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Bosnia and Herzegovina Joint Opinion on the Legal
Strasbourg, Warsaw, 9 December 2019 CDL-AD(2019)026 Opinion No. 951/2019 Or. Engl. ODIHR Opinion Nr.:FoA-BiH/360/2019 EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) OSCE OFFICE FOR DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS (OSCE/ODIHR) BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JOINT OPINION ON THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK GOVERNING THE FREEDOM OF PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, IN ITS TWO ENTITIES AND IN BRČKO DISTRICT Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 121st Plenary Session (Venice, 6-7 December 2019) On the basis of comments by Ms Claire BAZY-MALAURIE (Member, France) Mr Paolo CAROZZA (Member, United States of America) Mr Nicolae ESANU (Substitute member, Moldova) Mr Jean-Claude SCHOLSEM (substitute member, Belgium) This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int CDL-AD(2019)026 - 2 - Table of Contents I. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3 II. Background and Scope of the Opinion ...................................................................... 4 III. International Standards .............................................................................................. 5 IV. Legal context and legislative competence .................................................................. 6 V. Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 8 A. Definitions of public assembly .................................................................................. -
56 Stories Desire for Freedom and the Uncommon Courage with Which They Tried to Attain It in 56 Stories 1956
For those who bore witness to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, it had a significant and lasting influence on their lives. The stories in this book tell of their universal 56 Stories desire for freedom and the uncommon courage with which they tried to attain it in 56 Stories 1956. Fifty years after the Revolution, the Hungar- ian American Coalition and Lauer Learning 56 Stories collected these inspiring memoirs from 1956 participants through the Freedom- Fighter56.com oral history website. The eyewitness accounts of this amazing mod- Edith K. Lauer ern-day David vs. Goliath struggle provide Edith Lauer serves as Chair Emerita of the Hun- a special Hungarian-American perspective garian American Coalition, the organization she and pass on the very spirit of the Revolu- helped found in 1991. She led the Coalition’s “56 Stories” is a fascinating collection of testimonies of heroism, efforts to promote NATO expansion, and has incredible courage and sacrifice made by Hungarians who later tion of 1956 to future generations. been a strong advocate for maintaining Hun- became Americans. On the 50th anniversary we must remem- “56 Stories” contains 56 personal testimo- garian education and culture as well as the hu- ber the historical significance of the 1956 Revolution that ex- nials from ’56-ers, nine stories from rela- man rights of 2.5 million Hungarians who live posed the brutality and inhumanity of the Soviets, and led, in due tives of ’56-ers, and a collection of archival in historic national communities in countries course, to freedom for Hungary and an untold number of others. -
Russian Federation Interim Opinion on Constitutional
Strasbourg, 23 March 2021 CDL-AD(2021)005 Opinion No. 992/2020 Or. Engl. EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) RUSSIAN FEDERATION INTERIM OPINION ON CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AND THE PROCEDURE FOR THEIR ADOPTION Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 126th Plenary Session (online, 19-20 March 2021) on the basis of comments by Mr Nicos ALIVIZATOS (Member, Greece) Ms Claire BAZY MALAURIE (Member, France) Ms Veronika BÍLKOVÁ (Member, Czech Republic) Mr Iain CAMERON (Member, Sweden) Ms Monika HERMANNS (Substitute Member, Germany) Mr Martin KUIJER (Substitute Member, Netherlands) This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int CDL-AD(2021)005 - 2 - Contents I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 II. Scope of the present opinion .......................................................................................... 4 III. Chronology of the preparation and adoption of the constitutional amendments ............. 4 IV. Analysis of the procedure for the Adoption of the Constitutional Amendments .............. 6 A. Speed of preparation of the amendments - consultations ........................................... 6 B. Competence of the Constitutional Court ..................................................................... 7 C. Competence of the Constitutional Assembly .............................................................. 7 D. Ad hoc procedure ....................................................................................................... -
