Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on CLIMATE RESILIENT AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS TO AUGMENT LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY ENSURING ENVIRONMENTAL BIODIVERSITY

05 & 06 March, 2020

Organised By INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL NUTRITION CENTRE FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION STUDIES TAMIL NADU VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY In collaboration with WORLD AGROFORESTRY, ICRAF, SOUTH ASIA REGIONAL PROGRAM, NEW DELHI and CENTRAL AGROFORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, JHANSI ISBN No.: 978-93-5406-115-8 iii v vii ix xi

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Dr R K Tiwari Director, Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi

I am glad to know that All India Coordinated Research Project on Agroforestry, Kattupakkam centre under Tamil Nadu VeterinaryI am glad and Animalto know Sciences that University,All India ofCoordinated is conducting Research a National Projectsymposium on onAgroforestry “Climate resilient, agroforestryKattupakkam systems tocentre augment under livestock Tamil productivity Nadu Veterinary ensuring and environmental Animal Sciences biodiversity” University, in the current of is climate change scenario. conducting a National symposium on “Climate resilient agroforestry systems to augment Indialivestock is enriched productivity with tremendous ensuring livestock environmental resources, largelybiodiversity” rural based. in theAgricultural current landclimate is subject change to many competing demands: for increased food production to meet the needs of a growing world population. The growing scenario. urbanization, declining monetary demands from agriculture has forced the farming community to look forward for animal husbandary.AgricultureIndia is enriched and with animal tremendous husbandry golivestock hand in resources,hand and complementary largely rural tobased. each other.Agricultural In recent years the contributionland is subject of animal to many husbandary competing as component demands: of foragricultural increased GDP food has production been steadily to meetincreasing. the needs Crop of - livestocka integrationgrowing in mixed world farming population. systems are The ecologically growing sustainable urbanization, for doubling declining farmer’s monetary income. demands from

Theagriculture total livestock has forced population the farming is 535.78 community million, showing to look an forward increase forof 4.6%animal over husbandary.Agricul the Livestock Censusture of 2012. Projectionsand indicateanimal thathusbandry to feed largego hand livestock in hand population and complementary in the year 2020, toIndia each would other. require In recent526 million years tonnes the (MT) of dry fodder, 855 MT of green fodder and 56 MT of concentrate feed. Agroforestry is instrumental in reducing the green contribution of animal husbandary as component of agricultural GDP has been steadily fodder scarcity and ensures food security for the nation through sustainable means. increasing. Crop - livestock integration in mixed farming systems are ecologically sustainable for Agroforestrydoubling farmer’s has the income.potential to help to meet these demands by integrating trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc. and fodder trees and pasture for livestock integration without compromising the environment. The key advantages of The total livestock population is 535.78 million, showing an increase of 4.6% over the the system are self-sufficiency for the farmer in energy production, combined with shelter and shade for cattleand the provisionLivestock of feed Census resources. of 2012. Other Projections advantages indicate include, that improvements to feed large to livestocksoil organic population matter, support in the for year farmland biodiversity,2020, and India the wouldsubstitution require of fossil 526 millionfuel with tonnes renewable (MT) energy. of dry Agroforestry fodder, 855 systems MT of are green believed fodder to have and a higher potential56 to MT sequester of concentrate carbon because feed. ofAgroforestry their perceived is instrumentalability for greater in reducing capture andthe utilizationgreen fodder of growth scarcity resources (light, nutrients, and water) than single-species crop or pasture system. and ensures food security for the nation through sustainable means. I appreciateAgroforestry the organizers has of the symposiumpotential to for help giving to meetequal theseemphasis demands on important by integrating themes of trees,different shrubs, agroforestry systems. This symposium will definitely pave way for increased rehabilitation of degraded wastelands, ecosystem palms, bamboos, etc. and fodder trees and pasture for livestock integration without restoration, biodiversity conservation and strategies to overcome climate change scenario through agroforestry systems. I am extending my best wishes for the grand success of the symposium.

