sign in sign up
<<
Home , Constitution of Pakistan, History of Pakistan

Pinisi Journal of Art, Humanity and Social Studies Vol. 1 No 2, 2021. Page 33-41 e-ISSN : 2747-2671 Homepage: https://ojs.unm.ac.id/pjahss/index

A Historical and Political Analysis of ’s Position in after the Independence

Abdul Shakoor1 *, Taha Shabbir2, Umair Ansari3 1 Pakistan Study Centre, University of , Karachi, Pakistan 2 Federal University of Arts, Science & Technology (FUUAST), Karachi, Pakistan. 3 Mass Communication, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan *: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract Pakistan's crisis dates all the way back to the country's inception. Pakistan was born amid various difficulties, several of which concerned the state's and organization. Federalism has been accepted as a constitutional framework in Pakistan since its birth. The was Pakistan's political organization, and it advocated for full regional autonomy for the provinces of United . The Congress, on the other hand, favored a moderate union. The Muslim League's lengthy history and practice have left it with no choice but to embrace federalism as a state structure. There were additional explanations for Pakistan's establishment as a federal entity. All of the explanations state that imperial legacies are special. This aspect was instrumental in Pakistan being a republic, and sadly, it was also instrumental in Pakistan failing to be a viable . The British government established federalism in India to protect its vested interests. The British style of ruling India was not uniform across the nation, but varied according to area. As a result, certain provinces were overdeveloped, while others stayed underdeveloped. The district of also had representation in state institutions such as the military and bureaucracy. Following Pakistan's independence, there was an overdeveloped Punjab, but it was not the country's largest region by population. It was dominant and commanded a disproportionate share of representation in state agencies, and it was determined not to relinquish its hegemony. It was the most widespread infection in all of . After Pakistan's inception, there has been a point of contention between the underdeveloped Punjab and the provinces. Smaller provinces were overlooked and took a hard hit during this conflict. Punjab ruled the state from the start, and decisions were forced on the smaller provinces. Sindh was forcibly penetrated by the influx. Karachi, a significant trade center in Sindh, was divided from the province and absorbed into the federal government's territory. Sindh's ministry was disbanded and Karachi was put under federal administration as a result of this undemocratic act. Following this creation, the smaller provinces were forced to join . Sindh's territorial status was abolished and its demography was radically altered by the One unit system. Punjab became the only dominant state after Bengal's dismemberment, and it controlled the state system. Sindh remained ignored in this sort of state. Sindh has faced the same fate throughout history. And Pakistan's constitutions did not guarantee Sindh's regional sovereignty. This study makes an analytical effort to analyze the Centre-Sindh relationship historically.

Keywords: Politics; Conflict; Constitutional Development; ; Resources; Sindh Assembly.

1. INTRODUCTION Pakistan. So, the British style of ruling India was not same to every part of India. This imperial way of ruling Pakistan inherits a long colonial history of British changed from one region to other, from one race to India. British ruled India about two centuries. That another. Certain states were given more importance history of colonial period left its impact on the every and privilege than the other states. Some particular aspect of Pakistani society. The idea of federalism in ethnic groups were given the so called title of Martial Pakistan is influenced by a long colonial history and races and others did not enjoy this privilege. Some experience. Mohammed Waseem in this regard writes, areas were made frontiers and law which was ‘Pakistan has been a federation since independence, implemented in those areas was totally different from partly as the constitutional legacy of British India’1 It the rest of subcontinent. This anomalous rule changed was one of reason for the emergence of federalism in the structure of society which became important to

