stock in topsoil (ton/ha)

Tree- Year Artificial covered Grassland Cropland Wetland Other land surfaces areas

2000 116.2 97.3 88.3 133.3 102.3 0 2001 116.2 97.3 88.3 133.3 102.3 0 2002 116.2 97.3 88.3 133.3 102.3 0 2003 116.2 97.3 88.3 133.3 102.2 0 2004 116.2 97.2 88.3 133.3 102.2 0 2005 116.2 97.2 88.3 133.4 102 0 2006 116.2 97.2 88.3 133.4 101.8 0 2007 116.2 97.2 88.3 133.4 101.6 0 2008 116.2 97.1 88.3 133.4 101.3 0 2009 116.2 97.1 88.3 133.4 101 0 2010 116.2 97 88.3 133.4 100.7 0 2011 116.2 96.9 88.2 133.4 100.4 0 2012 116.2 96.9 88.2 133.4 100 0 2013 116.2 96.8 88.2 133.4 99.7 0 2014 116.2 96.7 88.2 133.4 99.3 0 2015 116.2 96.6 88.1 133.4 99 0

FIGURE 9

ORGANIC CARBON STOCK 2015

Estimates of change of organic carbon stock in soil due to land conversion to a new land cover type are shown in Table A-11, below and Figure 10.

TABLE A-11: ESTIMATES OF CHANGES OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK (2000-2015)

Land conversion Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock change (2000-2015 ) Net area Initial Final SOC Final SOC change Initial SOC SOC SOC stock From To stock (km2) stock (t/ha) stock stock change (t/ha) total (t) total (t) (t) Artificial Cropland 83 92.5 74 768798 614970 -153828 surfaces Tree- covered Cropland 36 87.9 84.3 322614 309537 -13077 areas Tree- Artificial covered 20 96.6 74.8 196515 152055 -44460 surfaces areas Artificial Grassland 13 93.8 72.1 122427 94122 -28305 surfaces

FIGURE 10

CHANGE IN SOIL ORGANIC CARBON

2000 ‐ 2015

Qualitative Assessment

Interpretation of the Indicator

Based on the quantitative data provided above, describe the most significant negative or positive changes in organic carbon stock in soil as well as their direct and/or indirect drivers.

TABLE A-12: DESCRIPTIONS OF CHANGES OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK (2000-2015) Land Area (km2) Soil organic Direct Indirect Comments Cover/Land carbon stock Conversion (t/ha) Cropland to 83 -153828 Deforestation Population Removal of Artificial Pressure vegetation Surfaces and topsoil for Tree-covered 20 -44460 Deforestation Population quarrying, areas to Pressure housing, road Artificial construction, Surfaces tourism development (Tobago), industrial development (Trinidad)

Hotspots/Brightspots

Hotspots and Brightspots for Soil Organic Carbon Stock are linked to those associated with Land Cover and information shown in Tables A-5 and A-6, above.

Complementary Information

The following complementary information (see Table A-13) was obtained from the 5th country report under the CBD Convention.

TABLE A-13: CARBON STORED IN T&T’S FOREST (METRIC TONNES) (1990-2010)

Source of Information: 5th CBD report. Appendix II (c) CARBON IN ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS Forest Type 1990 2000 2005 2010 Evergreen Seasonal 7264818 6947578 6788998 6630419 Semi-evergreen 891635.6 852726.6 833237.3 813748 seasonal Deciduous seasonal 195164.9 186656.5 182373 181551.5 Dry evergreen 31670.12 30278.02 29581.98 28885.93 Seasonal montane 74134.66 70915.2 69261.96 67695.73 Montane 1729983 1654456 1616692 1578929 Swamp 867650.2 829777.2 810784.6 791848.1 Secondary 1210849 1157953 1131505 1105115 Plantations 1779241.9 1828076.9 1842154.9 1720241.9 Bamboo 19852.8 19852.8 19852.8 19852.8 Other areas within 2453679 2706940 2798154 2960095 forests Private forests 2697800 2697800 2697800 2697800 Total carbon in 19216478 19983010 18820396 18596182 above-ground biomass CARBON IN BELOW GROUND BIOMASS Forest Type 1990 2000 2005 2010 Evergreen Seasonal 1743556 1667419 1629360 1591300 Semi-evergreen 178327.1 170545.3 166647.5 179024.6 seasonal Deciduous seasonal 39032.98 37331.3 36474.59 36310.29 Dry evergreen 6334.023 6055.605 5916.395 5777.186 Seasonal montane 17792.32 17019.65 16622.87 16246.98 Montane 415195.9 397069.4 388006.2 378943 Swamp 173530 165955.4 162156.9 158369.6 Secondary 242169.7 231590.6 226301 221023.1 Plantations 414748.37 426468.77 429847.57 400588.47 Bamboo 3970.56 3970.56 3970.56 3970.56 Other areas within 490735.7 541388 559630.8 592019.1 forests Private forests 539560 539560 539560 539560 Total carbon in 4264953 4204373 4164494 4123133 below-ground biomass

The Forestry Division also provided the following Carbon Stock Data for the period 1990-2020:

TABLE A-14: CARBON STORED IN T&T’S FOREST (METRIC TONNES) (1990-2020)

Forest Resources Forest Carbon (tonnes/ha) Assessment (FRA) 1990 2000 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 CATEGORIES Carbon in above- 11.81 72.62 68.93 72.81 47.02 46.73 46.73 ground biomass Carbon in below- 3.21 18.79 17.86 18.84 12.33 12.25 12.18 ground biomass

The National Restoration, Carbon Sequestration, Wildlife and Livelihoods Project

The National Restoration, Carbon Sequestration, Wildlife and Livelihoods Project is a pioneering multifaceted, community-based restoration and conservation initiative funded by the Green Fund of Trinidad and Tobago. It was designed to restore 500 ha of Nariva, the largest most diverse freshwater ecosystem in Trinidad and Tobago. During the 1980s, parts of Block B of the Nariva Swamp were destroyed by illegal rice farming and disruptive hydrological practices. This led to the formulation of the Nariva Swamp Restoration, Carbon Sequestration and Livelihoods Project to restore Nariva. The Wetland (11,343 ha) was designated a Wetland of International importance by the RAMSAR Convention in 1992 and an Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) by the Environmental Management Authority (EMA) in 2006 and is populated by several Environmentally Sensitive Species (ESS) such as the Manatee and the Ocelot.

Based on scientific laboratory research collecting baseline data for carbon modelling by the UWI, an estimation was made at 135 tonnes per hectare with a potential of 28,890 tonnes for the reforested 214 ha.

SO1 PROPORTION OF LAND THAT IS DEGRADED OVER TOTAL LAND AREA (SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATOR 15.3.1)

Proportion of land that is degraded

Table A-15 shows the total area of land that is degraded (in km2), and the proportion of degraded land relative to the total land area for the period 2000-2015.

TABLE A-15: TOTAL DEGRADED LAND (2000-2015)

Total area of degraded land Proportion of degraded Year (km2) land

2020 41.6% 2000-2015 Source: National Focal Point from the European Space Agency

Method

Did you use the 3 sub-indicators (i.e. land cover, land productivity dynamics and soil organic carbon stock) to compute the proportion of land that is degraded?

YES

Did you apply the One Out, All Out principle to compute the proportion of land that is degraded?

YES

Level of confidence

Indicate your country’s level of confidence in the assessment of the proportion of land that is degraded:

LOW (Based on limited evidence)

The quantitative data is based on international datasets and not on local data. It also does not reflect the rapidly changing conditions since 2015 (the last year for the international data).

Complementary Information

The quantitative data provided for indicators 1-1, 1-2 and 1-3 above shows the country condition until 2015. The data presented below shows that there has been an acceleration in the activities which have led to the degradation of land. These include:

 Forest Fires;  Slash and Burn Agriculture;  Clearing for housing, road construction and other infrastructure;

Causes and Forms of Land Degradation in Trinidad and Tobago (Source: Draft NAP – Figure 3.1):

Underlying threats:

1. High population pressure in localised areas. The country’s population has increased by 60% over the last 50 years. Expansion concentrated in urban areas along the East-West and North-South Corridors in Trinidad and southwest, Tobago. Increased need for housing. Urban sprawl in Trinidad has been southward with significant population increases in Chaguanas and Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo and Sangre Grande municipalities. A more disperse pattern of housing has been noted with increased expansion into rural areas onto lands previously owned by Caroni Limited and used for sugar cane cultivation. Sugarcane cultivation ceased in 2003.

2. Fragmented legislative and policy frameworks for SLM. Data gaps, lack of coordinated data and information collection and management mechanism for SLM remain major barriers. Inadequate institutional framework, capacity and effectiveness; as well as inadequate inter-agency collaboration and harmonization of policies and action among State agencies are also major barriers to SLM.

3. Inadequate monitoring and enforcement systems. Insufficient resources available for ongoing environmental data collection and monitoring.

4. Climate change. Meteorological droughts recorded in 1997/1998, 2009/2010 and 2015/2016 resulting in reduced availability of water and incidents of fires. Intense rainfall has resulted in increased flooding and landslides. Predicted sea level increase may likely increase salt water intrusion, coastal inundation, storm surge damage, and coastal erosion.

5. Severe weather events.

6. Inadequate mechanisms for intra and inter-sectoral collaboration.

7. Weak institutional arrangements (including inadequate research).

Direct Causes:

8. Conflicting land uses.

9. Unsustainable forest practices such as use of coniferous pine trees which make the soil acidic and unsuitable for undergrowth (Source: Lopinot/Arouca Watershed Assessment prepared by WRA).

10. Forest and bush fires

 Lands degraded by fires over 2000-2017 is shown in the table below (source: Forestry Division (personal communication Ms. Jitta March 6, 2019 based on information prepared for FAO Global Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) Report 2020)

TABLE A-16: LAND DEGRADED BY FIRES (2000-2017)

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total land 0.90 4.20 0.20 4.70 1.40 1.90 1.30 3.60 1.30 area affected by fire (1000ha) Forested 0.76 3.00 0.03 3.70 1.10 1.00 0.80 1.90 0.60 land affected by fire (1000ha)

Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total land 0.50 12.50 0.10 0.20 2.80 2.40 3.40 4.20 4.70 area affected by fire (1000ha) Forested 0.35 8.70 0.01 0.07 0.89 1.30 1.50 1.60 3.10 land affected by fire (1000ha)

 Forest and bush fires (Tobago)

In 2010 for Tobago a total of 51 ha burnt of which 23 ha comprised state lands. These fires affected forested areas, primarily forest reserves, state lands and forested private lands. 14% of the areas burned represented primary forest; and 22% secondary forest. (Source: Report of the Working Committee to Plan and Coordinate Reforestation in Partnership with CBOs and NGOs, Min Housing and Environment, 2011)

11. Inappropriate built development

12. Littering and poor waste disposal and treatment

13. Squatting

Squatting has increased over the last 10 years and is extensive on State as well as private lands in Trinidad, with residential squatting being most extensive. Illegal occupation of land for agriculture and quarrying is also widespread.

Land Settlement Agency (LSA) has the responsibility of regularizing squatter settlements. LSA provided a map showing locations of squatting settlements see Figure 10. They indicated that there are 251 scheduled sites in Trinidad and 3 in Tobago as well as a number of unscheduled locations. The draft NAP estimates approximately 15.8 % of the Trinidad population squatting on State lands. The report also indicates that the number of squatter sites increased from 251 designated areas as listed in the Act to 396 in 2015 (see Figure 11). LSA also indicated that in 2014-2015 the number of sites listed in the proposed amendment to the Act was 700. To date, the LSA indicated that 21 sites have been regularized through the agency (see Brightspots, below). However, there are other sites which have been regularized by Regional Corporations. These sites are not tracked.

