ANKARA UNIVERSITY RESEARCH CENTER FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY (ANKÜSAM) Publication No: 1

Proceedings of the International Symposium

The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age

October 13th – 19th 1997, Urla - İzmir (Turkey)

Edited by

Hayat Erkanal, Harald Hauptmann, Vasıf Şahoğlu, Rıza Tuncel

Ankara • 2008 ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ / ANKARA UNIVERSITY SUALTI ARKEOLOJİK ARAŞTIRMA ve UYGULAMA MERKEZİ (ANKÜSAM) RESEARCH CENTER FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY (ANKÜSAM) Yayın No / Publication No: 1

Ön kapak: İzmir - Höyücek’de ele geçmiş insan yüzü tasvirli bir stel. M.Ö. 3. Bin. Front cover: A stelae depicting a human face from İzmir - Höyücek . 3rd Millennium BC. Arka kapak: Liman Tepe Erken Tunç Çağı II, Atnalı Biçimli Bastiyon. Back cover: Early Bronze Age II horse-shoe shaped bastion at Liman Tepe.

Kapak Tasarımı / Cover Design : Vasıf Şahoğlu

ISBN: 978-975-482-767-5

Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi / Ankara University Press İncitaşı Sokak No:10 06510 Beşevler / ANKARA Tel: 0 (312) 213 66 55 Basım Tarihi: 31 / 03 / 2008

CONTENTS

Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………………...... xi Preface by the Editors ………………………………………………………………………………… xiii Opening speech by the Mayor, Bülent BARATALI …...……………………………………………...... xxiii Opening speech by Prof. Dr. Ekrem AKURGAL ……………………………………...... xxv Opening speech by Prof. Dr. Christos DOUMAS……………………………………………………….. xxvii

LILIAN ACHEILARA Myrina in Prehistoric Times …..……………………………………………………………. 1

VASSILIKI ADRIMI – SISMANI Données Récentes Concernant Le Site Prehistorique De Dimini: La Continuité de l’Habitation Littorale depuis le Début du Néolithique Récent jusqu’à la Fin du Bronze Ancien ……………………………………………………………………………… 9

IOANNIS ASLANIS Frühe Fortifikationssysteme in Griechenland ………………………………………………. 35

PANAGIOTA AYGERINOU A Flaked-Stone Industry from Mytilene: A Preliminary Report …………………………… 45

ANTHI BATZIOU – EFSTATHIOU Kastraki: A New Bronze Age Settlement in Achaea Phthiotis …………………………….. 73

MARIO BENZI A Forgotten Island: Kalymnos in the Late Neolithic Period ……………………………….. 85

ÖNDER BİLGİ Relations between İkiztepe by the Black Sea Coast and the Aegean World before Iron Age ……………………………………………………………………………... 109

TRISTAN CARTER Cinnabar and the : Body modification and Political Structure in the Late EB I Southern Cyclades ………………………………………………………...... 119

CHRISTOS DOUMAS The Aegean Islands and their Role in the Developement of Civilisation …………...... 131

ANTHI DOVA Prehistoric Topography of Lemnos: The Early Bronze Age ………………………………. 141

NIKOS EFSTRATIOU The Neolithic of the Aegean Islands: A New Picture Emerging …………………...... 159

HAYAT ERKANAL Die Neue Forschungen in Bakla Tepe bei İzmir ..…………………………………………. 165

HAYAT ERKANAL Liman Tepe: A New Light on the Prehistoric Aegean Cultures …………………………… 179

JEANNETTE FORSÉN The Asea Valley from the Neolithic Period to the Early Bronze Age ……………...... 191

DAVID H. FRENCH Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Pottery of Southwest Anatolia ………………...... 197 viii Contents

NOEL GALE Metal Sources for Early Bronze Age Troy and the Aegean ………………………...... 203

BARTHEL HROUDA Zur Chronologie Südwestkleinasiens in der 2. Hälfte des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr ...... 223

HALİME HÜRYILMAZ 1996 Rettungsgrabungen auf dem Yenibademli Höyük, Gökçeada / Imbros …………….. 229

ERGUN KAPTAN Metallurgical Residues from Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Liman Tepe …………………………………………………………………………...... 243

ANNA KARABATSOLI and LIA KARIMALI Etude Comparative Des Industries Lithiques Taillées Du Néolithique Final Et Du Bronze Ancien Egéen : Le Cas De Pefkakia ………………………………………….. 251

NECMİ KARUL Flechtwerkgabäude aus Osttrakien ……………………………………………………….. 263

SİNAN KILIÇ The Early Bronze Age Pottery from Northwest Turkey in Light of Results of a Survey around the Marmara Sea ………………………………………………………….. 275

OURANIA KOUKA Zur Struktur der frühbronzezeitlichen insularen Gesellschaften der Nord- und Ostägäis: Ein neues Bild der sogenannten “Trojanischen Kultur”…………….. 285

NINA KYPARISSI – APOSTOLIKA Some Finds of Balkan (or Anatolian) Type in the Neolithic Deposit of Theopetra Cave, Thessaly …………………………………………………………………. 301

LAURA LABRIOLA First Impressions: A Preliminary Account of Matt Impressed Pottery in the Prehistoric Aegean ………………………………………………………………………… 309

ROBERT LAFFINEUR Aspects of Early Bronze Age Jewellery in the Aegean …………………………………… 323

KYRIAKOS LAMBRIANIDES and NIGEL SPENCER The Early Bronze Age Sites of Lesbos and the Madra Çay Delta: New Light on a Discrete Regional Centre of Prehistoric Settlement and Society in the Northeast Aegean ……………………………………………………...... 333

YUNUS LENGERANLI Metallic Mineral Deposits and Occurences of the Izmir District, Turkey ………………… 355