33 PINISI JOURNAL OF ART, HUMANITY & SOCIAL STUDIES

shape the society after independence. party which had roots in the grass politics. Muslim In a new liberated country social and political League was not organized and cadre party but it was institutes were not reformed to set up a new system. like populous party. There was desperate need of a Along with other federalism was mass party to spread its vision and mission to the formed on the style of imperial rule which was in the provinces but leaguers neglected this need and never favor of British vested interest. The more or less held for gaining legitimacy of people to form federalism on the same pattern was implemented in constituent assembly but they constituted constituent Pakistan that was strongly opposed during freedom assembly on the election of 1946-1945 which were held movement. This unreformed and anomalous system under British rule. Migrant leaders of league were created so many problems and discouraged afraid of their defeat with holding new democratic process in the country. In a new country because they feared to fight election on the new some over developed areas started to dominate the constituencies with the indigenous politicians because political system and attempted to manipulate the of losing election. Opportunistic desires of migrant things in their favor on expense of vested interests of politicians and Punjabi secular elites for their other states or provinces .This attitude of developed permanence interests in the power laid down the roots province created sense of deprivation for smaller of country on undemocratic principles. This dictatorial provinces and this continuous undemocratic and rule shattered the spirit of and it totalitarian approach led state in to the abysmal of is principled fact that federalism cannot survive authoritarianism. Federation fails to strengthen itself in without the emergence of socio-political culture. a state there is no democracy. Where there is no democratic culture there is not birth of coordinate federalism. So there was undemocratic political system in Pakistan which did not create a feasible environment for a federalism to flourish in its true spirit. Muslim leaguers betrayed with their half centuries political struggle against the British. They exploited the support of minority province of Pakistan with the adaptation of same colonial constitution. For the minorities, and smaller provinces freedom was illusion because there were the same laws which were implemented in the British period on them. The rulers of country adapted the same imperialistic and dictatorial governing ways as British rulers had in their colonial period. The governor general has more or less the same authority which he lastly enjoyed in the Figure 1. Map of Pakistan imperial rule. Both have power to give laws on their discretion. The freedom was only for the Muhajirs, and Punjabi elites to rule imperially and plunder the whole 1.1 Objectives of Research resources of country on the name of . Minority province saw the dreams of freedom from hundreds a. It is attempted in this thesis to understand the years of and bureaucratic institutes but after the withdrawal of British, their laws, culture, and nature of federalism in Pakistan in its historical institutions got rebirth. Ruling elite did not change the context. obsolete ways of British and they cheated with the b. The disputes between the centre and the state are statesmen of the provinces. The vital role in the as old as the Pakistan itself, what are the hurdles formation of the institutional structure of Pakistan was that these issues have become the permanent in played by the migration. Muslim League had top their nature. leaderships from the Bombay and U P. They were c. One of my important objective to work on this nearly alien in the new state of Pakistan because they did not belong to this region. At the time of topic is to explore the extend of provincial independence, Pakistan faces severe crises of political autonomy enjoyed by the provinces

