Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(12): 2941-2951

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 12 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.912.349

Plants Used as Ethanomedicine by the Adi Tribes of Sille-Oyan Circle of : Source for Livelihood and Medicine

Tantulung Tatan*, T. S. Mehra, Senjem Semba, Haffis Mohammed and Fullmoon Puwein

College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, , Arunachal Pradesh-791102, *Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

The objectives of the present study were to document the ethno-medicinal plants use by the Adi tribes of Sille-Oyan Circle of Arunachal Pradesh for therapeutic diseases. These are not only for treat ailments but also for the potential source of economy of the peoples as well as to the village. The present study recorded 59 plant species which belong to 34 K e yw or ds families for various uses from which Asteraceae family, (6) is mainly used and mostly are

herbs. The local practitioner has a vast knowledge regarding identification, extraction, Arunachal Pradesh, uses, preparation and applications of plants and herbs for the treatment of various kinds of Adi Tribe, ailments locally. Traditional drug treatments are the mainstay of healthcare in this region Traditional, and are known to support the treatment of many illnesses. Some of the medicinal plants Medicinal, Plants used by aboriginal peoples are Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Acmella oleracea, Clerodendum

Article Info colebrookianum, Houttuynia cordata, Solanum indicum and Solanum nigrum, etc. The folk use some plants has also been scientifically validated such as the leaves of Clerodendrum

Accepted: colebrookianum (Ongin) are consumed by aboriginal peoples to check high blood pressure 18 November 2020 and the same is evident by the research that the extract of plant possesses hypotensive Available Online: properties. In the present paper, emphasis is given to highlight some of the important 10 December 2020 plants consumed by the Adi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh and their medicinal benefits to serve as a basis for their further scientific validation. The study was done to conserve the

importance of traditional knowledge of tribes as these tribal people are rapidly acquiring the modern culture and custom threatening the plants and vanishing the traditional value of the plants.

Introduction traditional medical systems continue to play an essential role in health care, with about From the early age, people used various 80% of the world’s inhabitants relying mainly materials from nature to cure their ailments to on traditional medicines for their primary improve their health. There is only one source health care (WHO 2002-2005). Ethno- of medicinal agent i.e., is nature. Many medicine is defined as the interdisciplinary modern drugs are being isolated from natural science of biologically active traditionally sources which are based on their use in observed by man (Holmstedt and Bruhn, traditional medicine. These plant- based 1983). India has vast ethnomedicinal 2941

