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Niall J.A. Barr Phd Thesis

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Niall J.A. Barr Phd Thesis SERVICE NOT SELF : THE BRITISH LEGION, 1921-1939 Niall J.A. Barr A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 1994 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7101 This item is protected by original copyright 9 Service Not Self The British Legion 1921-1939 Ph.D. Thesis Niall J. A. Barr 30th March 1994 ~f\ U ('IJ I v~f) /- .. >;~.. :,;/ -.1' 'S'..-S ~, -" "'jji .t DECLARATIONS (i) I, Niall Barr, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 97,235 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by men and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree Date: .............................?JO -0, -g~ Signature of Candidate (ii) I was admitted as a research student under Ordinance No. 12 in October 1990 and as a candidate for the degree of Ph.D. in October 1990; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 1990 and 1994. Date: .............................30 ~ OJ -14- Signature of Candidate (iii) I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Ph.D. in the Unversity of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date: ..Z?Q .. ~ .. ~.9..~.9t. Signature of Supervi In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not affected thereby. I also understand that the title and abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker. Date: .~.Q.~ ..................03 -q 4- Signature of Candidate . ABSTRACT The organisation of ex-service men into a mass membership movement was a new departure in British life. Four main groups came together in 1921 to form the British Legion. On its establishment, the leadership, who were predominantly high­ ranking ex-officers, had high hopes of forming an extremely powerful and influential organisation. Due to a number of inherent flaws in the Legion's ideology, composition and character, the organisation never became a truly mass movement of all ex-service men. This work looks at the dynamics of the movement and provides insights into the motivations of its leaders and their impact upon the organisation. It provides a detailed account of the structure of the Legion and explores the strengths and weaknesses of the movement. The existence of a semi-autonomous Officer's Benevolent Department, a subordinate Women's Section, and an independent Legion in Scotland reveal the serious rifts within this superificially unified movement. The paradox of low officer involvement combined with an almost exclusively officer leadership contributed to low membership and other factors such as geography, unemployment and finance are considered in the discussion of Legion membership. Divisions between leaders and led on policy and methods are explored in an examination of Legion democracy. A full examination of the Legion's practical work and the attitudes which underpinned that activity confirms the Legion's position as a voluntary society with traditional charitable views. A detailed examination of the Legion's struggles over pension legislation gives an insight into Government attitudes towards ex-service men and also reveals the inherent weakness of the Legion's position when dealing with politicians. An analysis of the Legion's contacts with foreign ex-service men penetrates the Legion's rhetoric and reveals the real motivations and attitudes of the Legion leaders who developed and executed the Legion's foreign policy. Ultimately, this study provides important conclusions about the nature of the British ex-service movement. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Appendices 11 List ofAbbreviations and Glossary 111 Acknowledgements IV Introduction 1 Prologue 10 1 Unity of Action on the Field of Peace': The Organization of the British Legion 28 2 'The Most Cordial Relations Continue to Exist': The British Legion (Scotland) 66 3 'Ours is a Brotherhood': The Membership and Leadership 91 4 'Not for Doles and Depression': The Practical Work of the British Legion 121 5 'An Unreasonable Body': Negotiation with the Ministry of Pensions 151 6 'A Mighty Influence for Peace': The Legion's Foreign Policy 192 Conclusion 245 Tables and Appendices 251 Bibliography 271 ii TABLES 1 National Officers of the British Legion 1921-1939 2 Geographical Extent of the Legion Areas 3 British Legion Branches 1922-1939 4 British Legion Membership 1922-1939 5 Yearly Increases in British Legion Membership 1922-1935 6 Percentage Membership of the British Legion in each Area 1922-1935 7 Annual Conference Representation 1921-1939 8 Membership and Poppy Day Comparison for 1927-1928 9 Unemployment Comparison 10 Poppy Day Figures 1921-1939 11 British Legion Expenditure 1923-1933 11 British Legion Placements in Employment 1921-1939 13 National Executive Council Nominations 1923-1939 APPENDICES A British Legion Principles and Policy B Constitution of the American Legion C Objects of the Empire Services League D Constitution of the Comrades of the Great War E National Constructive Programme 1921 F The British Legion - What it has Done G Questions to Parliamentary Candidates 26 October 1922 H Amalgamation Proposals Between Scotland and England 1927 I Co-operation with England 1938 J Chronology of Legion Foreign Policy K British Legion Plan for Police Force in Czechoslovakia 1938 L Organisation of British Legion Volunteer Police Force iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY AC Annual Conference. OHBL Official History of the British Legion. BESL British Empire Services League. BLJ British Legion Journal BLS British Legion (Scotland). CIAMAC Conference Internationale des Associations Mutiles et Anciens Combattants CIP Comite Internationale Permanent. FIDAC Federation des Interalliee Des Anciens Combattants. GSCLB General Secretary's Circular Letters to the Branches. OA Officers' Association. OBD Officers' Benevolent Department. NEC National Executive Council. SC Special Circular in the General Secretary's Circular Letters to the Branches UNC Union Nationale des Combattants. USF United Services Fund. Reichsvereinigung­ Kreiggefangener German Prisoners of War Organisation Frontkampfer Literally, 'Front-fighter', A German ex-service man with the distinction that it implies service at the front. K yfihauserbund German ex-service organisation. A descendant of older associations of the Prussian Army, dating from the 1840s. Reichsbanner Literally, 'Flag of the Country'. A German Republican ex­ service organisation linked to the Social Democratic Party. Stalhelm Literally, 'Steel Helmets'. A right wing ex-service organisation which was only open to Frontkampfer. British Legion British Legion in England and Wales Legion II II II II II II English Legion II II II II II II London Headquarters II II II II II II British Legion (Scotland) British Legion in Scotland Scottish Legion " II 11 II iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who deserve to be thanked for helping me in this endeavour. I was assisted greatly by many people in the research and the writing of this thesis, and just importantly, by the support of my friends and family. In particular, I would like to thank Mr George McGilvery, who helped me greatly during my research at Legion headquarters. He always found me somewhere to work in a very busy office, and took the time out of his busy day to find me the records and materials I needed. His great knowledge of the Legion helped to guide me away from many misconceptions. His friendly encouragement was much appreciated and I would also like to thank all the staff at the Royal British Legion Headquarters for their help and interest in the project. My research was also made much easier by the staff at the National Library of Scotland, the British Library, the Public Record Office, the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Studies and St Andrews University Library. I am indebted to the Perth and Kinross Educational Trust, the Carnegie Trust and the Historial de la Grande Guerre for providing financial assistance - always, it seemed, just when it was needed the most. lowe a great debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Gerard de Groot, who has helped me navigate through many problems and misconceptions, sometimes firing a warning shot across my bows to keep me on course! Even when I was living in London, we maintained a lively correspondence and he never failed to give me the benefit of his knowledge. His advice and assistance at all stages of this work was invaluable, and in particular, his care and patience in reading the manuscript has been an example to me in clarity and thoroughness. Discussions with Dr Ian Beckett at Sandhurst and Dr Jay Winter at Cambridge were of great value in determining the final direction of this work. There are many friends whom I would like to thank, and unfortunately I cannot mention them all. I must confine myself to Emma, Sophie and Carl, who kept me going during my time in London, and to Vince, Rachel, Disley and Catriona in St Andrews. A special thank you goes to Debi for allowing me to use her computer at a crucial stage in v my work. Bill Naphy threw amazing dinner parties, complete with great food and sparkling conversation, at Anstruther last year and his assured knowledge concerning the completion of doctoral theses calmed many of my fears.
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