34 PINISI JOURNAL OF ART, HUMANITY & SOCIAL STUDIES

d. It is my core and main object to understand the Pakistan and others are written on the major themes case of provincial autonomy of Sindh by doing of Pakistani federalism. the research on federalism in Pakistan. Dr. Syed Jaffar Ahmed writes in his book about the evolution of federalism in Pakistan. He initiates a 2. METHOD debate about political demands and the vision of Jinnah about federalism. He understands that Jinnah I have adopted the qualitative methodology to do my desired to establish the federal form of state for research work because this type of methodology suits Pakistan but he strongly denounced some sort of my research plan. There are books, research papers, loose federation in United India.2 The theme of the reports, newspapers, thesis and Constitutions. The book is to put constitutions of Pakistan under the study plan is more related to the reading material federalism. He envisages that whether the than doing the field work. Therefore I designed my constitutions of Pakistan fulfill the criteria of synopsis according to this method. I would go federalism. The constitutions of Pakistan are through the primary and secondary resources during determined under the main characteristics of my study. Primary sources which I studied were federalism, supremacy of constitution, division of Constitutions of Pakistan along with certain powers, judicial review and . He finds amendments and the Constitutional Acts which were after doing research that all four constitutions of introduced by the British government in India. Pakistan are nominally to be federal but all those Secondary sources which I studied were containing constitutions are neither federal in form and letter .He books, research articles, thesis, magazines, reports further writes that though all the constitutions are and newspapers. written and have a rigid process of amendment rests 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION in the power sphere of legislature yet do not fulfill the principle of federalism because the rigidity of 3.1 Result constitutions tends to strengthen the power of There is not abundant work on the federalism of rather than the federal units in amending Pakistan but there exist sufficient material on the the constitution4. In this way the supremacy of all the various aspects of federalism. The more research constitutions remain at stake. He states about the articles are published in the wake of eighteenth which changed the shape distribution of powers that constitution makers in all and structure of federalism. Some of the major works the constitutions have always manipulated the lists includes Syed Jaffar Ahmed’s Federalism in Pakistan: A system and make all important subjects in the area of Constitutional Study, Mehrunnisa Ali’s Politics of federal government. He envisages that in all Federalism in Pakistan, Syed Mujawar Hussain ’s constitutional . was not Federalism in Pakistan: Theory and Practice, Katharine separated from executive and it has less and limited Adeney’s works, Federalism and Ethnic Conflict powers. He presents that there is the same case with Regulation in India and Pakistan, Democracy and the bicameralism. The constitution of 1973 was Federalism in Pakistan and A Step Towards Inclusive bicameral but the (Senate) has Federalism in Pakistan? The Politics of the 18th circumscribed powers in comparison with the lower Amendment, Mushtaq’s Managing Ethnic house (National assembly). Diversity and Federalism in Pakistan, Mohammed The Mehrunisa Ali belief federalism very suitable Waseem’s Federalism in Pakistan, Iram Khalid’s Politics to diverse society of Pakistan and forms five bases of of federalism in Pakistan, K.B. Sayeed’s Federalism and Pakistan, Asma Faiz’s Making Federation Work, Mian the federalism in Pakistan . First, geographical ’s A Biography of Pakistani Federalism: noncontiguous between the East and West Pakistan, Unity in Diversity, Muntazira Nazir’s Federalism in second ethnic and linguistic differences between two Pakistan: Early Years, Jami Chandio’s Crisis of parts third History, Muslim League demanded for Federalism & Prospects for Provincial Autonomy in federal system fourth Common religion fifth

35 PINISI JOURNAL OF ART, HUMANITY & SOCIAL STUDIES

perceived military threat from India. Unfortunately centralized federation. The sense of deprivation was the balance between the center provinces failed to felt by the leaders of provinces. They felt that they did equate powers of both federal and unit government. blunder to support the cause of Pakistan, because it was betrayal with them. They were promised of loose She causes the failure of federal equation because of federation having few subjects to the Centre and the central hold over the provinces and the remaining all of subjects would rest in the domain of 5 domination of one region to others . Centralization provinces like the Constitution of United States. That and regionalism grew stronger due to the concept of loose federation was buried with the undemocratic and authoritarian rule which sue the emergence of Pakistan when the leaders of Muslim seeds for regionalism and the outbreak of the 1971 league adopted Indian Act 1935 as the Interim debacle which disintegrated Pakistan. She constitution of 1947, with minor amendments. The mater of regretting was that, This 1935 Act was understands that the federalism was not allowed to severely opposed by Muslim leaguers due to strong function smoothly .Pakistan is a country with the centrist provisions in it. sharp cultural lingual cleavages so that no other political system will be conducive to Pakistan rather 3.2.1 Federation of Pakistan and Sindh than Federalism but it is required to create a feasible conditions for the Pakistan to make federation work. Indian federal modal had given space to ethnicities and make religion out of its content. However

