The Resources of the Past in Early Medieval Europe Edited by Clemens Gantner, Rosamond Mckitterick and Sven Meeder Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09171-9 - The Resources of the Past in Early Medieval Europe Edited by Clemens Gantner, Rosamond McKitterick and Sven Meeder Index More information

Index

Aachen, 8, 28 Vita Willibrordi, 159–61 Council of (816), 131 Aldhelm of Malmesbury, 124, 267 court at, 88 Alemanni, 57–9, 65, 194 Abbo of Fleury, 227 n. 8 Alemannia, 124 abdication, of kings, 54, 55, 60, 64 Alexander the Great, 16, 21, 68 Abigail, wife of David, 181 Alexandria (patriarchate), 253 Abimelech the Hittite, 182 Altar of Victory, 142 Abinadab, 183 Altfrid, 158, 159 Abraham, 69, 173, 177 Amalakites, 182 Acca, bishop of Hexham, 177 Amalasuntha, 40 accession ceremonies/rituals, 29 Amazons, 210, 211 Achis the Philistine, 183 Ambrose, bishop of Milan, 76–9, 135–51, Actus S. Silvestri,16 285 Adalbert, archbishop of dream of, 147 Hamburg-Bremen, 207–8, 214 history of, 139–41 Adalhard of Corbie, 77 letters as source, 142 Adalung of Lorsch, 262, 264 relics of, 137 Adam of Bremen, 206–22, 287 survival of letters of, 143 sources used by, 211 Vita, 135–6 Adelperga, duchess of Benevento, 24, zeal of, 141, 145 25 Ambrosiaster, 92 Adeodatus, pope, 231 Ammianus Marcellinus, 23 admonitio, 95, 100 Ammonites, 182 Admonitio generalis, 88, 129, 157–8 Anastasius, pope, 230 Adrianople, battle of (378), 235 Anastasius Bibliothecarius, 24 adventus,32 Andegarius, abbot of Tours, 59 Aeneas, 24, 192, 238 Andragathias, magister militum, 141 Æthelfrith, king of Northumbria, 180 Andreas of Bergamo, 138 n. 19 Africa, 172–3, 177 angels, 121–2 Agapetus, pope, 47, 48 Angilbert I, archbishop of Milan, 137 Agatho, pope, 21 Angilbert II, archbishop of Milan, 137–8, Agobard, archbishop of Lyon, 142 149 Aidan, 173 n. 12 Angilram, bishop of Metz, 263, 268, 278 Aistulf, king of the Lombards, 164, 194 Anglo-Saxons, 124, 133, 173, 174, 180, Albinus, praetorian prefect, 233 185–6 Alcuin of York, abbot of Tours, 59, 113, Angrarians, 196 131, 148, 199, 275 Anicii family, 40, 47 De ﬁde, 128 Annales brevissimi, 131 letter from Elipandus of Toledo, 32 Annales mettenses priores (Annals of Metz), letter to Ricbod of Lorsch, 262 58–9, 163, 165–6, 167, 168, 194, Life of, 284 204 on reading the Bible, 113 Annales Mosellani, 197 n. 63

340

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Index 341

Annales Petaviani (Annals of Massay), Augustine of Hippo, 92, 109, 126, 184 58–9, 196–8, 200 and Ambrose, 137–8, 146 Annales regni francorum, 163, 167, 196, on Christ as priest, 112 199–200, 204 Dhuoda’s knowledge of, 96 on Carloman’s abdication, 54–5 encourages spiritual reading of the Bible, on Constantine, 32 113–14 revised version, 64–6 Augustus, Roman emperor, 21, 73–4 on Saxons, 201–3 Aurelian Walls, 231 source for Regino of Prum,¨ 51 authority, on Tassilo, 62–4 of bishops, 96 on Widukind, 198 from God, 61 annals, 57 imperial, in relation to the church, 142 Annals of Lorsch, 196, 201 literary, 209–12 on Widukind, 198 Autun, 63 Annals of Massay, 59, 64, 67 Auxentius, Arian bishop of Milan, 140, Ansbertus, 280 148 Anschisus, son of Arnulf, 279, 280 Avars, 26, 165, 199, 201 Anselmus, archbishop of Milan, 137 Tassilo III’s alliance with, 165 Anskar, Life of, 214, 216 Anspertus, archishop of Milan, 138, Babylonian Capitivity, 99 149 baptism, and identity, 196–7, 202 Antioch, patriarchate, 253 barbarians, 212, 214, 219–20, 287 Antiochene exegesis, see exegesis, Adam of Bremen’s view of, 214–17 Antiochene Barnwell, Timothy, 287 Anton, Hans Hubert, 72 and n. 23, 76 Bartlett, Robert, 213, 222 apocrisiarius, 249 Basques, 169 apostates, 175 Bathsheba, 71 aqueducts, 231 Baturich of Regensburg, 127–9 Aquileia patriarchate, 31 Bavaria, 105, 106, 189, 200, 255 Aquitaine, 194–5 Becher, Matthias, 195 Arator, 28 Bede, 55, 56, 75, 221, 271 Arbogast, magister militum, 141 on angli, 186 Arbogastes, usurper, 75 biblical figures, 287 Archer, Margaret, 5 Chronica maiora, 23, 24 Arianism, 18, 19, 20–1, 30, 32, 81, 184 Commentary on Genesis, 172, 174, Arians, 142, 145, 182, 183, 184 176–7, 181, 182, 185 Arius, bishop of Alexandria, 32, 79, 80–1, Commentary on 1 Samuel, 172–87 82, 183 on empire, 19 Ark of the Covenant, 182, 184 exegetical methods, 118 n. 2, 172–87 Arn of Salzburg, 129, 131 Expositio in Apocalypsin, 126 Arnulf of Metz, 279, 280 Historia Abbatum, 178 Arsenius, see Wala Historia ecclesiastica, 176, 177, 180, Arvandus, 42 187 Ashod, men of, 184 Lorsch scribes of, 26 Asia, 172–3, 177 preface, 176, 177 Asia minor, 246 In Ezram, 177, 179, 182 Assmann,Aleida,3,6,8,10 influence on Collectio 400, 106 Assmann, Jan, 3, 8–9, 290 letter to Ecgbert, 174, 185 Astronomer, biographer, 77 Life of Cuthbert, 178–9 Athanasius, 184 use of perfidus, 193 Attigny, 198 verse Life of Cuthbert, 180 assembly of (833), 64 Belisarius, 18, 31, 233 penance at (822), 64, 77 founds Orte, 40 attitudes, towards literature, 209–12, Benedict, 7 220–1 Rule of,27