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knowledge since ancient times. Origin of all costumes and lifestyle of the people. The such knowledge in India is from the great festivals are mainly celebrated for feasts, a traditional system of Ayurveda. Arunachal good harvest of crop, merriment and for Pradesh with a total geographical area of narrating the myths, legends, folklore and 83,743 sq km. is the largest state of Northeast mythologies. India which occupies a major portion of the Eastern Himalaya global biodiversity hotspot Materials and Methods harbouring over 500 species of medicinal plants, latitude 26° 28'N and 29°33' N and The present study was done in the Sille-Oyan between 91°31'E and 97°30' E longitude Circle Villages which is located in East Siang (Mandal et al., 2002). An ethnomedicinal District of Arunachal Pradesh State, India. study takes into account knowledge of the Adi The method used for collecting the tribes inhabiting in the area, with particular information is both from primary and reference to their distribution, secondary sources. The relevant secondary language/dialect spoken, food habit, rituals information was collected from both and practices, traditional practices followed in published and unpublished materials available agriculture, house building, art and craft in various government agencies, newspapers, objects made out of plant and their products, libraries, books, journals and magazine. The etc. An ethnomedicinal study of the area, ethno-medicinal information was collected by therefore, aims to cover under its purview the field survey among Adi community of the whole of information about plants namely villager and discussions among the informants plants used as medicine. The Adi language in their own local dialogue (Adi) and spoken by the people of this region belongs to identifying the Knowledgeable traditional the Tibeto-Burman language family (Mandal healers known as Miri Abu based on their et al., 2002; Singh 1998; Dutta and Ahmad experience on herbal medicine and interviews 1995). Earlier studies published on different were carried out with the identified local districts on Adi tribe include Singh et al., people and traditional healers. The (2008), Singh et al., (2012), Nimasow et al., questionnaire allowed responses on the plant (2012), Baruah et al., (2013) Sharma and prescribed, part of the plant used, medicinal Borthakur (2008), Yumnum and Tripathi uses for each part, mode of preparation (i.e., (2013) and Singh et al., (2010). Adi people decoction, paste, powder and juice), a form of celebrate different festivals like solung, etor usage (either fresh or dried) and additional and aaran etc., which are essential parts of plants used as ingredients. The information their socio-cultural life. Ethnomedicine collected was noted in the note book. studies depend on comprehensively on indigenous and local knowledge; they face the Results and Discussion challenge of adequately bringing evidence from these knowledge systems. The challenge There are various types of medicine practiced arises not only because unwritten forms of in the world, with its own beliefs and knowledge can be difficult to transpose to into therapeutics but with one collective purpose: written scientific studies (Raid et al., 2006, easing of disease. The objective of the study Berkes, 2018), but more importantly because was not only for medicinal used but scientific studies might decontextualize the conservation and management were also information and remove it from the cultural included for the sustainable use of the plants environment that gives it meaning (Stevenson (Fig. 1). 1996). Festivals reflect the traditions,

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Table.1 Plants used by Adi tribe of Sille-Oyan circle of Arunachal Pradesh

Sl. Common Scientific Name Family Used Habit Part used Method No. Name 1 Namsing Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae Leaf Paste Applied Herb Leaves Poultices ing On Cuts For Blood Clotting 2 Kordoi Averrhoa carambola L. Oxalidaceae For Treat Jaundice Tree Ripe Fruits Raw 3 Pasi tirbin Ardisia solanacea Roxb. Myrsinaceae Antidote For Insect Tree Tender Paste Poisoning Leaves 4 Buri Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Phyllanthaceae Constipation Tree Fruits Raw

5 Sising Begonia josephii A. DC. Begoniaceae Jaundice, Burning Of Herb Shoot, Leaves Infusion, Bayong Urine Decoction 6 Taso lapyo Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Wound-Root Herb Root Paste Paste Diarrhoea-Leaves Leaves Infusions 7 Kat-Buk Bryophyllum Crassulaceae Skin Burn And Shrub Leaves Paste pinnatum (Lam.) Oken Fracture 8 Ramsing Caesalpinia Fabaceae Constipation And Shrub Leaves Infusion pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Kidney Stones 9 Akon Calotropis gigantea (L.) Apocynaceae Sprains, Boils And Shrub Leaves Raw Atang W.T.Aiton Body Pains 10 Omri Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Cracks Of Feet, Herb Flower, Fruit Decoction, Gastritis , Malaria Infusion, Raw

11 Kiling Kro Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Apiaceae Gastritis, Malaria- Herb Leaves Infusion Typhoid Jaundice 12 Jilmil sak Chenopodium album L. Amaranthaceae Anaemia, Debility, Herb Seeds Decoction, Infusion Eye Tonic ,Leaves, Roots

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13 Hira Tarpa Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae Antidote For Herb Tubers Decoction, Infusion Snakebite

14 Ongin Clerodendrum Verbenaceae High Blood Pressure Shrub Leaves Raw, Decoction, colebrookeanum Infusion Walp 15 Urom Costus spp. Costaceae Respiratory Problem, Herb Leaves And Decoction, Infusion banggen Urinary Problem Stem