EFTALIA MAKRI – SKOTINIOTI and VASSILIKI ADRIMI – SISMANI Les Sites Du Neolithique Recent Dans Le Golfe Pagasetique : La Transformation Des Sites De L’age De Bronze En Sites Urbains (Le Cas De Dimini) ……………………. 369

ELSA NIKOLAOU, VASSO RONDIRI and LIA KARIMALI Magoula Orgozinos: A Neolithic Site in Western Thessaly, ………………………. 387

EMEL OYBAK and CAHİT DOĞAN Plant Remains from Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe in the İzmir Region ……………………. 399

Contents ix

DEMETRA PAPACONSTANTINOU Looking for ‘Texts’ in the Neolithic Aegean: Space, Place and the Study of Domestic Architecture (Poster summary) …………………………………...... 407

ATHANASSIOS J. PAPADOPOULOS and SPYRIDOULA KONTORLI – PAPADOPOULOU Some thoughts on the Problem of Relations between the Aegean and Western Greece in the Early Bronze Age …………………………………………………. 411

STRATIS PAPADOPOULOS and DIMITRA MALAMIDOU Limenaria: A Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement at Thasos ……………………… 427

DANIEL J. PULLEN Connecting the Early Bronze I and II Periods in the Aegean ……………………………….. 447

JEREMY B. RUTTER Anatolian Roots of Early Helladic III Drinking Behaviour …………………………………. 461

VASIF ŞAHOĞLU New Evidence for the Relations Between the Izmir Region, the Cyclades and the Greek Mainland during the Third Millennium BC …………………………………. 483

ADAMANTIOS SAMPSON From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic: New Data on Aegean Prehistory ……………………. 503

EVANGELIA SKAFIDA Symbols from the Aegean World: The Case of Late Neolithic Figurines and House Models from Thessaly …………………………………………………………... 517

PANAGIOTA SOTIRAKOPOULOU The Cyclades, The East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age …………………….. 533

GEORGIA STRATOULI Soziale une ökonomische Aspekte des Chalkolithikums (spätneolithikum II) in der Ägäis aufgrund alter und neuer Angaben …………………………………………….. 559

GEORGE TOUFEXIS Recent Neolithic Research in the Eastern Thessalian Plain, Greece: A Preliminary Report ……………………………………………………………………….. 569

RIZA TUNCEL IRERP Survey Program: New Prehistoric Settlements in the Izmir Region ……………….. 581

HANNELORE VANHAVERBEKE, PIERRE M. VERMEERSCH, INGRID BEULS, BEA de CUPERE and MARC WAELKENS People of the Höyüks versus People of the Mountains ? …………………………………… 593

KOSTAS VOUZAXAKIS An Alternative Suggestion in Archaeological Data Presentations: Neolithic Culture Through the Finds from Volos Archaeological Museum ……………….. 607

Closing Remarks by Prof. Dr Machteld J. MELLINK ………………………………………………. 611

Symposium Programme ……………………………………………………………………………… 615

Memories from the Symposium……………………………………………………………………… 623

First Impressions: A Preliminary Account of Mat-Impressed Pottery in the Prehistoric Aegean

Laura LABRIOLA

ABSTRACT: In her doctoral thesis, J. Carington Smith primarily examined mat-impressed pottery from Neolithic and Bronze Age Greece as a means to determine prehistoric weave typology. She also however, considered the material's geographical and cultural context, concluding that the phenomenon was primarily Cycladic. More recent work has built upon her conclusions, viewing the data as reflecting the spread of material culture, technological practice and cultural influences throughout the Neolithic and Bronze Age Aegean. Thus, by adopting a broader investigative framework, one can relate the use of matting and basketry in pottery production to issues of ceramic technology, social practice and, perhaps ultimately, expressions of corporate identity.

Introduction such as Nea Nikomedia, Servia, and Anza6. However, these show little geographic or This paper, based almost entirely on chronological continuity with the main body of published material, is intended to be a evidence presented here; they instead appear to preliminary discussion of mat impressions from be part of an earlier, Northern Greek or Balkan the Late Neolithic [LN], Final Neolithic [FN] tradition7. The majority of Aegean mat and Early Bronze Age [EB] Aegean (Fig. 1). impressions have been discovered from Boeotia Impressions of woven matting on pottery bases southward, through the Cyclades and into the are expressly dealt with here, though these Dodecanese; they are LN to EB in date. While marks are also found on other surfaces1. The a lack of Cretan examples has been stressed by related phenomena of cloth and leaf such scholars as Carington Smith8, more recent impressions will not be discussed2. work has uncovered a number from a few sites This research was inspired by J. along the island’s northern coast (Fig. 3). Carington Smith’s work on basketry and In general, the phenomenon of mat- weaving, which will often be cited3. impressed pottery appears to decline from late

EB II onwards. For instance, Rutter publishes Distribution and dating only two mat-impressed bases from the entire While this study concentrates upon the EB III deposit at , pieces which he Aegean world, the occurrence of mat-impressed considers likely to be Early Helladic II [EH II] bases is recorded from many other areas, “cast-ups”9. In the Cyclades, Phylakopi may including Palestine, India and China4. A represent an exception to the rule as the distribution map from Carington Smith’s excavators state that the majority of mat doctoral dissertation shows the known Aegean impressions “are of the same age as the painted mat impressions at that time5. This can be geometric pottery”, or of the EB III Phylakopi I compared with the maps shown here, which group10. incorporate information obtained since then Matting and ceramics (Figs. 2, 3). Mat impressions have been examined The earliest evidence for mat primarily as windows into prehistoric Aegean impressions comes from Early Neolithic sites

6 Rodden 1964, 605, figs. 9, 10; Yiouni 1996, 61; 1 c.f. Wiencke 1969, 504, pls. 127:175, 128:176; Biers Carington Smith 1975, 127, pl. XXIIa; Wijnen 1979, 1969, 456, pl. 118:76. 193; Gimbutas 1976, 111, fig. 64. 2 c.f. Carington Smith 1977, 114-18. 7 c.f. Renfrew 1973, 187, fig. 122; Simoska & Sanev 3 Carington Smith 1975, 110-14, 127-29, 163-66, 249- 1976, 12, pls. 58, 59, 136; Yiouni 1995, 614. 51, 256, 1977, 118-27. 8 Carington Smith 1977, 122. 4 Carington Smith 1977, 122; Crowfoot 1938, 3-11. 9 Rutter 1995, 463, 634-35. 5 Carington Smith 1975, map 6. 10 Edgar 1904, 95.