342 Index

Benedict II, pope, 250 n. 30 broker, cultural, 245–7, 249, 252, 255–61, Benedict Biscop, 178 285 Bernard, king of Italy, 77, 137 papacy as, 245–61 Bernard of Septimania, 90, 94, 97 Broome, Richard, 189, 190, 287, 288 execution of, 95 Brown, Peter, 281 Bernhard, Saxon duke, 219 Brun Candidus, 133 Bible, 6, 9, 10, 11 buildings commissioned by popes in identiﬁcation with, 89, 93 Rome, 230 interpretations, 172–87 Bulgarian kingdom, 260 ‘Irish Reference’, see Reference Bible, burial practice, 230, 233 n. 43 Irish papal, 228–9 Israel, 90, 91, 97 knowledge of, 285–6 Caesarius of Arles, 40, 113 as lex, 103, 121–2 Callinicum, Synagogue of, 142 models for kingship, 89, 129, 180–1 Candidus Wizo, 125 n. 36, 133 models from, 87 Cannstadt, 58 New Testament, 91, 92, 95, 96, 105, canon law, 103, 254, 259 121–2 collections, 104 in canon law, 103–17 Canterbury, 267, 268 Old Testament Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae, 157–8 and Bede, 172–87, 287 Carloman (708–55), brother of Pippin III, in canon law, 103–17 32, 51–67, 288 and Dhuoda, 95–7 abdication and monastic conversion, and Hraban Maur, 92–4 52–3, 54–7 prophets, 100–2, 103 and Alemanni, 57–9 repertoires of identiﬁcation, 89–91, death of, 258 287 memoria of, 60, 66 peoples of, 172–4 penance of, 59–61 promotion of knowledge of, 129, 131 remorse of, 59 role of in a legal collection, 105–17 in Rome, 55, 58 scholarship, 87 Carolingian Renaissance, 262, 284, 289 study of, 118–34, 133–48 Carolingians, 253, 255, 257–60 use in political discourse, 87–93, court of, 118–19, 122 n. 127, 129, 107–8 131–4 Bischoff, Bernhard, 126, 130 n. 61, 135, origins of, 279–81 264, 275 Carthaginians, 191 on Lorsch, 263 Cassiodorus, 28, 123, 124, 125, 133, bishops, in relation to emperors, 138 139 Bjornlie, Shane, 38, 44, 50 Historia ecclesiastica tripartita, 19, 72, 73, Blandinus, count of Auvergne, 194 79–80, 81–2, 285 Bobbio, 124, 125, 139 reception of, 118 Boethius, 38 Institutiones, 18, 34, 37, 72–3, 120, 128 Bologna, 141 method of, 34 Boniface IV, pope, consecration of monasticism, 42 Pantheon, 231, 250 networks, 49 Boniface of Mainz, 55, 56, 61–2, Ordo generis, 44, 47, 50, 238 157 resident in Constantinople, 37 death of, 159 Va r i a e , 37, 38–9 letter to Grifo, 162 Causae, 110 representation of career of, 160 Celestine, pope, 230 Bourdieu, Pierre, 5 cemeteries, Roman, 229, 253 Brescia, 138 Ceolfrith, abbot of Wearmouth-Jarrow, Britons, 173, 178–80, 183, 185–7 177–8, 179 compared with Ammonites, 182 Ceolred, king of Mercia, 177 as heretics, 184 Ceolwulf, king of Northumbria, 176

Index 343

Cethegus, 40, 43–4 Collectio canonum Hibernensis, 103, Chalcedon, Council of (451), 35, 46 104 n. 6, 106, 107, 115, 129, 132 Charlemagne, 36, 90, 98, 171, 257 Collectio Dionysio-Hadriana, 104, 106, 229, and Admonitio generalis,88 259 capitularies, 130 Collectio Hispana, 106, 242 comparison with Constantine, 251 Collectio Sanblasiana, 105, 242 conquest of Lombard kingdom, 27, 136 Collectio Vetus Gallica, 103, 106 n. 12, 107 and correctio, 129 Colosseum, 250 crowned emperor, 15 Columbanus, 54, 104 depiction at Ingelheim, 68 Commemoratio genealogiae domni karoli, Epistolae de gratia septiformis spiritus, 128 279–81 imperial title, 26 community, visions of, 9, 15 Karlsruhe, Badiche Landesbibliothek Concilium Germanicum, 157 Aug. XVIII, 128–32 coniuratio, 200 letter to Alcuin, 131 Conon, pope, 234 model of kingship, 28, 168 Constans II, emperor, 21, 27, 248 rebellion against, 194 gifts to Roman churches, 232–3 receives Quaestiones in Octateuchum, 132 constantia, 144, 150, 204 role as Roman emperor, 282 Constantine I, pope, 21 and Saxons, 188–9, 195, 198, 204, 287 Constantine I, Roman emperor, 32, 64–5, and Tassilo, 62, 64 66, 68, 69, 228, 251, 285 Charles Martel, 51, 53, 159, 161, 162, contradictory representations of, 32, 33 165, 194–5, 281 and Cross, 74–5 consequences of death, 195 deiﬁcation, 25 depiction at Ingelheim, 68 donations to Rome, 230, 232 victory over Muslims, 169 edict of, 75 Charles the Bald, king of West Franks, 69, exemplary ruler, 76 71–2, 78, 90, 97, 142 at Milvian bridge, 25 gift from Frechulf, 71 missing from Jordanes’ Romana,21 as Solomon, 71 as model, 83 Charles the Fat, emperor, 52 murders wife, 19 Chelles, 132, 266 at Nicaea (325), 79–83 Childebrand, 54, 273, 274 poisons son Crispus, 19, 79 Childeric II, Merovingian king, 64 on right to judge bishops, 18–19 Childeric III, Merovingian king, 53, 55, treatment by early medieval historians, 62–3, 65, 66, 156, 166–8 32 Chilperic I, Merovingian king, 271 Constantine II, anti-pope, 250 Chilperic II, Merovingian king, 161 Constantine VI, Byzantine emperor, 255 Chosen People, 174–5, 181 Constantinople, 16, 37, 38, 119, 123–4, Christ, birth of, 21, 243 130, 133, 248–9 Christendom, Carolingian, 281–2 Council of (553), 35, 44–6 Christianisation, 157 Council of (680/681), 30, 248 n. 19 Chrodegang of Metz, 263, 278, 283 emigre´ community of, 39 Chur, bishopric, 150 n. 69 Constantius, emperor, church foundations, Cicero, Roman orator, 135, 191 232 Circus Maximus, 250 Constitutum Constantini, 251 Clovis I, Merovingian king, 70, 170, 232 Continuations of Fredegar, 54, 56, 58–9, Carolingian attitude to, 170 62, 163, 194–5, 268, 270 conversion of, 273 Contreni, John, 87, 91 Codex Amiatinus,42 conversion, 190, 215 Codex Carolinus, 252, 258 royal, 52, 54, 55, 60–5 Coenred, king of Mercia, 178 Corbie, 35, 46 n. 63, 90, 98, 103, 106, Colcus, teacher of Alcuin, 199 124, 132, 150, 266 Collectio 400 capitulorum, 105–17, 221, library, 98 286 Cornelius, pope, 228