Pakistani federal modal had given space to religion 3.2 Discussion and make ethnicities out of content. In this regard, Dr. With the emergence of Pakistan, all the hopes of Mohammed Wasim said, Indian modal of federation is Bengal and other smaller provinces smashed down, more viable than Pakistani modal. Bureaucracy and all the promises and the agreement which Muslim military in Pakistan is of particular kind, in this League leaders have had with the provinces before country, it will not allow Pakistan to move in the the formation of Pakistan were broken, all the dreams direction of that modal. which Muslim league leaders have shown to the people about the vision of Pakistan remain as a false consolation. The vision of Pakistani federalism of Muslim League, on which the provinces supported the cause of Pakistan which is elucidated in the Resolution, was very loose federation. Provinces were envisioned to enjoy the sovereign and autonomous status. In his interview to the Associated Press of United States, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, on November, 8, 1945, he said: “The theory of Pakistan guarantees that federated units of the national government would have all the autonomy that you will find in the constitutions of the Figure 2. Districts of Sindh United States of America, Canada and Australia. But It was envisioned that in the Pakistan, the centre certain vital powers will remain vested in the Central shall have only three to four subjects. And the Government such as the monetary system, national Remaining residuary subjects will rest at the defense and other federal responsibilities.” provinces. This was demand of ethno-nationalists of This interview of M.A Jinnah is remarkable due to smaller provinces. In contrast to that Interim his stance on the federalism. According to this consisted on three lists, interview, the envisaged future form of Pakistan is in Federal list of powers, Concurrent list of powers and accordance with the spirit of theory of federalism. Provincial list of powers. Subjects which were in the Provinces had remained under the colonial control provincial list belonged to provinces but they were did not hesitate to support the Muslim league for violated very easily by federal government on the making Pakistan a viable federation. But soon after name of emergency. Federal list of powers consists on the independence, the attitude of Muslim League was variety of subjects. It numbered more than 45 subjects, changed. They did every effort to make Pakistan on which provincial government can claim nothing.

36 PINISI JOURNAL OF ART, HUMANITY & SOCIAL STUDIES

However concurrent list subjects were given to both In the dictatorial regime of Ayoub Khan, second federal and provincial government on the reason that tier of provincial government was abrogated. This is it contained the subjects which are concerned with the state level government which is very essential in interests of both federal and provincial federal political arrangement. Without this state level but federal government had supremacy in legislation of government federal set up is impossible. In a process. federation powers are distributed between the federal Finally First Constitution in Pakistan was adopted and state government through the Constitution But in in 1956. The constitution of 1956 of Pakistan a political arrangement there is no existence of state suggested federal and of government. The principle of division of power is governance. The nature of distribution of legislative impossible and that state could be called a unitary powers between the Centre and provinces is state. In Pakistan this is a platform where from ethno- concerned that it was not as much different from the nationalists struggle against the hegemony of centre previous constitutional schemes which were and fight for the provincial autonomy. All the leftist implemented in the British period. It seems only in political parties were banned to organize their the appearance that federating units have been given political activities. Local government system which more powers but in the reality, it was not true. Federal Ayuob Khan introduced was limited in the power. Ali government had more powers in the legislative and Cheema and Shadana Khan Mohammed wrote executive domain. By using these powers, Centre interesting research paper on this subject. They write could be able to make interferences in the sphere of despite of their repeated promulgation by Provinces. By those powers centre can even suspend authoritarian Centre, local governments were never the democratic process for the indefinite period of accorded recognition as a formal third tier of time. government. Besides this, when local governments The Constitution of 1956, suggested unicameral were first established in the area that now constitute legislature and this principle was the against the Pakistan they had extremely circumscribed functions grunt norm of federalism. The Constitution had and members that were nominated by the adopted the parity formula between the East and bureaucracy ,thereby establishing a tradition of West Pakistan. This gives equal powers to the both bureaucratic control over local subjects. wings of Pakistan. It is fact that in the first decade of The Constitution of 1962 of Pakistan was Pakistan, it was never tried to introduce federal implemented on June 8, 1962, which gives exclusive constitution. This constitution was as much powers to the President. However, it had the centralized that it paved the way for the birth of Presidential form of government. The constitution movement for provincial autonomy in Bengal. was as much reactionary and conservative that it had Katharine is of the view that as for as the Constitution no in the first draft. This of 1956, is concerned that it has no federal principles. constitution was contrary to the theory of federalism. Therefore it was the quasi-federal Constitution. The Like the Constitution of 1956, it had the unicameral federating unit which was in minority made the local legislature. This constitution created room for the majority and it took advantage of exercising illegally national movement in the Bengal. However the the self-governance due to the strong centre. does not create an ambiance of Both constitutions of Pakistan, 1956 and 1962, reconciliation but impose its will through the stick. were based on the One Unit formula. Under this Rather solving issues creates more one and makes scheme all three smaller provinces Sindh, Khyber them complicated. The Ayoub regime remains Pakhunkhwa, , and princely states were unfortunate for the integration of Pakistan. As soon merged with Punjab in the one province which was as One Martial law ends, Second Martial regime named as West Pakistan. This one unit scheme started under the . Pakistan faced butchered the dual principle of federalism and buried unfortunate conditions to such extend that East down the separate identities of different ethnicities Pakistan was separated and became independent which they have since hundreds of years of history. state of on 16th of December, 1973. Identity was snatched away from the different nations on that very day was passed and territorial recognition was also snatched away with the enforcement of one unit plan.