The draft NAP provided information on areas of forest (State lands) affected by squatting based on reports from the Forestry Division:

TABLE A-17: STATE LANDS FOREST AFFECTED BY SQUATTING (2008-2011)

Conservancy Area (ha) 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 Total North east 1.0 22.8 42.9 66.7 North central 0.6 0.1 4.8 5.5 North west 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 South east 1.0 52.5 309.8 363.3 South central 56.0 56 22.1 134.2 South west 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 Total 60.1 131.4 379.6 571.1

Figure 11 LSA Map of Scheduled and Unscheduled sites goes here.

14. Quarrying – There are at present 88 active mines

15. Inappropriate agricultural practices such as use/overuse of harmful pesticides and fertilizers and slash & burn (Source: Lopinot/Arouca Watershed Assessment prepared by WRA)

16. Poor management of waste

Current landfills operate for open dumping, compaction and covering of domestic and industrial waste. This contributes to pollution of soil, groundwater and rivers.

Impacts and Forms of Land Degradation (Source: Draft NAP):

1. Deforestation and forest fragmentation

Infrastructure projects which have had an impact on forested areas or have resulted in forest fragmentation include the following implemented by the National Infrastructure and Development Company Limited (NIDCO):

TABLE A-18: IMPACT OF INFRASTRUCTURE ON FOREST (2014-2018)

Churchill Roosevelt Highway Extension to Manzanilla Project (CHREM)

DESCRIPTOR DETAILS Acreage of Land cleared Approximately 45 hectares Land Use of land cleared Forest and agriculture Time 2018 Locations Cumuto and Guaico (Sangre Grande Regional Corporation)

Solomon Hochoy Highway Extension to Point Fortin (SHHEPF) SEGMENT AREA DATE LAND USE LOCATION CLEARED (ha) Debe to Penal 80 2013 Residential, Oropouche East agricultural Mosquito Creek 11.2 2014 Mangrove, Oropouche commercial West Mosquito Creek 6.7 2013 Commercial, Oropouche to St. Mary’s residential West, Fyzabad St. Mary’s to 112 2014 Agricultural, Fyzabad Grant’s Road forested Grant’s Road to 88 2014 Agricultural, Fyzabad, La La Brea forested Brea La Brea to 76.5 2014 Agricultural, La Brea, Point Dunlop forested, Fortin commercial Fyzabad 23 2014 Agricultural, Fyzabad Interchange forested

2. Accelerated water erosion and landslides 3. Increased surface runoff 4. Declining soil fertility 5. Coastal erosion

Southwest, southeast and northeast Trinidad and the windward side of Tobago have lost considerable area of land to coastal erosion. (CPU has been implementing coastal protection measures in some of these areas – see Brightspots, below).

6. Increased incidence of flooding 7. Watershed degradation 8. Soil and water pollution 9. Soil salinization/salt water intrusion

Initiatives/Brightspots

1. Coastal Protection (Source: Coastal Protection Unit (CPU) of the Ministry of Works and Transport (MOWT).

The Critical Coastal Protection Programme is designed to address and provide improved understanding of coastal hazard susceptibility relating to sea level rise, extreme weather events and riverine flooding.

TABLE A-19: COASTAL PROTECTION WORKS (2015-2019)

MANZANILLA BEACH FACILITY SEAWALL STABILIZATION WORKS (Completed in 2015) Project Description Construction of 252 linear meters of vinyl sheet pile seawall along the alignment of the original seawall of the beach facility; construction of 252 linear meters of concrete capping; installation of 252 linear meters of FRP safety railings; reconstruction of access ramp and stairs, and landscaping. Project Site The Manzanilla Beach Facility is located on the east coast.

Project Objective The main objective was to provide stability along the length of the coastline of the Manzanilla Beach Facility which was destabilized by the effects of coastal erosion and wave overtopping of the original seawall.

Other Benefits Preservation of the only beach facility along the eastern seaboard; ensuring sustainability of the use of coastal community space, tourism-related economic activities, tourisms infrastructure, public communication lines, public utilities and other assets.

NORTH COCOS BAY SHORELINE STABILIZATION WORKS (Completed in 2015)

Project Description Installation of 100 meters of vinyl sheet pile coastal protection works; the construction of a slipway and the provision of launching/berthing facilities.

Project Site North Cocos Bay is located on the east coast.

Project Objective The main objective was to alleviate coastal erosion and coastal flooding along this stretch of coastline given the vulnerability to these events caused by the low relief, relatively unstable geology, direct exposure to the Atlantic Ocean and North East Trade Winds, influence of deep water oceanic currents and localised rip currents and squalls.

Other Benefits Provides support to the fishing industry and overall national food security by provision of the only fish landing site on the east coast and erosion protection of the facility.

SHORE OF PEACE COASTAL CLIFF STABILIZATION WORKS (Completed in 2016)

Project Description Construction of 530 linear meters of seawall; rubble mound revetment at the cliff’s base and 530 linear meters of safety railing at the cliff’s edge. Project Site This site in an important religious located situated on the south west Coast of Trinidad, adjacent mouth of the Godineau River.

Project Objective The Shore of Peace Cliff Stabilization Works project was developed to address the erosion of sandstone cliffs that exist at the backshore zone of the Shore of Peace Cremation Facility. Erosional activity resulted from undercutting due to wave action on the base of the cliff.

Other Benefits Increasing safety features for users of the cremation site; the reduction of overall coastal erosion rates on the south west peninsula; the reduction of overall cost to repair and replace infrastructure that will result in coastal erosion; the prevention of the destruction of property of religious and cultural significance that will result from continued coastal erosion.

SANS SOUCI SHORELINE STABILIZATION WORKS (In Progress)

Project Description Construction of 170 linear meters of rock revetment; road work improvements; road drainage/surface water runoff improvements. Project Site Sans Souci Bay is located on the northern coastline, along the Paria Main Road. Project Objective Sans Souci bay is open to the hydrodynamic activities of the Caribbean Sea and experiences high erosion rates along the entire shoreline. Constant wave action at the cliff base along the project site has resulted in the removal of sediment with consequential undermining of the road way and the existing rubble masonry sea wall. The slipping of the cliff has caused instability of the main roadway to neighbouring communities (e.g. Grand Riviere and Matelot) and is need of stabilization works. Other Benefits Projection of public infrastructure (the Paria Main Road) from coastal inundation/erosion; improve the experience of users of important public/tourism space; increase the stability and sustainability of assets currently at risk from the hazards of coastal erosion.

QUINAM COASTAL PROTECTION WORKS (In Progress)

Project Construction of 200 linear meters of rock revetment at +3.5 m crest Description elevation; construction of 54m sheet pile with a boardwalk; cliff stabilisation of the western cliff along bay; landscaping; drainage and ancillary works.

Project Site The Quinam Beach Facility is located along the southern coastline of Trinidad accessed via the Penal‐Quinam Road.

Project Objective Due to its location on the south coast of Trinidad, the site is exposed to the wave activity of the Atlantic Ocean approaching the site predominantly from the south‐east direction. In recent years there has been significant coastal erosion along Quinam Beach which may be attributed to climate change. The erosion has resulted in damage to the end of the access road and the seawall at Quinam. The continuing erosion and the importance of the beach facility required the need for a coastal protection scheme to be implemented.

Other Benefits Protection of infrastructural public property and infrastructure assets of the beach facility including the Penal Quinam Road, Life Guard Building from coastal erosion and inundation; increase in amenity value of the beach facility.

COCOS/SOUTH COCOS BAY SHORELINE STABILIZATION WORKS (In Progress)

Project Description South Cocos Bay – Installation of sheet pile seawall; construction of 735 linear meters of rock revetment; ancillary works. Cocos Bay – Construction of 500 linear meters of rock revetment; ancillary works. Project Site Cocos Bay is located on the eastern coastline, south of the Nariva River Mouth on the Mayaro‐Manzanilla Road. South Cocos Bay is within Cocos Bay, at the Nariva River Mouth. Project Objective For many years the Manzanilla‐Mayaro Road has been affected by flooding during high tides and sections of this roadway have been eroded due to such activity. The shoreline is also being eroded. A shoreline protection scheme was implemented to reduce erosion and inundation.

Other Benefits Preventing damage to public and private properties, and infrastructure; eliminate the loss / damage to the Manzanilla‐Mayaro Road; Reduce losses in the productive sector as a result of traffic and other disruptions. MATELOT SHORELINE STABILIZATION WORKS PHASE II (In Progress)

Project Description Site 6 – Construction of 170 linear meters of rubble mound revetment and ancillary works. Site 14 – Construction of 75 linear meters of toe protection; construction of 146 linear meters of rubble revetment; construction of access staircase; ancillary works.

Project Site Site 6 – Matelot Village Site 14 – St. Helena Village

Project Objective Due to its location on the north coast of Trinidad, the sites are open to the hydrodynamic environment of the Caribbean Sea. The shoreline in the Matelot and Grand Riviere area is affected by erosion caused by wave action, which has resulted in slumping of slopes and flanking of existing seawalls. Coastal erosion is exacerbated by extreme weather events, such as in late 2016. The continuing erosion and the importance of the Paria Main Road warrant the need for a coastal protection scheme to be implemented.

Other Benefits Projection of public infrastructure (the Paria Main Road) from coastal inundation/erosion; improve the experience of users of important public/tourism space; increase the stability and sustainability of assets currently at risk from the hazards of coastal erosion; improvement in access to the Matelot Fishing Depot.

2. Squatter Settlements (improved Infrastructure)(Source: Land Settlement Agency)

TABLE A-20: REGULARIZED SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS (2015-2019)

REGIONAL CORPORATION / AREA (km2) SITE NAME Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 0.289 (Harmony Hall, Milton, John Boodoo, Squatterville Macaulay, Lawrence Wong) Penal Debe 0.03 (Wellington Road, Picton Diamond, Greenfield) Sangre Grande 0.579 (Pine Settlement Jacob Hill, KP Lands, Graham Trace) Princes Town 0.025 (Glenroy) Tunapuna Piarco 0.51 (La Paille, Samaroo Village, Race Course, Bon Air) San Fernando 0.007 (Retrench Village) Point Fortin 0.047 (Southern Gardens, Springle Street) Chaguanas 0.127 Arima 0.038

3. Reforestation (NRWRP)

The following information was provided by the Conservator of Forests and indicates areas in Trinidad which have been replanted under the Ministry of Agriculture’s National Reforestation and Watershed Rehabilitation Programme (NRWRP). No data was available for Tobago.

The vision of the NRWRP is to enhance forests that are sustainably managed for the equitable benefit of all our citizens.

The NRWRP has been around for approximately 10 years, completing its first proposed life span at 2014 and at that point had successfully reforested approximately 3000 hectares of degraded lands throughout Trinidad and Tobago. The programme was then given a three (3) year extension to its life that would take it to 2017. At this present time the programme has been able to successfully rehabilitate app 600 hectares of degraded and burnt lands bringing the total at present to 3600 hectares being successfully rehabilitated. Currently the programme has been given a further three (3) year extension which would take us to 2020.