344 Index

Corpus iuris civilis, 119, 199 Easter, date of, 177, 184, 187 correctio, 263 Eastphalians, 196 counsellors (consiliarii, senatores), 97, 99 Ebroin, mayor of the palace, 63–4 and fides, 99, 101 ecclesia, 9, 16, 70, 80, 91, 142, 144, 192, Courcelle, Pierre, 45 253, 283, 284 n. 1, 286 court, Carolingian, 96, 268, 289 Ecgbert, archbishop of York, 174, definition of, 88 185 Covenant, 174 Ecgbert, peregrinus, 177, 184, 186 Creation narrative, 172 Edictus Rothari, 131 Creed, commentaries on, 128 Edomites, 182 Cross, 74 education, Christian, 123, 126, 129–30, finding of, 18 133 cultural broker, see broker, cultural Egino of Constance, 128 n. 54 cultural memory, see memory, cultural Egypt, 99 culture, theories of, 8–9 Egyptian, good, 182 cultus divinus,88 Einhard, 15, 211 Cuppo, Lidia, 49 portrayal of Merovingians, 166–8 Curia, house of Roman senate, see portrayal of Saxons, 162, 188, 189, St Hadrian (church) 203–4 Cuthbert, 173 n. 12 Translatio sancti Petri et Marcellini, Cyprian of Carthage, 193 101 n. 63 Cyrus, king of Persia, 175 Vita Karoli, 162, 165, 195, 211 in Ingelheim frescoes, 68 Einsiedeln itinerary, 231–2, 249 n. 24, 250 Dagobert I, Frankish king, 165 Eli, 181 Damasus, pope, 230, 235 Elijah, prophet, 101, 145 Danes, 212 Elipand, bishop of Toledo, 32 Daniel, bishop of Winchester, 157 Elisha, 101 Daniel, prophet, 93, 97 elites, 89, 90 Dares Phrygius, 273–4, 275, 276 Ellenhart, scribe of Regensburg, 126 David, king of Israel, 87, 93, 97, 175, 183, emperor, first Christian, 240 238 relations with bishops, 80, 82, 93 De septem sigillis, 126 role in doctrinal issues, 35 De vita et meriti (Life of Ambrose), 135–51 emperors, Roman, in Frechulf’s Histories, Decius, Roman emperor, 193, 273 72–4 Decretum Gelasianum, 127 empire, Christian, 31–2, 33, 285 Defensor, Liber Scintillarum, 130 Christian model for, 17 DeGregorio, Scott, 177 ideas of, 15–16 Demetrias, Roman matron, 230, 232, 233 terminology of, 26 Devil, 160, 182, 193, 285 Epiphanius, 34 Dhuoda, 90, 100, 285 Epistolae Austrasiacae,17 Liber manualis, 94–7, 101–2 Epitaphium Arsenii, 90, 98–101, 102 and Old and New Testaments, 95–7 Epitome de Caesaribus, 73–4 and Psalter, 95–6 Epitome Gai, 111 Diocletian, Roman emperor, 21 Epitome Phillippsiana, 21 n. 43, 30–1 Dionysiana,seeCollectio Dionysiana Ermoldus Nigellus, poet, 68–9, 83 Dionysio-Hadriana,seeCollectio Ethelbert of Mercia, 61–2 Dionysio-Hadriana Ethiopian, 176 Dionysius Exiguus, 28, 254–5, 259 ethnicity, 162, 220 Discipulus Umbriensium, 107 Eucherius of Lyon, 120, 125–6, 128, 131, Donation of Constantine, 7, 20 133 Douzy, council of (871), 143 Formulae, 126, 128 Drecoll, 45 Eudo, dux of Aquitaine, 255 Drogo, son of Carloman, 54 Eugenius, usurper, 75, 141, 145 n. 44 tonsure of, 56 Eusebius, Vita Constantini,81 Dungal, Irish master, 139 Eusebius of Vercelli, 147

Index 345

Eusebius-Jerome, Chronicle, 10, 17–18, 23, freedom of speech, 100; see also parrhesia 32, 227, 247, 276, 299 Freising, 124, 130, 266 Jerome’s additions, 238–40 Fridugisus, abbot of St Martin of Tours, layout of, 237 59, 128, 148 in Lucca 490, 242 Fried, Johannes, 6–7, 9 manuscripts of, 237, 243 Frisia, 159 resource for the Liber pontificalis authors, Frisians, 199, 215, 219 227, 235–41 Fulda, 23, 24 n. 59, 274 transmission of, 181, 238–9 monastery, 70, 91, 98 Eusebius-Rufinus, 11 n. 21, 110 n. 21 Fulgentius of Ruspe, 120 Historia ecclesiastica, 18, 72, 227, 241–2, Fulrad of St Denis, 263 265, 284 furor, 145 manuscripts of, 266 Furstenspeigel¨ , see mirror for princes Eutropius, 24–5 Evagrius Ponticus, 126 Gallicanus, emperor, 232 exegesis, Antiochene, 18, 123, 124 n. 32, Ganshof, François Louis, 70, 73 133 Gantner, Clemens, 241, 242, 285 biblical, 119 Garipzanov, Ildar, 206, 213, 221, 222 and political discourse, 283 Gaudentius, bishop of Novara, 147; see also exemplars, late antique, 264–5 Vita Gaudentii exemplum, biblical, 140 Gaul, Christianisation of, 273 Expositio in proverbiis Salomonis, 125–6 Geary, Patrick, 4 Ezekiel, prophet, 100 Geertz, Clifford, 5 Gelasius I, pope, 230 Fardulf of St Denis, 260 Genesis, commentaries on, 172 Fastrada, Frankish queen and wife of Gennadius of Marseilles, 128 Charlemage, 165 gens,9 Felix I, pope, 230 biblical, 176 Felix IV, pope, 230 gens Anglorum, 185 Fentress, Elizabeth, 42 gentes, Bede’s views on, 172–87 Ferrandus, deacon, 120 Gentilly, council of (769), 255 n. 57 Ferrieres,` 284 Gepids, 26 Festus, 125 Geroh of Eichstatt,¨ 128 n. 54 fideles, 193–4, 200, 205 Getica, 22 fidelity, 99, 101, 189; see also fides Gewissae, 186 fides, 189, 191–5 Gildas, 173, 174, 186 Fides, deity, 191 Gisela, daughter of Charlemagne, 136 Flaccilla, wife of Theodosius I, 74 glossaries, 125 Flechner, Roy, 115 Goffmann, Irving, 5 Flierman, Robert, 287, 288 Goldschmidt, Ernest, 210 Fontanelle, see Saint-Wandrille Goliath, 182 Fontenoy, battle of, 102 Goody, Jack, 3 Forum Romanum, 250 Goosmann, Erik, 288 Foucault, Michel, 5 Gorman, Michael, 132 Fraesdorff, David, 213, 221 Gottschalk, 91 n. 18, 289 Franks, 119, 131, 133, 254–6, 258–9 Gracilis, Roman tribune, 250 Christian leadership of, 281 Gratian, Roman emperor, 140–1 history of, 272–3 Graus, Frantisek,ˇ 2 Trojan origins of, 273, 274, 276 Greek, Frechulf, bishop of Lisieux, 23, 68–83, books for Franks, 250 n. 33, 259 139, 142, 211, 284, 285 culture in Rome, 245–6, 255 envoy of Louis, 70 knowledge of, 119 Histories, 68–83 popes, 234 n. 49 Fredegar, 18, 32, 268, 270, 272, 278, proverb on Franks, 168 288; see also Continuations of texts, translations of, 47, 248–9, Fredegar 254–5

