Index

A Assembly of the Republic, 96, 120, absolute majority, 52, 82, 101, 157, 139 163, 164 Attorney General, 117 abstention, 56 attribution of decorations, 118 Achilles heel, 99 Australia, 120 Afonso, Luís, 140 Austria, 34, 80, 117 African colonies, 10 authoritarian/, 28, 32 authoritarian regime, 26, 80 Alegre, Manuel, 72 authoritarian temptation, 142 Alkatiri, Mari, 45, 99, 141 autocracy, 154 Alvarez, M.E., 10, 161 Autonomous Regions of and Amorim Neto, Octávio, 17, 34, 76 , 92, 113 Ancien Régime, 5 Azores Summit, 98 appoint ambassadors, 117 appointment and dismissal, 96 B appointment and dismissal of cabinets, Bachelot, C., 60 111 Bagehot, 62 April 25, 1974, 28, 163 Balladur, Edouard, 158 arch of governability, 146 Balsemão, Francisco Pinto, 105 arch of government, 64 Bancati, Dawn, 78 Armed Forces Movement (MFA), 28 Barroso, Alfredo, 77 Aron, Raymond, 15 Barroso, José Manuel Durão, 98, 110, Asia, 10 115, 160

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive 169 license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 R. Graça Feijó, Presidents in Semi-Presidential Regimes, Palgrave Studies in Presidential Politics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53180-5 170 INDEX

BE (Bloco de Esquerda/Left Bloc), 73 Chirac, Jacques, 158 belligerent democracy, 74, 140, 144 Christos Sartzetakis, 80 Berlin Wall, 9 citizens’ sovereignty, 155 Beuman, L., 75, 76, 159 civil societies, 80 Big Men, 44 civil war, 79 blockage forces, 136 1975 civil war, 67 Blondel, Jean, 2, 31 clemency, 118 bonapartism, 30, 155 CNRT (Congresso Nacional para Bourdieu, Pierre, 61 a Reconstrução de Timor- Bovensiepen, Judith, 43 Leste/National Congress for the Brancati, D., 76 Reconstruction of Timor-Leste), Brazil, 7 44, 59, 141 Brinks, D., 10 coalition governments, 53, 162 Bulgaria, 117 coattails effect, 53, 135 Coelho, Pedro Passos, 132, 136 cohabitation, 4, 75, 125, 133, C 158–160 cabinet, 62 cohabitation episodes, 159 Caetano, Marcello, 28 communist party, 63, 79, 130 candidate centred, 71 communists, 115 Canotilho, J.J. Gomes, 34, 35 competences in protocol, 118 caretaker, 147 competence to dissolve parliament, caretaker government, 143 138 Carey, J.M., 4, 13, 31, 79, 122, 156, competitive elections, 63, 66 166 confidence, 105 Carmona, Óscar, 27 confidence and supply, 146 , 8, 28, 40, 65, confidence and supply agreement, 64, 79 73, 165 Catholic Church, 130 congruent, 103, 130, 133–135 Cavaco Silva, Aníbal, 72 Conselho Nacional da Resistência CDS, 63, 71, 116, 146, 159 Timorense (National Council of ceremonial powers, 26 the Timorese Resistance, 41, 59 Chancellor Wolfgang Schussel, 34 consensual democracy, 141 charisma, 80 consensus democracy, 74 charismatic forms of leadership, 45 consolidation, 10 charismatic leader, 12, 121 consolidation of democracy, 80 Charlesworth, Hillary, 113 Constâncio, Vítor, 33 checks and balances, 82, 122 Constant, Benjamin, 5, 88, 152, 153, Cheibub, J.A., 161 155 ChiefofGeneralStaffoftheArmed Constituent Assembly, 9, 28, 59, 162 Forces, 113 Constituent Assembly of Timor-Leste, Chief of staff of the armed forces, 146 42 INDEX 171