37 PINISI JOURNAL OF ART, HUMANITY & SOCIAL STUDIES

national assembly. Presidents of Pakistan did not make any elected government successful to complete its term. Finally the 13th amendment in the second tenure of was passed in a very quick motion to restore the Constitution of 1973 without making any appropriate debate. In the 17th, amendment Musharaf again mutilated the Constitution and resuscitated the article 58(2b).

3.2.2 Water Dispute The distribution of water between Punjab and Sindh is the older dispute than the emergence of Pakistan itself. It had its roots in the British period. These disputes are common between the Upper Riparian and the Lower Riparian. International principle of

law is that Upper Riparian cannot perform such acts Figure 3. Mineral Map of Sindh on the rivers which affect the flow of waters and Jami highly criticizes the Constitution of 1973. He is calling it an unconstitutional constitution in reality adversely affect the agriculture in the Lower because it was framed by the Constituent Assembly Riparian. It is very necessary to ask for the assent of which was not competent to make constitution. This lower riparian when the upper riparian is going to Constituent Assembly came into being when the construct a headwork or canal on the river. Sindh as a Bengal was part of Pakistan. After the Lower Riparian has right on the waters of Indus Basin dismemberment of Bengal, It was necessary to hold Rivers, such as Indus, , Punjab, Ravi, Beas and re-election and get mandate in new Pakistan. But it is usual in Pakistan to get leaders elected on the previous as all the rivers were eastern tributaries of elections rather than holding the new and fresh Indus, Lastly Indus passes through the Sindh and elections. First time it was not deemed necessary to forms one of the largest delta of the world in the hold elections when Pakistan was formed. It was the , Sindh. The dispute on the waters started irony of history, the constituent Assembly of Pakistan between Punjab and Sindh in 1859 when undivided was made on the mandate of those constituencies Punjab with the help of British government started which became never became part of Pakistan. This violation of International law of the waters, by time history repeated its unfortunates but it was never tried to make it correct. Jami is of the view that constructing Bari Doab Canal on the Ravi River which the constitution of 1973 was the continuation of adversely affected the flow of water in Sindh. That colonial act of 1935, in the changed circumstances. The was the only starting point of dispute but the dispute Constitution provided less autonomy to the on the waters continues from that period and exists provinces in comparison with the Act of 1935. even today in the worst form. Its current example is Therefore, Mohammed Waseem, understands ‘the construction of Greater Thal Canal. Three canals were history of federalism in Pakistan is a case of the adage built without the consent of Sindh, Sidhnai on the 'two steps forward, one step backwards'’. The constitution of 1973 was a many times Ravi, and other two are lower Chenab and Lower mutilated by the elected leaders as well as dictators. Jhelum Link Canal between the era of 1805 and 1901. The Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the founder of the 1973 Similarly, Paharpur Canal in 1908 and Upper Swat Constitution started initial steps to mutilate it and the Canal in 1817 were built. Another three canals plan, remaining unfinished work of Bhutto was Jhelum Canal, Chenab Canal and lower Bari Canals accomplished by Zia-ul-Haque by making 8th were constructed in 1915. Punjab violated the all amendment in that constitution. This amendment incorporated article 58(2B) which left the unending collective rights of water in 1919, when it initiated impact on the democratic process. This article illegally the construction of Sutlej Valley Project; actually gives the President power to dissolve the Punjab started building eleven canals and four