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National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

PROGRAM SCHEDULE SESSION 1 (THEME 1) HALL 1 AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION 05.03.2020 (11.00 – 1.30 PM and 2.30 – 3.30 PM) Keynote speaker address 1. Silvipastoral systems of livestock rearing for sustainable livestock 11.00 to 11.20 am production in the era of climate change Dr. M. Murugan, Dean (Retired), CPPM, Hosur, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. 2. Conservation and value addition of fodder obtained from agroforestry 11.20 to 11.40 am systems Dr. R. Karunakaran, Professor and Head, Department of Animal Nutrition, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai. Oral presentations 11.40 to 1.30 pm 2.30 to 3.30 pm Paper ID’s 04, 07, 10, 11, 20, 25, 26, 34, 46, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 68, 70, 73, 78, 84, 97,99, 100, 101 04 Ensiling of Moringa oleifera as Livestock Feed Pushpendra Koli, A. K. Misra, K. K. Singh, S. B. Maity, Sultan Singh and V. K. Yadav 07 Boundary plantation of Ailanthus excelsaand Prosopis cineraria as a source of fodder and additional income in arid western Rajasthan V. Subbulakshmi, KR Sheetal, PS Renjith, NS Nathawat, ML Soni, Birbal, ND Yadava 10 Productivity of fodder tree species and yield of field crops under agroforestry system in northern transitional tract of Dharwad conditions of Karnataka (India) Girish Shahapurmath, S. S. Inamati and S. M. Mutanal 11 Hortipastoral systems: integrating fruits and forages for diversification and carbon sequestration Suheel Ahmad, Sheeraz Saleem Bhat and Nazim Hamid Mir 20 Factors influencing growth performance of Jakhrana kids at an organized farm Saket Bhusan, Gopal Dass, Pavan Kumar, Vinay Chaturvedi and B. Rai 25 Gliricidia leaf meal as a feed ingredient in broiler ration V.Meenalochani 26 Agroforestry models suitable for hilly regions of Tamil Nadu – Experiences from Sheep Breeding Research Station (TANUVAS), Sandynallah, The Nilgiris. Venkataramanan, R., Gunasekaran, S., Raman, B. Anilkumar, R. and Iyue, M. 34 Influence of intercrop on yield of fodder trees in agroforestry system of North Eastern Zones of Tamil Nadu M.Suganthi, A.Elango, S.T.Selvan, K.Pasupathi and D.Balasubramanyam 46 In vitro Antioxidant potential of certain Tree leaves of Tamil Nadu R. Kavitha, C. Valli, R. Karunakaran, K. Vijayarani, R. Amutha and T.R. Gopala Krishna Murthy

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xv World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

48 Scientific Rationale of Ethno Veterinary Medicine for Curing Skin Diseases in Dairy Animals K.Devaki, P.Mathialagan, P.Kumaravel and S.M.K.Karthickeyan 54 Growth performance of kids on Sesbania grandiflora and Erythrina indica Jeichitra, V., Senthilkumar, K., Pasupathi, Karu., Selvan, S.T. and D.Balasubramanyam 55 Growth performance of kids on Sesbania grandiflora and Crotolaria juncea replacing Bajra Napier Hybrid Senthilkumar, K., Jeichitra, V., Selvan, S.T., Pasupathi, Karu. and D.Balasubramanyam 56 Nutrient analysis of Acacia melonoxylan (Blackwood) and Chamaecytisus palmensis (Tree Lucerne) – Tree fodder of Nilgiris hilly region R. Prabhakar, R. Anil Kumar, N. Prema, S. Krishnakumar and V. Thavasiappan 57 Ulex europaeus (Gorse) – A thorny bush as an alternate fodder to goats R. Anil Kumar, R. Prabhakar N. Prema, S. Krishnakumar and V. Thavasiappan 58 Tree Lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis) an affordable alternative fodder for livestock holders of Nilgiris District during winter and summer months V. Thavasiappan, N. Prema, S. Krishnakumar, R. Prabhakar and R. Anil Kumar 61 Effective utilization of tree fodder in salem black goat during summer/drought seasons V.Sankar, J. Muralidharan, E. Eben Titus, P.Senthilkumar, N.Sribalaji and P.Nalini 62 Subabul (Leucaena leucacephala) production and utilization under smallholder agroforestry P. Senthilkumar, V. Sankar, N. Sri Balaji, J. Muralidharan and P. Nalini 63 Nutritional effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa leaves on milk yield in Cross bred dairy cows C.Kathirvelan, N.Akila and M.Jothilakshmi 68 Forage preference of Beetal goats grazing on silvipastoral systems in Hassan district of Karnataka K. Roopa, Lakavath Vidyasagar and Venkateshwarulu Swarna 70 Seasonal variations of macro and micro minerals in different feeds and fodders S.Usha, T.K.Mohanty and H.Kaur 73 A study on dry matter intake and nutritive value of Co Fodder Sorghum 29 and Co Fodder Sorghum 27 varieties in sheep L. Radhakrishnan, M. Murugan, A. Ruba Nanthini and Karu. Pasupathi 78 Assessment of carrying capacity of agroforestry system for sustainable small ruminant production N.Arulnathan, M.Chellapandian and D. Thirumeigananam 84 Effect of dietary supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) on growth performance of White Pekin ducks K.Premavalli, M.Suganthi, D.Balasubramanyam, C.Valli and A .V.Omprakash 97 Growth performance and carcass characteristics of Japanese Quails on graded levels of Gliricidia sepium Pasupathi, karu.,Valli,C.,Gunesekaran,S.,Mynavathi,V.S.,Manobhavan,M. & Selvan, S.T. 99 Practice of turmeric cultivation with tree fodder semmanchedi in Erode district Yasothai, R.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xvi World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