16 Yakana Curcuma caesia Roxb. Zingiberaceae Diarrhoea , Dysentery Shrub Rhizome Decoction Kelodi And Wound

17 Makung Cucumis sativus L. Cucurbitaceae Acidity, Diabetes, Shrub Fruit, Seeds Raw, Boil High Blood Pressure, Stone, Deworming 18 Okolibo Deeringia amaranthoides Amaranthaceae Piles, Constipation, Shrub Leaves Decoction, (Lam.) Merr. Infusion

19 Kekut Eleutherococcus Araliaceae For Improve Shrub Bark Dried, trifoliatus (L.) Memory, Cough And Decoction S.Y.Hu Cold 20 Ritak Eryngium Apiaceae Cough, Cold , Body Herb Leaves Paste floridanum J.M.Coult. Pain, Headache and Rose 21 Gende Gynura crepidioides Astereacea Gastritis, Stone, Herb Leaves Decoction, Benth. Headaches Infusion

22 Notke Gonostegia hirta Urticaceae Antidote For Gandhi Herb Tender Leave Decoction, Infusion (Hassk.) Miq. Bug Poisoning

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23 Taki sidik Gynocardia odorata Roxb. Achariaceae Ant Diabetic, Tooth Tree Bark, Leaves,Decoction, Infusion Decay Fruits

24 Rokpomey Gynura nepalensis DC. Asteraceae Piles. Appendicitis Herb Leaves Decoction, o And Flower Infusion

25 Asi pum Homonoia riparia Lour. Euphorbiaceae Antidote For Snake Shrub Leave Decoction, Bite, Skin diseases Poultice,

26 Loram Houttuynia cordata Saururaceae Deworming, Herb Leave Decoction, Thunb. Gastritis Infusion 27 Engin Plectranthus Convolvulceae Goitre, Dysentery, Herb Tender Leave Decoction, Infusion Taree esculentus Hypertension, N.E.Br. Constipation 28 Beying Lasia spinosa (L.) Araceae Dysentery, Liver Herb Leave Decoction, Thwaites Tonic ,Stem Infusion 29 Eki sypiak Leucas aspera (Willd.) Lamiaceae. Reduce Fever, Herb Leaves, Paste Link Antidote, Headache Flower 30 Singe Manihot esculenta Crantz Euphorbiaceae Debility, Weakness Shrub Tender Decoction Engin Leaves, Tubers

31 Kerala Momordica charantia L Cucurbitaceae Debility, Stone, Climber Leaves, Decoction Diabetes Fruit, 32 Aksap Mussaenda frondosa L. Rubiaceae Urinary Problem Tree Leaves Decoction

33 Take- Ocimum gratissimum L. lamiaceae Cough, Gastritis Herb Leave Decoction, mareng Infusion 34 Riki Operculina turpethum Convolvulaceae Cut, Weakness, Herb Whole Decoction, modon (L.) Silva Manso Nerve Disorder, Infusion Jaundice, Constipation

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35 Piyak iyub Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Ring Worm .Stone Herbs Leaves Poultices, Infusion Diabetes, Tonsillitis, Dysentery 36 Yepe tare Paederia foetida L. Rubiaceae Dysentery, Diabetes Climber Leaves Infusion

37 Namdung Perilla ocymoides L. Lamiaceae Heart Problems, Herb Seed Powder Allergies Cold And Coughs 38 Pan anne Piper betle L. Piperaceae Cold And Cough, Climber Leaves Raw, Paste Mouth Wash 39 Jalub Piper nigrum L Piperaceae Cold And Cough, Climber Fruit Raw, Paste Fever ,Infusion 40 Rori Piper pedicellatum C.DC Piperaceae Constipation, Herb Leave, Raw, Paste Stomach Fruit Tonic 41 Donyi Plantago major L. Plantaginaceae Gastritis, Urine Flow, Herb Leave Decoction, Infusion sunkang Stone, Tonic,