310 Laura LABRIOLA matting and basketry. This is more than Some early scholars concluded that mat understandable, since perishable materials only impressions resulted from post-production survive in exceptional circumstances, such as drying methods, where the vessel would be the basket from Late Cycladic Akrotiri on made and then set on a mat before firing18. Thera11. Weave identification is often aided by This conclusion is problematic in that many of moulds, which provide positive reproductions the impressed sherds have marks that are much of matting12. If the pattern is still clearer and more deeply pressed into the fabric indeterminate, woven replicas of the various than would seem possible from the mere weight types can be produced for comparison with the of a pot sitting on a mat19. This is especially archaeological example13. evident in the case of small, light vessels like the mat-impressed shallow bowls at Five basic weave-types have been Chalandriani and Asine20. A further difficulty recognized in the prehistoric Aegean, as shown with the hypothesis that vessels were merely here in an illustration by Carington Smith (Figs. dried, not made, on mats is that certain 4, 5). They are the plain weave, the simple examples attest to their employment in twine, the split twine, the twill (Fig. 6), and the preliminary production stages. For instance, coiled. All five styles are also documented impressions are found on raised bowls from outside the Aegean14. Saliagos and Phylakopi. In both of these cases, In her doctoral thesis, Carington Smith the mat impressions are located on the bowls studied weave types both chronologically and themselves, with the feet affixed afterwards21. regionally15. More recent evidence has been The production of pottery on mats would added here (Figs. 7, 8) and, in particular, the account for these discrepancies. Building and distribution of the split twine from LN through shaping wet clay upon a woven surface would to EB II has been represented by pound signs impress a clear pattern into the vessel’s base22 (#). In the Cyclades and on Euboea it appears and explain the presence of mat impressions to be mainly present in the LN and FN periods. prior to the addition of pedestals. Also, Rice23 It is worth noting that split-twined mats are not notes that large vessels usually require some currently recorded from contemporary contexts sort of support as they are being built, which on the mainland, but appear only in the EB, mats, boards, or clay disks can provide. The use when a number are recorded from Boeotia16. of such items would both enable the potter to more easily move the ceramic as it was formed Technology and prevent the pot from warping once it was 24 So what do these mat impressions finished and removed . Crowfoot has observed this practice in Yabed, where potters used mats represent? Since they show up only on the 25 bases of vessels, it is unlikely that they were to support and turn forming vessels . meant as decorative features. Late nineteenth It is also difficult, however, to identify century articles by Myres, Bosanquet, and prehistoric Aegean mats as turntables due to the Tsountas concluded that there were two basic apparent size of some of the mats represented in possibilities: either freshly-made pottery had impressions26. Very large mats would be been set on mats to dry or the pottery was actually being produced on mats17.

18 Τσούντας 1898, 183; Edgar 1904, 96 19 Carington Smith 1977, 121-22. 11 Doumas 1983, 117, pl. 83; c.f. Crowfoot 1954, 414. 20 Thimme 1977, 534-35; Fitton 1989, 34; Frödin & 12 Crowfoot & Crowfoot 1950, 382, fig. 275; Carington Persson 1938, 229. Smith 1975, XXIc. 21 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 71, pl. LV:10,11; Edgar 1904, 13 Crowfoot & Crowfoot 1950, 382, figs. 274, 275. 94. 14 Carington Smith 1975, 11, footnote 1, 127-28, 1977, 22 Carington Smith 1977, 122. 119, footnote 9. 23 Rice 1987, 132. 15 Carington Smith 1975, 127-28, 164-65, 251. 24 ibid. 1987, 133; Betancourt, Gosser & Sapareto 1984, 16 Carington Smith 1977, 124. 128. 17 Myres 1897, 179; Bosanquet 1896-97, 61 ff; Τσούντας 25 Crowfoot 1938, 5-7, pl. 2. 1898, 182-84. 26 Edgar 1904, 95, pl. VI:9.