100 Growth performance of crossbred bull calves on partial replacement of Co(BN)5 with Lannea coromandelica Elango,A., Radhakrishnan, L., Pasupathi, Karu., Selvan, S.T. and D.Balasubramanyam 101 Comparitive evaluation of leguminous fodders on growth performance in weaned New Zealand White Rabbits P.Gopu, M.Suganthi, Pasupathi Karu. , S.Gunasekaran and D.Balasubramanyam

SESSION 2 (THEME 2) HALL 2 AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED WASTELANDS 5.03.2020 (11.00 – 1.30 PM) Key note speaker address 1. Agroforestry systems for rehabilitation of degraded wastelands – An Indian 11.00 to 11.20 pm experience Dr. O.P. Chaturvedi, Director (Retired), Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi 2. Backyard poultry and small ruminant rearing through Agroforestry systems 11.20 to 11.40 pm and its impact on entrepreneurial development of rural youth and women Dr. M. Babu, Director (Retired), CAPS, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University 3. Converting community degraded wastelands into agroforestry systems 11.40 to 12.00 noon Dr. V. M. Sankaran, Professor and Head, Department of Agronomy, AC&RI, Killikulam, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Oral presentations 12.00 to 12.45 pm Paper ID’s 36, 45, 52, 60, 65, 66, 87, 91, 96, 104 36 Collection and Evaluation of Carissa carondas in Malanad Tract of Karnataka Mokashi, M. V., Ghatanatti, S. M., and Mutanal, S. M. 45 Grasses and Shrubs present in pastoral grazing tract of Pulikulam Cattle during post monsoon season G. Srinivasan and A. Ruba Nanthini 52 Establishment of pastureland for small ruminants in hillock area of Mecheri Sheep Research Station, Pottaneri J. Muralidharan, V. Sankar, P. Senthilkumar, N. Sribalaji and P. Nalini 60 Productivity of livestock under silvipasture systems in dry land ecosystem of Western Zone of Tamil Nadu V.S. Mynavathi, C. Jayanthi and D. Ravisankar 65 Nutritive characterization of tree fodder obtained from silvipasture maintained in degraded calcareous wasteland R.Murugeswari, S.Gunasekeran, V.S.Mynavathi and C.Valli

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xvii World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

66 Silvipasture in degraded calcareous wasteland as a source of Gliricidia sepium leaf meal to prepare supplemental feed for ducks S.Gunasekeran, V.S. Mynavathi and C.Valli 87 Fodder seed bank model: An effective tool to reclaim waste lands J. Ramesh and S.N. Sivaselvam 91 Hardwickia binata based Agroforestry model for Livelihood Security in Rainfed Areas of North Western Agro-climatic Zone of Tamil Nadu C.Nithya, D. Anandha Prakash Singh, S. Ramakrishnan,V. Boopathi and P.Thirunavukkarasu 96 Sustainable goat farming under silvipasture model in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu A. Ruba Nanthini and G.Srinivasan 104 Survival percentage of Gliricidia sepium in Gudalur, Chengalpattu District Murugan.N, G.Prabakar and T.M.Thiyagarajan

