Chinese Drywall Q&A

CHINESE DRYWALL Q&A BY GARY ROSEN, PH.D. WWW.GREEN-BUILDINGS.ORG PAGE 1

Chinese Drywall Q&A

The following information is based on our best research as of 4-29-09. It summarizes what we have gleaned from several published reports and from our own investigations. In this newly developing area, no doubt there are inaccuracies but this we feel is the best information to date.

Q. When did the problem Chinese drywall enter the country? A. Drywall is very heavy and transportation is very expensive. Drywall was imported from Norwegian, French and Chinese mills at the end of 2004 and during 2005 due to the drywall shortage. Drywall was not imported from far away places to S Florida in order to save money but due to shortage. After 2005 builders no longer wanted to use imported BNBM Chinese Drywall Chinese drywall but there was still stock and it is alleged that some of the stock was mixed with US board a few sheets here and there in order to use up what was left. It would appear that extensive use of Chinese drywall happened end of 2004 and 2005 during the period of peak U.S. drywall shortages. But houses built after this period could still have some of the left over Chinese drywall.

Q. How do I identify Chinese drywall? A. All US drywall has special markings on the edge tape. If there is no writing on the edge tape indicating an American brand, or the edge tape is generic looking either clear/milky plastic, or plain white paper this would rule out American drywall.

Bad Chinese Drywall #1 Bad Chinese Drywall #2 Bad Chinese Drywall #3

All four pictures above are Chinese drywall. Edge tape is different in each case. Bad Chinese Drywall #2 is the contaminated Knauf brand drywall which is stamped Knauf on the back of the drywall. The distributor of the problem Knauf drywall according to published reports was Banner Supply.

CHINESE DRYWALL Q&A BY GARY ROSEN, PH.D. WWW.GREEN-BUILDINGS.ORG PAGE 2

The edge tape on the Knauf board has its own special blue, white and yellow coloration. Bad Chinese Drywall #1 is another problem Chinese product with no markings on the milky/ clear edge tape. BNBM (upper right) is a Chinese drywall with no known problems. Bad Chinese Drywall #3 has a generic white edge tape with no markings on the tape but the drywall is date stamped on the back. Q. I thought all the Chinese drywall was problematic? A. No, the BNBM drywall comes from a mill near Beijing that has been ISO approved for manufacturing export quality product. It has no detectable odor. Testing has shown no contamination problems with BNBM. Beside BNBM, all other known Chinese drywall imported in end of 2004 and in 2005 appear to be contaminated including both Knauf; the Chinese drywall with the clear generic edge plastic tape and no writing on it; and the Chinese drywall with white generic edge tape and no writing on it but date stamped on the back. All of the problem, contaminated Chinese drywalls are thought to be manufactured from material extracted from an open pit gypsum mine in or around Tianjin China. Open pit gypsum mining may allow organic contaminants from nearby farm areas to be mixed in with the gypsum. The result is contaminated drywall from drywall manufacturing plants obtaining gypsum from such mines. All of the problem Chinese drywall contains a high degree of organic contaminants. The BNBM Chinese drywall and US (USG, National, GP, French (LaFarge) and Norwegian (NorGyp) drywall do not.

Q. Why does the contaminated Chinese drywall smell? A. The material, either the gypsum core and/or the paper face, emits sulphur gases that have a rotten egg odor that is detectable by the nose at very, very low levels. According to Knauf in a letter dated: November 29, 2006: Chemical analysis of the bulk plasterboard indicates that it contains a naturally-occurring iron disulfide mineral (e.g., pyrite). According to Knauf, chemical analyses suggest that this mineral appears to be the source of the sulfur-containing (smelly) compounds emitted from this product.

Q. What about the health related issues with the Chinese drywall? A. As of now, there has been no data to show that Chinese drywall causes any health problmes. People claim to be sick from Chinese drywall but this could be from any number of unrelated causes including flu, asthma, dust mites, mold, animal dander, etc. For example, we have investigated several health complaints of persons living in homes with obvious problem Chinese drywall. We found mold problems in the air handlers and once these were fixed the occupants no longer expressed any health complaints.

