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UCRL-ID-117076 Rev 1 L-17588-3 RECEIVED Core Science and Technology j^ 2 4 \m Development Plan for 0 &T I Indirect-Drive ICF Ignition December 1995 III• Lawrence Livermore [|j|] mm /&mmi0} •a National LaboratorLaDOratOry «SandianHiaa Nationaiszsfl Laborator y Los Alamos National Laboratory R DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED P./ L-17588-3 DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulnessofanyinformation,apparatus,product, or process disclosed,or represents thatits use would notin fringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer,orotherwise,doesnotnecessarilyconstituleorimply its endorsement,recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the University of California, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Prices available from (615) 576-8401, FTS 626-8401 Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161 Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract W-7405-Eng-48. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document Core Science and Technology Development Plan for Indirect-Drive ICF Ignition H. T. Powell and J. D. Kilkenny Technical Editors December 1995 Core Science and Technology Development Plan for Indirect-Drive ICF Ignition December 1995 Approved by: \r\ L>\. Howard T. Powell Program Leader Laser Science and Technology Program Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Joseph D. Kflkenny Program Leader Target Physics Program Lawrence Livermore NatjpnabLaboratory Melissa Cray1—"^ "\. Program Director of Inertial Coftfineraent Fusion Los Alamos National Laboratory Jeffrey P. QuintefeT Program Manager for Light Ion Fusion Sandia National Laboratory L-17588-3 Contents Introduction x Development Plan Summary xii 1.0 Laser Technology 1-1 References 1-5 1.1 Optical Pulse Generation System , 1-6 1.1.1 Master Oscillator and Fiber Amplifier 1-7 1.1.2 Electro-Optic Components 1-10 1.1.3 Regenerative Amplifiers 1-10 111.4 Multipass Amplifier 1-13 1.1.5 High-Speed Electronics 1-16 1.1.6 Integration and Breadboard Testing 1-18 References 1-21 1.2 Multisegment Amplifiers 1-22 1.2.1 Pump Cavity 1-24 1.2.2 Flashlamps 1-27 1.2.3 Thermal Control Systems 1-30 1.2.4 Performance Measurements 1-31 1.2.5 Assembly and Maintenance 1-35 References 1-36 1.3 Multipass Laser Components 1-37 1.3.1 Large-Aperture Plasma-Electrode Pockels Cell 1-37 1.3.2 Multiaperture Pockels Cell 1-42 1.3.3 "U-turn/L-turn" Components 1-44 1.3.4 Pinholes and Beam Dumps 1-48 References 1-52 1.4 Frequency Conversion 1-53 References .-. 1-61 1.5 Diffractive Optics 1-62 1.5.1 Beam-Smoothing Optics 1-62 1.5.2 Beam-Sampling Gratings 1-67 1.5.3 Other Diffractive Optical Components 1-69 References 1-70 1.6 Pulsed Power Systems 1-71 1.6.1 High-Current Switches 1-72 1.6.2 High-Density Capacitors 1-76 1.6.3 Pulsed Power Components 1-78 1.6.4 Prototyping and System Integration 1-81 References 1-84 ill L-17588-3 1.7 Laser Diagnostics 1-86 1.7.1 Full Aperture Beam Sampling 1-86 1.7.2 Fiber-Optic Technology Development 1-87 1.7.3 Temporal Sensor Technology Development 1-89 1.7.4 Laser Diagnostic System Integration 1-89 References 1-93 1.8 Laser Alignment and Wavefront Control 1-94 1.8.1 Light Sources for Alignment and Wavefront Control 1-94 1.8.2 Alignment Concepts Evaluation 1-96 1.8.3 Chamber Center Reference System 1-97 1.8.4 Cavity Deformable Mirror 1-98 1.8.5 Enhanced Video Controller 1-99 1.8.6 Portable Wavefront Measurement System 1-101 References 1-103 1.9 Optics Support and Assembly 1-104 1.9.1 Optics Mounting and Assembly 1-104 1.9.2 Structural Support Systems 1-106 1.9.3 Mounting Vacuum-Loaded Square Optics 1-109 1.10 Control Systems 1-111 1.10.1 Distributed Computer Controls 1-113 1.10.2 Timing System Component Development 1-115 1.10.3 Video-Based Automatic Alignment 1-115 1.10.4 Alignment Front End Controls 1-117 1.10.5 Laser Diagnostic Data Acquisition 1-118 1.10.6 Schedule 1-118 References 1-119 1.11 Laser Design Optimization 1-121 1.11.1 Pump Cavity Analysis 1-121 1.11.2 Propagation Analysis 1-127 1.11.3 Frequency Conversion 1-130 1.11.4 SRS/SBS Analysis 1-131 1.11.5 Data and Code Library 1-132 1.11.6 Cost Synthesis 1-132 1.11.7 Design Optimization :. 