SESSION 3 (THEME 3) HALL 1 AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 5.03.2020 (3.30 TO 5.00 PM) Keynote speaker address 1. Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems for Livestock Production 3.30 to 3.50 pm Dr. Javed Rizvi and Dr. Shivkumar Dhyani, Agroforestry Specialist, ICRAF South Asia Regional Program (SARP), New Delhi 2. Adaptive capacity of agricultural systems in tropical and subtropical 3.50 to 4.10 pm regions; “Climate resilient agro forestry systems. Dr. N. Parasuraman, Principal Scientist, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai 3. Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation – traditional practices, present 4.10 to 4.30 pm dynamics, and lessons for the future Dr. C. Sreekumar, Professor and Head, Department of Wild life Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai Oral presentations 4.30 to 5.30 pm Paper ID’s 12, 27, 32, 37, 49, 51, 69, 75, 82, 92, 93, 94 12 Valuing Ecosystem Services - A Case study from Melia Dubia Plantation V.Karthick and M.Ganesh 27 Role of tribals in Traditional Knowledge and Agro-biodiversity Conservation C.Cinthia Fernandaz, K.T. Parthiban and R. Jude Sudhagar 32 Phytochemical analysis of marine red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii for its nutritional potential K. Sivakumar and S. Kannappan

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xviii World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

37 Growth and Productivity of Thornless Bamboo Species grown at Dharwad, Karnataka Ghatanatti, S. M., Mokashi, M. V., and Mutanal, S. M. 49 Role of Vachellia leucophloea (Velvel) in mitigation of Human-elephant conflict- A case study K.Senthilkumar, P.Mathialagan and C.Manivannan 51 Pungan(Pongamia pinnata)in an agro forestry model with experiences from Veterinary College and Research Institute, (TANUVAS), Namakkal S.Senthilkumar, A.Natarajan, R.Kavitha, S.R.Janani and N.Karthik 69 Effect of organic manures on growth and yield of safed musli(Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and Fern.) under Karanj (Pongamia pinnata L.) based agroforestry system Pratap Toppo and Heliken Kiyam 75 Biomass and dry matter yield in Silvi component (Sesbania grandiflora) incorporated intensive fodder production with Hybrid Napier grass K. Nalini and S.C.Edwin 82 Korangadu pasture land development at Kangayam Cattle Research Station: An over view N.V. Kavithaa and S. Manokaran 92 Integrated pig cum oilseeds-vegetable farming system model-An economic analysis M.Mohana Priya, C.Jothika, K.Senthilkumar, D.Balasubramaniyam and M.Arul Prakash 93 Integrated pig-duck cum fish-Horti-pastoral system model-An economic analysis M. Arul Prakash, C. Jothika, M.Mohanapriya, D. Balasubramaniyam and K. Senthilkumar 94 Eco Friendly Agriculture and Livestock production- Biopesticide from organic wastes at Zero Cost K. Geetha and N. Arulnathan