38 PINISI JOURNAL OF ART, HUMANITY & SOCIAL STUDIES

headworks. This time, British government took notice signing of Accord , Punjabi’s violation from the 1859 and formed a “Cotton Commission” which rejected to 1990 were neglected and it was allocated 7maf the planning of Punjab and asked Punjab government more water than assigned it in 1945 agreement which is half equal to the allocation of both Mangla dam not to built any canal on the Indus Basin without the (5.3) and Tarbela ( 9.3) is 14.6 maf. permission lower Riparian, Sindh. Punjab not only gets lion’s share of water from the Indus but from the Jhelum and Chennab. Punjab also gets water through the link canals, Chashma-Jhelum and Taunsa Panjnad. Punjab has more ground water reservoir 2500 MAF compare to Sindh has 3 MAF. The Rainfall in Punjab is 20-40 inches and Sindh had only, 4-12 inches rainfall.300 After all these advantages, Punjab did every effort to curb the rights of lower riparian, Sindh. If one looks at the Centre- provinces relation there is no anything which is happening in right direction after the inception of Pakistan. There is no any institute from which one can hope of justice. In the British period, though the Punjab being the favorite of it, the government used to pay heed to Figure 4: Rivers of Pakistan apprehensions of Sindh when Punjab desired to violate the internationally accepted rights of the Sindh Punjab Treaty 1945, it was the result of “Rao lower riparian. But after the establishment of Commission” which was formed in 1941, on the Pakistan, all institutions were influenced by the complaint of Sindh against Punjab’s again and again Punjab. There is very illicit example; it is of the violation of the rights of Lower Riparian in 1939. Rao construction of big dams. Commission in its decision condemns the violations Out of the four provinces, three provinces Sindh, of rights of Lower Riparian Sindh and bound Punjab Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan have passed not to make any project without the permission of resolution against the construction of Kalabagh dam. Sindh. In these consequences, Sindh Basin Treaty But the Punjab strongly favors to construct it and very formed between the Sindh and Punjab. easily it influences the federal government against the There have been great losses due to the single three federating units. In this way Punjab bypasses handedly decisions of Pakistani rulers. One of the the protest of other units and timely and again it examples of them is the Indus Basin Treaty which was resuscitates the issue of Kalabagh dam. The former signed in April 19, 1960 between India and Pakistan Chief Justice of the did not try to in Karachi. In this signing of the treaty there was no understand the importance of passed resolution by representation from Sindh. The treaty was solicited the assemblies and he never pay heed to slogans of by the World Bank which played its role as a common people against the construction of big dams. signatory not as the guaranteer in that treaty. The This is a situation which Punjab benefits to impose its Rivers of Pakistan were distributed. India got the decisions. Jami analysis that the how institute like right of entire flow of eastern rivers Ravi, Sutlej and Indus River System Authority (IRSA) is being Beas, While Pakistan were given right on the western monopolized by the Punjab through its Rivers, Indus, Jhelum and Chennab. maneuverings. There is no any federal representative of Sindh in IRSA. The decisions are not made on the 3.2.3 Indus Water Accord 1991 basis of merit but they are implemented through the It was the first government of Nawaz Sharif in 1991; majority. That is the chief reason; Sindh is not getting all the provinces were brought together. The Chief its due share of water. The institutions and federal Minister of Sindh at that was of Pakistan People’s design and structure of Pakistan do not be able to Party; Jaam Sadique Ali signed the Water Accord as a protect the due rights and share of Sindh and other representative of Sindh on16 March, 1991. This accord smaller provinces in Pakistan. was approved by the Council of Common Interests on March 21, 1991. Palijo writes that with the result of