346 Index

Gregory I (the Great), pope, 37, 198–9, Hiereia, Council of (754), 255, 258 209, 214, 246 Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, 136, 148–9 on angli, 186 Hildebald of Cologne, 128 n. 54 on Constantine’s right to judge bishops, Hilduin, archchaplain, 92 18–19 Hiltrude, daughter of Charles Martel, 165 Dialogues,48 Hincmar of Rheims, 90, 139, 142–3 Dialogues in Greek, 254 De ordine palatii,90 exegesis, 284 dependence on Ambrose’s letters, letters, 27, 254 142–3 Moralia in Job, 209 Hinderaker, Eric, 260 reconsecration S. Agata dei Goti, 231 Hispana, see Collectio Hispana reconsecrates S. Agata dei goti, 231 Historia augusta, 23, 226 Gregory III (pope, 731–41), 234, 251 n. 36 Historia ecclesiastica tripartita, 32, 136, 139, Gregory of Tours, 272, 278, 280, 288 150 De virtutibus Martini, 137, 147 contents, 34–5 Histories, 265, 268, 282 in relation to Three Chapters edited at Lorsch, 270 controversy, 50 six-book version, 270–1 transmission, 35–7 ignores Constantine, 32 use by Frechulf, 74, 76–7, 80, 82 sacred topography of Gaul, 19 history, biblical, 283 on Tiberius II, 27 ecclesiastical, at Lorsch, 282 Grifo, brother of Pippin III, 51, 156, Roman, 283 162–5, 167 universal, 68, 83, 139, 172, 226, 242 Grig, Lucy, 225, 235 Holy Land, 125 Gunther, archbishop of Cologne, 138 Honorius, pope, 231, 250 honour, 63 Hadrian, abbot, 124 Horace, 191 Hadrian I, pope, 199, 227, 252, 253, 255, Hraban Maur, 90, 97, 98, 103, 139 259 biblical exegesis, 91–4, 97, 284 Hadrianum, 259 De honore parentum, 92–4, 101–2 Hagarenes (Saracens), 173 on legal authority, 91–4 Hagia Sophia, 28 Hugh, son of Lothar II, 52 hair, long, 166 Hunoald of Aquitaine, 162, 194–5 Halberstadt, 24, 25 Hwaetbert, abbot of Wearmouth-Jarrow, Halbwachs, Maurice, 1–2, 4, 10 186 Ham, 185 Hydatius, Chronicle, 274 descendant of, 172–3 Hyperboreans, 210, 211 Haman, 97 Hamburg-Bremen, 206, 208 iconoclasm, 255 Hammond Bammel, Caroline, 47, 266, icons, 30 268 identiﬁcations, repertoires of, 87, 89 Harald Bluetooth, 215 biblical, 91 Hartrich, bishop, 128 n. 54 identity, 4–5, 7–8, 207, 217–21, 225, 235, Heden of Thuringia, 160 241, 283, 286 Heil, Uta, 45 Christian Roman, 243–4 Helena, empress and mother of construction of, 290–1 Constantine, 18, 19, 74 deﬁnition, 226 mausoleum of, 230, 232 and faith, 196–8, 201 Helisachar, abbot of St Riquier, 69 Frankish, 15, 70 Helmold of Bosau, 209 institutional, 215 Henry IV, emperor of Germany, 208 Roman, 232–5 Heraclius, Byzantine emperor, 27, 248 ideology, Carolingian imperial, 70–1 heretics, 175, 181, 182, 183–5, 286, 289 images, papal views on, 255 Herodias, 145 imperium Romanum,9,91 Hesse, 161 Indiculus supestitionum, 157–8

Index 347

infidelity, 189, 289; see also fides Jezebel, 145 Ingelheim, 62, 74, 199 Job, 93 frescoes of kings, 68–9, 74, 83 John, apostle, 145 Innocent I, pope, 92 John VIII, pope, 260 Iona, 177, 184, 187 John the Baptist, 101, 145 Irene, empress, 255 Jonas, bishop of Orleans, 70, 78, 82, 139 Irish, 124, 126–7, 132–3, 187 Admonitio,19 influence at Milan, 137 n. 17 Jonas of Bobbio, 54 Irmingard, Frankish empress, 279 Jong, Mayke de, 16, 71, 78, 83, 283, 284, Irminsul, 196 286 Isaac, 173, 175–6 on public penance, 60 Isaiah, 101 on religion and politics, 57 Ishmaelites, 173 Jordanes, Isidore of Seville, 131, 284 Getica, 211 Allegoriae, 126 ignores Constantine, 32 Chronicle, 18, 22, 37, 48–9 Romana, 21–2 De ecclesiasticis officiis, 60–1, 103, 127 Joseph, 97 Differentiarum, 125 Josephus, 238, 265 Etymologiae, 126 Joshua, prophet, 94, 169 on tonsure, 60 Josiah, king of Judah, 88, 99, 129, 180 Islam, expansion of, 246, 253 Jovian, Roman emperor, 139 Israel, children of, 10 Judas, brother of James the Just, 72 as model, 178 Judith, Book of, 284 New, 91, 173, 174–5 Judith, empress and wife of Louis the Israelites, 185, 187, 178, 180, 185 Pious, 69, 71, 94, 140 history of, 181–2 as Bathsheba, 71 use as comparisons by Bede, 174–6, Julian, emperor, 21 178, 180–3 Julius, pope, 230 Italy, 123–5, 133, 246–8, 252, 256–7, 261 Junillus Africanus, 17, 118–34, 285 Itinerarium Einsidlense, 249–50 dissemination of, 124 Iudicia Theodori/Pentitential of Theodore, legal training, 119–20 105, 110 Justin I, 21 Iustina, Roman empress, 140 Justinian I, Byzantine emperor, 18, 21, 32, 40, 118, 133 Jacob, patriarch, 97 Edict of (543–4), 35 James the Just, 72 interference in papal election, 40–1 Janson, Henrik, 213, 221, 222 in Historia tripartita,50 Janus, king of Italy, 24 in Jordanes’ Romana,22 Japheth, 172, 173, 187 as legislator, 123 Jeremiah, prophet, 93, 99–100 in Paul the Deacon’s Lombard History, Jerome, 47, 125–6 27–8, 31 Chronicle, see Eusebius-Jerome Pragmatic sanction, 22, 38, 232 chronology of, 236 De situ et nominibus locorum hebraeorum, Kahl, Hans-Dietrich, 188 126 Kaldellis, Anthony, 50 De viris illustribus, 16, 72, 239, 242 Kelly, Christopher, 237 Expositio in proverbiis, 125–6 Kelly, Gavin, 225 Hebraicae questiones, 172 Kings, Books of, 180–1 Liber quaestionum in Genesim, 125 kingship, 88, 168, 181 Jerusalem, 237, 253 in Israel, 180–1 Jews, 193, 237, 242, 286 as ministerium,89 Ambrose refuses communion with, 149 knowledge, canon of, 73 Bede on, 173, 175–6, 179, 181, 183, 184 Landolf Sagax, 24 in Visigothic kingdoms, 193 Lapidge, Michael, 267–8