TABLE A-21: MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE’S NATIONAL REFORESTATION AND WATERSHED REHABILITATION PROGRAMME (NRWRP)

SOUTH ZONE LOCATION OF HECTERAGE REASON FOR REFORESTED REFORESTED REFORESTING # AREA (Ha) SITE SPECIES PLANTED EMBACADERE, coastal 1 SAN FERNANDO not yet mapped rehabilitation almond, chataigne, apamatte

apamatte, balata, cajuca, QUINAM ROAD, cedar, chennette, hog plum, 2 SIPARIA 210.3 fire burnt area jamoon, locust, mahogany, mangoes, mora, olivier, pommerac, yellow poui MENDEZ TRACE apamatte, balata, cedar, EXTENSION, chennette, hog plum, 3 QUINAM 190 fire burnt area mahogany, mangoes, olivier, pommerac, yellow poui, acurel, wild chataigne mahogany, cajuca, WARWELL ROAD, illegal agricultural apamatte, hog plum, 4 TABLEAND 66 squatting pommerac, olivier, mango, cedar

almond, apamatte, cedar, fire burnt and illegal chataigne, chennette, MARTIN TRACE, agricultural crappo, mahogany, mahoe, 5 FREEPORT 50.1 squatting mammy apple, olivier, serrete, soap seed, sour sop, sugar apple, caribbean pine, cashew almond, apamatte, cedar, PATRICK TRACE, fire burnt and chennette, fat pork, olivier, 6 BUENOS AIRES 159.4 commercial sales mahoe, mahogany, mango, padoo, pommerac, poui, tonka bean CUMOTO TRACE, apamatte, balata, cedar, BARRACKPORE 39.6 fire burnt chennette, hog plum, SOUTH 7 OROPOUCHE illegal agricultural mahogany, mango, olivier, TRACE, 96.6 squatting pommerac, purple heart, BARRACKPORE yellow poui, wild chataigne

POMMERACK mahogany, cajuca, TRACE, apamatte, hog plum, 8 COROMANDEL 228.6 fire burnt area pommerac, olivier, mango, cedar, wild chataigne, black poui BANKRAF ROAD, almond, apamatte, balata, CHICKLAND 13 fire burnt area cedar, chataigne, ARENA ROAD, illegal agricultural chennette, crappo, fat pork, FREEPORT 12.5 squatting hog plum, 9 jamoon, mahoe, mahogany, MAC NAIR ROAD, illegal agricultural mango, pommerac, CHIN CHIN 52 squatting caribbean pine

SOUTH ZONE LOCATION OF HECTERAGE REASON FOR REFORESTED REFORESTED REFORESTING # AREA (Ha) SITE SPECIES PLANTED apamatte, balata, cedar, MULCHAN TRACE, 9.1 fire burnt chennette, hog plum, PENAL 10 BUNSEE TRACE, illegal agricultural mahogany, mango, olivier, PENAL 55.6 squatting pommerac, yellow poui, wild chataigne, mahoe, serrette mahogany, cajuca, RAMDASS TRACE, apamatte, hog plum, 11 PIPARO 196.7 enrichment pommerac, olivier, mango, cedar, guatacare, balata, yellow poui ORANGE VALLEY, illegal agricultural cajuca, mahogany, olivier, 12 WATERLOO 19.5 squatting cedar PLAISANNCE PARK, CLAXTON almond, appamatte, cedar, 13 BAY 22.2 fire burnt area hog plum, mahogany, mango WATERLOO mangrove CREMATION SITE, rehabilitation mangrove (red, black, white) 14 WATERLOO illegal agricultural apamatte, jamoon, 20.5 squatting mahogany apamatte, cedar, crappo, MENDEZ ROAD, pommerac, olivier, chataigne, 15 QUINAM 36 illegal agriculture mahogany GORDINO RIVERBANK, riverbank pommerac, mango, 16 WOODLAND maintenance mangrove, apamatte BOARD WALK, coastal 17 KINGS WHARF maintenance

Total for South Zone 1477.7

EAST ZONE # LOCATION OF HECTERAGE REASON FOR SPECIES PLANTED REFORESTED REFORESTED REFORESTING AREA (Ha) SITE 1 VALENCIA OLD 34.8 quarried out area mahogany, apamatte, ROAD olivier, crappo, serrette, MALAJO QUARRY hog plum, sandbox, ROAD cajuca, mahoe, mango, pommerac, balata, cashew 2 BOIS BANDE, 40.1 fire burnt area mahogany, oliviere, NORTH EASTERN apamatte, cedar, SETTLEMENT guatacare, LA SEIVA crappo, serrette, hog EXTENSION, plum, sandbox, cajuca, SANGRE GRANDE mahoe, mango, pommerac, balata, cashew, fat pork

EAST ZONE # LOCATION OF HECTERAGE REASON FOR SPECIES PLANTED REFORESTED REFORESTED REFORESTING AREA (Ha) SITE 3 MAFEKING BRANCH 134.3 fire burnt area mahogany, oliviere, ROAD, MAYARO apamatte, cedar, black heart, purple heart, le epinet, guatacare, crappo, serrette, hog plum, sandbox, cajuca, mahoe, mango, juniper, pommerac, balata, Cashew

4 CATS HILL ROAD, 342 fire burnt area mahogany, olivier, mora, PINE ROAD AND apamatte, blackheart, GUAYAGUAYARE juniper, cedar, crappo, ROAD, RIO CLARO serrette, hog plum, sandbox, toporite, guatacare, mahoe, cajuca, mango, pommerac, balata 5 ARIPO FARM 95 fire burnt area mahogany, olivier, LANDS, ARIPO apamatte, yellow poui, ROAD cedar, crappo, serrette, hog plum, sandbox, mahoe, cajuca, mango, pommerac, balata 6 FECAL DUMP ROAD, 156 fire burnt area mahogany, apamatte, GUPPY HILL ROAD olivier, cedar, crappo, AND serrette, hog plum, mora, OILFIELD ROAD, guatacare, juniper, UNION VILLAGE sandbox, cajuca, mahoe, mango, pommerac, balata, cashew 7 BALATA EAST 22.3 fire burnt area mahogany, oliviere, ROAD, BRISTOL cedar, apamatte, VILLAGE, guatacare, crappo, MAYARO serrette, hog plum, sandbox, cajuca, mahoe, mango, pommerac, balata, cashew, fat pork

8 LA SALLE ROAD, 246.8 fire burnt area mahogany, oliviere, BICHE apamatte, cedar, black heart, purple heart, juniper, guatacare, crappo, serrette, mora, hog plum, sandbox, cajuca, mahoe, mango, pommerac, balata, cashew 9 PARIA BRANCH 80.5 fire burnt area mahogany, oliviere, ROAD, GRANDE apamatte, cedar, crappo, RIVIERE cerrette, hog plum, sandbox, guatacare, mahoe, cajuca, mango,

EAST ZONE # LOCATION OF HECTERAGE REASON FOR SPECIES PLANTED REFORESTED REFORESTED REFORESTING AREA (Ha) SITE pommerac, balata, primrose 10 LA PAS ROAD, SAN 32.5 fire burnt area mahogany, oliviere, SOUCI cedar, crappo, serrette, hog plum, sandbox, mahoe, cajuca, mahoe, mango, pommerac, balata 11 HAYNES TRACE, 85 fire burnt area mahogany, oliviere, CUMANA cedar, crappo, serrette, hog plum, sandbox, mahoe, cajuca, mahoe, mango, pommerac, balata 12 UPPER RIO 123 fire burnt area mahogany, oliviere, GRANDE ROAD, apamatte, cedar, black CHURCH STREET heart, purple heart, AND OROSCO juniper, guatacare, ROAD, MATHURA crappo, serrette, mora, hog plum, sandbox, cajuca, mahoe, mango, pommerac, balata, cashew 13 PLUM MITAN 180 fire burnt area mahogany, oliviere, apamatte, angelin, juniper, cedar, wild chataigne, guatacare, crappo, serrette, hog plum, sandbox, cajuca, mahoe, mango, pommerac, balata, cashew, fat pork 14 KERNAHAN AND 110.3 fire burnt area mahogany, oliviere, SANDHILL, PLUM apamatte, cedar, black MITAN heart, purple heart, juniper, guatacare, crappo, serrette, mora, hog plum, sandbox, cajuca, mahoe, mango, pommerac, balata, cashew 15 CUMOTO, VALENCIA 29 fire burnt area mahogany, oliviere, cedar, crappo, serrette, hog plum, sandbox, mahoe, cajuca, mango, pommerac, balata Total for East Zone 1711.6

NORTH ZONE # LOCATION OF HECTERAGE REASON FOR SPECIES PLANTED REFORESTED REFORESTED REFORESTING AREA (Ha) SITE 1 ST. ANNS 23.3 fire burnt area mahogany, apamatte, local cedar, oliviere, pommerac, chennette, soursop, hog plum, mahoe, mango, wild chataigne, jamoon, almond, nutmeg 2 MT HOPE 11.5 fire burnt area records of species not located 3 DIEGO MARTIN 22.4 fire burnt area mahogany, apamatte, cajuca, crappo, gauva, oliviere, pommerac, chennette, fat pork, sour sop, tamarind, hog plum, mahoe, mango, tonka bean, chataigne, jamoon, nutmeg, yellow poui 3 LADY YOUNG ROAD 17 fire burnt area apamatte, cajuca, cashew, oliviere, pommerac, chennette, fat pork, hog plum, tamarind, mango, tonka bean, jamoon, yellow poui 4 FORT GEORGE 11.4 fire burnt area local cedar, pommerac, chennette, hog plum, yellow poui, tonka bean, cashew 5 MARAVAL 72 fire burnt area mahogany, apamatte, local cedar, oliviere, chennette, mahoe, jamoon, yellow poui 6 CAURA 21.2 fire burnt area mahogany, appamatte, pommerac, mahoe, sour sop, jamoon, cashew 7 LA FILLETTE 6.1 enrichment mahogany, appamatte, cedar, pommerac, jamoon, yellow poui 8 TUNAPUNA 6.5 fire burnt area gauva, chennette, tamarind, hog plum, galba 9 CARENAGE 25.2 fire burnt area mahogany, appamatte, cedar, oliviere, pommerac, chennette, fat pork, tamarind, tonka bean, jamoon, cashew 10 ST. JOSEPH 40.2 fire burnt area mahogany, appamatte, black heart, chennette, tamarind, hog plum, mahoe, locust, jamoom, yellow poui 11 FIVE RIVERS, 26.4 fire burnt area mahogany, appamatte, AROUCA oliviere, chennette, mahoe, locust, yellow poui

NORTH ZONE # LOCATION OF HECTERAGE REASON FOR SPECIES PLANTED REFORESTED REFORESTED REFORESTING AREA (Ha) SITE 12 LOPINOT 92.2 fire burnt area / appamatte, crappo, enrichment mahoe, locust, wild chataigne, pennypiece, monkey apple, accuma, Immortelle Total for North Zone 375.4

4. Reforestation to 2010 (Source: Fondes Amandes Report):

 20 ha of state lands on denuded hillsides of N. Range to establish protective vegetative cover on critical watersheds  110 ha commercial timber plantations of teak, pine, mixed species in areas damaged by logging and/or fires  258 ha silviculture to promote natural regeneration with mora forests of South East Trinidad  50 ha in a 7-year project for restoration of Nariva Wetlands in collaboration with EMA and financial support from Green Fund  40 ha reforestation of degraded forests in keeping with :no net loss” by oil and gas companies  90 ha support for private forestry – reforestation and agro-forestry

Target was of the combined effort of Forestry Division and National Reforestation and Watershed Rehabilitation Programme was 1040 ha

5. Reforestation (Source: NIDCO)

In compliance with the requirements of the Certificate of Environmental Clearance for the Churchill Roosevelt Highway Extension to Manzanilla (CRHEM) and Solomon Hochoy Highway Extension to Point Fortin (SHHEPF) projects by NIDCO (see above), the following reforestation efforts were implemented:

Churchill Roosevelt Highway Extension to Manzanilla (CRHEM)

A ‘no net loss’ policy was developed for Phase 1, package 1 works on the CRHEM project. The plan seeks to ensure that for every hectare of forest removed, an equal hectare is reserved. This policy will be implemented in partnership with the land Settlement Agency. The area is demarcated at Hollis Reservoir and will cover an equal area of 50 hectares. The LSA is in the process of reserving these lands as part of their ‘no net loss’ policy for one of their squatter regularization projects.

