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Das Chalus-Tal Und Seine Terrassen 215 Eckart Ehlers: Das Chalus-Tal und seine Terrassen 215 15. U. Schweinfurth : Uber klimatische Trockentaler im Processes of Central Asia (in Russian). Ac. Sc. Uzbek Himalaya. Erdkunde 10 (1956) 297-302; Vegeta SSR 1957, Translation World Meteorological Orga tionskarte in Bonner Geogr. Abh. 20 (1957). nisation, Geneva 1962, 645 S. 22. H. Flohn: Comments on a of 16. O. H. Volk: Klima und Pflanzenverbreitung in Af Synoptic Climatology Southern Asia. World Meteor. Techn. Note ghanistan. Vegetatio Acta Geobotanica 5-6 (1954), Organ. 422-433. 65 (1963), 245-252. 23. C. Ramaswamy: On the and 17. K. H. Paffen: Zum Klima des NW-Karakorum. Erd Subtropical Jet-Stream its Role in the Development of Large-Scale Con kunde 10 (1956), 22-23. vection, Tellus 8 (1956), 26-60. 18. USSR Committee for the International Hydrologi 24. H. Flohn: Ein Klimaprofil durch die Sierra Nevada cal Decade: Water Resources and Water Budget of de Merida (Venezuela). Wetter und Leben 20 (1968), the USSR Area (in Russian). Leningrad 1967, 199 S. 181-191; vgl. auch Meteor. Rundsch. 19 (1966), 19. W. Wundt: Gewasserkunde. Springer-Verlag, Ber 157-165. lin 1953, 320 S. 25. L.Fischer: Afghanistan. Medizinische Landerkunde 20. R.Keller: Gewasser und Wasserhaushalt des Fest Bd. 2 (Heidelberg 1968), 168 S. lands. Berlin 520 S. 1961, 26. O. Gilbert and Coll: Regime of an Afghan Glacier. 21. V. A. V. A. Bugaev, Djordjio and Coll: Synoptic Journ. Glaciol. 8 (1969), 51 f. DAS CHALUS-TAL UND SEINE TERRASSEN zur Studien Landschaftsgliederung und Landschaftsgeschichte des mittleren Elburs (Nordiran) Mit 8 Abbildungen und 5 Bildern ECKART EHLERS The Chalus and its terraces: studies of the Elburz are Summary: Valley north flank, significant in dating the in the and of the central Elburz Pleistocene history regionalisation and postglacial climatic and landscape history (North Iran) of north Persia. Since it appears possible to follow the The north flank of the central an Elburz shows excep physiognomically dominant 40-60 m terrace level in the areal differentiation both and mountains to the tionally strong vertically up end moraines of the Wiirm (?)-age In the of horizontally. example the Chalus Valley it is Takht-e-Sulaiman glaciation and to correlate it in the a to area m possible, using geological foundation, distinguish confluence with the 48 NN high-water mark of five whose and in an sub-regions geologic geomorphologie the Caspian Sea, early Wiirm-age formation must be is accentuated differences in their as dividuality by respec regarded probable. From this, however, follows a further, tive covers: at least plant two-fold, climatic deterioration, corresponding to the the source area formed in two a) easily-eroded Tertiary lower gravel terraces (20 m, 10 m). Therefore a three whose rounded are covered a loose fold marls, hilltops by division of the Wiirm cold period can be assumed than 2400 for the rock-steppe vegetation (more m) central Elburz. In addition, the possibility of an the b) southerly valley of the river breaking through older (Riss [?]) glaciation should not be rejected out the Paleozoic of the central and whose of hand. zone, steep gorge Thick, tightly-conglomerated gravel banks, most sides and ravines are covered mountain woodland of covered the 40-60 m by ly by level, have been incised by the at Quercus-Carpinus (2400-1000 m) Chalus various points and dip under the recent the Marzanabad excavated in Mesozoic lime c) basin, valley floor. Riss-Wurm interglacial tectonics indicate a stones and in terms marls, distinguished climatic-ecologic displacement of these older gravels while the undisturbed its and in terms as a through dryness plant-geographic deposition of the younger group of terraces allows one transitional between region mountain woodland and low to assume tectonic peace since theWiirm. land forest (1000-400 m) The widespread distribution of low 2-3 m and 1 m narrow d) the northerly valley incised into Cretaceous terraces indicates that minor climatic variations have limestones with lowland forest humidity-loving subtropical occurred in post-glacial times. (400-20 m) the Chalus delta whose extensive silt-covered e) fans, Wie kaum ein anderer Abschnitt des grofien alt areas have been cover gravel stripped of their forest weltlichen tertiaren bietet der mitt and taken in for rice fields than 20 Faltengebirgszuges (less m). lere Elburs in sowohl in seiner horizon This of the mountain Nordpersien sub-regionalisation Caspian flank, talen wie vertikalen is Gliederung ein reichesMosaik typical for large parts of central Elburz. The geologic structure verschiedener Landschaften. Als E-W streichende and chain structure are the preconditions for this clear Barriere zwischen den semi- bis warm zonation which is strengthened and refined by macro vollariden, and mesoclimate. gemafiigten Steppen und Wiisten des iranischenHoch The Chalus terraces, to the extent that their numbers landes im S und den winterkalten Trockenraumen and are classification obviously similar to other valleys Zentralasiens im N besitzt vor allem die Nordab 216 Erdkunde Band XXIII dachung des Elburs eine ausgepragte Sonderstellung. KASPrsCHtS KASPISCHES Hier konnte sich infolge der orographischen Gliede MEE/? MEER rung und ihresEinflusses auf das Klima RAMSAR'N^^ ~+~-$^\ Nordpersiens CHALUsR^"?'