42 Tapir Phoebe cooperiana U.N Lauraceae Dysentery, Diarrhoea Tree Fruit, Raw Kanjilal ex A. Das Leaves 43 Sayong Polygonum hydropiper L. polygonaceae Menstrual Problem, Herb Leaves Decoction, Infusion

44 Oyik Gonostegia hirta (Hassk.) Urticaceae Stomach Ache Herb Leaves Decoction Miq. 45 Aki Rokmi Ricinus communis L Euphorbiaceae Wound Healing, Shrub Leaves Raw, Poultice Backache, Muscle Ache 46 Gam oying Breynia androgyna (L.) Phyllanthaceae Eye Tonic, Multi- Shrub Leave Decoction, Chakrab. and N.P.Balakr Vitamins. Infusion 47 Tasut Smilax aspera L. Smilacaceae Itching, Rash Climber Fruit Raw, Paste Nekung

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48 Peyomg Scoparia dulcis L Plantaginaceae Gastric Herb Leaves Decoction, Infusion 49 Donyi gori Senna alata (L.) Roxb Caesalpinioideae Fungal Infection, Herb Leaves Decoction, Ringworm Infusion 50 Bangko Solanum spirale Roxb. Solanaceae Gastritis, Malaria and Shrub Leaves and Decoction,Infusio Debility Fruit n 51 Kopir Solanum viarum Dunal Solanaceae Spleen Problem. Shrub Leaves, Decoction, Kidney Stones Fruit Infusion 52 Okomamang Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Anaemia, Liver Tonic, Herb Leaves, Fruit Decoction, Infusion Gynaecological Disorders 53 Kodu Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Spleen And Stone Herb, Fruit, Seed Decoction, Problem Infusion 54 Ogen Sonchus oleraceus L. Asteraceae Stone, Gastritis Herb Leaves Decoction, Infusion 55 Marsang Acmella oleracea Asteraceae Cough, Toothache, Herb Seeds, LeavesInfusion, Raw (L.) R.K.Jansen Painkiller

56 Peji- Urtica urens L. Urticaceae Headache With Herb Tender Decoction, pemang Spleen Pains. Leave Infusion 57 Onger Zanthoxylum rhetsa Rutaceae Painkiller, Cough Shrub Leaves, Infusion (Roxb.) DC. ,Asthma Fruits, Seeds,

58 Rekom Zanthoxylum Rutaceae Cancer, Pain Killer, Shrub Seeds, Stem, Infusion nitidum (Roxb.) Asthma, Toothache Leave DC. 59 Takeeng Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae Cold and Cough, Herb Rhizome Decoction Tonsillitis, Vomiting

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a b c

d e f

g h i

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a

b

c Fig. 1 — (a) Map of India- Source (Map of India); (b) Map of Arunachal-Source (State remote sensing application Centre, Govt. of India; (c)Map of study Area- Source (District census book, East