Solomon Hochoy Highway Extension to Point Fortin (SHHEPF)

The only rehabilitation works conducted was for mangrove removal. A Mangrove Rehabilitation Plan was developed. Although it recommended the replanting of mangroves, this was not considered feasible in the location so instead mitigation measures were implemented to improve water flow and other conditions required for a healthy wetland services on in excess of 40 ha of wetland of the same Mosquito Creek system.

6. Reforestation (Source: Environmental Management Authority)

The National Restoration, Carbon Sequestration, Wildlife and Livelihoods Project

 Reforestation of 236 hectares and positive impact on wildlife habitat with in Nariva –for e.g. the sustained return of Red & Blue Macaws and other species.

 Suppression of fires in 2014, 2016, 2017 and 2018 assisting in the protection of the pilot areas and reforested areas.

 The completion of the National Wildlife Survey (NWS) 2014 to 2016 using Line Transect methodology and 2016 to 2018 using Camera Trap methodology.

7. Reforestation (Source: Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries 2019)

In September 2013, Cabinet approved the EU Environmental Programme, a policy grant funding project which was made available under Public Sector Investment Programme (PSIP) to the Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries. This programme’s main focus was to support the country in reducing its carbon output from quarries via carbon sequestration by rehabilitating 24% of abandoned mined areas. This involved the rehabilitation of 80 hectares of closed or abandoned State quarry lands in order to facilitate the sequestration of 264 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent in an inert form to the general environment. The National Quarries Company Ltd was able to muster the requisite 80 hectares of State lands for rehabilitation. NQCL completed the rehabilitation of the stipulated 80 hectares in December 2016 (see 8, below).

8. Re-vegetation

The IWEco Project “Reduce and Reverse Land Degradation at Selected Quarry site(s) in the North East of Trinidad using an Integrated Water, Land and Ecosystems Management Approach.

Project Site: National Quarries Limited Turure Facility (Sangre Grande Regional Corporation)

TABLE A-22: AREAS REVEGETATED WITHIN THE NATONAL QUARRIES TURURE FACILITY

AREA REVEGETATED APPROACH ADOPTED (HECTARES) 1.537 Natural revegetation 17.158 Combination of crop cultivation and natural revegetation 16.834 Natural revegetation and mixed (timber) hardwoods 0.315 Crop cultivation 13.921 Crop cultivation and natural revegetation 5.706 Crop cultivation 10.562 Timber and crop cultivation 20.97 Natural revegtation including wetland area and crop cultivation 87.009 TOTAL Source: Status Report on the Sustainable Development of the Mineral Sector Executed through the National Quarries Rehabilitation Project, Environmental management Authority, 2017

9. Soil Stabilization

Projects undertaken by Vetivertt.com total 10 acres over the past 3 years which includes 15-20 small scaled residential and 6 commercial and public work projects. The benefits at these sites were to prevent soil erosion and land slipping, promote ground water recharge, capture loose topsoil and sediments which build up in natural terracing.

Residential projects are located in the following areas: Moka, Fort George, Cascade, Maracas, Blue Basin, Goodwood Park, Champs Fleurs, Maracas Valley, Saut D’eau Road, Blanchisseusse, Glencoe and Tobago.

Commercial projects are located in the following areas: Corinth and South Oropouche.

Hotspots

1. Coastal erosion (Source: Draft NAP)

 Guapo Bay, Granville Bay, Columbus Bay (southwest Trinidad)  Matura Bay, Cocos Bay, northern section of Mayaro Bay, Guayaguayare Bay (east coast Trinidad)  Blanchisseuse Bay (north Trinidad)  Richmond Bay (sand mining), Goldsborough Bay sand mining), Little Rockly Bay, Rockly Bay, western region of Barbados Bay (Tobago)

2. Coastal Erosion (Source: VCA Report for T&T)

 In a 2016 study done by the Institute of Marine Affairs (IMA) accelerated erosion in the future as a result of climate change and sea level rise has the potential to put critical coastal infrastructure and coastal communities at further risk. On Cocos Bay from 2011-2015 the erosion rate was 0.14 m per year at IMA’s monitoring Station 5. Continued erosion could threaten the Manzanilla/Mayaro Main Road which runs parallel to the beach and is located approximately 30m landward of the IMA benchmark.

 A study by the World Resource Institute in 2008, reported 6 % of Tobago’s land area was classified as vulnerable to wave-induced erosion and storm damage (approx.19 sq. km) (see Figure below). This was based on expected wave heights and storm surge associated with a one-in-25-year storm event.

3. Urban sprawl / expansion of housing (Source: Draft NAP)

 Chaguanas, Point Fortin and Sangre Grande municipalities  Ex-sugar cane lands:

TABLE A-23: FORMER CARONILANDS ALLOCATED FOR RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS (POST 2006)

AREA ACREAGE (ACRES) ORANGE GROVE 150 JERNINGHAM 519 FELICITY 1&2 238 EDINBURGH 1095 WATERLOO 1&2 232 EXCHANGE 1&2 522 MONTSERRAT 1&2 82 REFORM 150 CEDAR HILL 6 PETIT MORNE A 428 LA FORTUNE 300 LA FORTUNE (PICTON) 273 Source: personal communication with Mr. Russel Boland, Caroni (1975) Limited, March 29, 2019.

TABLE A-24: ACREAGE (km2) OF APPROVED HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS FOR THREE REGIONAL CORPORATIONS (2000, 2010 & 2018)

REGIONAL CORPORATION 2000 2010 2018 SANGRE GRANDE REGIONAL 607.08 2.75 36.98 CORPORATION POINT FORTIN REGIONAL 98.11 4.68 0.44 CORPORATION CHAGUANAS BOROUGH 116.75 4.51 14.68 CORPORATION Source: Town and Country Planning Division via email dated May 15, 2019

4. Squatting – increase in size and density of existing squatter settlements (see Figure 11)  Tunapuna/Piarco, Sangre Grande, San Juan/Laventille, Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo, Diego Martin Regional Corporations.  Forest affected by squatting – Southeast and South Central conservancies which account for 87% (497.5 ha) of the affected forest areas. See Table A-17.

5. Waste disposal

Existing landfills include: Guanapo, Beetham (61ha), Guapo (12ha – controlled), Forres Park (22ha – partially engineered), Studley (Tobago). The Beetham, Forres Park and Guanapo sites are managed by the Trinidad and Tobago Solid Waste Management Company Limited (SWMCOL) and quantity of wastes entering these landfills are shown in Table A-24, below.

TABLE A-25: QUANTITY OF WASTE ENTERING SWMCOL LANDFILLS (2010-2017)

Source: SWMCOL Annual Administrative Report (October 01, 2014 – September 30, 2015) LANDFILL/ TYPE OF TOTAL ESTIMATED ANNUAL TONNES AREA WASTE 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 SERVICED Beetham MSW, 264,510 281,773 231,612 193,393 260,302 210,056 (northwest faecal, Trinidad) construction/ demolition, special waste (offal, white goods, etc) Forres Park MSW, 183,929 160,270 182,552 217,761 218,804 226,047 (southern & construc- central tion/ Trinidad) demolition, special waste (offal, white goods, etc) Guanapo MSW, 99,954 58,446 91,117 94,772 79,511 78,731 (northeast special Trinidad) waste Source: Administrative Record for Draft Waste Management Rules 2018. EMA LANDFILL TOTAL ESTIMATED ANNUAL TONNES 2016 2017 Beetham 558,241 467,870 Forres Park 223,216 218,908 Guanapo 80,650 80,758

6. Areas affected by forest fires (see data provided previously in Table A-16)

7. Unsustainable land practices  Upper and middle watershed regions in northwest and central Trinidad and Courland watershed in Tobago – removal of forest cover has disrupted hydrological processes and increased sediment load in runoff.  Built development  Intensive agriculture noted on southfacing watersheds of the Northern Range and steep hillsides of middle and northeast Tobago  Quarrying – Valencia and Wallerfield in Trinidad; Studley Park, Tobago  Oilfields in southwest and southeast Trinidad

Voluntary targets

 Has T&T set any LDN targets?

NONE HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED

 List other relevant targets, expected year of achievement, etc

Long Term Coastal Management Strategies identified by Coastal Protection Unit

 Matelot Shoreline Stabilization Works – Phase I  Mayaro-Guayaguayare Coastal Studies  Comprehensive National Coastal Monitoring Programme  Comprehensive National Shoreline Management Strategy  Shoreline Management Plan for Manzanilla Beach (Manzanilla Point to Point Radix)

Complementary Information

NONE

B. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 2: TO IMPROVE THE LIVING CONDITIONS OF AFFECTED POPULATIONS

INDICATOR SO2-1 TRENDS IN POPULATION LIVING BELOW THE RELATIVE POVERTY LINE AND/OR INCOME INEQUALITY IN AFFECTED AREAS

Metric  Proportion of the population living below the international poverty line? OR

Available information from the World Bank for 1992:

International Poverty 1.90 3.20 5.50 Line (US$) % of Population 3.4 13.1 32.9

Alternatively, the Draft NAP provided other metrics for poverty as shown in the Table below:

TABLE B-1: ALTERNATIVE POVERTY METRICS

Percentage Percentage Indicator of Vulnerability households individuals Poverty headcount index (Adult Equivalent)1 11.0 16.7 Low per capita household consumption 28.7 39.7 (population below 125% of poverty line) or vulnerability index2 Poor access to safe water (if no piped water) 6.4 6.6 Poor quality of housing (toilet is a pit latrine or 18.8 19.2 worse) Low asset base 13.8 14.6

1Poverty Headcount Index (Adult Equivalent) is the proportion of a population that exists or lives, below the national poverty line. 2Population at risk of falling below the national poverty line or falling deeper into poverty in the future.

Interpretation of the Indicator

Based on the quantitative data describe the most significant negative or positive changes in the indicator as well as their direct/indirect drivers. **no information available**

Change in the Driver(s) comments indicator Direct Indirect

Hotspots/Brightspots

If disaggregated data (e.g. per administrative division, urban vs rural, affected areas, etc.) are available for Trinidad and Tobago, indicate where the most significant Hotspots/brightspots related to the indicator are located. **no information available**

Hotspot/Brightspot Location comments

Complementary Information

1. In 2005, a national poverty line (value) of TTD665 per month was determined from an income survey2. 286,000 persons (22% of the population based on the 2010 population). Source: Poverty and household welfare in Trinidad and Tobago: Evidence from the Survey of Living Conditions (SLC). Abbi M., Kedir and Sandra Sookram. 2005 quoted in the 4th UNCCD reporting cycle (2008-2009).