First Impressions: A Preliminary Account of Mat-Impressed Pottery in the Prehistoric Aegean 311 difficult to move or turn27. Though rectangular examples from Asine and Zygouries on the mats could also be employed in pottery mainland and Chalandriani in the Cyclades35. production and rotation, scale can be more This is not a universal distinction, however, for readily determined in impressions of radial not all vessels in coarse fabrics were made on mats. This is because circular mats have a mats. Instead, it suggests that the use of mats defined curve to their weave, especially near the was considered inappropriate in the mat’s center. This gets slighter as the weave manufacture of some classes of pottery. progresses toward the outer edge of the mat. Whether, conversely, there was a group The larger the mat becomes, the vaguer the of vessels deemed appropriate to produce on curve. In some cases, the faintness of the mats is currently difficult to judge. curvature indicates a base was impressed far Determination of vessel types is, at times, from a center, and thus near the edge of a fairly difficult, and publications do not always note large, unwieldy mat28. pottery shapes and fabrics. There are, however, Many bases do, however, have the center a number of instances where mat-impressed of a radial mat impressed into them. In these bases are found on large storage jars; examples cases, it appears likely that mats were being are noted at Tigani, Alepotrypa Cave, used as turntables29. It has been argued that the Zygouries, Ayia Irini, and Phylakopi36. Again, presence of the potter’s wheel would make the there are many examples of storage jars without use of mats in this way unnecessary30. Indeed, mat impressions, and these are not, by any the general decline in mat impressions means, the only vessels on which mat- coincides with the importation of the potter’s impressed bases can be observed. Some wheel from Anatolia into the Aegean31. interesting shapes displaying this phenomenon are the aforementioned pedestaled bowls from In some areas of the world where mats Saliagos and the footed ones from Phylakopi, were being used in pottery production, the hat vases from Ayioi Anargyroi and cheese pots practice appears to have been the norm. In from Yiali and Alimnia, Rhodes37. Jericho, for example, it was unusual not to find mat marks on a base32. However, their use was Just as there are typological distinctions relatively limited in the Aegean. For instance, between vessels with and without mat at the LN site of Aspis, Argos, only 3 out of the impressions, there also seem to be contextual 23 bases recorded were mat-impressed33. The separations of the domestic and burial arenas. fact that in the 1991 excavation season at Mat impressions are almost entirely restricted Makri, Thrace, one-third of the bases recovered to the former. A rare exception is the Early were mat-impressed indicates some regional Cycladic [EC] cemetery of Chalandriani, where differences in employing this technology34. a few mat-impressed vessels were found inside graves38. It should be stressed that the Furthermore, there appears to be a previously mentioned Ayioi Anargyroi hat selective use of mats in ceramic manufacture. vases came from the large platform within the From LN to the EB it can be noted that mat cemetery, not from the burials themselves39. impressions are generally not seen on the bases of fine wares. Here the term “fine wares” includes not only pots made of fine fabrics but also all decorated and painted vessels. The 35 Frödin & Persson 1938, 228-31; Blegen 1928, 106, fig. finest specimens known to have been made on 91:3,4; Bosanquet 1896-97, 61-63, fig. 6, pl. V:1; mats are small EB II cups and bowls, with Thimme 1977, 534-35, pls. 413a,b; Fitton 1989, 34, fig. 31. 36 Furness 1956, 181, figs. 3:29,31, 4:32,34; 27 ibid. 1904, 96. Papathanassopoulos 1996, 223; Blegen 1928, 117; 28 ibid. 1904, 95. Caskey 1972, 368; Edgar 1904, 94. 29 Carington Smith 1977, 122. 37 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 71, pl. LV:10,11; Edgar 1904, 30 ibid. 1977, 122. 94, fig. 76; Doumas 1977, 103iii, pls. XXXVIII-XLIII; 31 ibid. 1975, 164; c.f. Rutter 1979, 8. Σάμψων 1988a, 120; Σάμψων 1987, 81-82, 185, pl. 32 Crowfoot 1938, 3, after Ben-Dor 1936, 87. 45β,γ. 33 Touchais 1980, 21. 38 Bosanquet 1896-97, 61-62. 34 Yiouni 1995, 614. 39 Doumas 1977, 103iii.

312 Laura LABRIOLA

Cultural Implications of Mat-Impressed Admittedly, the current evidence is Bases insufficient to draw conclusions about the origins of EB mat impressions on the mainland. Beyond the issues discussed above, it is One should also not forget that this also important to consider the cultural phenomenon is documented in this area before implications of this phenomenon. Do the the major spread of Cycladic influence and formerly described distribution patterns of material culture from late EBI (Fig. 2). weave types and technical practice relate to However, if one were to argue that the EH cultural identity? Certain communities seem to examples of mat-impressed bases relate partly prefer certain weave-types. What does this or wholly to Cycladic ceramic technology, how signify? Can we, by studying basketry should this be interpreted? Are these mat- traditions and the way they relate to pottery- impressed bases the remains of Cycladic making, describe modes of production relating imports? Could they, alternatively, be the to regions such as the Dodecanese, smaller products of itinerant Cycladic potters, or, areas such as the Northern Cyclades, or even perhaps, the result of a local craftsperson individual islands such as or ? adopting a Cycladic manner of making ceramic For example, Carington Smith has vessels? In which case, did they also adopt and referred to mat-impressed bases in the EB as respect the Cycladic ideas of appropriateness in being a primarily Cycladic phenomenon40. pottery production along with the more This may seem like an odd statement given the functional aspects of using mats? Along with slightly larger number of mainland sites with the study of pottery typology, decorative mat impressions. However, the percentage of techniques and fabric analysis, the study of the Cycladic settlements excavated where impressions has an important role to play in impressions have been found is far higher than approaching these questions. However, this will on the mainland41. Furthermore, in a current require much more detailed research - including study of the pottery from Poros-Heraklion, examination of primary data - if they are to be Crete, some of the mat impressed vessels answered. appear to be Cycladic imports42 Grateful acknowledgement is given to Carington Smith also based her claim on the following people for their involvement in the maritime distribution of mat-impressed this paper’s preparation: Prof. P. Betancourt for bases43. In other words, the majority of suggesting the topic, giving guidance and for mainland finds came from sites along those allowing inclusion of Chrysokamino’s mat coastlines immediately to the north of the impression; Dr. Tristan Carter for lending islands or settlements easily reached by river invaluable direction, feedback, and from these waters. This distribution pattern has encouragement, without which this work would not changed dramatically with the addition of never have been initiated, much less completed; the new material, though some new sites are Dr. J. Carington Smith for supplying sound physically removed from the waters that link advice and for allowing the reproduction of the mainland with the Cyclades. Most notable images from her doctoral dissertation; the Urla among these is Asea, which is situated in the Symposium’s committee and particularly Prof. middle of the (Fig. 3). As such, the Dr. H. Erkanal for providing the opportunity for distribution of mainland mat impressions can be this paper’s existence; Professors D. E. Wilson favorably compared with that of other purported and P. M. Day for permitting the study of data aspects of EC material culture and social from Poros-Heraklion and Knossos; Dr. E. practice44. Alram-Stern for allowing the author to study the mat impressions from the Aigeira excavations; Dr. D.C. Haggis for helping

40 Carington Smith 1975, 166, 249-50. acquire a permit to study the Kalo Chorio 41 ibid. 1975, 166; c.f. Evans & Renfrew 1968, 72. impressions; Dr. D. Evely for being a friend 42 Wilson & Day, pers. comm. and sharing knowledge; Dr. T. Marketou for 43 Carington Smith 1975, 250. insightful suggestions; Mrs. R. Nicholas and 44 Σάμψων 1988b, fig. 116.