Slovakia Request by the President Pertaining to The
Strasbourg, 21 February 2017 CDL-REF(2017)008 Opinion No. 877 / 2017 Engl. only EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) SLOVAKIA REQUEST BY THE PRESIDENT PERTAINING TO THE APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT WITH REASONING FOR THE QUESTIONS ASKED AND ATTACHMENTS This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int SLOVAK REPUBLIC RULING of the Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic PL. ÚS 4/2012 -77 On October 24, 2012, the Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic, in the Plenary consisting of its President Ms. Ivetta Macejková and Judges Ján Auxt, Peter Brňák, Ľubomír Dobrík, Ľudmila Gajdošíková, Juraj Horváth, Sergej Kohut, Ján Luby, Milan Ľalík, Lajos Mészáros, Marianna Mochnáčová, Ladislav Orosz and Rudolf Tkáčik deliberated in a closed session the petition from a group of Members of National Council of the Slovak Republic (MPs), represented by R. P. (MP), seeking interpretation of Article 102 para. 1 (t) and Article 150 of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic and renders the following Interpretation: President of the Slovak Republic has a duty to deal with the proposal of the National Council of the Slovak Republic to appoint the Prosecutor General of the Slovak Republic pursuant to Article 150 of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic and, where the latter has been elected in a procedure in accordance with law, to either appoint the nominated candidate within a reasonable period of time, or inform the National Council of the Slovak Republic -
Venice Commission)
Strasbourg, 16 April 2020 CDL-PI(2020)003 Engl. only EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) COMPILATION OF VENICE COMMISSION OPINIONS AND REPORTS ON STATES OF EMERGENCY 2 CDL-PI(2020)003 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 3 I. BENCHMARKS ............................................................................................................. 4 II. Declaration of state of emergency: definition and substantive requirements ......... 5 III. Derogation from human rights obligations .............................................................. 10 IV. Constitutional entrenchment of the state of emergency ......................................... 12 V. Declaration of state of emergency: competences ................................................... 14 VI. Oversight of the declaration and prolongation of the state of emergency ............ 14 a. Parliamentary oversight ......................................................................................... 14 b. Judicial review ........................................................................................................ 18 VII. Duration of the state of emergency .......................................................................... 21 VIII. Duration of the emergency measures ...................................................................... 22 IX Scope of the emergency measures ......................................................................... -
In a State of Necessity: How Has Orban Changed Hungary
41 IN A STATE OF NECESSITY HOW has ORBAN ChaNGED HUNGARY Andrzej Sadecki NUMBER 41 WARSAW APRIL 2014 IN A STATE OF NECESSITY HOW has Orban ChanGED HunGarY Andrzej Sadecki © Copyright by Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies Content editor Olaf Osica, Mateusz Gniazdowski Editor Halina Kowalczyk Co-operation Katarzyna Kazimierska, Anna Łabuszewska Translation Ilona Duchnowicz Co-operation Nicholas Furnival Graphic design PARA-BUCH DTP GroupMedia Photograph on cover: PAP Graphs Wojciech Mańkowski Publisher Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, Warsaw, Poland Phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 Fax: + 48 /22/ 525 80 40 osw.waw.pl ISBN 978-83-62936-44-1 Contents MAIN POINTS /5 INTRODUCTION /7 I. DOMESTIC POLICY /10 1. The constitutional reforms /10 2. Fidesz’s hegemony in the state administration /12 3. The weakening of independent institutions /13 4. The consolidation of power and the ‘irreversibility’ of the changes /14 5. The dominant position of Prime Minister Orban /14 6. Fidesz’s business and media base /16 II. ECONOMIC POLICY /19 1. The fiscal policy /20 2. More state in the economy /22 3. The results /24 III. EUROPEAN AND FOREIGN POLICY /28 1. European policy /28 2. The international criticism /30 3. The policy on Central Europe /33 4. The Eastern opening /36 CONCLUSION AND FORECASTS /40 MAIN POINTS • Viktor Orban took power in Hungary at a time when the coun- try was plunged in a deep political and economic crisis. He in- troduced radical changes in the country and thus challenged the previous economic and political order. -
Guidelines on Political Party Regulation 2Nd Edition