CHINESE DRYWALL Q&A BY GARY ROSEN, PH.D. WWW.GREEN-BUILDINGS.ORG PAGE 3

Q. But look at all the corrosion and discoloration of copper, brass, and silver. That must mean that you can get sick from whatever is causing the corrosion. A. In my house we have some old silver. It tarnishes readily. We clean it and it is fine. Tarnished silver does not mean we are getting sick. Similarly, tarnished copper and brass do not mean that the indoor levels of such corrosive agents are at or even anywhere near levels that can make people sick. The test results that we have read show very low levels of the sulphur compounds that are causing the discoloration. It is well established that the levels of suphur compounds that can be smelled are 100’s or 1000’s of times lower than levels that cause irritation or illness. There is a large amount of government and industry studies on the health effects of sulphur gases since these gases are given off during numerous manufacturing processes. We are not talking about unknowns here. These gases and their impact on human health are very well studied. For example Industrial Scientific Corp makes GasBadge personal monitors for SO2 and H2S for miners and factory workers.

Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 0-500 ppm Detection Range

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 0-150 ppm Detection Range

These badges when worn by workers removing the problem Chinese drywall do not read problem levels of either of these two gases. But other sulfur containing gases may also be involved. Further testing is needed to be 100% sure as to what the actual levels of all sulphur gases emitted by the problem Chinese drywall are. For health issues we are interested in the level of emitted gases in the indoor living space and not wall cavities.

Q. What are the hydrogen sulfide odor vs irritation levels that we are talking about?

A. H2S Symptoms at Various Concentrations

0.0047 ppm is the recognition threshold, the concentration at which 50% of humans can detect the characteristic odor of hydrogen sulfide,normally described as resembling "a rotten egg". (Well below Gas Badge detection level.) 10-20 ppm is the borderline concentration for eye irritation. (Above the Gas Badge detection level.) 50-100 ppm leads to eye damage. At 150-250 ppm the olfactory nerve is paralyzed after a few inhalations, and the sense of smell disappears, often together with awareness of danger, 320-530 ppm leads to pulmonary edema with the possibility of death. 530-1000 ppm causes strong stimulation of the central nervous system and rapid breathing, leading to loss of breathing; 800 ppm is the lethal concentration for 50% of humans for 5 minutes exposure (LC50). 1000 ppm > cause immediate collapse with loss of breathing, even after inhalation of a single breath. Note the huge difference between smell (.0047 ppm) and irritation (10-20 ppm) etc.

CHINESE DRYWALL Q&A BY GARY ROSEN, PH.D. WWW.GREEN-BUILDINGS.ORG PAGE 4

Q. What about Sulphur Dioxide? A. According to OSHA … Occupational exposures to sulfur dioxide may lawfully range from 0 to 5 ppm as enforced by your state OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) During any 8-hour workshift of a 40-hour workweek, the average concentration of sulfur dioxide in the workplace may not exceed 5 ppm. However, during system malfunctions or unforeseen events, levels approaching 50 ppm or more have been reported. These permissible exposure levels (PEL) for the work place appear to be much higher than levels anyone would be exposed to living in a house with problem Chinese drywall. However many people question whether OSHA levels based on a 40 hour work week and with adult workers are applicable to children exposed 24/7 especially children with asthma.

Q What about the study that ENVIRON did for Lennar? There are other gases people are concerned about and not just sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide? A. According to the Environ report dated 31 October 2008 called Briefing on Wallboard Emissions: “ENVIRON in their study for Lennar presented the results of sampling for reduced sulfur gases in room air from over 30 homes in Southwest Florida. Carbon disulfide has been detected in approximately half of sampled homes, with typical detected concentrations of approximately 5 ppb – all samples were less than 15 ppb. The lowest chronic MRL (minimal risk level) from ATSDR is 300 ppb. Carbonyl sulfide has been detected occasionally, in the same ppb range. Hydrogen sulfide has never been found at higher levels in room air than the coincident outdoor level.”

Q. This study was paid for by Lennar. Doesn’t that make it suspect? A. No doubt we are all waiting for the EPA or other government agency to make their reports. But in my mind since heat and moisture tend to elevate the sulphur emissions from the problem drywall, I would like to know, but the Environ report does not state, the temperature and humidity levels in the homes when the testing was done. Were doors and windows opened? Where were the tests taken? Up against a wall where a child’s head could be when sleeping? AC on or off? The Environ letter/ report is scant on procedures and therefore does not inspire confidence.