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The study identified 59 plants which are used in the wild are in a great risk of extinction so; by the peoples residing in the oyan-sille circle they must be brought in cultivation for their treating ailments and has been presented in availability. The state forest department, table 1. During the survey, it was found that NGOs in collaborating with villager should various parts of the plants’ species are used conduct awareness program for the like seeds, stem, root and rhizome which management, protection and cultivation of the belong to 34 families. Among the family species. They should teach them not to take Asteraeceae (6) species, solanaceae (4) were out all the plant species from a particular area mostly used. Out of total plant species 36 as these plants may be endemic to that area herbs, 16 shrubs, 6 trees and 5 climbers. The and if these are harvested we should leave leaves were then widely used plant parts and some plant and spread seeds in that area from the method was both decoction and infusion. regeneration. The women should also play a During the study it was found the various key role in conservation and sustainable use plants are also used in religious and most of of the biodiversity, as they are the primary the plants which are used in traditional collectors of the house for domestic medicine are used as vegetables by the consumption. villagers and the people residing in the city buy vegetables which are sell by those Acknowledgements villagers for income generation, the plants like Clerodendron colebrookianum, The authors express their gratitude to all the Houttuynia cordata, Sauropus androgynous, Adi villagers of Sille Oyan Circle who have Splinthus acmella etc., through which the shared their valuable knowledge. They are family income of the villagers are also also thankful to Dean, College of Horticulture generated and they can improved their living and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, standard by growing these plants as home Pasighat for his guidance and encouragement. garden. Conflicts: The authors declared no conflicts In conclusion, traditional medicines are of interest importance for the primary healthcare in this region since most of the village has to go far References from the village to city for the modern medical facility. There is a significant aspect Baruah, S., Borthakur, S.K., Gogoi, P., and of studying the traditional method of Ahmed, A. 2013. Ethnomedicinal plants medicine from which we can know the used by Adi –Minyong tribe of importance of the plants and in which Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya. ailments they are used by which scientific Indian J. Trad. Knowl 4(3), 278–282. validation of plants used by local Berkes, F., 2018. Sacred ecology: Traditional communities could be beneficial for the ecological knowledge and resource development of modern potential drugs. management. New York. Taylor and Therefore there is an urgent need of scientific Francis. screening of the plants for identifying the Dutta, P., and Ahmad, S.I. 1995. People of bioactive compounds for the formulation of India, Arunachal Pradesh, Vol. XVI. new drugs. They are useful for the Anthropological Survey of India, management, conservation and Calcutta. documentation of some plants which are Holmstedt, B., and Bruhn, J.G., 1983. widely exploited by which their populations Ethnopharmacology—a challenge.

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Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 8(3), Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya. 251-256. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. 11(1), 143 – 149. Mandal, H., Mulherjee, S., and Datta, A. Singh, R.K., Singh, A., Tag, H., and Adi 2002. India an illustrated Atlas of community. 2008. Traditional Skill Tribal World. Anthropological Survey among the Adi tribes of Arunachal of India, Kolkata. Pradesh, Indian J. Trad. Knowl. 7 (1), Nimasow, G., Ringu, N., and Nimasow, O.D. 27–36. 2012. Ethnomedicinal Knowledge Singh, R.K., Srivastava, R.C., Adi community Among the Adi Tribes of Lower Dibang and Mukherjee, T.K. 2010. Toko-Patta Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Intrn. (Liviston jenkinsiana Griff): Adi Res. J. Pharm. 3(6), 223–229. community and conservation of Reid, W.V., Berkes, F., Wlbanks, T., and culturally important endangered tree Capistrano, D. 2006. Bridging scales species in eastern Himalaya. Indian J. and knowledge systems: linking global Trad. Knowl, 9(2), 231–241 science and local knowledge in Singh, S.K., 1998. India’s Communities A-G. assessments. Millennium Ecosystem Vol. IV. Anthropological Survey of Assessment and Island, Washington. India, Calcutta. Sharma, T.K., and Borthakur, S.K. 2008. World Health Organization.WHO Traditional Ethnobotanical observations on Medicine Strategy2002-2005.Geneva. Bamboos among Adi tribes in http://www.who.int/medicines/library/tr Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J. Trad. m/trm_str at_eng.pdf. Knowl. 7(4), 594 –597. Yumnum, J.Y., and Tripathi, O.P., 2013. Singh, R.K., Singh, A., and Bhardwaj, R. Ethnobotany: Plants use in fishing and 2012. Namdung (Perilla ocymoides): A hunting by Adi Tribe of Arunachal Bioculturally rich plant in food and Pradesh. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. 12(1), livelihood security of Adi Women in 15–16.

How to cite this article:

Tantulung Tatan, T.S. Mehra, Senjem Semba, Haffis Mohammed and Fullmoon Puwein. 2020. Plants Used as Ethanomedicine by the Adi Tribes of Sille-Oyan Circle of Arunachal Pradesh: Source for Livelihood and Medicine. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(12): 2941-2951. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.912.349

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