Constituição da República Portuguesa Dahl, R.A., 161 (CRP), 30 da Palma Carlos, Adelino, 28 Constitution, 30, 107, 109, 113 Day of , Camões and the Constitutional Charter, 7, 32 Portuguese communities, 92 Constitutional Court, 12, 33, 101, Dead Poets Society, 14 139 de Almeida, Ferreira, 36 constitutional monarchy, 3, 5, 7, 26, de Araújo, António, 37, 91, 109 153, 154, 164 de Azevedo, Pinheiro, 64 constitutional referral, 101 de Bragança, José Vicente, 77 constitutional review, 101 de Carvalho, Otelo Saraiva, 64 constitutional revision, 32, 33, 36 Declaration 12/2006, 120 1982 constitutional revision, 36, 72, declaration of war and making peace, 73, 106 117 Constitution of 1911, 26 Delgado, Humberto, 27, 32 Constitution of 1933, 27 de Lucena, Manuel, 38 The Constitution of 1975, 41 de Lurdes Pintasilgo, Maria, 71 The Constitution of 2002, 42 de Matos, Luis Salgado, 36 Constitution of the Democratic de Matos, Norton, 31 Republic of Timor-Leste democracy, 154 (CRDTL), 11, 52, 88 democratic authority, 96 Constitution of the Portuguese democratic breakdown, 159 Republic (CRP), 11, 32, 34, 35, democratic legitimacy, 30 52, 88 democratic parliamentary monarchies, Contagion, 9 153, 154 convention, 104 Democratic Party, 82, 141 Coppedge, M., 10 democratic transition, 82, 97 Council of Ministers, 62 democratization, 156 Council of State, 29, 33, 107, 111, democratization process, 54 113–116, 118, 120, 121, 137 de Morais, Blanco, 37, 165 Council of the Revolution, 29, 30, de Morais, Isaltino, 36 33, 34, 38, 96 de Oliveira Salazar, António, 27, 32 coup of 11 March 1975, 29 de Sousa, Marcelo Rebelo, 36, 93, Crespo, Vítor, 33 102, 114, 121, 134, 159, 160, crisis of representation, 80, 81 164 Croatia, 117 de Spínola, António, 28 Czechoslovakia, 80 detachment, 15 Czech Republic, 117 de Vasconcelos, Pedro Bacelar, 45, 101, 104, 108, 113 d’Hondt, 52, 67, 163 D diarchy, 88 da Cruz, Manuel , 30 diarchy of powers, 43, 87, 156, 164 da Cunha, Ricardo Sousa, 45 diffusion, 9 172 INDEX direct and competitive presidential early elections, 165 elections, 26 Eça de Queirós, 9 direct but non-competitive, 26 Economist’s Intelligence Unit, 10, direct democracy, 31 161 direct election, 30, 32 Ehin, Piret, 77 discretionary power, 109 electoral legitimacy, 153, 155, 164 dismiss a government, 109 electoral participation, 55 dismissal of the prime minister, 105, Elgie, R., 3, 14, 36, 56, 122, 156, 108 158–160 dismiss the government, 106, 107, Elias, Norbert, 15 114 Eliot, T.S., 161 dismiss the prime minister, 33 engage in war/declare peace, 114 dissolution, 108 English monarchy, 6 dissolution of parliament, 105, 107, En Marche, 81 110, 111, 115 , 26, 27, 32 dissolution of the assembly, 105 ethos, 46, 89, 118, 122 dissolve parliament, 104, 105, 110, ethos of the presidency, 40 114, 115, 143, 145 EU, 76, 137 Ditadura Militar, 27 Eurocrisis, 136 Ditadura Nacional, 27 Europe, 26, 61, 76, 81 divided government, 61, 75, 158, 159 European Central Bank, 114 do Amaral, Diogo Freitas, 55, 71 European Commission, 110, 115, 160 do Amaral, Francisco Xavier, 74 European Parliament, 110 dominant party, 142 European Union Council, 117 Douglass North, 13 European Union, European Central doxa, 34, 146, 148, 164, 166 Bank and International Monetary Doyle, D., 122 Fund, 137 dual dependence, 112, 132 executive, 89 duality of powers, 156, 162 executive and legislative powers, 3 dual legitimacy, 154, 155 executive power, 65, 76, 88, 129, 164 dual nature of the government system, extra-constitutional power, 91 30 extraordinary convening of parliament, dual responsibility, 40 91 dual responsibility of governments before parliaments and presidents, 162 F Duverger, Maurice, 3, 4, 36, 60, 125, Faculty of Law of the University of 130 Lisboa, 42 Farinho, Domingos, 38 E fatigue, 82 Eanes, Ramalho (president), 33, 64, Fernandes, J., 4, 133, 160 65, 68, 79, 96, 105, 115, 110 Ferreira, J., 8 INDEX 173

