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University of Southampton Research Repository University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Author (Year of Submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University Faculty or School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Data: Author (Year) Title. URI [dataset] 1 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CENTRE FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Volume 1 of 1 The Role of Small-scale Inland Capture Fisheries for Food Security in Lake Chilwa by Fiona Simmance Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September, 2017 3 ABSTRACT Inland capture fisheries are an important source of food, nutrition, employment and income for millions of people globally, but primarily in developing countries. In Africa, where inland fisheries constitute the major supply of fish in some countries, there are regional variations in production. For example, East Africa has the highest production levels of fish, yet some countries, such as Malawi, experience one of the lowest per capita fish production level. Fish contributes to food security and nutrition through two main pathways. Fish can act as a cash crop generating income, which can increase purchasing power for other food items. In addition, fish directly consumed can improve food and nutritional security. Understanding the role and value of small-scale capture fisheries to livelihood and food security is a key challenge in conserving fisheries resources and livelihoods. This is particularly true for small-scale inland capture fisheries, which are one of the most under-reported and under-valued fisheries sectors. Evidence highlights the lack of understanding of the pathways by which fisheries contribute to food security, particularly by men and women along the value chain. In addition, the effects of climate change on local food security is poorly understood. Shallow lakes, such as Lake Chilwa in Malawi, have been shown to be sensitive to climate change where experiences of water level fluctuation are common. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the contribution of small-scale capture fisheries to food security, using the case study of Lake Chilwa, Malawi. To investigate the temporal stability of fish availability and the contributions of fisher livelihoods to income and food, the thesis employs the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach and the four pillars of food security. The study finds evidence that Lake Chilwa’s fishery is influenced by the environment. Fish producing households consumed more fish and more diverse and nutritious diets, and had higher overall levels of food security compared to non-fishing households, which was achieved through direct and indirect pathways. The study contributes to the call for local level assessments of the impact of climate variability on inland small- scale fisheries and their value to food and nutritional security in rural communities. The findings are important for promoting effective fisheries management, climate adaptation and poverty alleviation development. Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... i Tables ......................................................................................................................... vii Figures .......................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... xiii Academic Thesis: Declaration of Authorship ........................................................................ xv Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. xvii Chapter 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Rationale ........................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Research Aims and Questions ........................................................................................ 5 1.4 Thesis Structure ................................................................................................................ 5 Chapter 2 Literature Review ........................................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Inland Capture Fisheries ................................................................................................ 11 2.2.1 Defining Inland Capture Fisheries ....................................................................... 11 2.2.2 Production of Inland Capture Fisheries .............................................................. 12 2.2.3 Factors Impacting on Inland Capture Fisheries ................................................. 12 2.2.3.1 Factors Affecting Fish Yields ........................................................................ 12 2.2.3.2 Threats to Inland Capture Fisheries and the Impacts of Climate Change ........................................................................................................... 20 2.2.4 Methods to Understand Biophysical Aspects of Inland Capture Fisheries .... 22 2.3 Importance of Inland Capture Fisheries ...................................................................... 24 2.3.1 Food Security and Nutrition ................................................................................. 24 2.3.2 Fishery-based Livelihoods and the Pathways to Food Security ...................... 28 2.3.2.1 Socio-Economic Value of Inland Fish-related Livelihoods ....................... 29 2.3.2.2 Nutritional Value of Fish as a Food Source ............................................... 34 2.3.2.3 Links between Fishery-based Livelihoods and Food Security ................. 35 Page i of 33 Table of Contents 2.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 3 Research Methods and Processes ................................................................. 41 3.1 Fisheries Research Methods Background ................................................................... 41 3.2 Research Conceptual Framework ................................................................................ 43 3.3 Research Strategy ........................................................................................................... 48 3.3.1 Research Paradigm, Ontological and Epistemological Position ...................... 48 3.3.2 A Case Study Approach ........................................................................................ 50 3.3.3 A Mixed Methods Approach ................................................................................ 52 3.3.4 Case Study Selection ............................................................................................. 54 3.3.5 Case Study Village Selection ................................................................................ 56 3.4 Method and Sampling Design ....................................................................................... 62 3.4.1 Quantitative Approaches ..................................................................................... 63 3.4.2 Qualitative Approaches ........................................................................................ 65 3.4.3 Triangulation of Methods and Tools .................................................................. 68 3.5 Research Phases ............................................................................................................. 68 3.6 Research Collaborators .................................................................................................. 69 3.7 Ethics ................................................................................................................................ 70 3.8 Rigour in Qualitative Research: Validity, Reliability and Positionality .................... 73 Chapter 4 Fisheries and Water Dynamics ...................................................................... 76 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 76 4.1.1 Characteristics of Inland Capture Fisheries ....................................................... 76 4.1.2 Role of Fish for Food and Nutritional Security .................................................. 77 4.1.3
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