SESSION 4 (THEME 4) HALL 2 AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE 5.03.2020 (2.30 TO 4.30 PM) Keynote speaker address 1. Importance of Agroforestry systems in Carbon sequestration 2.30 to 2.50 pm Dr. A. K. Handa, Principal Scientist and Nodal Officer, AICRP on Agroforestry, Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi 2. Eco-friendly and modern methods of livestock waste recycling for 2.50 to 3.10 pm producing organic manure to establish agroforestry systems Dr. D. Balasubramanyam, Professor and Head, Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam 3. Recent concepts in nutritive evaluation of fodder obtained from 3.10 to 3.30 pm Agroforestry systems. Dr. V. Balakrishnan, Professor and Head (Retired), Department of Animal Nutrition, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xix World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Oral presentations 3.30 to 4.30 pm Paper ID’s 01, 03, 05, 14, 33, 43, 71, 77, 80, 102 01 Carbon storage through traditional agroforestry system along altitudes in Tehri district in Uttarakhand, North-Western Himalaya, India K. K. Vikrant, D.S.Chauhan, R.H.Rizvi 03 Effect of AM-5 a polyphenolic compound isolated from Aegle marmelos on in vitro gas and methane production of cereal straw based diets Sultan Singh, B K Bhadoria and Arpana Singh 05 Ideal Indigenous Multipurpose Trees (IMTs) – Solution for Ravine Rehabilitation, Resilience and Repository of Carbon stock production through agroforestry systems S.Kala, A.K.Parandiyal, H.R.Meena, B.L.Mina, I.Rashmi, S.Reeja and R.K.Singh 14 Assessment of Agrobiodiversity and Carbon Sequestration potential under existing Agroforestry systems of India Arvind Bijalwan and Anup Prakash Upadhyay 33 Effect of plant metabolite through Moringa oleifera on methane mitigation by invitro gas production technique (IVGPT) for dairy cattle A.Bharathidhasan 43 Intensive fodder cultivation through silvipasture model of agroforestry for sustainable livestock production M. Manobhavan, C. Nithya, S. Meenakshi Sundaram and A. V. Omprakash 71 In vitro evaluation of tree leaf meal incorporated extruded feed for small ruminants Anuradha.P, Murugesweri.R, Mynavathi.V.S and C.Valli 77 Resource use efficiency in intensified fodder production system C. Vennila and C.Nithya 80 Evaluation of agroforestry byproducts as source of tannin for leguminous silage production Thirumeignanam, D., Chellapandian, M., Arulnathan, N 102 Evaluating the potential of oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) tree leaves in enteric methane mitigation by in vitro gas production technique K. Rajkumar, R. Bhar, A. Kannan, R.V. Jadhav

SESSION 5 (THEME 5) HALL 1 AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT 6.03.2020 (10.00 TO 12.30 PM) Key note speaker address 1. Role of Consortiums in propagation and practice of Agroforestry systems 10.00 to 10.30 am Dr. K. T. Parthiban, Dean (Forestry), Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xx World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

2. Scope of total mixed ration using crop residues and/or tree fodder for 10.30 to 11.00 am efficient ruminant production Dr. L. Radhakrishnan, Professor and Head, Central Feed Technology Unit, Kattupakkam, TANUVAS Oral presentations 11.00 to 12.30 pm Paper ID’s 06, 21, 28, 31, 39, 81, 83 06 Scope for Integration of Cassia auriculata – An Imperative Climate Resilient Legume plant with Multiple Benefits under Semi-arid regions S.Kala, H.R.Meena, I.Rashmi, A.K.Singh, S.ReejaV.Subbulakshmi and R.K.Singh 21 Impact of agroforestry based farming system on livelihood sustainability – A case study C. Cinthia Fernandaz, K.T.Parthiban, K. Ramah and R. Jude Sudhagar 28 Agroforestry business incubator for entreprenuerial development K.T.Parthiban, I. Sekar and C.Cinthia Fernandaz 31 Study on development of underutilized tamarind seed kernel powder incorporated cookies Vimalarani M and Nisha P. R 39 Evaluation of Silvipasture and Hortipasture based Agroforestry system K. Ramah, K. Sivakumar, R. Judesudhagar, K.T. Parthiban and C. Cinthia Fernandaz 81 Exploring the Possibilities of Doubling Farmers Income by Integrating Different Agro Forestry models with Small Ruminant Production N.Arulnathan, M.Chellapandian and D.Thirumeignanam 83 Conserved tree fodder products during fodder scarcity in livestock rearing and to promote entrepreneurship among the farmers S.Gunasekaran, V.S.Mynavathi, C.Valli, Karu. Pasupathi and D. Balasubramanyam