Q. What about the study performed for the State of Florida Dept of Health dated March 20, 2009? A. The study found no difference in release of sulphur gases from the Chinese drywall than from the US drywall. This makes no sense since you can easily experience the difference yourself by breaking a piece of drywall and sniffing it. The problem Chinese drywall smells

CHINESE DRYWALL Q&A BY GARY ROSEN, PH.D. WWW.GREEN-BUILDINGS.ORG PAGE 5

really bad whereas the US drywall and the BNBM Chinese drywall have no rotten egg smell at all. Scientists finding no difference in odor causing gases when most anyone can just smell the difference! This study attributes this weird result to the fact that the samples the test lab received from the State Dept of Health were a mix of US and Chinese drywall … all shipped in a single bag. They say this could have caused cross contamination. To me this implies that the work was suspect and not much can be concluded from the study. However it appears that the results can possibly be trusted with regard to the organic content of the drywall. It appears based on the study that the problem Chinese drywall has much more organic matter in it than the US drywall or the BNBM good Chinese drywall. The Chinese drywall tested has 20X to 60X the organic content of the US drywall (LOC1). This fits in with the theory that the bad Chinese drywall started out with material from a contaminated open pit mine.

Excerpt from p 49 FLA Dept of Health Report. See: http://www.doh.state.fl.us/Environment/community/indoor-air/drywall.html

Q. But aren’t the levels of these sulphur gases so high they are pitting and damaging copper? A. There is no indication we have seen that any copper is damaged except in the air handlers which are always wet, which have huge volumes of air circulating in them, and which use thin copper to help with heat exchange. Discoloration does not necessarily mean damage. You don’t throw away your silverware when it gets tarnished. You clean it. I have seen no evidence at this time that copper wiring or tubing outside the air handler is damaged. However lack of evidence is not proof that there is no damage. This is still under investigation.

Black copper coolant line in wall Shiny copper coolant line in attic

CHINESE DRYWALL Q&A BY GARY ROSEN, PH.D. WWW.GREEN-BUILDINGS.ORG PAGE 6

Pictures above are from the same home. The home has contaminated Chinese drywall. On the left the copper coolant line tubing is black from exposure to sulphur compounds inside the wall cavity. This same coolant line just a little further from the air handler runs thru the attic and is not in a wall cavity but in an open attic space. When not running through the wall cavity, the copper coolant line is perfect with no trace of discoloration. When the copper is in a wall cavity it gets a heavy dose of the sulphur gases. Levels of sulphur gases inside the living space of the home and in the insulated attic are much, much lower than in the wall cavities.

Black copper ground wire scratched clean with key

Partially blackened valve

Q. Can the tarnished copper be cleaned? A. Except for the copper in the air handler, the blackened, tarnished materials can be restored to like new by painting with copper cleaner such as Tarn-X. There is no apparent damage after cleaning. We have seen no pitting. Cleaned tubing appears identical to new. The copper in problem homes can be kept clean of tarnish by sealing with varnish or other clear coating.

Q. Why are some remediators removing electrical wires, air ducts, wood and any (both Chinese and non-Chinese) drywall just because these materials are in close contact with the contaminated Chinese drywall? A. We have not seen builders removing wood. Although some builders are removing all wiring , air ducting, and all drywall even non-Chinese drywall we have seen no test results

Blackened copper plumbing with Blackened copper plumbing with shiny shiny protected area covered by strap protected area covered by coupling

CHINESE DRYWALL Q&A BY GARY ROSEN, PH.D. WWW.GREEN-BUILDINGS.ORG PAGE 7

that these are damaged or somehow cross contaminated. Any copper products besides Black copper the air handler coils can simply be cleaned to ground wire restore to like new. Copper not exposed to the air does not get tarnished. See pictures above where the clean area was covered by a plastic strap or was inside a coupling. We have not seen pitting or degradation of copper that many talk about except with regard to wet air handler coils. However more studies are needed.

Q. Builders are removing (along with the drywall) air ducts which are made of non-porous and non-absorbent material but leaving wood which is porous and absorbent. This makes no sense? Why are they doing this? A. Attorneys are making the decisions as to what to remove is all I can think of. To me it makes sense to leave both the non-porous ducting materials as well as the porous wood but perhaps spray the porous wood with an oxidizer to make sure no (even slight) sulphur smells are left.

Q. I heard that some remediators are sanding wood after removing the Chinese drywall. Why do they do this? A. Mold remediators have been taught to sand wood. This is a bad procedure as pressure treated wood can release harmful chemicals. In our lab we were able to extract all of the smell from very nasty smelling Chinese drywall paper face using bleach as an oxidizer. We see no reason why spraying the exposed wood with bleach would not do the same. Note that when there are sulfur odors in drinking water, the accepted method to neutralize the sulfur orders is by chlorination (bleach.) This does not mask the odors but permanently changes the chemistry of the odor causing sulfur agents so they will never produce the sulfur smells again.