Fifth Constitutional, 112 Gianluca Passarelli, 68 Fifth Republic, 9 Gomes Canotilho, J.J., 108 Finland, 3, 117 government, 61, 62, 112 first ballot, 53 government alternance, 130 First Constitutional Government, 75, government of national inclusion, 74, 142 140, 160 first order, 56 governments of presidential initiative, first past the post electoral systems, 65 43, 52, 162 grand historical narrative, 13, 46, 161, First Republic, 26, 32, 63, 79 166 forces of blockage, 139 Greece, 9, 80 foreign relations, 88, 90, 117 Green party, 81 formation, control and termination of Gusmão, Xanana, 14, 44, 92, 97, 99, the government, 122 104, 106, 116, 120, 121, 140, Fortes, Braulio Gomez, 58 141, 163 Foucault, Michel, 17 Guterres, António, 116, 134 fourth power, 93 Guterres, Francisco (aka Lu Olo), 74, fragmentation of the party system, 64 105, 140, 160 fragmented party systems, 52, 81, 82, 157 H fragmented political systems, 82 Haegel, R., 60 France, 4, 26, 60, 117 hegemonised, 82 France Insoumise, 81 hegemony, 76, 81 France, Lithuania and Romania, 117 historical legacy, 9 Franco, Vasco, 138 historical legitimacy, 142 Freedom House, 10, 161 Hofer, Norbert, 81 Freedom of the Press Bill, 94 honeymoon elections, 135 Freire, André, 58 horizontal accountability, 7, 19, 82, French Revolution, 6, 152 136, 139, 146, 148, 158, 164, French Third Republic, 3 166 fresh elections, 143 human agency, 13, 17 Fretilin, 40, 42, 44, 99, 116, 140 hyper-presidentialization, 158 Frye, T., 90

I G II Constitutional Government, 120 Gaspar, Carlos, 38 impeachment, 99, 112, 145 Geertz, Clifford, 16 implicit, 91 genetic code, 13, 109 implicit clause, 79 Gerasaun Foun, 141 implicit powers, 91 German Federal Republic, 3 incentive, 67, 152 Germany’s Weimar Republic, 3 incentive mechanism, 17, 164 174 INDEX incentives for inclusive politics, 162 J inclusiveness of the democratic system, Jalali, C., 4, 58, 61, 91, 133, 138, 163 160 incumbent, 58, 81 Jospin, Lionel, 158 independence, 54 judicial authority, 88 judicial power, 63, 143 independent, 31, 66, 160, 164 Junta de Salvação Nacional, 28 independent candidate, 71, 75 independent ethos, 152 independent presidents, 4, 12, 77, 78, K 125 Karl, T.L., 10, 161 indirizzo politico, 152 KHUNTO (Kmanek Haburas individual and collective agency, 166 Unidade Nacional Timor individual candidatures, 70 Oan/Enrich the National Unity of the Sons of Timor), 69, 141 Indonesia, 40 King Louis-Philippe, 152 Indonesian invasion, 79 Kirchschlager, Rudolf, 80 Indonesian occupation, 66, 74, 99, Klestil, Thomas, 34 141, 163 initiation and termination of the governments’ term in office, 103 L initiative, 113 Latin America, 3 instability, 28 Law 3/2010, 96 Law of National Defence, 96 institutional and political Left Bloc, 64, 130 responsibilities, 38 legal-rational forms, 45 institutional choice, 31 legislative, 88, 89 institutionalized competition, 162 legislative and executive power, 63 institutional versus political confidence, legislative elections, 157 39 legislative supervision, 90, 100, 166 institutional witchcraft, 19, 156, 157, legitimacy, 87, 158 165 Leite, Manuela Ferreira, 136 international community, 66 lia nai’n, 44 International Monetary Fund, 114 liberal democracy, 66 International Stabilization Force, 99 Lijphart, Arend, 10, 19, 37, 43, 162 investiture, 65, 142 Linde, Jonas, 31, 156 Linz, J.J., 10, 153, 154, 156 involvement, 15 liurai, 44 Iraq war, 98, 118 Lobato, Nicolau, 59 Ireland, 80, 117 Lobo, Marina Costa, 17, 32, 37, 103, Italy, 3, 81 110, 122 IV and V Constitutional Governments, Lopes, Pedro Santana, 37, 108, 110, 68 115 INDEX 175