Strasbourg, 14 December 2020 CDL-AD(2020)032 Study No. 881/2017 Or. Engl. EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) OSCE OFFICE FOR DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS (OSCE/ODIHR) GUIDELINES ON POLITICAL PARTY REGULATION 2ND EDITION Approved by the Council of Democratic Elections at its 69th online meeting (7 October 2020) and Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 125th online Plenary Session (11-12 December 2020) on the basis of comments by OSCE/ODIHR Core Group of Experts on Political Parties Mr Josep Maria CASTELLA ANDREU (Member, Spain) Mr Pieter van DIJK (Expert, Former Member, the Netherlands) Mr Nicolae ESANU (Substitute Member, Republic of Moldova) Mr Ben VERMEULEN (Member, the Netherlands) This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int CDL-AD(2020)032 - 2 - Table of contents I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 5 II. POLITICAL PARTIES: THEIR IMPORTANCE, FUNCTIONS AND REGULATION ............ 7 1. The classification and importance of political parties and their functions ........................ 7 2. Three dimensions ........................................................................................................... 8 3. Two models ..................................................................................................................... 9 III. PRINCIPLES ................................................................................................................... -
CDL-AD(2005)041 Opinion No
Strasbourg, 19 Decembre 2005 CDL-AD(2005)041 Opinion no. 343 / 2005 Or.Engl. EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) OPINION ON THE COMPATIBILITY OF THE EXISTING LEGISLATION IN MONTENEGRO CONCERNING THE ORGANISATION OF REFERENDUMS WITH APPLICABLE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 65th Plenary Session, (Venice, 16-17 December 2005) on the basis of comments by Mr Anthony BRADLEY (Substitute Member, United Kingdom) Mr Carlos CLOSA MONTERO (Member, Spain) Mr Kaarlo TUORI (Member, Finland) This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. Ce document ne sera pas distribué en réunion. Prière de vous munir de cet exemplaire. - 2 - CDL-AD(2005)041 Table of Contents Page I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................3 II. A PREREQUISITE: RESPECT FOR GOOD PRACTICE IN ELECTORAL MATTERS.5 III. REQUIRED LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION AND MAJORITY REQUIREMENTS.....7 IV. CRITERIA FOR ELIGIBILITY TO VOTE......................................................................11 V. CONCLUSIONS .....................................................................................................................16 - 3 - CDL-AD(2005)041 I. INTRODUCTION 1. On 27 May 2005, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe requested an opinion of the Venice Commission on the compatibility with applicable international standards of the existing legislation in Montenegro concerning the organisation of referendums, with a special focus on the issues of required turnout, majority and the criteria for the eligibility to vote. 2. This request refers to the plan of the Montenegrin authorities to organise a referendum on the independence of the country. At present, on the basis of the Constitutional Charter, which entered into force on 4 February 2003, Montenegro is a member state of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. -
Hungary: Democracy Under Threat
Hungary: Democracy under Threat Six Years of Attacks against the Rule of Law November 2016 / N° 684a November Cover photo: Thousands of people gathered outside parliament building in Kossuth Lajos Square call for Prime Minister Viktor Orban’s resignation with slogans of «for a European Hungary» in Budapest, Hungary on February 1, 2015. © Mehmet Yilmaz / ANADOLU AGENCY taBLE OF CONTENts 1. INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 METHODOLOGY 8 2. CHALLENGES TO THE RULE OF LAW : UNDERMINING DEMOCRATIC CHECKS AND BALANCES 10 2.1 ESTABLISHED POWERS 10 2.1.1 Constitutional matters: Reshaping the constitutional framework 10 2.1.2 Reforming the judiciary 15 2.1.3 Electoral laws and other restrictions to the legislative power 21 2.2 NON-ESTABLISHED POWERS 24 2.2.1 Taking control of the media 24 2.2.2 Restricting freedom of information 37 2.2.3 A shrinking space for civil society 44 2.2.4 Churches and religious groups 43 3. CHALLENGES TO THE RULE OF LAW: VIOLATIONS OF THE RIGHTS OF MIGRANTS, ASYLUM SEEKERS AND REFUGEES 51 4.THE HUNGARIAN SITUATION IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON THE RULE OF LAW 59 5. CONCLUSIONS 70 6. RECOMMENdatiONS 72 ANNEXES 79 ANNEX I. HISTORIC CHRONOLOGY 79 ANNEX II. CHRONOLOGY OF LAWS 80 ANNEX III. EUROPEAN UNION’S INSTITUTIONS’ MAIN REACTIONS TO DEVELOPMENTS IN HUNGARY SINCE 2010 81 1. Introduction Since Prime Minister Viktor Orban took power in 2010 following the country’s general elections that saw its party, conservative Fidesz (the Hungarian Civic Party) and their small coalition partner the Christian Democratic People’s Party (KDNP) win the two-thirds (67,88% or 262 seats) in Parliament, Hungary has undergone a progressive shift away from the principles on which a democratic state is built. -