SESSION 6 (ALL THEMES STUDENT PRESENTATION) HALL 2 STUDENT SESSION 6.03.2020 (10.00 TO 12.30 PM) Key note speaker address 1. Top foliages from tree and shrubs as rumen modulator for eco friendly 10.00 to 10.20 am ruminant production Dr. Sultan Singh,Principal scientist, Plant Animal Relationship Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute (IGFRI), Jhansi-284003(UP) 2. Homegardens as a sustainable land use practice: Prospects and Challenges 10.20 to 10.40 am Dr. T. K. Kunhamu, Associate Director (Research), College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xxi World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Oral presentations 10.40 to 12.40 pm Paper ID’s 02, 09, 13, 15, 18, 44, 79 02 Butterfly diversity in Multifunctional Agroforestry system Keerthika.A and K.T.Parthiban 09 Effect of different levels of phosphorous and sulphur on growth and yield of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) under teak (Tectona grandis) based agroforestry system Bodiga Divya 13 Yield performance of Mustard Varieties under Mango based Agri-horticulture Practice of Agroforestry Ajay Kumar Shah, Kailash Kumar, Anil kumar kori, Rahul Dongre 15 Insect-pest and their effect at different pruning intensity under Dalbergia sissoo + Mustard based Agroforestry System Kailash Kumar and R. Bajpai 18 Effect of Various levels of Sulphur, Nitrogen and Phosphorous on growth of Soybean under Jatropha based agroforestry Rohit Gowtham Paruchuri and Neelam Khare 44 Management of mulberry (Morus indica L.) and subabul (Leucaena leucocephala Lam.) under coconut based fodder production system Reshma M. Raj., Asha. K. Raj and Kunhamu T.K. 79 Analysis of Agroforestry Practices using IoT and Various Computing Technologies to Improve Farming S.Nandhini, K.Ashok kumar, N.Bharathi Raja

Session 7 (Poster) Hall 3 - All themes 05.03.2020 (11.00 – 1.00 pm) Paper ID’s Theme 1 – 24, 30, 72, 74, 85, 86, 90, 95,98, 103 24 Ethno veterinary medicine, Chitrakoot Verma, Govind.Kumar 30 Demonstration of Ethno Veterinary Herbal medicine for the prevention of Ranikhet disease in backyard Poultry K.Devaki and P.R.Nisha 72 Evaluation of chemical composition and in vitro degradability of various tree fodders Anuradha.P, Murugeswari.R, Mynavathi.V.S and C.Valli 74 Assessment of Biomass yield and Proximate composition in Co Fodder Sorghum 29 and Co Fodder Sorghum 27 varieties L. Radhakrishnan, M. Murugan, Karu. Pasupathi and A. Ruba Nanthini 85 Effect of dietary supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) on carcass characteristics of white pekin ducks K.Premavalli, M.Suganthi, K.Senthilkumar, D.Balasubramanyam, C.Valli and A.V.Omprakash

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xxii World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

86 Sensory evaluation of duck breast meat as influenced by supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves Premavalli.K, K.Senthilkumar, Karu.Pasupathi, T.Chandrasekar, M.Arulpraksh and D. Balasubramanyam 90 Effect of dietary supplementation of Gliricidia leaf meal and Inga dulce leaf meal on egg quality characteristics of Japanese Quail K. Premavalli, S.Dhamotharan, V.S.Mynavathi, M.Suganthi, D.Balasubramanyam and C.Valli 95 Comparing the growth performance of Co FS 29 and Co FS 27 hay included complete ration in kids L. Radhakrishnan, M. Murugan, Karu. Pasupathi and A. Ruba Nanthini 98 Effect of dietary supplementation of Inga dulce leaf meal on growth performance of Japanese Quail K.Premavalli, M.Suganthi, Karu.Pasupathi, V.Jeichitra, D.Balasubramanyam, C.Valli and A.V.Omprakash 103 Nutrient digestibility of Panicum maximum and Sesbania grandiflora in silvipasture based agroforesty model in Madras Red Sheep Jeichitra, V, Elango, A., Chandrasekar, T.,Gunasekaran S., Pasupathi. Karu, K.Premavalli and D.Balasubramanyam Paper ID’s Theme 2 – 88 88 Effect of organic manures on biomass yield of Dolichus trilobus in Punica granatum based hortipasture system V.S. Mynavathi, Pasupathi, Karu.,Ramachandran.M, Valli.C and D.Balasubramanyam Paper ID’s Theme 3 – 50, 59, 67, 89 50 Mazhilam (Mimusops elengi) as an Agroforestry model with experiences from AFAQAL, Veterinary College and Research Institute, TANUVAS, Namakkal S.Senthilkumar, A.Natarajan, R.Kavitha, M.Mathaiyan, S.R.Janani and G.Tharani 59 Traditional silvipastoral farming system to conserve biodiversity : Farmer participatory approach – A case study V.S. Mynavathi, C. Jayanthi and D. Ravisankar 67 Diagnostic survey of existing Agroforestry systems in North Eastern agroclimatic zone of Tamil Nadu V.S.Mynavathi, S.Gunasekeran, R. Murugeswari, P. Anuradha and C.Valli 89 Recycling of animal house (piggery) waste as a source of nutrient for hortipasture system V.S. Mynavathi, Pasupathi, Karu.,Ramachandran.M, Valli.C and D.Balasubramanyam Paper ID’s Theme 4 – 35, 40, 41, 47 35 Effect of Jack fruit trees fodder as border rows on intensive cultivation of Cumbu Napier Hybrid Grass M.Suganthi, Pasupathi, Karu., A. Elango, V.S.Mynavathi and D.Balasubramanyam