2. “The Ministry of Social Development and Family Services, in collaboration with UNDP and UNICEF, commenced critical preparatory work for the development of the National Poverty Reduction Strategy (NPRS). The NPRS would be based on a multi-dimensional definition of poverty. A multi-dimensional definition is critical to ensure that the most inclusive anti-poverty approaches to addressing poverty are developed and implemented. In this connection, during fiscal 2018 the Ministry of Social Development and Family Services continued to collaborate with UNDP and UNICEF on a research project to gather data to be used in determining the meaning and definition of poverty. Focus Group discussions were concluded in the fourteen (14) Municipal Regions in Trinidad and in Tobago. The results of the Focus Group discussions would be utilised as input to the development of the NPRS. The NPRS is expected to be completed in fiscal 2019”. Source: Social Service investment Programme 2019

3. There does not appear to be a “poverty line” for T&T. The Ministry of Social Development and Family Services conducts a Needs Assessment using a prescribed form. Based on this a “Household Poverty Line” is calculated. Once an applicant’s NET HOUSEHOLD INCOME is less than or equal to the HOUSEHOLD POVERTY LINE, the household can be considered for the programme/services, i.e. Net Income ≤ Poverty Line = Eligible Family. Source: Ministry of Social Development Website

INDICATOR SO2-2:

TRENDS IN ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER IN AFFECTED AREAS

Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source

Quantitative Data

TABLE B-2: PIPEBORNE CONNECTIONS

Year Urban % Rural % Total % 2000 12.421 7.069 19.649 2009 14.845 9.117 24.116

2010 15.158 9.335 24.645 2011 15.315 9.483 24.949 2012 15.565 9.757 25.472 2013 15.836 10.107 26.093 2014 16.058 10.417 26.625 2015 16.449 10.786 27.384 2016 16.613 11.006 27.767 2017 16.850 11.248 28.247 Note: These represent the percentages based on the number of pipe-borne connections (see attached Table). These numbers do not represent true access since the number of connections is not correlated with the number with access to each connection. If we use the national average for household size from the Trinidad and Tobago Census, we can get a more realistic picture:

Urban % Rural % Total % YEAR

2000 43.3% 25.45% 19.65% 2011 50.73% 31.30% 24.95%

Qualitative Assessment

Interpretation of the Indicator

Based on the quantitative data describe the most significant negative or positive changes in the indicator as well as their direct/indirect drivers. No information provided

Change in the Driver(s) comments indicator Direct Indirect

TABLE B-3: PIPE-BORNE WATER CONNECTIONS FOR 2000 TO 2017

Source: Water and Sewerage Authority by letter dated April 24, 2019

2. NUMBER OF PIPE‐BORNE WATER CUSTOMERS ‐ please provide the number of customers supplied with pipeborne water for each of the years 2000‐2017 disaggregated by geographical area (if possible). Municipal or region is suggested.

Customer Connections As At Sept For Financial Years 2000 to 2017

Trend in Pipe‐Water over Description 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 the years SANGREGRANDE (Rural) 9,788 10,019 10,256 10,819 11,480 12,068 12,777 13,240 13,789 14,489 14,933 15,289 15,729 16,344 16,989 17,882 18,352 18,746 252,989 DABADIE/TACARIGUA (Urban) 30,014 30,682 31,203 32,121 32,761 33,498 34,150 35,075 35,812 36,329 36,910 37,928 38,336 38,984 39,541 40,060 40,322 40,582 644,308 S/JUAN/LAVENTILLE (Urban) 22,291 22,639 22,778 23,523 23,721 24,283 24,638 25,116 25,820 26,122 26,514 26,692 27,164 27,490 27,725 28,055 28,230 28,577 461,378 CARENAGE/D‐MARTIN (Urban) 15,174 15,354 15,541 16,093 16,382 17,016 17,386 17,877 18,544 19,072 19,446 19,577 20,001 20,290 20,460 20,834 21,027 21,525 331,599 CARONI (Urban) 328 334 346 357 367 386 394 406 423 432 437 438 455 474 484 488 489 488 7,526 CENTRAL NORTH (Urban) 27,945 28,502 29,234 30,192 31,393 32,543 33,534 34,929 36,547 37,655 39,892 41,035 42,367 43,924 45,160 47,552 48,764 49,901 681,069 CENTRAL SOUTH (Urban) 13,620 13,908 14,234 14,560 15,026 15,651 16,227 17,000 17,849 18,353 18,989 19,493 20,201 20,895 21,544 22,422 22,986 23,447 326,405 PRINCES TOWN (Rural) 11,254 11,475 11,723 11,992 12,222 12,668 13,006 13,490 14,069 14,685 15,171 15,631 16,246 17,136 17,787 18,794 19,398 19,909 266,656 NAPARIMA (Rural) 23,979 24,469 25,003 25,853 26,438 27,150 27,827 28,757 29,901 30,453 31,173 31,819 32,937 33,972 35,220 36,186 36,796 38,030 545,963 PENAL/ERIN (Rural) 14,309 14,562 15,019 15,650 16,186 16,652 17,267 17,892 19,067 20,248 21,042 21,588 22,431 23,599 24,200 25,003 25,570 25,941 356,226 TOBAGO (Rural) 13,272 13,589 13,975 14,336 14,741 15,068 15,477 15,934 16,393 16,819 17,342 17,661 18,120 18,651 19,129 19,568 19,941 20,396 300,412 MORUGA (Rural) 746 753 860 1,110 1,152 1,200 1,236 1,374 1,584 1,695 1,761 1,792 1,828 1,989 2,093 2,241 2,364 2,431 28,209 RIO CLARO (Rural) 3,222 3,276 3,319 3,511 3,736 3,896 4,066 4,224 4,468 4,693 4,814 4,897 5,108 5,335 5,568 5,813 5,934 6,022 81,902 CEDROS (Rural) 1,597 1,610 1,647 1,677 1,704 1,741 1,772 1,820 1,885 1,915 1,952 2,003 2,048 2,133 2,179 2,230 2,279 2,313 34,505 Increase MATURITA (Urban) 434 436 436 437 482 488 504 504 504 505 505 505 505 506 507 507 507 508 8,780 CUMUTO (Urban) 445 448 450 453 463 482 496 554 574 653 666 674 697 711 725 731 736 740 10,698 LA BREA/PT FORTIN (Rural) 7,040 7,147 7,247 7,960 8,161 8,341 8,483 8,662 8,901 9,050 9,290 9,619 10,036 10,338 10,808 11,302 11,668 11,956 166,009 O'MEARA/MALABAR (Urban) 10,394 10,745 10,875 11,200 11,520 11,934 12,572 13,128 13,623 13,941 14,510 14,906 15,288 15,735 16,132 16,994 17,267 17,723 248,487 BLANCHISSEUSE (Urban) 336 344 352 379 389 397 423 446 462 466 482 485 496 500 508 527 580 589 8,161 MAYARO (Rural) 2,571 2,620 2,691 2,932 3,026 3,108 3,299 3,454 3,538 3,596 3,692 3,767 3,879 4,026 4,163 4,477 4,568 4,647 64,054 BICHE (Urban) 204 204 204 206 209 212 213 214 219 234 236 238 239 288 470 585 623 645 5,443 TOCO (Rural) 1,462 1,484 1,505 1,568 1,599 1,636 1,674 1,721 1,788 1,805 1,840 1,864 1,910 1,970 2,008 2,078 2,133 2,203 32,248 SANTA CRUZ (Urban) 2,486 2,560 2,632 2,713 2,790 2,906 2,992 3,141 3,313 3,371 3,466 3,539 3,638 3,726 3,800 3,995 4,053 4,130 59,251 DIBE/MARAVAL (Urban) 2,036 2,083 2,148 2,249 2,356 2,456 2,564 2,713 2,855 2,949 3,013 3,050 3,104 3,185 3,236 3,306 3,324 3,363 49,990 ARIMA (Urban) 7,616 7,736 7,845 7,974 8,083 8,364 8,483 8,625 8,914 9,099 9,257 9,334 9,523 9,675 9,765 9,842 9,866 9,974 159,975 SAN FERNANDO (Urban) 7,949 7,964 7,997 8,338 8,417 8,592 8,614 8,644 8,692 8,968 8,999 9,050 9,300 9,347 9,393 9,470 9,493 9,612 158,839 PORT‐OF‐SPAIN (Urban) 15,530 15,616 15,743 15,850 15,906 15,962 16,055 16,161 16,314 16,338 16,411 16,447 16,508 16,560 16,588 16,637 16,654 16,795 292,075 TOTAL 248,042 252,560 257,265 266,056 272,714 280,703 288,135 297,108 307,856 315,944 324,753 331,332 340,106 349,796 358,196 369,594 375,940 383,210

Hotspots/Brightspots

Identify by administrative area, urban vs rural, affected areas, etc

No hotspots identified

Brightspot Location comments

The Adopt a River Project has identified the following water supply projects:

 1 intake Development in Lopinot (Tunapuna Piarco Regional Corporation)  3 Check Dams in Guanapo, Lopinot (Tunapuna Piarco Regional Corporation) and Santa Cruz (San Juan Laventille Regional Corporation)

These projects have not yet been implemented.

Complementary Information

The Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (VCA) Report for T & T. 2011 estimates of the proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services are as follows:

% population connected to pipe borne water supply Trinidad Tobago 94.7 84.8 % population receiving 24-hour supply 16.6% 39.6

The quality of the surface water is deteriorating in many locations as evidenced by high levels of biological oxygen demand, bacterial content, turbidity and the presence of chemical pollutants in rivers. The main threats are uncontrolled point waste discharges, in particular from industries and domestic sources, as well as the high level of erosion in the upper reaches of watercourses.

Reduced freshwater supply has also been reported due to decreased rainfall and subsequent reduction in stream flow. Projections suggest an increase in intense rainfall events over shorter periods that will result in lower surface water quality, reduction in the recharge of ground water as run off would be at a maximum; and an increase in longer dry spells and drought events which coupled with warmer temperatures would increase agricultural irrigation demands, affect crop scheduling, increased health impacts, coral bleaching and saline intrusion.

According to the VCR, variations in precipitation (localised) may result in more instances of water contamination as pollution control systems are not designed to deal with variations resulting in increased instance of pollution and sedimentation of water resources. The Report ranks the impact of this risk as “high” with a “very high” ranking on the basis of frequency and probability (i.e. has occurred during the last 5 years and will happen several times during next 5-10 years) and identifies the following communities that are most vulnerable to this risk:

 Caroni River Basin (15 watersheds);  South West Tobago.

Voluntary Targets

No information provided

Target Year Level of application (national/subnational)

C. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 3: TO MITIGATE, ADAPT TO AND MANAGE THE EFFECTS OF DROUGHT IN ORDER TO ENHANCE RESILIENCE OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS AND ECOSYSTEMS

SO3 Indicators

Nationally Relevant Indicators

Which indicator(s) is Trinidad & Tobago using to measure progress towards strategic objective 3, related targets and/or specific expected impacts?

No information provided

Indicator Qualitative Assessment Comments

Voluntary Targets

TABLE C-1: VOLUNTARY TARGETS FOR DROUGHT

Target Year Level of Application Substantially enhance existing vulnerability capacity 2021 National assessments, thereby making active recognition made of drought risk on human and natural systems. Substantially increase sectoral early warning indication and 2021 National reporting for drought Substantially increase of comprehensive, drought-related 2023 National research (considerate of ex-ante and ex-post quantitative data/information collection, integrated analysis, modelling and reporting) Substantially increase drought knowledge (inclusive of case 2023 National studies publication to the people of T&T), Substantially increase the sustainability of drought risk 2023 National management inclusive of policy and national plan formulation Substantially increase the number and rigor of public-, private- 2023 National , civil- sector plans for drought management, Reduce the drought impact to critical facilities and the 2025 National supporting infrastructure Increase investment in effective and efficient water 2023 National management strategies e.g. water conservation and resource- use efficiency to effect reducing seasonal demand and augmented supply Share drought-related research, policies, plans and reports 2021 National amongst regionally partners (namely the CDEMA Participating States, and especially those of the southern sub-region)

Complementary Information

Provide any complementary information you deem relevant and upload any complementary data/document into the space provided in the PRAIS portal.

