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Diamonds in the Rough RIGHTS Human Rights Abuses in the Marange Diamond Fields of Zimbabwe WATCH Zimbabwe HUMAN Diamonds in the Rough RIGHTS Human Rights Abuses in the Marange Diamond Fields of Zimbabwe WATCH Diamonds in the Rough Human Rights Abuses in the Marange Diamond Fields of Zimbabwe Copyright © 2009 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-505-9 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org June 2009 1-56432-505-9 Diamonds in the Rough Human Rights Abuses in the Marange Diamond Fields of Zimbabwe Map of Zimbabwe and the Marange Diamond Fields ........................................................... 1 Glossary of Acronyms ......................................................................................................... 2 I. Summary ......................................................................................................................... 3 II. Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 7 To the Government of Zimbabwe ........................................................................................... 7 To the Government of South Africa ........................................................................................ 7 To the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme ...................................................................... 8 To States and Organizations that Are Major Consumers of Rough Diamonds, including the European Union, the United States, South Africa, the United Arab Emirates, and India .......... 8 To the Southern African Development Community ................................................................. 9 To International Donors, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Other European Union Members ..................................................................................................... 9 III. Methodology ............................................................................................................... 10 IV. Background .................................................................................................................. 11 Diamonds in Marange—Unclear Legal Title to the Fields ...................................................... 12 Illegal Mining and Smuggling in the Marange Diamond Fields ............................................. 14 Principal Buyers and Smuggling Routes ............................................................................... 15 Laws Governing the Diamond Industry in Zimbabwe and Applicable International Standards ........................................................................................................................................... 16 V. Human Rights Abuses, Corruption, and Extortion by the Police (November 2006 to October 2008) .................................................................................................................. 19 Corruption in Marange ........................................................................................................ 19 Police Smuggling Syndicates ............................................................................................... 21 Killings by Police ................................................................................................................. 24 Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions .......................................................................................... 25 Sexual Abuse and Exploitation ............................................................................................ 27 VI. Human Rights Abuses by the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (October 2008 to June 2009) .. 28 Massacres in Chiadzwa (October 27 to November 16, 2008) ................................................ 30 Torture and Beatings ........................................................................................................... 34 VII. Continuing Abuses by the Military in Marange ............................................................ 37 Mining Syndicates and Forced Labor ................................................................................... 37 Forced Child Labor .............................................................................................................. 39 Theft and Harassment of the Local Community .................................................................... 41 Torture and Beatings ........................................................................................................... 43 Planned Forced Removal of the Local Community ................................................................ 44 VIII. Beneficiaries of the Illicit Diamond Trade ................................................................... 47 Police “Reaction Teams” ..................................................................................................... 47 Role of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe ................................................................................ 49 Response to Allegations of Human Rights Abuse and Illegal Diamond Trading from the Government of Zimbabwe ................................................................................................... 51 IX. Response of the International Community ................................................................... 53 Kimberley Process Certification Scheme .............................................................................. 53 X. Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 57 Map of Zimbabwe and the Marange Diamond Fields © 2009 John Emerson 1 Human Rights Watch | June 2009 Glossary of Acronyms ACR African Consolidated Resources Private Limited Company AFZ Air Force of Zimbabwe CIO Central Intelligence Organisation EPO Exclusive Prospecting Order ICESR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights KPCS Kimberley Process Certification Scheme KPWGM Kimberley Process Working Group on Monitoring MDC Movement for Democratic Change MID Military Intelligence Department MLPA Mutare Legal Practitioners Association MMCZ Minerals Marketing Corporation of Zimbabwe PSTA Precious Stones Trade Act RBZ Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe SADC Southern African Development Community ZANU-PF Zimbabwe African National Union–Patriotic Front ZEC Zimbabwe Electoral Commission ZELA Zimbabwe Environmental Law Association ZMDC Zimbabwe Mining Development Corporation Diamonds in the Rough 2 I. Summary Zimbabwe’s armed forces, under the control of President Robert Mugabe’s Zimbabwe African National Union–Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), are engaging in forced labor of children and adults and are torturing and beating local villagers on the diamond fields of Marange district. The military seized control of these diamond fields in eastern Zimbabwe after killing more than 200 people in Chiadzwa, a previously peaceful but impoverished part of Marange, in late October 2008. With the complicity of ZANU-PF, Marange has become a zone of lawlessness and impunity, a microcosm of the chaos and desperation that currently pervade Zimbabwe. The military’s violent takeover of the Marange diamond fields in October 2008 occurred one month after ZANU-PF agreed to share power with the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), the opposition party that won the March 2008 elections. The contested vote precipitated a political crisis and period of rampant human rights abuses by ZANU-PF against members of the opposition.1 The seizure of the diamond fields took place amidst a major economic crisis in Zimbabwe, caused largely by the failed policies of ZANU-PF, which resulted in astronomical inflation, rampant unemployment, the unchecked spread of disease, and massive food insecurity. In this context, army brigades have been rotated into Marange to ensure that key front-line units have an opportunity to benefit from the diamond trade. Soldiers have bullied and threatened miners and other civilians into forming syndicates so that the soldiers can control diamond mining and trade in Marange. The enrichment of soldiers serves to mollify a constituency whose loyalty to ZANU-PF, in the context of ongoing political strife, is essential. The deployment of the military in Marange also ensures access to mining revenue by senior members of ZANU-PF and the army. Human Rights Watch believes that money from illegal diamond trading is likely to be a significant source of revenue for senior figures in ZANU-PF, which has either failed to or decided not to effectively regulate the diamond fields while exploiting the absence of clear legal ownership of the gemstones. Diamonds were discovered in Marange in June 2006, and ZANU-PF effectively encouraged a diamond rush by declaring the fields open to anyone to mine. By November 2006, however, a nationwide
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