First Impressions: A Preliminary Account of Mat-Impressed Pottery in the Prehistoric Aegean 313

Ms. C. Rutherford for their helpful criticism. valuable information. Any errors are strictly Additional thanks go to Professors Ch. the writer’s own. Doumas, J. Forsén, R. Laffineur, J.C. Lavezzi, M. Özdoğan, D.J. Pullen, J. Rutter, M.H. Wiencke, and Drs. C. Broodbank, L. Hadjiagelakis, D. Malamidou, M. Marthari, S. LAURA LABRIOLA Papadopoulos, A. Sampson, P. Sotirakopoulou, Department of Art History, Ritter 8th floor, Ph. Zapheiropoulou, and Ms. S. Katsarou for Temple University Philedelphia, stimulating conversation, suggestions, and PA 19122, USA

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Bibliography: Alram-Stern, E. (in press) “Prähistorische Keramik von den Österreichischen Ausgrabungen auf der Akropolis von Aigeira, Forschungen in der Peloponnes”, Symposion 5.3-7.3.1998 zur 100. Jahrfeier des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts Athen. Μπελογιάννη, Μ. 1989, “Αποτυπώματα πλέγματος σε προϊστορική κεραμική της Τσούγκιζας”, AAA XXII, 171-182. Μπελογιάννη, Μ. 1993, “Αποτυπώματα πλέγματος στις βάσεις αγγείων από το σπήλαιο Σκοτεινή Θαρρουνίων”, in: Sampson, A. (ed.) 1993, Skoteini, Tharrounia: The Cave, the Settlement and the Cemetery. Athens, 346-359. Ben-Dor, I. 1936, “Pottery of the Middle and Late Neolithic Periods”, in: Garstang, J., I. Ben-Dor & G. M. Fitzgerald, (eds.) 1936, Jericho: City and Necropolis. Report for the Sixth and Concluding Season, 1936, AnnLiv 23, 77-90 (67-100). Betancourt, P.P., G. Gosser, & S. Sapareto 1984, “Reconstruction of Potting Techniques and Pyrotechnology”, in: Betancourt, P. P. (ed.) 1984, East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware: Studies on a Handmade Pottery of the Early to Middle Minoan Periods. Philadelphia. Biers, W.R. 1969, “Excavations at Phlius, 1924, The Prehistoric Deposits”, Hesperia 38, 443-458. Blegen, C.W. 1928, Zygouries, a Prehistoric Settlement in the Valley of Cleonae. Cambridge. Bosanquet, R.C. 1896-97, “Notes from the Cyclades”, BSA III, 52-70. Carington Smith, J. 1975, Spinning, Weaving and Textile Manufacture in Prehistoric Greece: From the Beginning of the Neolithic to the End of the Mycenaean Ages; With Particular Reference to the Evidence Found on Archaeological Excavations. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Tasmania. Hobart. Carington Smith, J. 1977, “Cloth and Mat Impressions”, in: Coleman, J.E. (ed.) 1977, Keos I: Kephala. A Late Neolithic Settlement and Cemetery. Princeton, 114-127. Caskey, J.L. 1972, “Investigations in Keos, Part II: A Conspectus of the Pottery”, Hesperia 41, 357-401. Cerceau, I. 1983, “L’Utilisation des Ressources Végétales dans les Cyclades aux Périodes Protohistoriques: Un Bilan des Données Publiées”, in: Rougemont, G. 1983, Les Cyclades: Matériaux pour une Étude de Géographie Historique. Paris, 75-80. Christmann, E. 1996, Die Deutschen Ausgrabungen auf der Pevkakia-Magula in Thessalien II: Die frühe Bronzezeit. BAM 29. Bonn. Coleman, J.E. 1977, Keos I: Kephala. A Late Neolithic Settlement and Cemetery. Princeton. Crowfoot, G.M. 1938, “Mat Impressions on Pot Bases”, AnnLiv 25, 3-11. Crowfoot, G.M. 1954, “Textiles, Basketry, and Mats”, in: Singer, C., E.J. Holmyard & A.R. Hall (eds.) 1954, A History of Technology I: From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires. Oxford, 413-447. Crowfoot, G.M. & J. Crowfoot 1950, “Impression on a Bronze Age Potsherd from Vounous, Cyprus”, in: Stewart, E. and J. Stewart (eds.) 1950, Vounous, 1937-38. Lund, 380-383. Doumas, C. 1977, Early Bronze Age Burial Habits in the Cyclades. SIMA XLVIII. Göteborg. Doumas, C. 1983, Thera, Pompeii of the Ancient Aegean: Excavations at Akrotiri 1967-79, London. Dousougli, A. 1987, “Makrovouni - Kefalari Magoula - Talioti: Bemekungen zu den Stufen FHI und II in der ”, PZ 62, 164-220. Duemmler, F. 1886, “Mitteilungen von den griechischen Inseln. I. Reste vorgriechischer Bevölkerung auf den Cykladen”, AM 11, 15-46. Edgar, C.C. 1904, “The Pottery”, in: Atkinson, T.D., R.C. Bosanquet, C.C. Edgar, A.J. Evans, D.G. Hogarth, D. Mackenzie, C. Smith and F.B. Welch (eds.) 1904, Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, Supplementary Volume 4, 80-176. Evans, J.D. & C. Renfrew 1968, Excavations at Saliagos Near . , Supplementary Volume 5. London. Fitton, J.L. 1989, . London. Frödin, O. & A.W. Persson 1938, Asine: Results of the Swedish Excavations 1922-1930. Stockholm. Furness, A. 1956, “Some Early Pottery of Samos, Kalimnos and Chios”, PPS 22, 173-212. Gimbutas, M. 1976, Neolithic Macedonia: As Reflected by Excavations at Anza, Southeast Yugoslavia. Los Angeles. Goldman, H. 1931, Excavations at Eutresis in Boeotia. Cambridge. Gropengiesser, H. 1987, “Siphnos, Kap Agios Sostis: Keramische prähistorische Zeugnisse aus dem Gruben- und Hüttenrevier II”, AM 102, 1-35. Χατζηαγγελάκης, Λ. 1984, “Ο προϊστορικός οικισμός της Πετρομαγούλας”, Ανθρωπολογικά 5, 75-85. Heidenreich, R. 19354-36, “Vorgeschichtliches in der Stadt Samos: Die Funde”, AM 60-61, 125-183. Holmberg, E.J. 1944, The Swedish Excavations at Asea in . SkrRom. Lund.