348 Index

Last Judgement, 126 Liutprand, Lombard king, 256, 259 n. 80 Lateran, 251, 259 Livy, 191, 202, 250 council of (649), 248–9, 254–5 Lockett, Leslie, 133 laudes,29 Lombards, 163–4, 189, 255–6, 259 n. 80, Laurentian schism, 246 260 law, books, Roman, 16 long hair, 60 purpose of, 122 Lorsch, 21, 23, 124, 266, 268 understanding of, 130, 132 editors of older texts at, 265 Le Jan, Regine,´ 95 Historia ecclesiastica, 268–9 Leiden Glossary, 267 historians at, 288 Lent, duration of, 131 history books, 264–82 Leo I, pope, 330 library of, 263–4, 274 Leo II, pope, 104 minuscule ‘Older Lorsch Style’, 264 Leo III, Byzantine emperor, 30 Lot, 182 Leo III, pope, 227, 251 Lothar I, Frankish emperor, 82, 90, 98, Leo IV, Byzantine emperor, 253 137–8 Leo IV, pope, 104 submission in Blois, 92 Leudegar, bishop of Autun, 63 Lothar II, Frankish king, 52, 138, 140 Levi-Strauss,´ Claude, 5 divorce of, 143 lex, deﬁnition of, 122 Louis II of Italy, emperor, 150 Lex Baiuvariorum, 130, 131 burial of, 138 lex divina, 120 Louis the German, king, 97 Lex frisonum, 158 Louis the Pious, Frankish emperor, 59, 71, Leyser, Conrad, 48 83, 90, 130, 135, 137 Libellus responsionum, 105, 116 abdication of, 64 Liber diurnus, 258 aftermath of reign of, 141 Liber glossarum, 132 charters of, 192–3 Liber historiae francorum, 167, 170, 274, court of, 36, 95 275, 276 letter to Arn of Salzburg, 131 Liber pontiﬁcalis, 33, 65, 254, 256, 259, perception of, 69 284 poem in honour of, 68 Christian perspective on empire in, public penance of, 66, 76, 92, 93, 94, 20–1 101 city of Rome in, 228–32, 250–1 rebellions against, 98 on Constantine I, 32 receives exegesis on Book of Kings, dissemination of, 23, 227 92–4 epitomes of, 227 loyalty, 170, 189, 192 historiographical context, 226–7 Lucan, 191, 212 Justinian in, 41, 43 Lucca, 263 on patricius title, 257 Lucina, Roman matron, 228, 232, 233 preface, 236 Lupus of Ferrieres,` 73 n. 36 transmission of, 285 on emperors, 32–3 use by Paul the Deacon, 27, 30 Luxeuil, 63, 64 Liberatus of Carthage, Breviarium, 37 n. 15, 44–6 Maccabees I and II, 284 Liberius, patrician, 39, 40–2, 44 Macedonius, 183, 184 Liberius, pope, 230 Malchisue, 183 Libri memoriales, 7–8 Manichaeism, 183, 184 Lieux/milieux de memoire´ ,2,3 manuscripts, Lindisfarne, 178 Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek Hist. 3 (olim Lintzel, Martin, 188 E.3.14), 24, 25 n. 71 Lippespringe, Saxony, 196 Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Phillipps 1885 literacy, 3 (Epitome Phillippsiana), 21 n. 43 biblical, 94 Bern, Burgerbibliothek Liudger, mother of, 158 219, 243 Liutberg, 165 363, 137 n. 17