1-133 References 1-134 1.12 Basic Physics, Material Properties, and Advanced Concepts 1-135 1.12.1 Amplifier Energy Extraction 1-135 1.12.2 Frequency-Conversion Efficiency 1-136 1.12.3 Nonlinear Optical Propagation and Materials Constants 1-138 IV L-17588-3 1.12.4 SRRS in Nitrogen Gas/Air 1-138 1.12.5 Advanced Concepts 1-139 References 1-140 1.13 Beamlet Test and Evaluation 1-141 1.13.1 lco Propagation Physics 1-143 1.13.2 Large-area Damage Tests 1-145 1.13.3 3© Conversion and Final Focus Geometry .-. 1-146 1.13.4 Output Diagnostics and Beam Smoothing 1-148 1.13.5 Beamlet System Engineering Improvements and Tests 1-149 1.13.6 NIF Component Tests 1-150 1.13.7 NIF Prototype System Tests 1-151 2.0 Optics Manufacturing and Processing 2-1 2.1 Laser Glass 2-2 2.2 KDP/KD*P Crystals 2-8 2.3 Fused Silica 2-14 2.4 Optics Finishing 2-17 2.5 Optical Coatings 2-21 2.6 Laser Damage Testing and Conditioning 2-28 2.7 Large-Aperture Optic Characterization 2-32 2.8 Final Optics Protection 2-35 2.9 Optics Cleaning and Processing 2-38 3.0 Target Chamber 3-1 3.1 Characterization of Target Emissions 3-1 3.2 First Wall and Target Positioner Protective Coatings 3-5 3.3 Unconverted Laser Light Absorber 3-11 3.4 Advanced Final Optic Protective Coating 3-15 3.5 Automated Tritium and Activated Debris Decontamination System 3-17 3.6 Electrical Diagnostic Component Vulnerability and Hardening Techniques 3-21 3.7 Target Emplacement, Positioner and Injection Techniques 3-26 References 3-30 4.0 Target Diagnostics 4-1 4.1 X-ray Detectors 4-3 4.1.1 X-ray Streak Cameras 4-3 4.1.2 Gated X-ray Imaging 4-3 4.1.3 X-ray Backlighter Development '. 4-5 4.1.4 Photocathode Development 4-5 V L-17588-3 4.1.5 CCD Readouts 4-7 4.1.6 Electro-optic Technology 4-7 4.1.7 X-ray Diode Redesign 4-8 4.1.8 X-Ray Detector Development 4-8 4.1.9 Transmission Grating Development 4-9 4.1.10 Fast-closing Apertures for Debris Mitigation 4-9 4.2 X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy 4-10 4.2.1 Reflective X-ray Optics 4-11 4.2.2 Multilayer Optics for 10-keV Imaging 4-14 4.2.3 Tapered High-Aspect-Ratio Pinholes 4-14 4.2.4 Ablation of Protective Layers 4-16 4.2.5 Coded-Aperture Imaging 4-17 4.2.6 Focusing Crystal Spectroscopy 4-18 4.2.7 Soft X-ray Imaging, Deflectometry, and Interferometry 4-19 4.2.8 Development of Advanced Methods for X-ray Spectroscopy ... 4-20 4.3 Gamma Ray Diagnostics 4-20 4.3.1 Reaction-Rate History Diagnostic 4-21 4.3.2 Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy for Diagnosis of Fuel Conditions.... 4-23 4.4 Neutron Detectors 4-25 4.4.1 Neutron Detectors with High Spatial Resolution 4-25 4.4.2 Gated and High-Speed Neutron Detectors 4-27 4.4.3 Single-Hit Detector Arrays 4-28 4.4.4 Total Neutron Yield Detectors 4-28 4.4.5 Proton Recoil Technique 4-28 4.5 Optical Detectors 4-29 4.5.1 Gated Optical Imager 4-29 4.5.2 Active Probing for Streaked Optical Pyrometer (SOP) 4-30 4.5.3 Witness Plate Technique Development 4-31 4.5.4 Thomson Scattering Diagnostic 4-31 4.5.5 High-Speed Light-Scattering Arrays 4-32 4.5.6 Optical Streak Cameras 4-33 4.5.7 Target Backscatter Diagnostics 4-33 4.6 High-Speed Electrical Recording 4-33 4.6.1 High-Speed Transient Digitizers 4-34 4.6.2 High-Speed Electrical Transmission 4-35 4.6.3 Supporting Technologies 4-35 4.7 Calibration Facilities 4-36 4.7.1 Absolutely Calibrated X-ray Sources 4-37 4.7.2 Pulsed X-ray Source 4-38 4.7.3 X-ray Imaging Calibration Sources 4-39 VI L-17588-3 4.7.4 Neutron Sources 4-39 4.7.5 Optical Calibration Facility 4-39 References 4-40 5.0 Target Design and Theory 5-1 5.1 Hohlraum Design 5-2 5.1.1 Conventional Designs 5-2 5.1.2 Advanced Designs 5-4 5.1.3 Symmetry Diagnosis Design 5-4 5.1.4 Plasma Characterization Design 5-5 5.2 Capsule Design 5-6 5.2.1 High Convergence, High Gain 5-6 5.2.2 Lower-Risk Designs 5-6 5.2.3 Noncryogenic Options 5-6 