39 PINISI JOURNAL OF ART, HUMANITY & SOCIAL STUDIES

Oil in Pakistan but is very backward in Pakistan. However, the statistics of consumption is very different. Consumption of Sindh of its own resources is 46 percent and Balochistan consumes only 25 percent. The consumption of Punjab is the highest among all. It is about 930 percent against its consumption. The consumption is directly proportional to the development. Higher level of consumption brings the higher level of development in the region. Lesser level of development brings lesser level of development. Consumption of its own resources in Sindh and Balochistan is less therefore they are backward and poverty striven province. Figure 5: Indus River Passage

3.2.4 Mineral Resources of Sindh As for as natural resources are concerned that they are not formed under earth in the year but they take the geographical periods, hundreds of years to be formed. These resources are actually the wealth of any provinces. They create opportunities for indigenous areas. But it is half truth in that statement, here in Pakistan the areas where the mineral resources are found they are infact one of the backward . Chaghi district of Pakistan is rich with the gold, silver and copper but is one of the most Figure 6: Mineral of Sindh underdeveloped areas of Pakistan. Here in Sindh the district Badin and Thar are suffering the same fat. This 4 CONCLUSION is because they are not the sole owner of the resources. Their own wealth of resources has become Sindh suffered unfortunate conditions in every some sort of curse for themselves. The share of Sindh dynastic period but the independence of Pakistan did in the contribution of total gas of Pakistan is 71 not bring any difference. Why Pakistan failed to percent. Baluchistan’s part is 22 percent, Punjab deliver generally in the most of smaller provinces but contributes only 5 percent and the share of Khyber especially in Sindh. The answer lies of that question Pakhtunkhuwa is 2 percent. If we look at the in the complex political structure of society. This production of oil, in this sector contribution of Sindh political structure of Pakistan was mixed with its is larger. Sindh produces 56 percent of the total oil in colonial influence, freedom movement, social Pakistan. Punjab contributes 25 percent, Khyber structure and others. Therefore it failed to reform the Pakhtunkhwa’s share is 18 and Balochistan’s part is 1 social-political structure of society. Therefore the evils percent. As for as Coal is concerned that Sindh which existed before the independence remain contributes 41 percent in the total production. Sindh is unreformed even after the independence. Therefore on the leading position in the reservoir of these the freedom of Pakistan did not bring the freedom for minerals resources. Gas reserves in Sindh are 58 people from old aged autocratic norms, feudalism percent, oil reserves are 40 percent and the coal and other evils. reserves in Sindh constitutes 88.7 percent of the total Federalism grows in a society which carries the reserves in Pakistan. Federal government royalty on democratic values and norms and principles of these resources is more than the lion’s share 88.5 . But in Pakistan the Constitution percent. Provinces gets only 12 percent share.302 In which is the gauranteer of provincial autonomy of this way, provincial districts which contribute major federating units was latecomer in Pakistan. It was part in the national resources, they do not get reward severely violated and was not valued by the military of it but punishment. Badin is largest contributor of junta in Pakistan. The consequences of that society which gives no respect and supremacy of the

