BOLIVAR : A :i OF ; ;^J'O'^/Y LAT'IN^AMERICA By WILLIAM WARREN SWEET Profeisor of History, DePanw University WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS THE ABINGDON PRESS NEW YORK CINCINNATI Copyright, 1919, by WILLIAM WARREN SWEET TO THE MEMORY Off MY SISTER MBS. BERTHA SWEET BALTZELL, 1877-1918 THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED, WITH LOVE AND GRATITUDE CONTENTS CHAPTBB PAGE I. SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE BACKGROUND 7 II. PHYSICAL ASPECTS AND NATIVE RACES OF LATIN AMERICA 21 III. PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH EXPLORATION IN AMERICA 32 IV. THE COLONIZATION OF THE ISLANDS AND THE ISTHMUS 46 V. THE CONQUESTS OF MEXICO, PERU, AND CHILE . 55^- VI. THE FOUNDING OF THE AGRICULTURAL COLONIES OF SPAIN: VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, AND LA PLATA 75 VII. THE PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION OF BRAZIL 84 VTIL COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION 94 IX. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA 102 X. SOCIETY IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA 118 XI. Two HUNDRED YEARS OF SPANISH EULE IN AMERICA 129 XII. THE CAUSES OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN WARS FOR INDEPENDENCE 140 XIII. THE WARS FOR INDEPENDENCE : 148 XIV. THE EMPIRE OF BRAZIL AND THE INDEPENDENCE OF MEXICO * 165 XV. THE BACKWARD STATES AND THE MILITARY DICTATORS 176 XVI. THE RISE OF PROGRESSIVE SOUTH AMERICAN STATES 189 XVII. MEXICO AND THE CENTRAL AMERICAN STATES. 202 XVIII. THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE LATIN AMERICAN STATES . ; 214 XIX. RACES AND SOCIETY m LATIN AMERICA 221 XX. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS 238 XXI. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND COMMERCE 253 ILLUSTRATIONS FACING FAGS FRONTISPIECE Bolivar, the Liberator of Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador FIRST GROUP 73 Cortes, the Conqueror of Mexico Montezuma II, the Emperor of Mexico Francisco Pizarro, the Conqueror of Peru Francisco de Miranda, the Father of Latin American Indepen- dence San Martin, Liberator of Argentina, Chile, and Peru SECOND GROUP 200 Rosas, the Argentine Tyrant Jose Balmaceda, President of Chile, 1886-1891 Benito Juarez^ President of Mexico during the struggle against the French invasion Statue of Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil Porfirio Diaz, President of Mexico, 1876-1880; 1884-1910 MAPS FACING PAGE SPAIN AT FOUR PERIODS 15 PHYSICAL MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA 22 VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS 39 COLONIZATION OF THE ISLANDS AND THE ISTHMUS 50 MEXICO, 1519 60 PERU, 1522 68 AGRICULTURAL COLONIES OF SOUTH AMERICA 82 POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA 136 NORTHERNAND SOUTHERN MOVEMENTS FOR INDEPENDENCE IN SOUTH AMERICA 156 MOVEMENTS FOR INDEPENDENCE IN MEXICO 170 SOUTH AMERICA 190 AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH AMERICA 240 AGRICULTURE IN MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 243 MINERALS OF SOUTH AMERICA 244 MINERALS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 245 RAILROADS OF SOUTH AMERICA 248 RAILROADS OF MEXICO 250 RAILROADS OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE ISLANDS 251 LATIN AMERICAN EXPORTS, 1913 and 1916 270 LATIN AMERICAN IMPORTS, 1913 and 1916 271 PREFACE THIS book, designed to meet the need for a suitable text in Latin American History, has grown out of a class-room experi- ence, and has been prepared primarily for students and teachers. The author has had in mind, however, the many outside of schools and colleges who are seeking information about our neighbors to the South, and hopes that to this class of readers the book will have a large appeal. Believing it to be the better plan, reading references to easily obtainable books have been given at the end of each chapter, rather than a more complete bibliography containing books practically unobtainable. For this reason also only books in English have been cited. Thanks are due Professors McDonald, of Indiana University; Katharine S. Alvord, of DePauw University; and William T. Allison, of the University of Manitoba, all of whom read parts of the manuscript. w. w. s. Greencastle, Indiana, DePauw University, October 1, 1918. CHAPTER I SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE BACKGROUND JUST as the history of the United States begins in Europe, and especially in England, so also the history of Latin America begins in the Old World, and especially in- Spain and,Portugal. It would be quite impossible to understand the people and institutions of Central and South America if we did not know something of the conditions prevailing in the Iberian peninsula when Columbus made his first voyage of discovery and planted the first Latin colony in the New World. Accordingly, we shall try, in this chapter, to understand the chief characteristics of the Spanish and Portuguese people, and to explain how these characteristics were the result of the peculiar history of the Iberian peninsula. At the beginning of Latin colonization in