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"Connecticut Arms the Union"

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CONSTITUTION OF 1818 (HTTPS://CONNECTICUTHISTORY.ORG/THE-CONSTITUTION-OF-1818-BACKGROUND/) Categories: Business and Industry (https://connecticuthistory.org/topics-page/business-and-industry/), Civil War (https://connecticuthistory.org/topics-page/civil-war/), Civil War and Reconstruction (https://connecticuthistory.org/eras/civil-war-and-reconstruction/), Enfield (https://connecticuthistory.org/towns- page/enfield/), Manchester (https://connecticuthistory.org/towns-page/manchester/), Mark Twain (https://connecticuthistory.org/people/samuel-clemens-1835-1910/), Meriden (https://connecticuthistory.org/towns-page/meriden/), Middletown (https://connecticuthistory.org/towns- page/middletown/), New Haven (https://connecticuthistory.org/towns-page/new-haven/), Norfolk (https://connecticuthistory.org/towns-page/norfolk/), Samuel Colt (https://connecticuthistory.org/people/samuel- colt/), War and Defense (https://connecticuthistory.org/topics-page/war-and-defense/), Windsor Locks (https://connecticuthistory.org/towns-page/windsor-locks/) Connecticut Arms the Union (https://connecticuthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/ArmsHotchkiss-610x469.jpg) HOTCHKISS & SONS ARTILLERY PROJECTILES – clockwise, from top left: 3-inch time fuse case shot; Frankfort Arsenal 30- second time fuse; Hotchkiss patent percussion fuse; 3-inch time fuse shell, sectioned; 3.8-inch time fuse shell or case shot; 10- second time fuse packet, Frankfort Arsenal, 1863; 3-inch time fuse case shot. Center: Hotchkiss & Sons illustrated trade card, c. 1864 (reprographic 4X enlargement) – Museum of Connecticut History By Dean E. Nelson for Connecticut Explored A year into the Civil War (http://connecticuthistory.org/topics-page/civil-war/), the US War Department’s “Commission on Ordnance and Ordnance Stores” reported to Congress on the state of the nation’s confused armament contracts involving tens of millions of federal dollars. The goal was to impose order on the frenzied rush to arm the Union caused by “the unexampled demand for arms consequent upon the sudden breaking out of the present gigantic rebellion….” In the report, General James W. Ripley, chief of ordnance, estimated they would need 500,000 new Model Springfield .58- caliber rifle muskets (“the best infantry arm in the world”) in the next 12 months; he also assessed how many rifles and revolvers they would need. Connecticut’s armories were ready to respond. By the mid-19th century, Connecticut manufacturers had mastered the complexities of innovation, capital, labor, and raw materials for machine-based precision mass production of intricate metal parts and, with a collective and deeply rooted firearms production heritage going back a half century, were ideally poised to make arms for the Union. By the war’s end, Connecticut makers had supplied some 43% of the grand total of all rifle muskets, breech loading rifles and carbines (a lighter rifle with a shorter barrel), and revolvers bought by the War Department, along with staggering quantities of small arms and artillery ammunition. (http://connecticuthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/ArmsContractMuskets.jpg) CONNECTICUT RIFLE MUSKETS – Top, left to right: Colt Special Model 1861 rifle musket lock/breech detail; lock plate markings: Parker, Snow & Company, Norwich Arms Company, Eagle Manufacturing Company (damaged). center, top: Colt Special Model 1861 rifle musket; Middle: angular bayonet; center bottom: Savage Revolving Fire Arms Company Model 1861 Springfield rifle musket. Bottom, left to right: Savage Revolving Firearms Company Model 1861 Springfield lock/breech detail; lock plate markings: Whitney Arms Company (Connecticut state contract marking variation), William Muir & Company, Connecticut Arms Company. Digital composite by Christine Pittsley, Connecticut State Library – Museum of Connecticut History Rifles and Carbines Of 23 private northern contractors rising to the challenge and pursuit of profit in Model 1861 Springfield rifle musket manufacture, 8 Connecticut entrepreneurs and established gun-makers together delivered an extraordinary 37% of the war’s-end rifle contract total: more than 155,000 regulation guns plus 75,000 Colt Special Model 1861 rifle muskets to supplement the National Armory output at Springfield, Massachusetts. Connecticut’s major rifle makers included Colt Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company (http://connecticuthistory.org/workers-at-the-colt-armory-hartford-1867/) of Hartford (http://connecticuthistory.org/towns-page/hartford/). As the war broke in the spring of 1861, Colt was