WASA / Water Resources Agency has indicated that the following measures related to drought management would normally be employed during periods of drought:

 Drought Response Plan (see attached)  Water Scheduling (see attached)

1. Indicator of Drought (Source: VCA Report for T&T)

The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) allows consecutive rainfall anomalies to be considered in terms of drought. The SPI is a widely used index to characterize meteorological drought on a range of timescales. On short timescales, the SPI is closely related to soil moisture, while at longer timescales, the SPI can be related to groundwater and reservoir storage. For Trinidad and Tobago, the SPI-3 (SPI calculated at a 3-month rainfall timescale) indicates values of prolonged dryness (SPI <-1.0). The report mentions drought events for 1997/1998; and 2009/2010.

2. Mitigation Measures against Drought (Source: GEF CReW Project)

The Global Environment Facility-funded Caribbean Regional Fund for Wastewater Management (GEF CReW) is a four-year project that began in 2011, extended for an additional 18 months with an end-date of January 2017. It is implemented by the Inter- American Development Bank (IDB) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The overall CReW+ objective is to implement innovative technical small-scale solutions using an integrated water and wastewater approach, building on sustainable financing mechanism piloted through the Caribbean Regional Fund for Wastewater Management. The following proposed activities will increase the resilience of local communities to the impacts of droughts and the impacts of climate change and climate variability in the water sector:

 implement sustainable and replicable solutions that improve wastewater management and significantly reduce the detrimental impacts of domestic wastewater on the ecosystem and on the people of the Wider Caribbean Region.  implement water use efficiency solutions in select watersheds.

The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and UN Environment propose to design the full-sized GEF project proposal by September 2018, utilizing the funds provided via the GEF project preparation grant.

3. The following Adaptation in the agricultural sector identified for the Climate Policy: Source: VCA Report for T&T

 Use of water saving irrigation systems and water management systems e.g. drip irrigation.  Mainstream climate change issues into agricultural management.  Repair/maintain existing dams.  Alter crop calendar for short-term crops.  Adopt improved technologies for soil conservation.  Establish systems of food storage.  Promote water conservation – install on-farm water harvesting off roof tops.  Design and implement holistic water management plans for all competing uses.  Build on- farm water storage such as ponds and tanks) (selected from among proposals with the same rank)  Agricultural Drainage (selected from among proposals with the same rank).

D. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 4: TO GENERATE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS THROUGH EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNCCD

INDICATOR SO4-1:

TRENDS IN CARBON STOCKS ABOVE AND BELOW GROUND

(Please see SO1-3, above)

Trends in carbon stocks above and below ground is a multi-purpose indicator used to measure progress towards both strategic objectives 1 and 4. Quantitative data and a qualitative assessment of trends in this indicator are reported under SO1, progress indicator SO1-3.

INDICATOR SO4-2: TRENDS IN ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SELECTED SPECIES

Quantitative data

Year Red List Index

No Red List Index has been calculated for Trinidad and Tobago.

Sources of Information not applicable

Qualitative Assessment

Interpretation of the indicator

Based on the quantitative data, describe the most significant negative or positive changes in the indicator as well as their direct and/or indirect drivers: No information provided

Change in the Drivers(s) Comments Indicator Direct Indirect

Hotspots/Brightspots

If disaggregated data (eg. Per administrative division, urban vs rural, affected areas, etc) are available for Trinidad and Tobago, indicate where the most significant hotspots/brightspots related to this indicator are located.

Brightspot Location Comments

Mayaro Rio Claro Regional Nariva Swamp Reforestation of 236 hectares and Corporation / Sangre Grande positive impact on wildlife habitat Regional Corporation with in Nariva –for e.g. the sustained return of Red & Blue Macaws and other species.

The completion of the National Wildlife Survey (NWS) 2014 to 2016 using Line Transect methodology and 2016 to 2018 using Camera Trap methodology. Sangre Grande Regional National Quarries 80 hectares of abandoned mines on Corporation Facility in Turure State lands.

Complementary Information

TABLE D-2: RED LIST CATEGORY SUMMARY FOR TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Source: www.iucnredlist.org Category Animals Plants Extinct 0 0 Extinct in the wild 0 0 Critically Endangered 8 15 Endangered 12 20 Vulnerable 49 15 Lower Risk/Conservation 37 8 Dependent Near Threatened 1 0 Data Deficient 91 5 Least Concern 1716 170 Total 1914 233

Drivers of Change

 Land Use and Land Cover Change (see maps in Land Cover SO1-1, above)  Urban and Build Development

Trinidad and Tobago’ 5th Report for the CBD convention identifies that during the period 1991 and 2010, urban areas grew rapidly and extended into portions of the island that were not classified as suitable for this type of development (GoRTT, 2012b).

 Agriculture

It is reported (GoRTT 2013) that farmland accounts for 25% of the land area of T&T (or 131,572 Ha) – with the majority (62.1%) under cultivated cropland.

 Fires – see data under Land Degradation (SO1, above)

Voluntary Targets

List any target relevant to SO4 that Trinidad and Tobago has set and indicate the expected year of achievement and level of application (e.g. national, subnational).

5th National Report for the CBD lists the following indicators which provide a national framework for systematically monitoring and measuring changes in biodiversity and its management:

 Change in area of natural forest, by types of forest.

 Change in area of plantation forest.

 Change in area of wetlands by type of wetlands

 Change in area of fire degraded habitats

 Change in area of natural habitats degraded or lost through conversion.

 Change in biodiversity at key sites affected by pollution.

 Number of IAS identified that are immediate threats.

 Number of IAS controlled or eradicated.

 Number of measures in place to prevent introduction of IAS.

 Number of new IAS identified in T&T annually.

 Percentage of terrestrial area including inland waters protected.

 Number of management plans implemented for these areas.

 Number of threatened species.

 Number of management plans for threatened species and habitats implemented.

 Change in population/status of threatened species.

The following targets are listed in the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for Trinidad and Tobago (2017-2022) to be achieved by 2020:

 the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including marine habitats, is at least halved and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced.  at least 30% of areas under agriculture are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity  at least 50% of areas under forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity.  at least 40% of priority terrestrial IAS species present are controlled or eradicated at priority sites.  at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water, and 10% of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance biodiversity, and ecosystems services are managed consistent with approved plans  the extinction of at least 60% of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained

Which additional indicator(s) is Trinidad and Tobago using to measure progress towards SO1, 2 and 3 and related targets? No information available

E. ADDITIONAL INDICATORS FOR STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES 1, 2 AND 4

Additional indicators at national and sub-national scales can assist in interpreting and understanding the indicators associated with each strategic objective and can address locally-relevant issue. Indicate preliminary progress.

Nationally relevant indicators

Which additional indicators is your country using to measure progress towards strategic objectives 1, 2 and 4 and related targets?

Indicator Relevant strategic Qualitative Comments objective or target assessment

No additional indicators discussed during consultations

Complementary Information

1. Waste management

SWMCOL (Annual Admin Report 2014/2015)

 Commissioning of First mobile tyre recycling equipment – collaborates with regional corporations and private sector to clean up illegal dumping grounds

 Commissioning of equipment for recycling a wide range of reusable material – first step in establishment of a complete waste diversion line

 Beverage containers recycling facility (glass, PET, Tetra Paks). Part of a collaborative effort with Ministry of Environment & Water Resources, EMA, Green Fund, other government agencies.

 Characterization and remodelling for Guanapo landfill in collaboration with UWI and the Guanapo Community Development Group

 Community and Youth Outreach Programme to educate and sensitize citizens on proper waste management practices

According to the report, future plans for addressing unsustainable waste management practices in Trinidad and Tobago will include:

 Closure and rehabilitation of both the Beetham and Guanapo sites;

 Upgrading of the Forres Park Landfill to international standards; containment of waste and waste by-products, underpinned by strategies to promote waste prevention and minimisation at the source;

 Diversion of waste from the landfills;

 Capture and recovery of materials for the productive economy which includes re-use, recycling and gathering energy from waste;

 Strengthening the policy, legislative, institutional and regulatory frameworks for waste management;

 Public education and enforcement on sustainable waste practices such as waste prevention and minimisation, re-use and recycling.

Based on a meeting with SWMCOL:

 Conceptual designs for new landfill at Forres Park was completed in 2016.  Pilot project for leachate treatment undertaken for Guanapo landfill to reduce surface water pollutant from the site.  Recycling initiatives implemented including iCare project in 2015: < A Material Recovery Facility commissioned at the Guanapo site for sorting < recyclable wastes; < A pilot recycling programme at eight governmental entities; and, < Curbside Collection Programmes which was launched in the < Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo Regional Corporation and the San Fernando City < Corporation.

 Administrative Records Draft Waste Rules 2018

Targets:

 By 2020 the aim is to have one site meeting internationally recognized standards  Ban on the importation of polystyrene scheduled to be implemented in 2019. Phasing out of polystyrene has already started in Tobago  Bring into force Waste Rules by **EMA to confirm

2. Land Cover Changes

 Expand implementation of reforestation projects and develop a single set of criteria for measuring success;  Strengthen monitoring and enforcement mechanisms for a number of activities, including squatting (agricultural and residential), dumping of solid waste, illegal logging, illegal mining/quarrying, setting of bush and forest fires;  Strengthen the mechanism for community participation in land management projects;  Promote the principle of wise use of land resources and sustainable management by introducing ecologically sustainable agricultural production techniques in selected communities;  Rehabilitate degraded areas; and  Extend forested areas and protect existing forest areas.

3. Watershed Management

 Protect catchment areas and surface and underground water resources;  Improve water resources management.

F. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 5: TO MOBILIZE SUBSTANTIAL AND ADDITIONAL FINANCIAL AND NON-FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO SUPPORT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION BY BUILDING EFFECTIVE PARTNERSHIPS AT GLOBAL AND NATIONAL LEVEL

INDICATOR SO5-1: TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE

Quantitative data

Total amount of bilateral official development assistance (ODA) committed to activities relevant to the implementation of the Convention over the previous five years.

Trinidad is not yet a Development Assistance Committee member and therefore this information is not available.

Net official development assistance and official aid received (current US$) in Trinidad and Tobago was reported at 4330000 USD in 2010, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources.