Q. Shouldn’t this oxidizing procedure work for removing any potential sulphur gas cross contamination from the inside of ductwork or plenums or the surfaces of 5/8” (or other non-Chinese) drywall in homes? A. We would expect that fogging material surfaces (such as the interior or exterior of smooth lined flex duct or sulphur gas exposed non-problem drywall) with an oxidizing agent, such as bleach or Oxine would eliminate even the smallest amount of any possible cross contamination. Fiberglass lined plenums can be fogged with oxidizer and then encapsulated with a product like DP2545 (www.designpoly.com). This will restore fiberglass lined plenums to better than new. These are all well established procedures used in Green mold remediation. See our (free) USGBC approved courses on Green mold remediation at: www.Green-Buildings.org.

CHINESE DRYWALL Q&A BY GARY ROSEN, PH.D. WWW.GREEN-BUILDINGS.ORG PAGE 8

Q. I can’t believe that you say the problem Chinese drywall does not make you sick. Why else would the builders be ripping out not only all the Chinese drywall but also non-Chinese drywall that does not smell, just because it could be cross contaminated. They are also ripping out all the duct work due to potential for cross contamination. The builders must know that the Chinese drywall makes you sick but just won’t share their results with the public. A. I never said that the Chinese drywall does not make you sick. I said that there was no hard evidence that I have seen that the Chinese drywall makes you sick. Sometimes it takes years to build up medical evidence that something makes you sick. For example mold problems in homes is a subject that I am quite familiar with. It has taken many years for people to start to accept that mold growth in the home can make (sensitive) people sick. Q. But many people living in homes with Chinese drywall complain about burning eyes and throats. A. I know that this might sound like an artificial distinction to you but burning eyes and burning throats would be what I call an irritation. I went to grad school in LA where the air is full of sulphur compounds that would appear to be very similar to the sulphur compounds found at trace levels in the indoor air of homes with Chinese drywall. The people living in the LA smog complain about eye and throat irritation from the smog. But when you are out of the smog the irritation goes away and your eyes and throat are fine. Irritation (at least to me) is not the same as illness. Q. But if you go on the web and look up these sulphur chemicals they appear scary at high concentrations. A. That’s right many chemicals can hurt you at high concentrations but can have no bad effect or even a positive effect at lower concentrations. Ask you doctor to explain this to you. Q. Sounds like you are just blaming illness from Chinese drywall on mold to get some more mold business. A. I am not going to answer that, but I will explain some differences between mold and the smelly sulphur compounds found in Chinese drywall that we know at higher concentrations can irritate throats and eyes. If you go to the following article by Whitlow (http:// www.ces.ncsu.edu/disaster/drought/Mycotoxin-Review.pdf ) you will quickly see that mold toxins found in food are diverse and very potent and include many neurotoxins. We know that growing molds produce these toxins and we know if you (or livestock) eat these molds you can become very sick or even die. We know when it comes to mold toxins that sensitive people have a difficult time removing the mold toxins from their systems but healthy people do not. So even very low levels of mold toxins can affect sensitive people.

CHINESE DRYWALL Q&A BY GARY ROSEN, PH.D. WWW.GREEN-BUILDINGS.ORG PAGE 9

We have looked at the affect of mold toxins on children and childhood asthma in detail in our latest book (available on Amazon.com) shown on the preceding page. Our studies have found that most sick kids are most often found in homes with small amounts of mold hidden inside the AC, ductwork and plenums that is constantly being spread by the AC. When you look at the emitted sulphur compounds released by the Chinese drywall they are more or less common pollutants found in many major cities with very low toxicity levels compared to mold toxins. Unlike mold toxins, you do not expect the sulphur compounds to make people ill at low levels. At low levels these sulphur compounds are irritants and not toxins.

Q. Is there any way to restore a home to like new without removing contaminated drywall? A. We believe that when there is a small amount of problem Chinese drywall mixed in with mostly good stuff, that there are or will be options to treat the problem material without removal. Studies are underway. Caulking and sealing all openings to wall cavities will help reduce the smell. Charcoal filters in the AC can help. Sealing the attic and installing a dehumidifier will help. The painted outside face of the drywall has a much lower smell that the inside drywall. We believe that the wall cavities can be fogged and/or painted with sealants and/or oxidizers that will greatly reduce the odor at much less expense than replacing all the drywall with new. No doubt removal of the drywall and replacement with new is the best approach.