Index 349

Brussels, Bibliotheque` royale lat. 9403, lat. 2316, 105 n. 9, 108 n. 17, 270 n. 45 110 n. 22, 111 n. 24 Cambrai, Bibliotheque` municipale 624 lat 2443, 92 n. 20 (684), 270 n. 45 lat. 5018, 274 Chartres, Bibliotheque` municipale 10, lat. 7906, 274, 275 Fig. 15.3, 35 n. 6 276 Fig. 15.4 Einsiedeln, Stiftsbibliothek 347, lat. 10399, 266 n. 29 266 n. 29 lat. 10400, 266 n. 29 Florence Biblioteca Medicea lat. 12205, 46, 47 Laurenziana lat. 12527, 266 n. 29 Laurenziano Amiatino 1 (Codex lat. 12634, 46 Amiatinus), 42 lat. 17655, 270 n. 45 San Marco 38, 125 n. 38 lat. 18282, 266 n. 28 Heidelberg, Universitatsbibliothek¨ Pal. St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek lat. 864, 265 n. 23, 268–74 130, 125 Karlsruhe, Badische Landesbibliothek 569, 135 Aug. XVIII, 128–9, 130 622, 73–4 and n. 37 Aug. CXI, 126 908 (palimpsest), 124 Fragm. Aug. CIV, 270 n. 45 St Petersburg, Rossiˇıskaya Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek natsional’naya biblioteka Scaliger 14, 237, 243, 277 Fig. 15.5 lat. F.v.I.11, 35 n. 6, 46 VLQ 63, 270 n. 45 lat. Q.v.I, 15, 46 n. 66 VLQ 69, 267 lat Q.v.IV.5, 30 n. 96 VLQ 110, 237, 243 lat Q.v.IX, 30 n. 96 VLQ 110A, 237, 243 Troyes, Bibliotheque` municipale 802, London, British Library Cotton 274, 278 Tiberius A.XV, 124 Valenciennes, Bibliotheque` municipale, Lucca, Biblioteca Capitolare Feliniana 95, 21 n. 43, 125 n. 37 490, 49, 241–3, 266 n. 28 Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Metz Bibliotheque` municipale lat. 236, (BAV) 105 n. 98 Pal. lat. 170, 265 n. 20 Milan, Archivio Capitolare della Basilica Pal. lat. 207, 268 n. 37 di Sant’ Ambrogio Pal. lat. 814, 265 n. 19 M 7, 139 n. 25 Pal. lat. 822, 265, 266 n. 28, 267 n. 36 M 15, 137 n. 12 Pal. lat. 829, 265 n. 18 Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana I 1, Pal. lat. 920, 21 n. 43 125 n. 40 Pal. lat. 1753, 268 n. 37 Monte Cassino, Biblioteca della Badia Reg. lat. 76, 127 302, 35 n. 6 Reg. lat. 2077, 49 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Vat lat. 1340, 49 Clm 4592, 105 n. 9, 108 n. 17, Vat. lat. 1348, 48 110 n. 22, 111 n. 24 Vat. lat. 5704, 34 Clm 6376, 35 n. 6 Vat. lat. 6010, 49 Clm 6383, 266 n. 29 Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana Clm 14276, 127 lat. 169, 49 Clm 14277, 127 Vienna, Osterreichische¨ Clm 14423, 126 Nationalbibliothek Clm 14469, 127–8 lat. 522, 105 n. 9, 110 n. 22, 111 n. 24 Clm 14645, 125 n. 36, 130 n. 61 lat. 614, 68 n. 1 Clm 14854, 130 n. 61, 132 lat. ser. nov. 3644, 266 n. 29 Clm 19415, 130, 131 Wolfenbuttel,¨ Herzog August Bibliothek Oxford, Bodleian Library Auct T.II, Cod. Weiss 34, 265 n. 22, 268 n. 37 243 Guelf. 532 Helmstedt, 130, Paris, Bibliotheque` nationale de France 131 (BnF) Marcellina, sister of Ambrose, 142 lat. 1668, 268 n. 37 Marcellinus Comes, 18, 22

350 Index

Marcellus, pope, 233 foundation of, 32, 51 Mark, pope, 230 monuments, Roman, 229 Martianus Capella, 211, 212 Moses, 93, 112, 254 Martin I, pope, 248–9 law of, 111, 113, 115 Martin, saint of Tours, 136, 147, 149, 150, Murbach, 124 273 Muslims, 157, 169, 177 n. 25 Martinellus, 148 Carolingian attitude to, 169 martyrs, Roman, 234, 285 Matthew, Gospel, 115 N-Annotator, 46 Maurice, Byzantine emperor, 27, 29, 30 names, Merovingian used by Carolingians, Maurontus, duke of Provence, 194 170 Maximus, usurper, 141 Naples, 252 Maximus of Turin, 147 Narses, 22, 28, 31 Maximus the Confessor, 248 nation, English, 185 McKitterick, Rosamond, 17, 18, 23, 72–3, navigational aids in a text, 271, 265, 284, 285 272 Fig. 15.2 Meeder, Sven, 286 Nebuchadnezzar, 99 Meginhart of Rouen, 128 n. 54 Nehemiah, 177 Melchisadech, 112 Nelson, Janet L., 15, 94 Memorialforschung,7 Nero, Roman emperor, 72, 74, 240, Memorik, 6–7 250 n. 26 memory, cultural, 1–12, 283, 285, 288–9, Nestorius, 45 290 New Testament, see Bible and Frankish power, 157, 190 Nibelung, 273, 274 landscape of, 229 Nicaea I, Council of (325), 18, 79, 80–2, and Rome, 225, 244 109, 184 Merovingian kings, 155, 157, 165–6, 171, Nicaea II, Council of (787), 255 273 Nicholas I, pope, 138, 140, 260 early, 169 Nisibis, 123 as models for Carolingian kings, 170 Nithard, 94, 99, 285 past of, 156 Historiae, 101 n. 63 as rois faineants´ , 165–8 Noah, sons of, 172, 177, 185 Metz, 263, 277–8, 282 Nora, Pierre, 2 Meyvaert, Paul, 177 Normbildung, 104 Michael II, Byzantine emperor, 70 North, 211–12 Milan, 135–51 Northmen, 198 Basilica Ambrosiana, 136–8, 147 Northumbrians, 186, 187 Basilica Portiana, 143, 145 Novak, Johanne, 213 Golden altar, 137, 147 Novara, 146 lieu de memoire´ , 149–50 Nuffelen, Peter van, 20 miles Christi, 192 ministerium, 76, 89 Oak of Geismar, 161 minuscule, caroline, 124, 126 oaths of loyalty, 161, 164, 191–3, 202 mirror for princes, 71–2, 76 Odilo, dux of Bavarians, 57, 58, 162, 165, missionaries, 171 195 Anglo-Saxon, 186 Odoacer, 22 Moabites, 182 O’Donnell, James, 42 models, 282, 283 Oexle, Otto Gerhard, 279, 280 biblical, 89, 286 Old St Peter’s, 251 Mommsen, Theodor, 265 Old Testament, see Bible monasteries as centres of power, Ordo synodalis, 131 119 Orientalism, 10 Monothelitism, 30 Origen, 95 n. 38 Monte Cassino, 51, 52, 55, 59 origins of Franks, Trojan, 273, 274, 276, Monte Soracte, 52, 55, 64–5 279, 280