GEF allocations: Trinidad Country Profile: accessed April 05, 2019

Climate Change US$2,293,687 Land Degradation US$1,137,259 Biodiversity US$2,784,676

Source https://www.thegef.org/country/trinidadandtobago

Promoting Sustainable Development through Civil Society: Case Studies from the GEF Small Grants Programme in Trinidad and Tobago, 2013. Applicable projects are detailed below:

1. Building Capacity of Asa Wright Nature Centre to facilitate Conservation, Ecotourism and Community Development SGP Contribution: US$50,000 Grantee: Asa Wright Nature Centre and Lodge In-Kind Co-Financing: US $73,422

2. Pilot Project Community Action to Build Climate Change Resillience in Trinidad and Tobago SGP Contribution: US$50,000 Grantee: Caribbean Natural Resources Institute In-Kind Co-Financing: US $80,000 Location: Caura Valley

3. Community-Led Forest Conservation and Sustainable Livelihood, Development in Caura Trinidad SGP Contribution: US$33,097 Grantee: Caura valley Village Council In-Kind Co-Financing: US $14,000 Location: Caura Valley

4. Strategic Project: Building Small Scale Farmers’ Capacity to Implement Sustainable Farming Practices in Trinidad’s Northern Range SGP Contribution: US$138,684 Grantee: The Cropper Foundation In-Kind Co-Financing: US $44,487 Cash Co-financing: US$33,796 Location: Aripo valley, Santa Cruz, Lopinot

5. Fondes Amandes Community Reforestation Project Green Wave Tree Planting Caravan SGP Contribution: US$2,385 Grantee: Fondes Amandes Community Reforestation Project Cash Co-financing: US$9,205 Location: Fondes Amandes Hills, Port of Spain and Environs

6. Issues of Sustainable Development for Maracas valley SGP Contribution: US$49,020 Grantee: Maracas Valley Action Committee In-Kind Co-Financing: US $27,363 Location: Maracas Valley, St. Joseph

INDICATOR SO5-2: TRENDS IN DOMESTIC PUBLIC RESOURCES

Information received during the data collection phase of this assignment was that funds for UNCCD related projects were provided from two sources locally:

 The Green Fund; and  The Public Sector Investment Programme 2019, September 2018 prepared by the Ministry of Planning and Development

The Green Fund provided a listing of the activities funded between 2009 to November 2017. The Fund paid out TT$373,292,841.00 over this period with TT$71,770,560.00 for projects with some relevance to the UNCCD (see Table F-1).

TABLE F-1: SUMMARY OF GREEN FUND CERTIFIED ACTIVITIES

Project Title / Activity MOA Contract No. Focal Area Organization’s Name Grant Value Status Summary signed expiry Remediation, Fondes Amandes Conservation Sustainable Community 1 Community $1,914,806.00 21-Dec-09 31-Aug-11 completed of the Forestry Initiative, Phase 1 Reforestation Environment Remediation, Conservation 2 Greenlight Network Plastikeep Recycling, Phase 1 $901,205.00 21-Dec-09 31-Jan-11 completed of the Environment Remediation, National Restoration, Carbon Reforestation, Environmental Sequestration, Wildlife and 3 Conservation $68,545,511.00 20-Apr-10 31-Mar-17 active Management Agency Livelihoods Project (formerly of the Nariva Swamp Restoration) Environment Pilot installation of solar Conservation powered highway surveillance Environmental 4 of the bays along the Uriah Butler $9,635,191.00 7-Sep-11 31-Mar-13 active Management Agency Environment and Solomon Hochoy Highways Remediation, Conservation 5 Greenlight Network Plastikeep Recycling, Phase 2 $8,680,532.00 18-Oct-11 31-Aug-14 completed of the Environment Remediation, Fondes Amandes Conservation Sustainable Community 6 Community $1,310,243.00 1-Mar-12 30-Sep-13 completed of the Forestry Initiative, Phase 2 Reforestation Environment Conservation Water Harvesting in the 31-May- 7 of the Toco Foundation Northeastern Region of $16,938,688.00 25-May-12 active 16 Environment Trinidad

Project Title / Activity MOA Contract No. Focal Area Organization’s Name Grant Value Status Summary signed expiry Matura Development Initiative Conservation of Awareness, Management 8 of the Nature Seekers and Eco Tourism for Natural $8,303,867.00 28-May-12 30-Nov-16 completed Environment Resource Conservation (DIAMOND) Conservation Realize Road Greening the Plastic Planet 9 of the $781,835.00 18-Jun-12 30-Jun-14 terminated Environmental Club project terminated Environment Anthropogenic Hydrocarbon Conservation The University of Pollution Impact of Coastal 10 of the $4,485,338.00 12-Dec-12 12-Jun-16 completed Trinidad and Tobago Areas along the West Coast of Environment Trinidad Conservation National Sea Turtle 11 of the The Turtle Village Trust $29,711,765.00 5-Mar-13 30-Apr-19 active Conservation Project Environment Remediation, Conservation San Fernando City 12 San City Green Expo 2013 $1,064,003.00 17-Apr-13 30-Jun-15 completed of the Corporation Environment Experimentation into the feasibility of a Hatchery Conservation Management Programme for The Institute of Marine 13 of the Leatherback Turtles and $588,960.00 24-Apr-13 30-Nov-16 completed Affairs Environment changes in fishing operations to reduce negative impacts of offshore foraging adults Remediation, Engineering Surveying Reforestation, Services within that portion of St. Andrew's Golf Club 14 Conservation the Maraval River falling within $82,173.00 24-Jun-13 30-Jun-15 completed (SAGC) of the the boundaries of St. Andrews Environment Golf Club

Project Title / Activity MOA Contract No. Focal Area Organization’s Name Grant Value Status Summary signed expiry The Provision of Baseline Conservation Biological Data for the University of the West 15 of the management of the Aripo $5,336,813.00 18-Jul-13 31-Dec-16 completed Indies Environment Savannas Environmentally Sensitive Area Conservation Environmental National Beverage Containers 16 of the $62,328,755.00 17-Sep-13 active Management Agency Bill Clean-Up Project Environment Control and Management of Conservation The Institute of Marine the Invasive Lionfish (Pterois 17 of the $3,929,466.00 9-Apr-14 30-Jun-19 active Affairs volitans) in Trinidad and Environment Tobago Basel Convention Remediation, Development of a Waste Oil Regional Centre for Conservation Management System for 18 Training and Technology $3,509,860.00 6-Mar-15 30-Jun-20 active of the Trinidad and Tobago (WOMS- Transfer for the Environment TT Project) Caribbean Conservation Environmental Recyclable Solid Waste 19 of the $107,754,431.00 19-Jun-15 30-Sep-20 active Management Agency Collection Project Environment Remediation, Conservation of the Environment, Environmental 20 Greenlight Network Plastikeep Recycling, Phase 3 $1,097,947.00 30-Jun-15 31-Mar-16 completed Education and Public Awareness of environmental issues Conservation Water and Sewerage Expansion of the Adopt a 21 $34,206,433.00 14-Jul-15 30-Jun-20 active of the Authority River Program

Project Title / Activity MOA Contract No. Focal Area Organization’s Name Grant Value Status Summary signed expiry Environment Conservation of the Environment, Environmental Renewable Energy and University of the 22 Education and Environment Development $1,225,875.00 3-Jul-17 30-Jun-19 active Southern Caribbean Public Project Awareness of environmental issues Conservation of the Environment, Environmental The Design for Greening the Naparima District Scout 23 Education and Building for the Naparima $959,144.00 8-Sep-17 31-Dec-18 completed Council Public District Scout Headquarters Awareness of environmental issues 373,292,841.00 Source: Green Fund Executing Unit via email dated April 18, 2019

The information in Table F-2 was obtained from The Public Sector Investment Programme 2019:

TABLE F-2: RELEVANT PUBLIC SECTOR INVESTMENT PROGRAMME ALLOCATIONS (2019)

SECTOR/AREA DESCRIPTION ALLOCATION 2018 2019 Agriculture 900 acres for rehabilitation / replanting 0.2 M 0.3 M coconut trees or plants along the East Coast of Trinidad Agricultural Access Roads: 5 M 5 M

BP Coora Project Dades Trace C & D, Rio Claro Rio Claro Food Crop Project American Flats, Gasparillo Dades Trace A & B Settlement Road Hart Trace, Tableland Royal Engineers Road, Los Iros RE Branch Road Rehabilitation of cocoa industry 0.8 M Agriculture in Tobago 23.7 M Access roads Urban forestry programme Air quality monitoring Lure Wildlife Nature Park Land Survey and Sub-division of State Land 0.3 M Management Project Drainage Reduce flooding in low lying areas 133.1 M Rehabilitation and Development of Physical 2.5 M Infrastructure at Plum Mitan Project National programme for the upgrade of 30 M drainage channels Major river clearing programme 10 M Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Flood 8 M Mitigation Programme for the Soledad River Improvement Project Water Orange Grove Project 2 M 2 M Management / Felicity Project Flood Control Water Security LABIDCO Project 24 M 29 M Non-Reserve Water Reduction Programme 4 M Upgrade natural reservoirs at Hololo, Quare, 5 M Tucker Valley, 4 Roads, Guanapo Upgrade of WTPs at Calsen Field and 1 M Maloney Water Distribution System in Tobago 2 M 3 M Hillsborough Dam Feasibility 2 M 10 M Community Water Improvement Programme 10 M Integrated Water Improvement Programme 20 M North West Trinidad Drilling and development wells – Signal Hill, 8 M Calder Hall, Carnbee, Les Coteaux

SECTOR/AREA DESCRIPTION ALLOCATION 2018 2019 Legislation Ambient Water Quality Standards 0.06 M Forestry Commercial Repository 4.7 M 17.4 M Sustainable Management of wildlife resources Caroni Swamp management Reforestation of denuded northern range hillside Improved management to natural forest Wetlands management Outreach Community empowerment and mobilization planning Forestry Access Roads National Parks and Watershed Management Solid Waste Waste Recycling Programme 0.51 M 10.6 M Management Public Sector Recycling Programme 10.6 M Establishment of an Engineered Municipal Solid Waste Landfill at Forres Park Coastal South Cocos Shoreline Stabilization Project 18.3 M Protection Cocos Bay Shoreline Project San Souci Shoreline Project Quinam Coastal Protection Project Little Rockley Bay Project South Cocos Bay Shoreline Stabilization 85.9 M Project in Manzanilla San Souci Shoreline Stabilization Project Cocos Bay Shoreline Stabilization Project in Manzanilla Cap de Ville Shoreline Stabilization Project Matelot Grande Riviere Phase II Project Comprehensive National Coastal Monitoring Programme TOTAL 63.57 M 206.5 M

Based on the information in the table above, there has been an increase in the domestic funding for projects with relevance to the UNCCD.

Sources of Information

 The Green Fund during meeting held on December 13, 2018.

 The Public Sector Investment Programme 2019

Complementary Information

Information provided by the Green Fund and other stakeholders regarding funding revealed the following:

1. Applicants have challenges accessing the Fund due to drawn-out application process. 2. Limited Liability companies are not eligible for Green Fund financing. 3. There is a shortfall in requested funds and funds allocated.

INDICATOR SO5-3: TRENDS IN NUMBER OF CO-FINANCING PARTNERS

Based on information from Green Fund, while they do not co-fund projects there are several instances where projects that they have funded has also obtained financing from other agencies.

Qualitative Assessment

For the period 2012 to 2016 indicate the trend in the number of co-financing partners for activities relevant to implementation of the Convention: increase, stable, decrease, unknown

No data provided therefore no trends can be noted

Complementary Information

For example, driving factors/causes, main types of projects, sectors/regions where the financing has been focussed.