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Immerwahr, S.A. 1971, The Athenian Agora XIII: The Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Princeton. Jacobsen, T.W. 1973, “Excavations in the Franchthi Cave, 1969-1971. Part II”, Hesperia 42, 253-283. Κοντολέων, Ν.Μ. 1949 , “Ανασκαφαί εν Νάξω”, Prakt, 112-122. Kosmopoulos, L.W. 1948, The Prehistoric Inhabitation of Corinth. Munich. Kunze, E. 1934, Orchomenos III, die Keramik der frühen Bronzezeit. Abhandlugen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Philosophisch-historische Abteilung, Neue Folge. Heft 8. München. Lambert, N. 1981, La Grotte Prehistorique de Kitsos (Attique). Paris. Marangou, L. 1984, “Evidence for the Early Cycladic Period on ”, in: Fitton J.L. (ed.) 1984, Cycladica: Studies in Memory of N.P. Goulandris. London, 99-103. Müller, K. 1938, Tiryns IV: Die Urfiniskeramik. München. Myres, J.L. 1897, “Textile Impressions on an Early Clay Vessel from Amorgos”, Journal of the Anthropological Institute 27, 178-180. Overbeck, J.C. 1989, The Bronze Age Pottery from the Kastro at . SIMA 78. Jonsered. Παπαδοπούλου-Ζαφειροπούλου, Φ. 1966, “Χρονικά”, ArchDelt 21 (B), 386-387. Papathanassopoulos, G.A. 1996, “Pithos Bases with Imprints”, in: Papathanassopoulos G.A. (ed.) 1996, Neolithic Culture in Greece. Athens. Payne, H. 1940, Perachora: The Sanctuaries of Hera Akraia and Limena. Excavations of the British School of Archaeology at Athens, 1930-33. Volume I: Architecture, Bronzes, Terracottas. Oxford. Φάκλαρης, Π.Β. 1990, Αρχαία Κυνουρία: Ανθρώπινη δραστηριότητα και περιβάλλον. Αθήνα. Pullen, D.J. 1995, “The Pottery of the Neolithic, Early Helladic I, and Early Helladic II Periods”, in: Runnels, C., D.J. Pullen and S. Langdon (eds.) 1995, Artifact and Assemblage: The Finds from a Regional Survey of the Southern Argolid, Greece, I, The Prehistoric and Early Iron Age Pottery and the Lithic Artifacts. Stanford, 6-42. Renfrew, C. 1973, “Trade and Craft Specialisation”, in: Theocharis, D.R. (ed.) 1973, Neolithic Greece, Athens. Rice, P.M. 1987, Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. Chicago and London. Rodden, R.J. 1964, “A European Link with Çatal Hüyük: The 7th Millennium Settlement of Nea Nikomedia in Macedonia. Part II: Burials and the Shrine”, ILN April 18, 604-07. Runnels, C., D.J. Pullen & S. Langdon 1995, Artifact and Assemblage: The Finds from a Regional Survey of the Southern Argolid, Greece, I, The Prehistoric and Early Iron Age Pottery and the Lithic Artifacts. Stanford. Rutter, J.B. 1979, Ceramic Change in the Aegean Early Bronze Age. UCLAPap 5. Los Angeles. Rutter, J.B. 1995, The Pottery of Lerna IV. Princeton. Sackett, L.H., V. Hankey, R.J. Howell, T.W. Jacobsen, & M.R. Popham 1966, “Prehistoric Euboea: Contributions towards a Survey”, BSA 61, 33-112. Σάμψων, Α. 1985, Μάνικα Ι. Μια Πρωτοελλαδική πόλη στη Χαλκίδα. Αθήνα. Σάμψων, Α. 1987, Η Νεολιθική περίοδος στα Δωδεκάνησα, Έκδοση του Ταμείου Αρχαιολογικών Πόρων και Απαλλοτριώσεων. Αθήνα. Σάμψων, Α. 1988a, Η Νεολιθική κατοίκηση στο Γυαλί της Νισύρου. Αθήνα. Σάμψων,Α. 1988b, Μάνικα ΙΙ. Ο Πρωτοελλαδικός οικισμός και το νεκροταφείο. Αθήνα. Σαπουνά-Σακελλαράκη, Ε. 1988-1989, “Έρευνα στην προϊστορική Αμάρυνθο και στη Μαγούλα Ερέτριας”, Αρχείον Ευβοϊκών Μελετών ΚΗ΄, 91-104. Simoska, D. & V. Sanev 1976, Prehistory in Central Pelagonia. Bitola. Σωτηρακοπούλου, Π. 1991, Ακρωτήρι Θήρας: Η Νεολιθική και η Πρώιμη Εποχή του Χαλκού επί τη βάσει της κεραμεικής, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Athens. Taylour, W.D. 1972, “Excavations at Agios Stephanos”, BSA 67, 1972, 205-270. Θεοχάρης, Δ.Ρ. 1951, “Ανασκαφή εν Αραφήνι”, Prakt, 77-92. Thimme, J. 1977, Art and Culture of the Cyclades in the Third Millenium B.C. Karlsruhe. Touchais, G. 1980, “La Céramique Néolithique de l’Aspis”, in Études Argiennes, BCH Suppl. VI, 1-40. Touchais, G. 1981a, “Le Matérial Néolithique”, in L’Antre Corycien I, BCH Suppl. VII, 95-172. Touchais, G. 1981b, “Catalogues”, in L’Antre Corycien I, BCH Suppl. VII, 194-258. Τσούντας, Χ. 1898, ”Κυκλαδικά”, AEphem, 137-212. Τζαβέλλα-Evjen, Χ. 1984, Λιθαρές. Αθήνα. Tzavella-Evjen, H. 1985, Lithares: An Early Bronze Age Settlement in Boeotia. UCLA Pap. 15.

