76 Philological sciences literary regional studies. In the world the borders of ally in the Kazakh and Russian languages. Theirs which are constantly changing, mobility is an es- books represent Kazakh literature of independence sential feature of any person’s life. Globalization (1991–2010 yrs) in which there is a variety of ideas makes a person think of his attitude to the place and themes, search of original compositional, genre where he was born and lives. Consequently, there and stylistic, ideological and thematic decisions re- is an interest of literary studies to studying the «ter- lated to the world and global order problems. ritory» phenomenon, focused on the nature of the Modern literature is well represented in Kazakh- literary text, its spatio-temporal characteristics. Lit- stan publishing projects of Bakhytzhan Kanapy- erary-regional studies should start with the notion anov (Director of the «Zhibek Zholy» Kazakhstan «regionalism» as an outlook cultural value includ- Publishing House), Rolan Seyssenbaev (President ing maintaining and developing lifestyle, culture, of the International Abay House in London). language, nature, self-awareness of the region. In University science, focused on the specifi city of the third millennium the maintenance of polycul- higher education and student audience, does research tural dialogue is, probably, the most important of of the comparative studies process. This study ana- human priority and, simultaneously, an indispensa- lyzes interdependence, interrelation and mutual con- ble component of the state policy of our Republic. tribution of Russian and Kazakh literature. And the Kazakhstan, located to live in both Europe and Asia study of Russian literature as an individual macro- is a country uniting dozens cultures with unique tra- cosm units polylingual continuum of sovereign Ka- ditions and customs. zakhstan and promotes humanistic priorities and the In search for new aesthetic paradigm modern development of modern scientifi c conception. Kazakh literature, on the one hand, is striving to Owing to bilingualism of the majority of Ka- continue the dialogue of Eastern and Western cul- zakhstan authors the development of multicultur- tures, on the other hand, it is trying to maintain its alism of modern Kazakhstan literature helps meet ethnic uniqueness. challenges of the time: ethnic images refl ecting Rich mythological imagery, conceptual multidi- ethnic self-determination in the light of universal mensionality, deep psychological insight, genre and values in the changed world. inter-genre experiments – these and other character- istics are typical of modern literary Kazakh prose. The work was submitted to the International Literary-aesthetic inventions, good genre and Scientifi c Conference «Basic and applied research- stylistic «fi ndings» enhance work at defi ning and es. Education, economy and right» Italy (Rome- scientifi c explanation of the «new paradigm» in Florence), September, 7-14, 2013, came to the edi- history and modern theory and methodology of torial offi ce оn 19.09.2013. Kazakh literature and art. According to the well- known philologist A.S. Ismakova, « it has become COMMON FEATURES OF RUSSIAN evident that one cannot continually include more AND BRITISH PLACE-NAMES and more new names, literary works, facts of not Khvesko T.V. only quantitatively but also qualitatively different potential». In modern Kazakh prose the genre and Tyumen State University, Tyumen, e-mail: [email protected] style modifi cation issues form a very important branch of Kazakhstan philology. We study formation, development, scientifi c Research of the features of modern literary situ- and folk interpretatations of original and borrowed ation in Kazakhstan is based on the identifi cation, topographical onyms in diachrony. Place-name is a creative comprehension and analysis of the main universal phenomenon in Indo-European languages. trends of the modern Kazakh prose, the most pro- Linguistic creativeness as manifestation of speaker ductive prose genres, the style of the most striking individuality is refl ected in hybrid formings. Crea- of them, the study of interrelation of tradition and tive transformations of toponyms appear at defi nite innovation, etc. Anuar Alimzhanov, Rollan Seys- levels of linguistic analysis: morphonological, lexi- senbaev, Kanat Kabrakhmanov, Auyezhan Kodar, cal, semantic and structural. Dyusenbek Nakipov, Hassen Adibaev, Aslan Zhak- In the British Place-names the following mor- sylykov and other writers think and write profession- phological processes take place: hybridization, e.g.: ;s+ ford + ton; Glamorgan ← glan + more + geniۥSilverstone ← Sewulf’s + ton; Yelverton ← Ella Godmanchester ← Lat.Godmund+cestre; reduction: Fotheringhay ← forth + here + ing + eg; Grantchester ← Grant + set; GlenAffric←glen+а+the+break; doublication: Torpenhow Hill ← tor + pen + how + Hill; adaptation: Conisbrough; Glastonbury; Gold’s + pie (E) ← by (ON ).