^^i^i^y^QOL-' anmu SAR i (-28m NN) eine vegetationsgeographisch weithin tropisch AMOL#| 4840+ tende Naturlandschaft entfalten und erhalten. Sie er Sf? (XAZVIN gjj^I fahrt indes durch das bis iiber 5500 m aufragende Ge birgsmassiv des Elburs eine starke Einengung und Zonierung und weist vom subtropischenTieflandswald KARADJ* bis zur alle ^TEHERAN_H^J alpinen Mattenvegetation Ubergangsfor LAGEDES UNTERSUCHUNGSGEBIETS""^ ^C^uT^\ JU men auf. Dabei ist das Vegetationskleid nur aufieres?z? Abbild einer alle Landschaftsfaktoren umfassenden ? 7 ^n naturraumlichen ^y Gliederung. / +1738 r-'://\/ft/^. Am Beispiel des Chalus-Tales im mittleren Elburs soli diese auf Grund der Reliefunterschiede in grofien 900' vertikaler und des Ketten 1708+ infolge ausgesprochenen J gebirgscharakters des Elburs auch in horizontaler so eindrucksvolle der Natur Richtung Gliederung / +1535 landschaft des nordlichen Iran dargestellt und in . / J^ol-e-Doab ihren Ursachen gedeutet werden *). JJjT. Gliederung des Chalus-Tales imVberblick : -"' Marzanabad^/. Der Chalus, einer der zahlreichen, dem Kaspi schen Meer zustromenden - ' Gebirgsfliisse, durchquert +3125-" : : 1 -/ V ; / die gesamte Nordabdachung des Elburs in nahezu li^y. ] geradem Verlauf (Abb. 1). Eingesenkt in die hoch sten Aufwolbungen des Gebirges zwischen dem De mavand (5670 m) im E und der Takht-e-Sulaiman - Gruppe (4840 m) imW, durchmifit der Chalus auf _a- . / . \ : >-i^_j^t?fjLMakarud nur etwa seinem 70 km langen Lauf einen Hohen unterschied von ungefahr 3000 m: seine siidlichsten Quellaste am Kendevan-Pafi liegen in etwa 3000 m ... ^v.v. fcLl3^|Dozcl-e-Band 3000 Hohe, die Miindung des Flussses in das Kaspische ^^^S^f / Meer liegt 28 m unter dem Meeresspiegel. +3794 Vom Gesamtcharakter des Chalus-Tales scheint es ' ii erlaubt, das Tal in funf Abschnitte zu zergliedern; / ] \ 36?15'N ./^KlA- / \_? Valiabad diese finden eine weitgehende Entsprechung in den *' +3591 von Gansser-Huber (1962) nach strukturellen und I V-\ stratigraphischen Gesichtspunkten ermittelten geolo ."\ v.-v- . gischen Elementen der Elburs-Nordabdachung. SiabIsheh^^s::-.. \. Gliederung des Chalus-Tales Kendevan - *Bi ? ')[ Pass^ nach dem Relief nach geologischem Bau km .-, 10 , (nach Gansser-Huber) I S1?.20'E : : \ i Quellgebiet Tertiary Central Zone Siidl. Durchbruchstal Palaeozoic Central Range Abb. 1: Obersichtskarte Chalus-Tal Becken v. Marzanabad I Tertiare I/II Mesozoikum: Lias-Kohlen Northern Mesozoic Borderzone Zentralzone; Nordl. Durchbruchstal j II III Nordliche meso J kalke; Palaozoische Zentralkette; zoische IV Tiefland; Miindungsbereich Caspian Plain Randzone; Kaspisches Isohypsen abstand 300 m; die Grenzlinien der geologischen Zonen, soweit sind nur Das Quellgebiet des Chalus erstreckt sich gerissen, angenahert richtig von den kleinen Quellmulden unmittelbar nordlich zur Auf diesem nur etwa sechs bis acht des Kendevan-Passes bis etwa Einmiindung des Avir-Baches2). km langen Teilstuck iiberwindet der Chalus, strek kenweise kaskadenartig iiber machtige Blockpackun *) Die Untersuchungen in Nordiran wurden mit Unter stiitzung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft durchge fiihrt. Dafiir mochte ich auch an dieser Stelle sehr herz 2) Vgl. dazu auch die detaillierte Karte bei Bobek lich danken. (1957). Eckart Ehlers: Das Chalus-Tal und seine Terrassen 217 gen und harte Gesteinsbanke hinwegschaumend, einen tationsausstattung (Cypressenwald!) beriihmte Kalk Hohenunterschied von etwa 1000 m, was einem mergelzug von Hassanabad (Pol-e-Doab) bildet den durchschnittlichen Gefalle des Flusses von 7 ?/o ent Obergang zum nordlichen Durchbruchs spricht.Diese aufierordentlich grofieReliefenergie hat, t a 1. In diesem etwa 23 km langen Talabschnitt zusammen mit dem weitverzweigten Netz der Quell durchbricht der durch die Wassermengen des Pul-e aste, zu einer starken Zertalung der Gipfelregion Rud verstarkte Chalus die vor allem aus kretazi am Kendevan-Pafi gefiihrt.Die meist nur 1 bis 2 m schen Kalken aufgebaute nordliche Randkette des breiten Gerinne haben sich in die leicht ausraum Elburs. Wenn auch dieser nordlichste Auslaufer des baren eozanen Tuffe tief eingekerbt und die Kamm Elburs noch bis etwa 2000 m ansteigt, so ist er durch m region des Elburs in einzelne, bis zu 500 hohe, ein dichtes und weitverzweigtes
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