Index 351

Orosius, 24, 32, 92, 264–5 changes to Eutropius, 24–5 Historiae adversus paganos, 68, 74–5, 79, on empire, 27 81 ignores Constantine, 32 manuscripts of, 19–20, 23 Historia Romana, 23–6 source for Frechulf, 72, 74, 75, 79 Liber de episcopis mettensibus, 278–9 source for Ingelheim frescoes, 68 Paul of Nisibis, 123 source for Marcellinus Comes, 18 Paulina, Augustine’s letter to, 146 source for Paul the Deacon, 25 Paulinus, Milanese deacon and author of orthodoxy, 289 Vita Ambrosii, 137, 138, 143, 146 Osred, king of Northumbria, murder of, Paulinus of Aquileia, 197 177–9, 180, 183 Paulinus of Perigueux, De vita sancti Other, 9, 10–11 Martini, 148 otherness, 220, 287 Pavia, 139 Carolingian approach to, 155–7, Pelagians, 184 170–1 Pelagius, 44, 184 ideas of, 155–6 Pelagius I, pope, 40, 45 Oviedo, 124 penance, 116 ox-cart, 166 of King David, 97 perceptions of, 63, 64 Paderborn, 197 public, 53, 59–60, 140 assembly (777), 196–7 perfidia, 190 n. 9, 191–3, 203, 288; see also pagans/paganism, 155, 157–9, 171, 175, fides 182, 183, 196, 212–17, 286 Perron, Anthony, 213, 222 concepts of, 216–17 Peter, apostle, 227, 253, 254, 257, 285 conversion of, 160 burial place of, 228 Pannonia, 199 letter in name of, 257 Pantheon (S. Maria ad Martyres), 75, 250 supposed daughter of, 253 converted to Christian use, 75, 231, Peter, archbishop of Milan, 136 232, 240, 250 Peter, hegumen of St Saba (Rome), 255 papacy, as cultural broker, 245–61 Peter, Hermann, 239 Paredi, Angelo, 135 Peter the priest, founder of Santa Sabina, Paris, Council of (829), 70, 82–3 233 parrhesia, 100, 101, 136, 144–6 Petronilla, supposed daughter of St Peter, Parroni, Piergiorgio, 213 253 Pascal I, pope, 235 Petrucci, Armano, 47 Pascasius, by-name for Paschasius Philip, first Christian emperor, 240 Radbertus, 98–101 Philistines, 174, 179, 180, 182–3 Paschasius Radbertus (Radbert), 90, 98, Phoenicians, see Carthaginians 99, 100, 141 n. 32, 285 pilgrims to Rome, 249 Epitaphium Arsenii, 90, 98–102 Pior, abbot, 43 Passio Leudegarii, 63 Pippin II, mayor of the palace, wars of, 166 past, authority of, 72–3, 83 Pippin III, king of the Franks, 51, 171, biblical, 108–11, 286 193, 263 Merovingian, 156 Ingelheim frescoes, 68 Roman, 225–44 letter from Pope Stephen II, 253 n. 43 Pater noster, commentaries on, 128 letter from St Peter, 254 n. 48 Patricius Romanorum (patrician of the receives Greek books, 259 Romans), 257–8 receives title of patricius Romanorum, Patzold, Steffan, 83 257 Paul, apostle, 72, 92, 96, 227, 254, 256, relations with brother Carloman, 54–6 285 relations with brother Grifo, 163–4 letter to Corinthians, 113 usurpation, 53, 165, 166, 167 Paul I, pope, 234, 250 Pippin the Hunchback, 164–5, 194, 200 gifts to Pippin III, 259 Placidia, empress, 74 Paul the Deacon, 165, 211, 259 n. 80, 260 Pliny, 211

352 Index

Pohl, Walter, 89, 285, 286 remembrance, see memory, cultural Pollheimer, Marianne, 284, 285 Renswoude, Irene van, 77, 100 Pomian, Krystof, 11 res publica (papal), 252–3, 283 populus Christianus, 9, 16, 70, 193, Reviser, of the Annales regni Francorum, 199–200 201–3 populus dei, 192 Ricbod, 262, 264, 275 see also Chosen People Roman law, 119, 191, 285 Possidius, Vita Augustini, 146 in canon law, 105, 111, 116 precedents, Roman, 166 Roman past, see past, Roman Primasius, bishop of Hadrumetum (North romanitas, 209, 219, 220 Africa), 118, 123–7 Romans, 191–2, 204 Priscian, 28 Rome, 31, 36, 38, 192, 246, 285 Priscilla, Roman matron, 232 Altar of Victory, 142 Procopius, 43, 50, 119–20 Carloman in, 51, 55, 58 Anekdota, 119 Christian city, 228 Prosper, 17–18, 24 Council of (649), see Lateran Prussians, 217–18, 221 in cultural memory, 225–44 Psalter, 95, 96 Duchy of, 247–8 Pseudo Aurelius Victor, 73, 226 history, 72, 245–61, 281–2 Pseudo Isidorean decratal, 20 imperial past of, 66 Pseudo-Methodius, Apocalypsis, 17, 135 late antique, 225 Punic War, Third, 192 pagan, 16 Punica fides, 192 rebellion in, 30 Pythagoras, 243 siege of, 43 topography of, 229, 230, 249–50 quarter uncial, 47, 243 Romulus and Remus, 21, 24 Quierzy, assembly of (775), 203 Ingelheim, frescoes, 68 Quinisext Council in Trullo (692), canons Rudolf of Fulda, 92 of, 255 Rufinus, 18, 37, 47, 265, 271, 278 Quintus Julius Hilarion, 274 Historia ecclesiastica, 72, 76–7, 80, 81, 82 Lorsch copy, 266 Raban, Jonathan, 235 Lorsch scribes of, 268 Radbert, see Paschasius Radbertus see also Eusebius-Rufinus Radbod, dux of Frisia, 156, 159–61 rulership, Christian models of, 32 Rado, scribe, 268 ideal of, 39 Ragamfred, 161 see also kingship Rapp, Claudia, 39 Ratchis, Lombard king, 256 S. Sabina, Rome, 233 Ravenna, 38, 247, 252, 256, 257, 258 Sabinian, pope, 231 rebels, 155, 161–2, 171 Said, Edward, 10 Frankish, 162–5 Saint-Wandrille (Fontenelle), 36 n. 9, 158, Reckwitz, Andreas, 5 161 rector, 61, 145–6 Sallust, 191 re-´ ecriture,´ 7 Salzburg, 124, 129–31 Reference Bible, Irish, 127, 133 library of, 129 Regensburg, 35, 124, 128 Samuel, First Book of, 179, 180–1 library of, 130 San Paolo fuori le mura, Rome, 251 St Emmeram, 124, 126–30 San Sebastiano monastery, 40, 42 Regino, 67, 111 n. 23 Saracens, 173, 260 Chronicle, on Carloman, 51–4, 59, 64 Saul, king of Israel, 175, 179, 180, 181, regnum Francorum, concept of, 9, 16 183 Regula Magistri, 42, 43, 46–8 Saxon wars, 156, 162, 188, 190–2 Reichenau, 21, 124, 126, 128 in Frankish annals, 196 Reimitz, Helmut, 284, 285, 288 memory of, 201–4 relics, Roman, 235, 253 Saxons, 89, 156, 176, 186, 192, 194–205