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Vatin, C. 1964, “Un Site Helladique Ancien à Galaxidi”, BCH 88, 1964, 559-68. Walter H. & F. Felten 1981, Alt-Ägina III,1: Die vorgeschichtliche Stadt. Befestigungen. Häuser. Funde. Mainz. Weisgerber, G. 1985, “Die Blei- und Silbergruben von Agios Sostis”, in: Wagner G.A. and G. Weisgerber (eds.) 1985, Silber, Blei und Gold auf : Prähistorische und antike Metallproduktion. Bochum, 113-158. Weißhaar, H-J. 1990, “Die Keramik von Talioti”, in Tiryns XI. Mainz. Wiencke, M.H. 1969, “Further Seals and Sealings from Lerna”, Hesperia 38, 500-521. Wijnen, M.H. 1979, “The Early Neolithic: ServiaV”, in: Ridley, C. & K.A. Wardle (eds.) 1979, “Rescue Excavations at Servia, 1971-1973: A Preliminary Report”, BSA 74, 189-194 (185-230). Wiseman, J. 1967, “Excavations at Corinth, the Gymnasium Area, 1965”, Hesperia 36, 19-41. Yiouni, P. 1995, “Technological Analysis of the Neolithic Pottery”, BCH 119, 607-620. Yiouni, P. 1996, “The Early Neolithic Pottery: Technology”, in: Wardle K.A. (ed.) 1996, Nea Nikomedeia I: The Excavation of an Early Neolithic Village in Northern Greece 1961-1964, Directed by R.J. Rodden. The Excavation and the Ceramic Assemblage. British School at Athens Supplementary Volume 7. London, 55-79. Zervos, C. 1957, L’Art des Cyclades du Début à la Fin de l’Âge du Bronze, 2500-1100 Avant Notre Ère. Paris.

Neolithic Sites with Mat Impressions: CENTRAL GREECE 1. Antre Corycien (Touchais 1981a: 109, fig. 11:69, pl. I:69; Touchais 1981b: 201) 2. Athens (Immerwahr 1971: 5, 6, 23, pl. 1:6) 3. Kitsos Cave (Lambert 1981: 285, pl. XXIV)

EUBOEA 4. Skoteini Cave (Μπελογιάννη 1993: 346-59, figs. 194-95, 256-57, pls. 177-85, 292-300)

PELOPONNESE 5. Franchthi Cave (Jacobsen 1973: 271-72, fig. 8:15, pl. 51c; Carington Smith 1975: 165, pl. XXIc) 6. Aspis (Touchais 1980: 21, 38-39, figs. 8:56-57, 11:56-57) 7. Aigeira (Alram-Stern in press) 8. Alépotrypa Cave (Papathanassopoulos 1996: 223)

CYCLADES 9. a. Kephala, KEOS (Carington Smith 1977: 114-127, pls. 90-91) b. Ayia Irini, KEOS (Caskey 1972: 360, pl. 76) 10. Saliagos, ANTIPAROS (Evans & Renfrew 1968: 71-71, pl. LV:6-11; Carington Smith 1975: 165, pl. XXIb)

DODECANESE 10. Ayio Gala, CHIOS (Furness 1956: 197, pl. XXI:7) 11. Tigani, SAMOS (Heidenreich 1935-36: 139, pl. 35:2,3; Furness 1956: 181; Carington Smith 1975: 165-66) 12. Partheni, LEROS (Σάμψων 1987: 90, 185, fig. 48α) 13. Yali, NISSIROS (Σάμψων 1988a: 115, 120, 155-56, fig. 68β, pls. 82-85) 14. Alimnia, RHODES not on map (Σάμψων 1987: 81-82, 184-85, fig. 45)

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Early Bronze Age sites with mat impressions: CENTRAL GREECE 1. Pevkakia Magula (Christmann 1996: 148, pls. 1:20, 23:12, 107:22) Petromagoula (Χατζηαγγελάκης 1984: 78, fig. 5) 2. Galaxidi (Vatin 1964: 562, 565, figs. 3, 6; Carington Smith 1977: 124) 3. Orchomenos (Kunze 1934: 75, pl. XXXIV:5,6; Carington Smith 1977: 124) 4. Lithares (Τζαβέλλα−Evjen 1984: 159, 172, pls. 54α−μ, 89γ; Tzavella-Evjen 1985: 33, pl. 18d-h) 5. Eutresis (Goldman 1931: 88, fig. 111; Carington Smith 1977: 124) 6. Rafina (Θεοχάρης 1951: 91, fig. 18) 7. Perachora (Payne 1940: 52, pl. 10:12)