the New World certain characteristics had become definitely fixed in the Spanish and Portuguese character, and the marks of these peculiarities may be clearly traced in the Latin American of These characteristics classified to-day. may be as follows: (1) The,,people of the Iberian peninsula are the product of the mixing of mces. In fact, they are the most mixed race in Europe. Into the Spanish peninsula has come wave after wave of conquest, one set of conquests sweeping down from the north and west, while another has come up from Africa and the east. (2) They axe the mogt jQpental of all the European peoples, made so by the free mixing of the blood of the Jews and the Moors with that of the Spanish race, especially during the early mediaeval period. Thus we must not think of the and the as we would ibe Peculiar Spaniard Portuguese characteristics of the think of the Frenchman or the Englishman, and Spanish QJQ being pure Europeans, with purely Euro- pean traits, but we must think of them as at least partly Oriental. (3) At the close of the fifteenth century the Spaniard had developed a degree of intolerance beyond 7 8 A HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA that of any other European people. This was due to the fact that during the long period of six hundred years the Christian states of -the peninsula were engaged in a bitter struggle with the followers of Mohammed, who had conquered the southern part of their country in the early part of the eighth century, and were not finally overcome until the very year Columbus set sail upon his first voyage. (4) This long struggle against the Moors in Spain tended to create but two chief interests among the people war and religion; and these two interests dominated the whole life of the people. (5) Lastly, due to in- tolerance of other faiths, the industrial classes, the Jews and the Moors, were driven out of the country, and as the Span- iards were not producers of wealth, the country was reduced to a deplorable economic condition, just at the time the New - - World was opening up to Europeans. ^ v . The oldest inhabitants of the Spanish peninsula were called Iberians. In the course of time other peoples, supposed to be of Celtic origin, mingled with the original inhabitants. By the third century B. C. there were several distinct tribes, each having its own language and customs. Among these .tribes were the the to A^uriajxg^jn^the, northwest, Cantabrkns the east, while in the north-central portion were the Basques, sup- posed to represent the original Iberians. The Galacians occu- pied the seacoasts to the extreme northwest and the Lusitanians dwelt in what is now Portugal. Thus we see from earliest times ^ere were several different inhabit- i The People of the peoples, ibenan Peninsula a ing what is now Spain and Portugal. These Mid Race. Early people were in a semibarbaric state, though there are traditions and numerous stories which tell of trade with the Phoenicians, and we have definite knowledge that the latter, pioneers of commerce in the ancient world, established a brisk trade in the precious metals with the Iberians. a colony in Spain were the Qjreeks, w^; following the example of the Phoenicians, opened up trade, and later established colonies along the southern coast. The Carthaginians, however, were the first to attempt a conquest of the country. The invasion was effected by SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE BACKGROUND 9 Hamilcar Barca (B. C. 241-218), who saw in the Spanish silver mines the means of carrying on the struggle with Rome, and in the people a hardy soldiery, "that would match even the legions of Rome." After nine years of hard fighting a large part of the peninsula was conquered and brought under the dominion of Carthage. When Hannibal, the son of Hamilcar Barca, took command of the forces of Carthage, he had at his com- mand the men and money his father had secured through the Spanish conquest. In,the second Punic war, however, Publius Scipio destroyed the Carthaginian power in Spain, and from B. C. 202 for a period of six hundred years Spain was a part of the Roman empire. In many respects the .Roman conquest of Spain was the most important of all the invasions of that country, for to it Spain and Portugal owe the basis of their language* Under republi- can Rome, Spain was divided into two provinces, called Hither and Farther Spain. This was a period of much disturbance, for the rule of the Roman officials was so corrupt that the tribes revolted, and it was not until B. C. 113 that most of the coun- try was subdued and a settled government established. After this the Romanization of the country progressed rapidly. Dis- banded Roman soldiers were sent as colo- niters; Roman legionaries, quartered in Spain, married Spanish wives, and when relieved from duty settled down as permanent inhabitants; cities on the Roman model were built, and in the course of time Spain be- came the most completely Romanized of all the Roman prov- into three inces. Under tfre empire Spain.. T waa,,rdivided provinces, T^^Mx^ftMig^Jih th.0 ^qmi^b ftrn part, Boetic& to the north, andjliusitajpa on the extreme west.