Louis Napoléon, 26 Moreira, Vital, 34–36, 108, 162 Lusophone, 42 Mozambique, 42, 142 Lusophone brand of multi-party, constitutional democracy, semi-presidentialism, 46 43 Lusophone world, 10

N M Napolitano, Giorgio, 81 Macao, 89, 118 National Parliament, 94, 99, 120 MacArthur, General, 98 national salvation compromise, 137 Macron, Emmanuel, 81 negative power, 89, 100, 138 Magalhães, Pedro, 58 neighbouring Melanesian peoples, 44 majority executives, 132 Neto, Octávio Amorim, 103, 111, majority governments, 130 122 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 15 neutral power, 7 Martins, Luís Paixão, 66 Nobel Peace Prize, 44, 163 Matos, Luís Salgado de, 8 Nobel Prize, 13 Nobre, Fernando, 73 Mattarella, Sergio, 82 Nogueira, Fernando, 112 mature democracies, 80 non-autonomous territory, 40 May 28, 1926, 27 non-competitive, indirect, 26 Mélenchon, Jean Luc, 81 non-partisan candidates, 54, 67 Metcalff, L.K., 122 non-partisan personalities, 115 method, 67 non-partisan presidents, 67, 80 MFA Assembly, 29 Novais, J.R., 35, 39, 95, 108 military, 161 November 28, 40 military command, 90 military invasion, 40 minority, 130, 162 O minority cabinets, 130 October 5, 1910, 26 minority executive, 53, 142 one government, one majority, one minority government, 65, 68, 73, 132 president, 35 minority party, 148 open presidencies, 93 Minoves, Juli, 153 Organic Law 5/2014, 96 Miranda, Jorge, 32 organs of sovereignty, 33, 62, 96, 88, Mitterrand, François, 158 89, 113, 164, 166 modalities of semi-presidentialism, 60 moderating functions, 31, 65 moderating power, 5, 7, 32, 40, 56, P 61, 67, 70, 77, 82, 88–90, 125, 1976 Pact, 65 152, 153, 156, 164, 166 Pact for Financial Assistance, 138 Montesquieu, 5, 88, 152, 155 Pact MFA-Parties, 29 Moreira, Adriano, 27 parliamentarian regime, 162 176 INDEX parliamentarian republics, 3 Platform of Constitutional Agreement, parliamentarism, 2, 26, 30, 32, 156 29 parliamentarist, 37 PLP (Partido da Libertação do parliamentary competition, 164 Povo/People’s Liberation Party), parliamentary investiture, 132 69 parliamentary majority, 130, 144, Poland, 117 147, 158 Polanyi, Karl, 6 parliamentary ones, 70 political agency, 165 parliamentary regimes, 28, 89, 153 political agenda, 122 parliamentary republic, 26 political appointments, 90 parliamentary support, 104 political confidence, 110 parliamentary system, 156 political confrontation, 143 parliaments, 91, 158 political congruency, 4, 160 participant observation, 15 political culture, 32 participation, 31, 55 political doxa, 12 partisan competition, 166 political independence, 166 partisan representation, 166 political instability, 26, 148 party affiliation, 79 political veto(es), 101, 103 party agency, 79 Polity IV, 10, 161 party agents, 75, 82, 130, 133 polyarchy, 161 party fatigue, 80 Popper, Karl, 17 party fragmentation, 31, 162 popular legitimacy, 88 party fray, 45, 65, 82 populism, 81 party systems, 65, 129 Portas, Paulo, 132, 137 Pasquino, G., 157, 158, 161 Portugal, 144 Passarelli, G., 8, 52, 56, 60, 62, 158, Portuguese colonial domination, 43 159 Portuguese constitution, 95, 109 path dependence, 13, 166 in Asia, 9 PCP, 63 Portuguese First Republic, 3, 162 Pedro IV, 7 positive powers, 89 People’s Republic of China, 118 positive powers of initiative, 113 Pereira, André Gonçalves, 35 pouvoir d’empêcher, 89, 147, 164, 166 personalization, 56 pouvoir de statuer, 89, 147, 166 personalization of authority, 32 power of appointment, 112, 113 personal legitimacy, 67 power of appointment and dismissal, personal prestige, 80 103 Pessoa, Fernando, 26 power of appointment and Petroleum Fund, 145 nomination, 114 Pinto, António Costa, 59, 76, 165 power of public word, 90 Pinto, Ricardo Leite, 36 power of reaction, 89 Pires, Francisco Lucas, 39 power of the sword, 95 Piret Ehin, 76 power of the word, 100 INDEX 177 power-sharing, 88, 89, 140, 154, 162, presidentialization of politics, 56 164 presidential majority, 71, 132, 134, power-sharing system, 43 158–162 powers in regard to the states of presidential party(ies), 68, 69, 75 exception