EUBOEA 8. Rovies Palaiokhori (Sackett et al 1966: 48, footnote 48, fig. 19:27) 9. Manika (Σάμψων 1985: 143, pl. 15a) 10. Magoula Eretria (Σαπουνά-Σακελλαράκη 1988-1989: 103, pl. 20)

PELOPONNESE 11. Tzoungiza (Μπελογιάννη 1989: 171-82) 12. Corinth (Kosmopoulos 1948: 61, fig. 45; Wiseman 1967: 25, pl. 11c; Carington Smith 1977: 124) Zygouries (Blegen 1928: 106, 116-17, figs. 91:3,4, 109:1-6,8; Carington Smith 1977: 124) 13. Tiryns (Müller 1938: 8, pl. II:3; Carington Smith 1977: 124) Talioti (Dousougli 1987: 205, 208, fig. 29:188; Weißhaar 1990: 2-4, pls. 11:5-12, 15:1-6, 19:10,19,21, 20:9-11, 21:15,17,18-20, 22) 14. Asine (Frödin & Persson 1938: 228-31, 238, figs. 168, 172; Carington Smith 1977: 124) 15. Magoula Efstratiou / Mases (Pullen 1995: 36; Runnels, Pullen & Langdon 1995: 184, 259, figs. 34, 122) Petres (Pullen 1995: 37-38; Runnels, Pullen & Langdon 1995: 185, 310, figs. 35, 122) Samioti Magoula (Pullen 1995: 19; Runnels, Pullen & Langdon 1995: 160, 225, fig. 12) 16. Makrovouni (Dousougli 1987: 193-94, 208, figs. 14:123,124, 23:123,124) Kefalari Magoula (ibid. 1987: 203, 207, figs. 27:175, 28:175) Lerna (Rutter 1995: 97, 463, 634-35, fig. 5e) 17. Asea (Holmberg 1944: 81, fig. 82j,k) 18. Cherrounisi (Φάκλαρης 1990: 45, fig. 9:1, pl. 6ε) 19. Agios Stephanos (Taylour 1972: 213, 249, fig. 4, pl. 41b) 20. Aigina (Walter & Felten 1981: 114, 115, 163, pl. 101)

CYCLADES 21. Ayia Irini, (Caskey 1972: 360, 368, pls. 76, 79) 22. Chalandriani, SYROS (Bosanquet 1896-97: 61-63, fig. 6, pl. V:1; Thimme 1977: 534-35, pls. 413a,b; Fitton 1989: 34, fig. 31; Carington Smith 1977: 123) 23. Agios Sostis, SIPHNOS (Weisgerber 1985: fig. 137:7,8; Gropengiesser 1987: 29-32, fig. 1, pl. 4) 24. Phylakopi, MELOS (Edgar 1904: 94-96, pls. VI, XXXIV:1,4, XXXV:10; Carington Smith 1975: pl. XXII; Carington Smith 1977: 123-4) Agios Panteleimon, MELOS (Παπαδοπούλου-Ζαφειροπούλου 1966: 386, pl. 408β) Pelos, MELOS - cemetery area - (T. Carter pers. comm.) Kaminia, MELOS (T. Carter pers. comm.) Kato Komia, MELOS (T. Carter pers. comm.)

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25. PAROS (Τσοβντας 1898: 182-3) Paroikia, PAROS (Overbeck 1989: 13) 26. Grotta, NAXOS (Κοντολέων 1949: 119, fig. 13; Zervos 1957: pl. 90; Carington Smith 1977: 123; Cerceau 1983: 77, fig. 1) Ayioi Anargyroi, NAXOS (Doumas 1977: 103, pls. XXXVIIIb, XXXIXc,g, XLc,g, XLIc, XLIIIf) 27. Sellades, AMORGOS (Marangou 1984: 100, fig. 7) Kato Akrotiri, AMORGOS (Τσούντας 1898: 167, pl. 9:24) Dokathismata, AMORGOS (Duemmler 1886: 19, 38, pl. C2; Τσούντας 1898: 154, 167, 182, pl. 9:24) Vigla, AMORGOS (Myres 1897: 178-80, pl. XII) 28. Akrotiri, THERA (Doumas 1983: 117; Σωτηρακοπούλου 1991: 148, fig. 67β, pls. 272-279)

CRETE 29. Poros-Heraklion (D.E. Wilson & P.M. Day pers. comm.) 30. Knossos (D.E. Wilson & P.M. Day pers. comm.) 31. Kalo Chorio (D.C. Haggis pers. comm.) 32. Chrysokamino (pers. obs.)

CYPRUS (not on map) 33. Vounous (Crowfoot & Crowfoot 1950: 380-83, figs. 274, 275)

List of Illustrations: Fig. 1: Examples of mat-impressed pottery from the Melos survey. Photo: T. Carter. Reproduced with the permission of T. Carter. Fig. 2: Distribution of mat-impressed bases: Late and Final Neolithic. Fig. 3: Distribution of mat-impressed bases: Early Bronze Age. Fig. 4: Matting and basketry weaves (after Carington Smith 1975, fig. 11). Fig. 5: Matting and basketry weaves (after Carington Smith 1975, fig. 12). Fig. 6: An example of a twilled mat impression from the Aigeira excavations. (Drawing L. Labriola. Reproduced with the permission of E. Alram – Stern.) Fig. 7: Distribution of weave types: Late and Final Neolithic. Fig. 8: Distribution of weave types: Early Bronze Age.

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