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11. Late Jurassic Carbonate Platform of the Galicia Margin1

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11. Late Jurassic Carbonate Platform of the Galicia Margin1 Boillot, G., Winterer, E. L., et al., 1988 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 103 11. LATE JURASSIC CARBONATE PLATFORM OF THE GALICIA MARGIN1 L. F. Jansa, Atlantic Geoscience Centre, Geological Survey of Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada M. C. Comas, Instituto Andaluz de Geologia Mediterranea, C.S.I.C., Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Fuentenueva, Granada, Spain M. Sarti, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita della Calabria, Cosenza, Italy and J. A. Haggerty, Department of Geosciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma ABSTRACT The carbonate platform of Tithonian-?Berriasian age encountered on the western flank of the Galicia Bank at Site 639 is part of an extensive Late Jurassic carbonate shelf extending from Algarve to the Lusitanian Basin, Galicia Bank, and eastern Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The platform, which locally could be up to 400 m thick, probably overlies older sedimentary or low-grade metamorphic strata at Site 639. The 287 m of carbonates penetrated at this site was de• posited mainly in shelf lagoon and shelf edge shoals, with localized low-relief biohermal mounds, in response to eu• static sea-level fluctuations and regional subsidence during the Tithonian-Berriasian. Minor block faulting influenced lithofacies distribution at the shelf edge. Shallow burial cementation was the most significant diagenetic event. After burial by several hundred meters of younger sediments, the top of the carbonate platform underwent extensive dolomiti- zation during a period of tectonic fragmentation, followed by subaerial exposure and erosion of the platform. Such pro• cesses resulted in a complex carbonate diagenetic history with several periods of dolomitization. The major dolomitiza- tion event is the result of the replacement or mixing of formation fluids with evaporitic brines in a shallow subsurface setting. The emerged carbonate platform drowned during the middle early Valanginian as a result of eustatic sea-level rise and tectonic subsidence and was covered by Valanginian turbidites. During a second, more intensive period of tec• tonic deformation, probably in the late Valanginian, the development of large rotational faults resulted in tilting of the carbonate platform blocks toward the east. After tilting, the outer margin rapidly subsided to abyssal depths during the Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary. The development of the carbonate platform helps in dating the major tensional episodes on the western flank of Galicia Bank as late Berriasian-earliest Valanginian and ?late Valanginian in age. INTRODUCTION The finding of Lower Cretaceous terrigenous turbidite beds beneath seismic reflector 4 (Fig. 1C), previously identified as the The depositional and tectonic history of the Late Jurassic top of the pre-rift carbonate platform sequence at Site 638 carbonate platform on the western side of Galicia Bank is pre• (Mougenot et al., 1985; Boillot, Winterer, et al., 1987), required sented in this contribution. The results of our study have pro• major revision of the existing seismic interpretation. Drilling vided new evidence about the tectonic evolution of the Galicia difficulties in the Lower Cretaceous turbidite sequence at this margin and have advanced our understanding of the paleogeog• site led to the abandonment of the hole without reaching the raphy of the northern central North Atlantic during the Late Ju• deep objective. rassic-Early Cretaceous. Shipboard reassessment of the seismic data showed that the This chapter is divided into two parts. The first, analytical carbonate platform could be reached about 3 km to the west of part provides a detailed petrographic description of the sedi• Site 638, where it possibly could be exposed at the fault escarp• mentary rocks encountered. The second part is data interpreta• ment, covered by a thin veneer of Cenozoic sediments. Thus, tion, a discussion of paleoenvironment, diagenesis, dolomitiza• Site 639 was established to drill through the carbonate platform tion, tectonics, and paleogeography. into underlying basement rocks (Fig. 1C). Technical difficulties The objective of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 103 was in drilling the carbonates forced premature abandonment of to resolve the geologic and paleoceanographic history of the Hole 639A after penetrating only 89.8 m below seafloor (mbsf)- Galicia margin (Fig. 1A) in relation to the rifting and continen• In an effort to reconstruct the stratigraphy of the carbonate tal separation between the Iberian and eastern North American platform, another five holes were drilled in an east-west transect continental plates. A multiple reentry hole was located on re• about 800 m long, downdip of the escarpment (Fig. 2) (Ship• gional seismic line GP-101 (Fig. IB) and designated as ODP Site board Scientific Party, 1987b). The reason for this six-hole tran• 638 (Fig. 1C). The site was located near the upper part of the sect was that