Q. Why is the copper, brass, gold and silver affected and not steel? A. In the home, the steel is either galvanized if it is structural or stainless if used for appliances. Galvanized and stainless steel do not react with the sulphur gases that discolor copper, brass, gold and silver

Q. What is the cause of the sulphur gas emission? A. The cause of sulfur gas emissions has been accounted for by four different theories: 1. Sulphur based fungicides added to the drywall paper face to keep the drywall from growing mold on the long ocean voyages. 2. High sulfur content of the gypsum rock being mined. 3. Contamination of the gypsum open pit mine with sulfur containing compounds from run off from adjacent farm areas; and 4. The Chinese used waste collected from scrubbers on coal-fired power plants to create a synthetic gypsum material (fly ash) which is less refined than the form used by U.S. drywall manufacturers.

CHINESE DRYWALL Q&A BY GARY ROSEN, PH.D. WWW.GREEN-BUILDINGS.ORG PAGE 10

We believe that either #1 and/or #2 and/or #3 are more likely than #4.

Q. Why does the problem Chinese drywall smell more in the summer than in the winter? A. Heat and moisture/ humidity activate the chemical reaction that releases the sulphur gases.

Q. Got it. Makes sense. So the Environ study was done 31 October 2008 which is in the fall and not the summer when the gas emissions are highest. When was the study

commissioned by Knauf on the gas emissions performed? A. Knauf hired CTEH to test the drywall for sulfur gas emissions. The test report was dated Nov 29, 2006. This is the winter and you expect the gas emissions to be at or near their lowest levels during the dry cooler season in S Florida. Their conclusions of no health problems are then suspect. But again we have seen no hard evidence either that the sulphur gases are at levels even in the summer where they could cause illness or irritation. More testing is needed.

Q. Why does the problem drywall smell more in single family residences than in high rise buildings? A. In single family homes the wall cavities are connected to the open / ventilated attics. When the attics get hot and humid in the summer, this hot and humid air enters the home’s wall cavities and reacts with the surphur compounds in the (unpainted on the inside of the wall) drywall and causes the smells. In high rise buildings wall cavities are not connected to any sources of outside (moist/hot) air so the problem Chinese drywall does not appear to smell in high rises or the smell is significantly reduced compared to when in single family homes.

Q. Are there other problems with the Chinese drywall besides smells and corrosion? A. Based on our studies we believe that the problem Chinese drywall (not BNBM) does not meet ASTM standards and is not structurally sound. We believe that the material continues to disintegrate and weaken quite possibly due to the high levels of organic contaminants. We believe that over time the problem Chinese drywall on ceilings may collapse. Such collapse would be covered under most home owner (HO-3) policies and may actually be a blessing in disguise for home owners. AC supply ducting in the attic that causes condensation problems over problem Chinese ceiling drywall could accelerate the ceiling

CHINESE DRYWALL Q&A BY GARY ROSEN, PH.D. WWW.GREEN-BUILDINGS.ORG PAGE 11

collapse. Because the material is not code, the HO-3 policy (IMO) should have to pay for the building to be brought up to code. Attorney’s will have lots of fun with this.

Q. What sheet sizes and thickness does the problem Chinese drywall come in? A. 4’ x 12’. And ½ inch thickness. 5/8 inch fire rated drywall is not Chinese drywall. 4x8 drywall is not Chinese drywall. Water and moisture resistant drywall behind tile is not Chinese drywall.

Q. What about real estate disclosure for Chinese drywall? A. The Board of Realtors in Sarasota FLA already requires Chinese drywall disclosure. We have been informed by the Ft Lauderdale Board of Realtors that a Chinese drywall disclosure form has already been developed. It is currently being reviewed by the Board’s attorneys and it will go into effect May 2009.

Q. If the electrical wires get pitted isn’t there a chance of a fire? A. First of all the electrical wires are all protected from the corrosive sulphur gases by a tight plastic cover. There is no corrosion when the sulphur air does not come in contact with the copper. Secondly, we have not seen any pitting of copper except in air handlers. Back in the 70’s, aluminum wiring had problems where it got soft at the terminuses. This problem could cause arcing and become a fire hazard. Aluminum wiring should be removed and replaced with copper. Based on discussions with experienced electrical engineers, we have been told that corrosion/ tarnish at the connection points does not mean that the copper wiring is hazardous or needs to be replaced. But perhaps because the experience with solving problems with the aluminum wiring was to replace with new, people are replacing the tarnished copper wiring with new. More testing in this area is necessary. The state should issue guidelines in regard to replacing copper wiring in homes with Chinese drywall.