place, 119 presidential power to dismiss the powers of action, 89 prime minister, 110 powers of persuasion, 102 presidential power to dissolve the powers of reaction, 113 legislature, 34 the power to declare the state of presidential prerogative, 120 emergency or the state of siege, presidential republics, 2 119 presidential, semi-presidential or powers to declare war and make, 118 parliamentary, 60 the power to determine the realization presidential system, 26–28 of referendums, 119 President of the Court of Audits, 113 power to dismiss governments, 107 president-parliamentarism, 159 power to nominate the prime minister, president-parliamentary, 30, 40 104 president-seeking organizations, 60 power to refuse appointments, 144 President Soares, 33, 35, 46, 159, 160 PPD/PSD, 35, 63 presidents without a party, 65 PRD (Partido Renovador presidents without majority, 65, 130 Democrático/Party for President Truman, 98 Democratic Renewal), 71 prime-minister seeking organizations, preferential systems, 52 61 premier-presidential, 89, 156 Prince Pedro, 7 premier-presidentialism, 40, 159 principal–agent theory, 13 president and the prime minister in procedural impartiality, 6, 130, 146 open conflict, 111 procedural independence, 164 president, Eanes, 159 Processo Revolucionário em Curso presidential activism, 94 (PREC), 31 presidential and parliamentary proportional representation, 31, 43, majorities, 132, 158 52, 64, 82, 157, 162 presidential confidence, 105 Prosecutor General, 112, 113 presidential discretion, 105, 106, 113 Przeworski, A., 161 presidential elections, 30, 56, 67, 70, PSD (Partido Social Democrata/Social 157, 163 Democratic Party), 45, 53, 71, presidentialised semi-presidentialism, 115, 116, 130, 132, 146, 159, 158 160, 162 presidentialism, 2, 3, 26, 28, 32 public campaign funds, 163 presidentialism of the prime minister, public finances, 82, 145 27, 157 public funding, 70 presidentialist, 30, 35 Public Prosecutor, 113 presidentialization, 68 public subventions, 55, 157 178 INDEX public word, 90 Revolution of April 25, 1974, 97 Robinson, Mary, 80 Rodrigues, Eduardo Ferro, 160 Q Roman Catholic, 160 Queirós, Cristina, 36 Roque, Ricardo, 43 Rousseau, 5 Ruak, Taur Matan, 67, 69, 74, 92, R 94, 97, 99, 112, 141, 160 Ramos-Horta, J. (President), 44, 92, rules of engagement of the armed 99, 104, 112, 116, 120, 163 forces, 96 Rapaz, Paulo Canelas, 103, 138 ruling monarchies, 153, 154 Rassemblement National, 81 rate of satisfaction, 139 rationalised parliamentarism, 162 rationalized parliamentary, 35 S ratio of party members per electors, Sá Carneiro, 35 64 Sampaio, Jorge, 36, 72, 93, 98, 110, realm of presidential prerogatives, 122 115, 119, 134, 160 referendum, 42, 119, 160 Samuels, D., 55 Referendum on August 30, 1999, 41 Sartori, Giovanni, 19, 43, 156, 165 referral for constitutional revision, 102 Schmitter, P., 10, 161 regular functioning of democratic Schmitt, H., 56 institutions, 143 second order, 56, 59 regular functioning of institutions, Second Republic, 26, 73 108, 109 Sedelius, Thomas, 31, 156 regular functioning of of the self-determination, 40 democratic institutions, 106 semi-competitive direct elections, 26 regular functioning of political semi-presidentialism, 2, 3, 26, 32, 35, institutions, 106 36, 37, 42, 43, 52, 87, 89, 104, Reif, K., 56 152, 156, 159, 161, 162 rejection motion, 142 semi-presidentialism of assembly, 165 República Nova, 26 semi-presidential regime, 30, 56, 156 Republic of Indonesia, 40, 42, 119 “senatorial” status, 78 Resistance, 42, 44, 53, 73, 140, 163 Shugart, M.S., 4, 55, 122, 156 Resistance movement, 12 Siaroff, A., 122 Resistance to Indonesian occupation, Sidonio Pais’ República Nova, 26, 32 97 Silva, Cavaco, 33, 53, 93, 95, 102, restoration of independence, 42 104, 105, 116, 132, 134, 160 1982 revision, 38, 40, 68 single party majority, 38, 52, 64 1830 Revolution, 5 single party majority governments, Revolutionary Council, 114, 155 162 revolutionary legitimacy, 79, 155 single-party regimes, 42 Revolution on April 25th, 91 single-party state, 41, 43 INDEX 179