Hungary Opinion on Act Xxv of 4 April 2017 on The
Strasbourg, 9 October 2017 CDL-AD(2017)022 Opinion 891 / 2017 Or. Engl. EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) HUNGARY OPINION ON ACT XXV OF 4 APRIL 2017 ON THE AMENDMENT OF ACT CCIV OF 2011 ON NATIONAL TERTIARY EDUCATION Endorsed by the Venice Commission at its 111th Plenary Session (Venice, 6-7 October 2017) on the basis of comments by: Ms R. KIENER (Member, Switzerland) Mr B. VERMEULEN (Member, The Netherlands) Mr D. FARRINGTON (Expert, DGII, Council of Europe) This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int 2 CDL-AD(2017)022 CONTENT I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 3 II. PRELIMINARY REMARKS ........................................................................................... 3 A. Background .............................................................................................................. 3 1. Constitutional and legal framework ......................................................................... 3 2. Act XXV of 2017 amending the 2011 HEA .............................................................. 6 a. New requirements for foreign universities ............................................................ 6 b. Scope of application ............................................................................................ 7 B. Scope of the Opinion ............................................................................................. 11 C. -
Opinion on the Draft Law on The
Strasbourg, 20 June 2011 CDL-AD(2011)019 Opinion No. 624 / 2011 Or. Engl. EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) OPINION ON THE DRAFT LAW ON THE COUNCIL FOR THE SELECTION OF JUDGES OF KYRGYZSTAN Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 87 th Plenary Session (Venice, 17-18 June 2011) on the basis of comments by Mr Nicolae ESANU (Member, Moldova) Mr Latif HÜSEYNOV (Member, Azerbaijan) This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int CDL-AD(2011)019 - 2 - I. Introduction 1. By a letter of 5 April 2011, Ms Galina Skripkina, Chairperson of the Committee on Constitutional Legislation, State Structure, Legality and Local Self-Governance of the Parliament of Kyrgyzstan (Jogorku Kenesh), has made a request for an opinion on the following three draft Laws: - “the draft Constitutional Law on the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court” (subject of Opinion 622/2011); - “the draft Constitutional Law on the introduction of changes to the Constitutional Law on the Status of Judges” (subject of Opinion 623/2011); - “the draft Law on the Council for the Selection of Judges” (hereinafter the “draft Law”, subject to the present opinion). 2. As part of a judicial reform package, the Parliament of Kyrgyzstan had also prepared two other draft Laws (on Judicial Self-Government and on the Supreme Court and Local Courts), which were, however, not submitted to the Venice Commission for opinion due to the very short deadlines and the heavy workload of the Venice Commission in preparing the first three opinions. -
The Role of the Second Chamber in European States
Strasbourg, 1 March/1er mars 2006 CDL(2006)011 Or. Bil. Study No. 335/2005 EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) COMMISSION EUROPEENNE POUR LA DEMOCRATIE PAR LE DROIT (COMMISSION DE VENISE) THE ROLE OF THE SECOND CHAMBER IN EUROPEAN STATES LE ROLE DE LA DEUXIEME CHAMBRE DANS LES ETATS EUROPEENS CONTRIBUTIONS BY VENICE COMMISSION MEMBERS CONTRIBUTIONS DES MEMBRES DE LA COMMISSION DE VENISE This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. Ce document ne sera pas distribué en réunion. Prière de vous munir de cet exemplaire. CDL(2006)011 - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIERES Page THE SECOND CHAMBERS OF PARLIAMENT, by Christoph Grabenwarter, Constitutional Court, Vienna, Substitute Member, Austria......................................................................................3 LE SENAT DE BELGIQUE, par Jean-Claude Scholsem, Université de Liège, Membre, Belgique ..............................................................................................................................................7 ROLE OF THE SECOND HOUSE OF THE PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, by Cazim Sadikovic, University of Sarajevo, Member, Bosnia and Herzegovina......................................................................................................................................12 THE ROLE OF THE SECOND CHAMBER IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC: THE SENATE OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC, by Eliska Wagnerova, Constitutional Court, Brno, Member, Czech Republic...........................................................................................16