none of the holes was able to penetrate into the upward tilted edge of the rotated tectonic block to ensure sam• carbonates by more than few cores before the drill pipe would pling of a complete Mesozoic stratigraphic succession from rift• become stuck, forcing abandonment of the hole. ing phases, through the drowning of the carbonate platform, to Drilling operations at Site 639 provided only fragmentary data changes in the environment during plate separation as the mar• about the carbonate platform and its history (Shipboard Scien• gin thermally subsided to oceanic depths. tific Party, 1987b). The incomplete stratigraphic record together with poor core recovery (about 20% in Holes 639A through 639D and less than 5% in Holes 639E and 639F) resulted in an uneven 1 Boillot, G., Winterer, E. L.( et al., 1988. Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 103: Col•sample coverage for reconstruction of the carbonate platform lege Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program). depositional history. 171 L. F. JANSA ET AL. Figure 1. A. Location of Site 639 on the Galicia Bank. B. Sea Beam map of the area with locations of Site 639, seismic sections, and dredge stations. Note that the tectonic structure is mimicked in the seafloor morphology with the upward-tilted edges of the half-grabens forming steep escarpments at the sea bottom. The two dredge stations on these escarpments are DROl and DR03. Approximate locations of submarine dives (Boillot et al., this volume) are marked by circled numbers. C. Multichannel seismic-reflection line GP-101 with plotted location of Site 639. The numbers on the line correspond to the seismic data interpretations prior to drilling (Mougenot et al., 1985; Boillot, Winterer, et al., 1987). According to this interpreta• tion, seismic Unit 5 corresponds to the pre-rift sequence, Unit 4 to syn-rift, and Unit 3 to post-rift strata. It was assumed that the top of the carbonate platform corresponded to seismic reflector 4B. Frame outlines portion of seismic line geologically interpreted in Figure 2. The Shipboard Scientific Party (1987b) proposed two possi• ume) complements our study. However, there is major differ• ble interpretations for the seismic section across Site 639. In this ence between our and Moullade et al.'s studies in that the latter paper we support and modify the normal-fault interpretation authors used as a working hypothesis the early concept of the (Fig. 47 of the Shipboard Scientific Party, 1987b) for the sea• shipboard party (Fig. 27 of Shipboard Scientific Party, 1987b), ward edge of the carbonate platform. That interpretation im• according to which the holes tested progressively deeper strati• plies that drilling a transect across the buried carbonate escarp• graphic horizons of the carbonate platform down to the under• ment may not provide a complete stratigraphic section through lying basement. This difference in concept of tectonic setting re• the platform (Fig. 2). sults in different interpretations not only of the carbonates but Considering the poor core recovery, the interpretation of the also of the tectonic evolution of the whole region. Mesozoic carbonate platform that we provide in this paper is generalized and subjective. It is based on core and thin-section TECTONIC SETTING studies, geophysical logs, and seismic-reflection data. The known Detailed discussion of the tectonic setting of the Galicia evolution of synchronous carbonate platforms in northern Spain, Bank can be found in the Initial Reports of Leg 103 (Boillot, Portugal, and the Grand Banks and the results of dredging on Winterer, et al., 1987). Here, we concentrate only on the part the western Galicia margin (Dupeuble et al., 1987) assisted in re• relevant to the development of the carbonate platform. Site 639 constructing the geologic history of the Galicia Bank carbonate is on the uplifted, outer flank of a tilted block (Fig. 1C). The platform. section dips to the east and subcrops on a westward-sloping sub• We dwell only briefly on limestone diagenesis and dolomiti- marine erosion surface, now buried under an onlapping wedge zation, the subjects of other contributions in this volume (Lo• of Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic pelagic sediments. The top reau and Cros; Haggerty and Smith; Daniel and Haggerty). The of the carbonate platform is overlain unconformably by Valan• biofacies study of the limestones by Moullade et al. (this vol• ginian pelagic sediments. 172 LATE JURASSIC CARBONATE PLATFORM 639 FE D C BA 638 10 km ^-rrTJv^l.^-^ VV' Basement >>''- ' ' ' 8J Figure 2. Geologic interpretation of the segment of seismic line GP-101 shown in Figure 1C, demonstrating the tectonic setting of the carbonate plat• form near Site 639 and position of drill holes. Seismic reflector C corresponds to the top of carbonate platform; reflector V to an untested clastic unit of probable Hauterivian age. Reinterpretation of the seismic-reflection profile across Site ume). The strong reflector that occurs at 8 s two-way traveltime 639 (Fig. 2) shows that the outer edge of the carbonate platform (twt) below seafloor on seismic line GP-101 near the drill site is highly broken by synthetic and antithetic faults.
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