5.2.4 Internal Pulse Shape Designs 5-6 5.2.5 Mix Diagnosis Design 5-7 5.2.6 Burn Diagnosis Design 5-8 5.2.7 Hydrodynamic Instability Theory and Codes 5-8 5.3 Plasma Instability Mitigation 5-8 5.3.1 Basic Theory 5-8 5.3.2 Nonlinear Saturation Theory 5-9 5.3.3 Plasma Code Development 5-9 5.4 Hydro Code Development 5-9 5.4.1 3-D Codes 5-10 5.4.2 Advanced Physics Models 5-10 5.4.3 Additional Hydro Codes 5-12 5.4.4 Massively Parallel Processing 5-12 5.4.5 Postprocessing 5-13 5.4.6 User Interface 5-13 5.4.7 Machine Interface 5-13 5.5 Advanced Concepts 5-13 5.5.1 Fast Ignitor 5-13 5.5.2 Enhanced Gain 5-15 5.6 ICF 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  • Thesis Advancements in the Optical Damage Resistance

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    THESIS ADVANCEMENTS IN THE OPTICAL DAMAGE RESISTANCE OF ION BEAM SPUTTER DEPOSITED INTERFERENCE COATINGS FOR HIGH ENERGY LASERS Submitted by Drew Schiltz Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2015 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Carmen Menoni Mario Marconi Mark Bradley Copyright by Drew Donald Schiltz 2015 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT ADVANCEMENTS IN THE LASER DAMAGE RESISTANCE OF ION BEAM SPUTTER DEPOSITED INTERFERENCE COATINGS FOR HIGH ENERGY LASERS The work presented in this thesis is dedicated toward investigating, and ultimately improving the laser damage resistance of ion beam sputtered interference coatings. Not only are interference coatings a key component of the modern day laser, but they also limit energy output due to their susceptibility to laser induced damage. Thus, advancements in the fluence handling capabilities of interference coatings will enable increased energy output of high energy laser systems. Design strategies aimed at improving the laser damage resistance of Ta2O5/SiO2 high reflectors for operation at one micron wavelengths and pulse durations of several nanoseconds to a fraction of a nanosecond are presented. These modified designs are formulated to reduce effects from the standing wave electric field distribution in the coating. Design modifications from a standard quarter wave stack structure include increasing the thickness of SiO2 top layers and reducing the Ta2O5 thickness in favor of SiO2 in the top four bi-layers. The coating structures were deposited with ion beam sputtering. The modified designs exhibit improved performance when irradiated with 4 ns duration pulses, but little effect at 0.19 ns.
  • Study of High Damage Threshold Optical Coatings Used in Environment with Very Low Hygrometry for Fusion Class Laser System Marine Chorel

    Study of High Damage Threshold Optical Coatings Used in Environment with Very Low Hygrometry for Fusion Class Laser System Marine Chorel

    Study of high damage threshold optical coatings used in environment with very low hygrometry for fusion class laser system Marine Chorel To cite this version: Marine Chorel. Study of high damage threshold optical coatings used in environment with very low hygrometry for fusion class laser system. Optics / Photonic. Université de Bordeaux, 2019. English. NNT : 2019BORD0188. tel-02464789 HAL Id: tel-02464789 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02464789 Submitted on 3 Feb 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES PHYSIQUES ET DE L’INGÉNIEUR SPÉCIALITÉ LASER, MATIÈRE ET NANOSCIENCES Par Marine CHOREL ÉTUDE DES TRAITEMENTS MULTICOUCHES UTILISÉS DANS UN ENVIRONNEMENT A TRES FAIBLE HYGROMETRIE SUR LES INSTALLATIONS LASER DE PUISSANCE Sous la direction de : Bruno BOUSQUET, Professeur, Université de Bordeaux Soutenue le 23 Octobre 2019 Membres du jury : M. CANIONI, Lionel Professeur, Université de Bordeaux Président M. MELNINKAITIS, Andrius Associate Professor, Vilniaus Universitetas, Vilnius Rapporteur M. UTEZA, Olivier Directeur de recherché, LP3, Marseille Rapporteur M. DEMOS, Stavros Senior Scientist, LLE, Rochester Examinateur M. GALLAIS-DURING, Laurent Professeur, Institut Fresnel, Marseille Examinateur M.