coincidentally well into design and development of its newest military shoulder arm, its first muzzle- loader (loaded at the muzzle end of the barrel). It was generally similar to the government Model 1861s but not cross-interchangable in lock, stock, or barrel. The War Department waived its requirement of parts compatibility and contracted for these non-conforming guns in part because General Ripley, in the commission report, endorsed Colt as “probably further advanced in their preparations than any of the other companies…we are more likely to get good home manufactured arms from them…. in less time than elsewhere…” The Ordnance Commission report cited two other Connecticut private armories, Whitney Arms Company (http://connecticuthistory.org/the-whitney-armory-helps-progress-in-hamden/) in New Haven (http://connecticuthistory.org/towns-page/new-haven/) and Savage Revolving Firearms Company in Middletown (http://connecticuthistory.org/towns-page/middletown/), as well established. But other Connecticut firms without gun-making experience moved into rifle production, too. For these newcomers, musket production posed an industrial challenge. Before the war, Parker Snow & Company of Meriden (http://connecticuthistory.org/towns-page/meriden/) made kitchen utensils and sewing machines, and the Connecticut Arms Company of Norfolk (http://connecticuthistory.org/towns-page/norfolk/) forged wagon axles. William Muir, a New York dry goods merchant, started his new gun-making company in Windsor Locks (http://connecticuthistory.org/towns-page/windsor-locks/). In addition, the triumvirate of J. D. Mowery, Norwich Arms, and Eagleville Manufacturing Company—all of Norwich (http://connecticuthistory.org/towns-page/norwich/) and primarily textile manufacturers—joined in arms-making production (http://connecticuthistory.org/norwichs-volcanic-past/). The Model 1861 rifle musket and its close cousin the Colt 1861 Special Model were the finest infantry shoulder arms issued to rank and file and the most common Union infantry arm of the war. Muzzle loading, single-shot, and sighted to 500 yards, they fired a 1-ounce conical-shape, hollow-base lead bullet propelled by 65 grains of gun powder with average velocity of an astonishing 1,000 feet per second. The 58/100-inch (.58 caliber) bore was rifled with three slow spiral grooves that imparted to the bullet an axial spin that stabilized and ensured a true, speedy flight. Resolute infantrymen could load and fire one aimed shot about every 30 seconds, and average shooters could routinely hit a 5-foot-square target at 100 yards. Bullet strikes to the head, chest, and stomach were generally deathblows. Gearing up to produce such arms required extensive retooling. The machinery inventory of any armory making most of their own major parts would count steam engines, boilers and piping to run an arrayed sequence of reamers, lathes, milling machines, grinding machines, planers, drill presses, polishing frames, screw machines, drop presses, trip (http://connecticuthistory.org/wp- hammers, belting, shafting, heat treating furnaces, content/uploads/2013/01/ArmsRepeatersBreec and more. Mark Twain hLoaders.jpg) (http://connecticuthistory.org/people/samuel- CONNECTICUT REPEATERS AND BREECH clemens-1835-1910/), a special correspondent for LOADERS – top to bottom: Model 1855 Colt revolving rifle, .56 caliber, percussion, 5-shot; New the San Francisco newspaper Alta California, in Model 1863 Sharps rifle, .52 caliber, percussion, single-shot; Model 1860 Spencer rifle, 7-shot, 1868 described Colt’s complex operation (albeit the .56-.56-caliber rim-fire cartridge; Model 1860 Henry rifle, 15-shot, .44-caliber rim-fire cartridge; (right) factory’s post-war, 1864-fire rebuild): “…on every Model 1862 Joslyn carbine, single-shot, .56-caliber floor is a dense wilderness of strange iron rim-fire cartridge – Museum of Connecticut History machines… a tangled forest of rods, bars, pulleys, wheels, and all the imaginable and unimaginable forms of mechanism. …machines that shave [parts] down neatly to a proper size, as deftly as one would shave a candle in a lathe….” Some companies sidestepped the challenge: Connecticut Arms Company and William Muir & Company, for instance, opted to assemble arms with parts made by subcontractors and therefore required little more than workbenches and simple hand tools to adapt to their new lines of production. The interchangeability of each component part, regardless of maker, was a War Department requirement. To that end, the Union’s 1862 Ordnance Manual listed 77 distinct “verifying gauges” for the 50 parts of a rifle musket and specified, “Each component part is first inspected by itself
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