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Such modifi cations as stone → ton, bor- ited places: Sherborne, Fulbrook, Bakewell, Tran- ough → burg, chester → set cause the loss of mere, Oxford, Breamore, Stodmarsh, Swindon, primary meaning and appearance of naive folk Goodwood, Bromsgrove, Bexley, and Hatfi eld – all interpretation of the new form, e.g. Brownsea Is- have second elements that denote topographical land → Brunkeseye, where the fi nal component E features. eye ← OE ieg. Folk interpretation of Brownsee is The Glossaries provide a selection of the mean- considered: brown + sea. ings found for some of these topographical elements In the Russian Place-names the following mor- and give an idea of the great range and variety of phological processes take place: this vocabulary. From the structural point of view, reduction: Semivragi, Prechistenka, Sukhodol, most English Place-names are compounds, that is Sivtsev Vrajek, Kholmogory, Kitai-gorod, Spas- they consist of two elements, the fi rst of which usu- zaulki, Zamoskvorechie, Novgorod; ally qualifi es the second. The fi rst element in such adaptation: Pinega, Onega, Ladoga, Vetluga, compounds may be a noun, an adjective, a river- Sviyaga, Volga, Vichegda, Vologda, Nerekhta; name, a personal name, or a tribal name. Typical rotation: fi nal component ga/da (means wa- examples of compound Place-names formed during ter) is observed in the North while in the centre of the Old English period are: ,s treeۥRussia va/ma: Neva, Sosva, Narva, Proshva, Kama, Daventry, Coventry, Oswestry (Dafa ,s tree), dar/der: Derwent, Daren’t, Dart, DarlyۥChukhloma, Kostroma, Bogulma, Yakhloma; Cofa hybridization: Belozero, Churozero, Ustozero, Darvel (celtic: deruenta → dar/der); beith (Gaelic: Orenburg, Omsk, Tomsk. beither → E birch): Dalbeattie; ash: Knotty Ash, According to the typological investigations of Bramhall, Bramton, Bromley, Bromsgrove, Brom- the languages it is noted that morphological and yard; Juniper Green, Creydon, Beeston, Farnham, lexical dynamics is characteristic for the Russian Glastonbury. onyms while structural changes prevail in the Eng- However some Place-Names consist of one ele- lish onyms. Semantical transformations (conver- ment only, at least to begin with: examples include sions) are observed in the system of onyms as well, names like Combe (’the valley’), Hale, Lea, Stoke, where secondary nomination units are products of Stowe, Thorpe, Worth, and Wyke. cognitive dynamics. Less common are names consisting of three Though the description of Place-names in Ger- elements such as Claverton (’burdock ford farm- manic written sources appeared 600 years earlier stead’), Redmarley, Woodmansterne, and Wother- than in Slovenic, there are common features in both ton; in most of these the third element has probably languages. Comparative analysis of Indo-European been added later to an already existing compound. roots shows that changes in toponymic patterns So comparative analysis of Russian and Brit- are mainly caused by the morphological dynam- ish onyms from the structural point of view shows ics. Many old Place-names have undergone some linguistic creativeness of speech patterns. The crea- degree of reduction in the long period since they tiveness is manifested in such morphological pro- were fi rst coined. Place-names form very large and cesses as reduction, doublication, hybridization and diverse groups of onyms, representing descrip- adaptation. Universal models characteristic for both tion of some topographical objects either natural or languages are shown. man-made, which were then transferred to the set- References tlement, probably at a very early date, e.g. Bourton-in-the-Water; Bourton-upon-Trent; 1. Cassagne Jean-Marie; Korsak, Marida. Le noms de lieux Bourton-in-the-Hill; Black Bourton; Burton Con- du Tarn.– Editions sud Quest, 2008. – 319 p. 2. Mills A. David. Oxford Dictionary of British Place- stable; Clayton-le Moors; Clayton-le-Dale; Clay- Names.– Oxford University Press, 2003. – 513 p. ton-le-Wools; 3. Dorward David. Scotland’s Place-Names. – Glasgow: object quality: Bradwell-on-Sea, Belcoo; Bell and Bain Ltd., 2001.– 160 p. Cromarty; Hugh Town; Kyle of Lochalsh; Lang- 4. Delahunty, Andrew. Oxford Dictionary of Nicknames. – holm; Huntington; Leeds Castle; Gidea Park; Oxford University Press, 2006. – 229 p. Chidwell; 5. Cresswell, Julia. Dictionary of First Names. – Chambers historical occasions: Brentwood (burnt wood); Harrap Publishers Edinburgh: Ltd. 2009. – 468 p. Fotheringhay (forth + here + ing + hay); Barnsta- 6. Mills, David. Dictionary of London Place Names. – Ox- ple, Dunstaple (staple); Brittas Bay (briotas); Bea- ford University Press, 2004. consfi eld, Dunkery Beacon, Brecon Beacons. The names for rivers and streams, springs and The work was submitted to the International lakes, fords and roads, marshes and moots, hills Scientifi c Conference «Modern sociology and edu- and valleys, woods and clearings, and various oth- cation», London, October, 19-26, 2013, came to the er landscape features are also the names of inhab- editorial offi ce оn 19.09.2013.

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