Index 353

depiction of, 8 St Riquier, 36 n. 9, 124 as pagans, 128 n. 54, 157 St Saba, monastery, Rome, 254 as rebels, 162, 164, 168, 169, 287 St Stephen’s church (Metz), 280 give refuge to Grifo, 164 Stancliffe, Clare, 178 Ingelheim, frescoes, 68 Statuta ecclesiae antiqua, 107 tribute of, 170 Staubach, Nikolaus, 82 Scaliger, Joseph, 237 Stephen II, pope, 249 n. 25, 251 n. 36, Schaiparelli, Luigi, 241 253 n. 43, 257–9 schedula, 269 Stephen III, pope, 250 n. 30 Scholten, Desir´ ee,´ 285 Stephen V, pope, 227 Schuler Eric, 190 Suetonius, 226 Scior, Viktor, 206, 213, 221 Sulpicius Severus, 147, 148, 149 Sedulius Scottus, 19, 78, 79 n. 72, 132, Svein Estrithson, king of the Danes, 209, 137 n. 17, 139, 142, 145 214, 215 Seneca, Apolocyntosis, 135 Swanhild, wife of Charles Martel, 162, 165 Sententiae Pauli, Breviary of, 111 Synodus II S. Patricii, 105, 106 n. 11, 107 Sergius I, pope, 105, 234 Severa, Roman empress, 140 Tacitus, 202 Severus, Roman emperor, 74 Germania,23 Shem, 172, 173, 185 Tado archbishop of Milan, 137, 140, 149 Silverius, pope, 49 Tajfel, Henri, 10 Silvester I, pope, 20, 32, 51, 65, 109, 251, Tarquin, 219 257 Tassilo, dux of Bavaria, 66, 164–5, 195, Life of, 65, 230 199 monastery in name of, 64–5; see also penance of, 62, 64 Monte Soracte Taylor, Charles, 5 titulus of, in Rome, 230 Tegernsee, 130 Simon Peter, 72 Tertullian, 192 Simplician, bishop of Milan, 147 Theodahad, king of the Goths, 40 Simplicius, pope, 230 Theoderic, king of the Goths and Romans, Sisinnius, pope, 233 18, 31, 34, 38, 232 Sixtus III, pope, 230 Theoderic, Saxon leader, 194 Slavs, 157, 169–70, 199 Theodore of Mopsuestia, 123 n. 31 Carolingian attitude to, 169–70 Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Socrates, church historian, 34, 139 Canterbury, 105, 107, 124 Soissons, 99 Iudicia (Pentiential), 105 n. 11 Solinus, 211, 212 Theodoret of Cyr, church historian, 34, Solomon, 71, 87 35, 139 Sophia, empress, 28–9 Theodosius I, Roman emperor, 74–5, Sozomen, church historian, 34, 39, 139 139–40, 143, 145–6 speech, frank, see parrhesia destruction of pagan temples, 75 St Amand, monastery, 21, 23, 124, 124–5 exemplary ruler, 76, 79, 83 St Ambrose basilica Milan, fresco at Ingelheim, 68, 74 golden altar, 147 funeral sermon for, 143 monastery, foundation of, 136 in Jordanes, 22 St Benedict, monastery, see Monte Cassino in Orosius, 20 St Bertin, monastery, 60 in Paul the Deacon, 25–6 St Gall, 36 n. 9, 124, 125, 151 penance of, 18, 26, 32, 76–9, 82–3, 285 St Hadrian, church in Forum Romanum, victory over Eugenius and Arbogastes, 250 75 St John Lateran, Rome, 251 Theodrada, half-sister of Wala and abbess St Martin of Massay, monastery, 58–9 in Soissons, 99 St Martin of Tours, monastery, 59, 149 Theophanes, 24 St Peter’s basilica, Rome, 228, 251 Theophilos, Byzantine emperor, 70 gifts to, 232 Theotimus, 214

354 Index

Thessalonica, massacre of (390), 143 Georgics, 211, 212 Theudebald, Alemannian leader, 58 Visigoths, on Jews, 193 Theuderic II, Merovingian king, 54 vision of community, 272 Theuderic IV, Merovingian king, 167 Vita Ambrosii, 137 Theuerkauf, Gerhard, 213, 217 Vita Ceolfridi, 178 Theutberga, Frankish queen and wife of Vita Gaudentii, 146, 147, 148, 150 Lothar II, 140 Vita Hilarii, 147 Theutgar, archbishop of Trier, 138 Vita Liudgeri, 158, 160 Thomas, archbishop of Milan, 136 Vita Vulframni, 160–1 Three Chapters controversy, 30, 35, 37–9, Vitalian, pope, 250 n. 30 44, 49, 50, 120 Vivarium, 34, 36, 46, 73, 124, 139 Tiberius II, emperor, 27, 28–9 foundation, 40 time, new perception of, 226 Vocino, 285 Tinic, Serra, sociologist, 247 vomit, dogs return to, 199–201 title, imperial, 15–16 tonsure, 53, 54, 55, 60, 186 Waifar, duke of Aquitaine, 163, 164, 194 of political ﬁgures, 98 Wala, 90, 98 topography, spiritual, 273 as Jeremiah, 99–100 Totila, 43, 44 Walahfrid Strabo, 139 Tours, reform council, 813, 60 Waldrada, concubine of Lothar II, 140 scriptorium of, 149 Wallraff, Martin, 46 St Martin’s monastery, 59 Ward, Graeme, 284, 285 Trajan, emperor, 26, 32 water supply in Rome, 231 Traube, Ludwig, 243 Wearmouth-Jarrow, 178, 179, 186 Tribonianus, lawyer, 119 West Saxons, 186 Triclinium mosaic of Leo III, 251 Westphalians, 196, 202 Trinity, discussion of, 121, 128–9 Wicbert, abbot of Tours, 59 Troncarelli, Fabio, 44, 45, 47 Widukind, 162, 188, 194, 196, 197 Troy, 6, 272, 273, 276 baptism of, 198–9, 201–2 Fall of, 238 origins of, 201–2 Wigbod, Quaestiones in Octateuchum, 132, Ulﬁlas, 181 133 Unfer Verre, Gaia Elisabetta, 241 Wilfrid of Hexham, compared with unity, 178 Samuel, 179 Unni, Archbishop of Hamburg, 215 William, son of Dhuoda and Bernard, 90, Ursinus, monk, 63 94, 97 execution of, 95 Valentinian I, Roman emperor, 140 knowledge of Scripture, 96 Valentinian II, Roman emperor, 142, Willibald, Vita Bonifatii, 159, 160–1 145 Willibrord, 159 Valentinian III, Roman emperor, 232 Witigis, Gothic king, 38 Valerius Maximus, 191 wives, new law on number of, 140 Venantius Fortunatus, 148, 149 Woden, 187 Verden massacre (782), 198 women, fomenters of rebellion, 165 Verona, 21 Wood, Ian, 283, 286, 296 Vespasian, Roman emperor, 74 world chronicle, see history, universal Vestina, Roman matron, 232, 233 Wulfram, 158, 160 Veyne, Paul, 287 Wulfram of Sens, 160 Victor of Tunnuna, 49 Wurzburg,¨ 124 Vigilius, pope, 40–1, 43, 48–9 St Salvator, 36 n. 9 Virgil, 135, 192, 211, 212, 250, 262, 275, 278 Zacharias, pope, 249 n. 25, 253 n. 43, 254, Aeneid, 192, 219 256 Lorsch copy, 274, 275 zelum, 150; see also Ambrose