Q. What testing options are available for buyers and lenders to protect themselves from purchasing/ lending on homes contaminated with Chinese drywall? A. Checking the copper for tarnishing is not deterministic. Just like desperate sellers are bleaching and painting over sometimes even massive mold problems and then trying to unload the properties, desperate sellers will clean and seal exposed copper. They will lie about Chinese drywall when filling out the real estate disclosure forms just like they now do with hidden mold. The only way to know for sure is to check all or a significant size sample of the drywall in the home. The ½” drywall in the ceiling can be checked from above by temporarily removing the insulation.

CHINESE DRYWALL Q&A BY GARY ROSEN, PH.D. WWW.GREEN-BUILDINGS.ORG PAGE 12

The problem with thorough testing is the cost. Prices for thorough testing by our firm start at $4K per home. We have $5M Errors & Omissions insurance that specifically includes testing Chinese drywall. Our proprietary techniques include testing all sheet rock in the home without damaging either the sheet rock or the paint. (We cannot test sheet rock under wall paper without damaging the wall paper.)

Q. Who in their right mind is going to pay $4,000 and up for testing a home for Chinese drywall. A. Sellers that want to sell. Banks that take over foreclosed properties are going to pay not only for testing but also for Chinese drywall removal.

ASTM YEH RIGHT!

Knauf problem Chinese drywall. No way this drywall meets ASTM standards!

We have done extensive testing of Chinese drywall in our efforts to de- velop our rapid, low cost (comparatively low cost) screening procedure for checking in-place drywall.

A report summarizing our internal test results on Chinese drywall compo- sition is available for sale. This confidential report includes all the raw data as well as summaries and conclusions.

Gary Rosen, Ph.D. (www.Mold-Free.org www.Green-Buildings.org )

PROPERTY DAMAGE APPRAISALS, EXPERT TESTIMONY, MOLD ASSESSMENT, MOLD REMEDIATION, WATER DAMAGE, MOLD RELATED CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS, ODORS, SICK HOMES, INSURANCE DISPUTES ASSESSMENT & REMEDIATION OF CHINESE DRYWALL Florida Licenses • Florida Licensed Building Contractor: CBC1250821 • Florida Licensed Real Estate Broker: BK698126 • FLDFS Approved CE Training Provider for Property Adjusters. Provider ID: 366921 • Florida Licensed Independent Insurance Adjuster/ Insurance Claim Appraiser: D082664 • Florida CILB Approved CE Course Provider. Provider ID: PVD826 Professional Mold Liability Insurance • $5M policy for mold and microbial matter – updated to include testing Chinese drywall Current Mold and Water Damage Related Certifications • IAQA/AmIAQC Certified: Board Certified Indoor Environmental Consultant • IAQA/AmIAQC Certified: Certified Mold Remediator • IICRC Certified: Applied Structural Drying; Applied Microbial Remediation Technician; Water Restoration Technician Chinese Drywall Expertise • Extensive experience with assessing and remediating Chinese drywall. • Author: Chinese Drywall Q&A. Dr. Rosen’s Educational Background • UCLA Post-Doctoral Research Fellow (1980) for Dr. Paul D. Boyer, Director UCLA Molecular Biology Institute. Dr. Boyer won the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry • Ph.D., Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA (1979) • B.S., Chemistry, University of Florida (1975) with Honors Mold Experience: Mold & Construction Defect Investigations / Testing • Dr. Rosen has personally performed over 1000 mold and construction defect investigations since 2002. Mold Experience: Mold Remediation & Construction • Dr. Rosen has personally performed over 300 mold remediation projects since 2002. Dr. Rosen’s Mold Related Books & Publications: • Environmentally Friendly Mold Remediation Techniques That Significantly Reduce Childhood Asthma Gary Rosen, Ph.D. Published by Hope Academic Press (2007) ISBN 978-0-9794956-6-3 Available on Amazon.com • Mold & Mold Toxin Remediation: What You Need to Know Before Purchasing Real Estate. Gary Rosen, Ph.D. Published by Hope Academic Press (2006) ISBN 9-780-97739-7162-9 Available on Amazon.com • When Traditional Medicine Fails: Your Guide to Mold Toxins Gary Rosen, Ph.D. & James Schaller, M.D. Published by Hope Academic Press (2006) ISBN 1-59196-575-6 Available on Amazon.com • Locating Hidden Toxic Mold. Gary Rosen, Ph.D. Published by Hope Academic Press (2006) ISBN 9-780-97739-7162-9 Available on Amazon.com

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