40 PINISI JOURNAL OF ART, HUMANITY & SOCIAL STUDIES

Constitution remain oligarchic in nature. In a Ahmed, Manzoor and Jalal Faiz.2006. The experiment of federation everything starts from the Constitution. It Federalism in Pakistan: An Analytical Study. Pakistan is a basic document which makes a covenant between Journal of History and Culture, Vol. XXXXVII. the federal and regional levels of Government. Each Shabbir, T., M Nadeemullah, & Saeed Memon. (2020). Uses level of government has its own domain of which it and Impact of 'Open Data' Technology for Developing Social Sector in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of derives from the Constitution and each and every Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1), 50-64. Retrieved from level of government respects the autonomy of other https://www.pjmr.org/pjmr/article/view/24 government and do not try to interfere in the sphere of Ali, M. 1996. Politics of Federalism in Pakistan. Karachi: Royal freedom of government which it is protected through Book Company. the Constitution. But here in the state of Pakistan Ali, T. 1983. Can Pakistan survive? Death of a State. England: Constitution itself has been subjugated. Penguin Books. Four times in the short history of Pakistan, Alvi, H. 2002. Social Forces and Ideology in the Making of Constitution has been suspended and Martial law has Pakistan”. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.37, No.51. been introduced in Pakistan. Therefore the feasible Hamilton, Alexander, Madison, James and Jay, John. The environment in independent state of Pakistan did not Federalists. Gideon ed. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2001 grow. The democratic institutions fail to strengthen in Anderson, G. 2008. Federalism: An Introduction. Ontario: this ambiance. Oxford University Press. The First impact of this sort of political structure in Adeney, K. 2012. A Step towards Inclusive Federalism in Pakistan created a norm to dismantle the provincial Pakistan? The Politics of the 18th Amendment”, ministries. Sindh was the only provinces which not Publius:The Journal of Federalism,Vol.42, No.4,,p.1-27 only lost its ministry but it lost the mega city Karachi Adeney, K. 2007. Federalism and Ethnic Conflict Regulation in India and Pakistan. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. despites its severe resistance on various levels. Burgess, M. 2006. Comparative Federalism: Theory and Furthermore One Unit scheme left no any effort in Practice. London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. violating the existence of province. Until the wake of Callard, K. 1957. Pakistan: A Political Study. London: George 1970, the demography of Sindh totally changed. Allen and Univine. There was hope to introduction of 1973 Constitution Jahan, R. 1957. Pakistan Failure in National Integration. New that came after the first General Election of 1970 York: Columbia University Press, remain hopeless to bring the democratic norm and Jami, C. 2009. Pakistan mein Jhamhuri Wafaqiat jo Buhran federal principle in Pakistan. Even the 1973 aen Qaumi Khudmukhtiari. Hyderabad: Centre for Peace Constitution suffered various alterations. The and Civil Society. dictatorial regimes of Zia ul Haq, and Musharraf Cohen, S. 2005. Idea of Pakistan, Lahore: Vanguard Book. remain curse for the Sindh. 18th Constitutional Chaudhary, Z. H. 2017. Sindh Ji Khudmukhtiari ain Amendment is regarded a progressive despites its Jageerdar ji Moqaparasti. Translated by Malook Lund. defects but it even fail to survive in this autocratic Karachi: Peacock Printers and Publishers. environment of Pakistan. The prospect for viable Dicey, A.V. 1915. Introduction to the Study of Law of federation lies in the development and growth of Constitution, London: Liberty Classics. democratic culture not only in the institutions but Elazar, J.D. 1991. Exploring Federalism. Tuscaloose: University also in the behavior of people of Pakistan. That viable of Albania Press. form of federalism will not be panacea for the all evils Elazar,J.D. 1995 Federalism: An Overview. Pretoria: HRC Publishers. of Pakistan but it would hopefully get rid Pakistan from most of the problems. Faiz, A. 2015. Making Federation Work. Karachi: Oxford University Press,2015

Hussain, I, Quraishi, A..A, and Nadeem. 2019. The Economy of DAFTAR PUSTAKA Modern Sindh: Opportunities lost and Lessons for the Future, Adeney, K. 2007. Federalism and Ethnic Conflict Regulation in Karachi: Oxford University Press. India and Pakistan. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Ian,T. 1998. Pakistan: A Modern History. Lahore: Vanguard Ali, Mubarak. 1998. In the shadow of History. Lahore: Fiction Books pvt. Ltd. House. Jatoi, H. B. 1955. Shall Sindhi Stay in Karachi or Not, Ahmed, Mushtaq. 2009. Government and Politics in Pakistan. Hyderabad: Baba- e- Sindh Hyde Bux Jatoi Academy. Karachi: Royal Book Company. Jatoi, H. B. 2013. “One Unit and Democracy”, in One Unit and Ahmed, Syed ,Jaffar. 1990. Federalism in Pakistan: A Sindh, editited by Aijaz Ahmed Quraishi, Karachi: Peacock Constitutional Study. Karachi: Pakistan Study Centre, 1990 Printers.

41