Slovakia, 117 syndrome of the wrong palace, 69 Slovenia, 117 Smith, Adam, 6 Soares, Mário, 7, 53, 71, 93, 105, T 110, 115 Tavares de Almeida, 76 socialist party, 33, 53, 63, 64, 72, 73, Tavits, Margit, 56 79, 115, 138, 162 termination of the term in office, 33, socialists, 115 105 social movements, 81 thick description, 16 Socrates, José, 95, 119, 134 Thiers, Louis Adolphe, 152 Southeast Asia, 10, 40 third wave of democratization, 63, Spain, 9 156 Speaker of the House, 160 Thomaz, Américo, 27 spectateur engagé, 15 transition, 10, 28, 156 State, 61 transitional period, 33 state budget, 145 transition from authoritarianism to full state of emergency, 120, 121 democracy, 154 transition to democracy, 63, 80, 153, state of emergency or siege, 97, 114, 163 145 tri-partition of state branches, 88 Stepan, Alfred, 153 troika, 137 Strom, 76 tutelage, 33, 161 STV (Single Transferable Vote), 52 successive appreciation of the constitutionality of laws, 139 U suggestive association, 17, 153 UDP, 29 Superior Council for Defence and unified majority government, 75 Security, 107, 113, 117, 120 United Nations (UN), 42, 116, 144 Superior Council of Magistrates, 113 universal suffrage, 30 Superior Councils of the Judiciary, University of , 35 113 University of Lisbon, 10, 72, 73 supply and demand agreement, 110 UN-sponsored and organized Supreme Commander, 98 self-determination referendum, Supreme Commander of the Armed 119 Forces, 98, 100, 120, 122 UN-sponsored self-determination Supreme Command of the Armed referendum, 118 Forces, 95 UN transitory authority, 79 Supreme Council for Defence and USA, 3 Security, 118 Supreme Court of Justice, 113 Switzerland, 26 V symbolic and ceremonial functions, 89 Vaclav Havel, 80 symbolic and protocol, 90 Van der Bellen, Alexander, 81 180 INDEX

Vatican, 144 World War I, 26 veto, 100 World War II, 80 veto of legislation, 89 veto power, 101, 102, 138, 166 VI Constitutional Government, 74, X 140 XVI Constitutional Government, 37 VII Constitutional Government, 69, XX Constitutional Government, 132, 132 146 VIII Constitutional Government, 69, XXI Constitutional Government, 147 112, 144, 160 Vitorino, António, 38 Voltaire, 6 Y vote of confidence, 132, 142 York University, 136 vote of rejection, 132 young democracies, 80 V Republic, 81 youth parliament, 93

W Z Weber, 59 Zamoyski, Jan, 152 world of propensities, 17 Zenha, Francisco Salgado, 71