1. The Adopt-a-River Programme encourages co-financing of projects as well as alternative sources of funding as shown below:

TABLE F-3: FUNDING SOURCES FOR ADOPT-A-RIVER

Adopters 2013 2014 University of the West Indies TT$500,000.00 TT$850,000.00 Caribbean Youth Environmental Network TT$10,000.00 TT$300,000.00 (CYEN) Social Justice Foundation TT$350,000.00 University of Trinidad and Tobago TT$20,000.00 Collect a Car Association of Trinidad and TT$20,000.00 Tobago TOTAL TT$510,000.00 TT$1,540,000.00

2. The IWEco Project “Reduce and Reverse Land Degradation at Selected Quarry site(s) in the North East of Trinidad using an Integrated Water, Land and Ecosystems Management Approach:

 Amount of GEF Grant: USD643,658.00  Amount of Co-financing (UNEP Car/RCU, UNDP, CARPHA, UWI), : USD768,875.00 (original) + USD105,000.00 (projected partnership support)

INDICATOR SO5-4: RESOURCES MOBILIZED FROM INNOVATIVE SOURCES OF FINANCE, INCLUDING FROM THE PRIVATE SECTOR

Increasing mobilization of financial and non-financial resources for the implementation

Qualitative Assessment

For the period 2012 to 2016 provide an insight of how much of investments mobilized comes from innovative sources of finance such as private sector: increase, stable, decrease, unknown

According to the Draft NAP, the purpose of the Green Fund is to provide financial assistance to community groups and organizations for activities related to reforestation, remediation, environmental education and public awareness of environmental issues and conservation of the environment. The draft NAP states that because of a legal constraint, potential beneficiaries in Tobago are unable to access the Green Fund.

Complementary Information

For example, driving factors/causes, main types of projects, sectors/regions where the financing has been focussed.

1. The Adopt-a-River Programme also encourages alternative sources of financing:

Adopters 2013 2014 University of the West Indies TT$500,000.00 TT$850,000.00 Caribbean Youth TT$10,000.00 TT$300,000.00 Environmental Network (CYEN) Social Justice Foundation TT$350,000.00 University of Trinidad and TT$20,000.00 Tobago Collect a car association of TT$20,000.00 Trinidad and Tobago TOTAL TT$510,000.00 TT$1,540,000.00

2. Penalties/Performance Bonds for Quarry Rehabilitation

On June 8, 2015 the Minerals (General) Regulations made under the Minerals Act, Chap. 61:03 came into effect. The Regulations prescribed new rates for performance bonds, rehabilitation bonds, etc.

Rehabilitation must be done in accordance with an approved Rehabilitation Plan which describes in detail the manner in which a licensed area is to be restored after mining or processing operations for any suitable use thereafter.

The regulations stipulates that the bond must be posted at TT$60,000.00 per hectare.

3. Escrow Account for Clean-up of Oil-fields

Under the MEEI’s Exploration and Production (Public Petroleum Rights) Licence, a Licensee is required to establish an escrow account in the name of the Minister for use as a contingency fund for remediation of pollution arising from the Petroleum Operations. The Licensee is required to pay twenty-five cents in the currency of the United States of America (USD 0.25) per barrel of oil equivalent produced into the escrow account. The Minister may at his sole discretion access funds from the escrow account in the event that the Licensee fails to effect environmental clean-up in light of an accident, or properly abandon wells, or decommission facilities to the satisfaction of the Minister.

III. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK

A. FINANCIAL AND NON-FINANCIAL RESOURCES

1. Increasing mobilization of financial and non-financial resources for the implementation of the convention from international and domestic, public and private sources as well as from local communities, including non-traditional funding sources and climate finance

How has Trinidad & Tobago increased the mobilization of resources? Indicate how T&T has supported other countries in mobilizing resources. For example,

The Adopt-a-River programme under the Water Resources Agency has managed to fund the programme through a combination of government funding as well as other sources (NGOs and international donor organizations):

Water and Sewerage Authority 2012 TT$45,670.24 2013 TT$267,079.02 2014 TT$26,753.40 TOTAL TT$312,749.26

2. Taking advantage of the opportunity of using land degradation neutrality as a framework to enhance the coherence, effectiveness and multiple benefits of investments.

How has Trinidad & Tobago taken advantage of the LDN concept to enhance the coherence, effectiveness and multiple benefits of investments? For example, supporting land activities through investments targeting climate action, biodiversity, forests, water, etc, or engaging a variety of funding sources in land activities. no information provided.

3. Improving the use of existing and/or innovative financial processes and institutions (such as GEF or other newer funds).

How has Trinidad & Tobago improved the use of existing and/or innovative financial processes and institutions? Indicate how T&T has supported other countries in improving use of financial processes and institutions. no information provided.

B. POLICY AND PLANNING 1. Developing, implementing, revising and regularly monitoring national, subregional and regional action programmes and/or plans as effective tools for UNCCD implementation

Trinidad & Tobago prepared

 2006-2020 National Action Programme. Actions were based on four priority areas:

< Behavioural change < Sustainable Management and Protection of Land Resources < Risk Reduction and Early Warning Systems < Institutional Development and Strengthening

Objectives were laid out into: Short Term (2006-2008); Medium Term (2009-2013) and Long Term (2014-2020).

The Programme was accepted as the country’s official framework for combatting land degradation and achieving SLM.

 The 2006-2020 NAP was then updated to the Draft NAP 2017-2025.

In preparing the Draft NAP, the Consultants used awareness of the 2006 NAP as a measure of its sustainability and application to and management during implementation. They found that almost all stakeholders had no or only cursory knowledge of the Programme and its objectives. This was confirmed during the preparation of the Sixth National Report. However, policies and programmes developed after 2006 showed that the NAP was used in national and sectoral planning and programming. Notwithstanding, they concluded that the NAP planning process was not successful in establishing the link between SLM and the country’s sustainable development at the decision making level of the country, hence the lack of continuity from planning to implementation of the NAP. Stakeholders agreed that a Committee should have been established to oversee the implementation of the NAP.

While individual agencies undertook actions within the NAP, their implementation was based on achieving their respective work plans within their operations. As such the SLM activities were not undertaken within the framework of the NAP and reflects poor inter-agency coordination.

Without coordinated implementation of the NAP the proposed involvement of local government, the business community and civil society alongside government agencies did not take place. For example, the RIOD was not established.

Lack of capacity was another limitation identified by stakeholders. Agencies found it difficult to implement NAP activities under their annual divisional/departmental work programme with existing funding, expertise, equipment and training. Stakeholders also agreed that while there were sufficient laws and policies, enforcement was weak. They also indicated that a radical change in the current administrative structure was needed to support the coordination of the various organizations involved in managing of the natural resources and to include civil society organizations. The difficulty in accessing and lack of awareness of the Green Fund by civil society organizations was also identified as major constraints.

2. Establishing policies and enabling environments for promoting and implementing solutions to combat desertification/land degradation and mitigate the effects of drought including prevention, relief and recovery

Describe how T&T has established or help establish policies to promote and/or implement solutions to combat desertification/land degradation and mitigate the effects of drought. For example, regulations limiting deforestation, establishing protected areas, prohibiting use of certain chemicals or practices, land use planning, water harvesting. In general, agricultural practices and land use.

The following policies, regulations and other supporting documents are all relevant to the UNCCD. These are summarized in Chapter 2 of the Sixth report and Appendix A.

 NEP 2018  Vision 2030  National Spatial Development Strategy, 2014  Planning and Facilitation of Development Act, 2014  Economic Development Plan 2013-2017  Municipal Development Plans (14)  Tobago CEDP 2.0  National Minerals Policy  Scrap Metals Policy  Green Government Policy  Draft Integrated Solid Waste/Resource Management Policy  Draft Waste Management Rules, 2018  Draft Quarrying Policy  Registration of Titles to Land (Amendment) Bill  Waste Recycling Bill  Land Legislative Package (Land Adjudication Act, Registration of Titles to Land Act, Land Tribunal Act)

3. Leveraging synergies and integrating DLDD into national plans related to the multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), in particular the other Rio conventions and other international commitments, as appropriate, within their respective mandates, optimizing efficacy and eliminating duplication of efforts.

Discuss integration/linkage of adaptation plans on climate change or biodiversity targets into LDN targets or NAPs for UNCCD. For example, using SLM practices holistically to achieve objectives of the 3 Rio conventions and SDG 15.3 as well as SDG 1,2,3,6, 13.

SO4-2 Actions undertaken for CBD: https://www.thegef.org/project/project-ecosystem-services-proecoserv (accessed March 22, 2019)  The Project for Ecosystem Services (ProEcoServ) is a global initiative that aims to better integrate ecosystem assessment and economic valuation of ecosystem services into poverty reduction and national sustainable development planning. Trinidad and Tobago is one of five countries (along with Chile, Vietnam, South Africa and Lesotho) where ProEcoServ is being rolled out between 2010 and 2014. (The University of the West Indies and Cropper Foundation, 2012) http://www.darwininitiative.org.uk/project/location/country/trinidad-and-tobago/ (accessed March 22, 2019).  Darwin Initiative Projects1995 to 2009.  National Restoration, Carbon Sequestration, Wildlife and Livelihoods Project (2101 – 2017)  Improving Forest and Protected Area Management in T & T.

4. Mainstreaming DLDD as appropriate into economic, environmental and social policies, with a view to increasing the impact and effectiveness of the implementation of the Convention.

For example, using SLM for approaches and policies concerning income generation/poverty reduction, gender equality, unemployment, migration, disaster preparedness, energy efficiency, wildlife conservation, etc

The following policies may be applicable:

 National Forest Policy  National Protected Areas Policy  National Wildlife Policy

5. Establishing national policies, measure and governance for drought preparedness and management including drought contingency plans according to the mandate of the Convention.

Describe national or subnational plan for managing drought – prediction, expected impacts, minimizing impacts. Monitoring, early warning, conducting drought vulnerability and impact assessment

No information provided

C. ACTION ON THE GROUND

1. Implementing sustainable land management practices

Describe one or more successful SLM practices

See projects provided earlier

2. Implementing restoration and rehabilitation practices in order to assist with the recovery of ecosystem functions and services

Provide information on for example, soil nutrient replenishment, water harvesting, reforestation, counter-erosion measures

See projects listed under Land cover (SO1-1) and Land degradation (SO1)

3. Developing and operationalizing drought risk management, monitoring and early warning systems and safety net programmes

Provide information on developing and operationalizing drought risk management, monitoring, early warning systems, safety net programmes

Information provided previously

4. Promoting alternative livelihoods

Provide information on promoting alternative livelihoods. For example capacity building, extension services, incentives, infrastructure improvements provide information on establishing or participating in systems for sharing information Subsistence and income generation using natural resources that prevents land degradation. For example, agroforestry, crop diversification

Adopt a River Fondes Amandes

National Reforestation and Watershed Rehabilitation Programme

This programme has the following strategic objectives relevant to the promotion of alternative livelihoods:

 Establish a Public Awareness Education initiative to generate and disseminate information on all aspects of the Programme with the aim of sustaining community support for reforestation and watershed rehabilitation  Contribute to national food security through the use of appropriate Agro-forestry strategies, contributing to sustainable livelihood through employment generation and those Agro- forestry activities  Provide training and institutional capacity building for the development of the personnel and communities of the project

 Provide for community participation in the forest rehabilitation and management efforts, through systems of community mobilization, capacity building and direct involvement in the Programme

In this last extension, the programme proposes to replant approximately 1200 hectares through the use of over 1500 daily paid employees attached to community based groups throughout Trinidad. These groups would be guided by an annual programme of work which would be tailored to the location and availability of degraded lands within the community they are based.

The National Restoration, Carbon Sequestration, Wildlife and Livelihoods

 Three hundred (300) community based persons trained in conservation jobs  Over 200 persons were trained and hired in project’s reforestation activities such as nursery production, planting, tending, fire suppression and first aid activities.  Over 100 persons trained in wildlife survey methodologies and data collection technique providing field technician resources for continued monitoring of wildlife populations.  Livelihood training opportunities - Tour Guiding Fundamentals, Grant and Proposal Writing, Financial Management, enumerator and CBO capacity building.

5. Establishing systems for sharing information and knowledge and facilitating networking on best practices and approaches to drought management

Information provided previously.