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xxiii World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

40 Influence of Coconut border rows on yield of Cumbu Napier Hybrid Grass M.Suganthi, Pasupathi, Karu, C.Nithya, A.Elango and D.Balasubramanyam 41 Yield of Cumbu Napier Hybrid Grass Understory of Cocos nucifera Trees in initial stage of establishment M.Suganthi, Pasupathi, Karu, T.Ananthi, K.Nalini, A.Elango, S.T.Selvan and D.Balasubramanyam 47 Qualitative phytochemical screening of some Tree leaves available in Tamil Nadu R.Kavitha, C.Valli, R,Karunakaran, K.Vijayarani, R.Amutha and T.R.Gopala Krishna Murthy Paper ID’s Theme 5 – 29, 64 29 Study on development and evaluation of tamarind products to increase the livelihood of the farm women Vimalarani M and Nisha P. R 64 Development of mango seed kernel incorporated wheat flour to increase the nutritional quality Vimalarani M and Nisha P. R Paper ID’s Theme 6 – 08, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 38, 53, 76 08 Biodiversity studies in agroforestry systems Manguluri Gayathri 16 Yield, Quality and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Grass based Fodder Production Systems in the Humid Tropics of Kerala Usha C Thomas and Mubeena, P 17 Sustainability of fodder crops for reclaiming wasteland Puja Kishore and Sameer Daniel 19 Climate resilient crop/ Fodder production through agroforestry system R. Vijaykumar and Biswroop Mehera 22 Eco friendly pond: A tool for conservation of water in dairy farms Sunitha Thomas, Prasad.A., Justin Davis, Sahana.M., Arokia Robert. M 23 Agroforestry and climate change mitigation Anitrosa Innazent and Jacob. D 38 Agroforestry as a Mechanism for Reforestation: Scenarios within REDD+ Chichaghare AR, Asha K Raj, Kunhamu TK and Anoop EV 53 Cupressus sempervirens - A fire resistant tree to control Forest fires S.B.Vigneshwaran 76 Role of Cloud Computing and the Internet of Things in Agriculture and Forestry Vemula Shanmukha Srinivas, K. Ashok kumar, P. Sardar maran Plenary session / Farmers interaction - Auditorium - 06.03.2020 (2.00 – 3.00 pm) Valedictory - Auditorium - 06.03.2020 (3.00 – 4.00 pm)

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xxiv World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

ORGANISING COMMITTEE NAFS 2020

Chief patron Vice-Chancellor, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai. Patron Registrar, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai Director of Research, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai Chairman Director, Centre for Animal Production Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai Organising secretary Dr. C. Valli, Ph.D., Professor and Head, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Kattupakkam. Co-organising secretaries Dr. S. Gunasekaran, Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Kattupakkam. Dr. V.S. Mynavathi, Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Kattupakkam. Committees Finance Chairman : Dr. L. Radhakrishnan, Professor and Head, Central Feed Teechnology Unit, Kattupakkam. Members : Dr. R. Murugeswari, Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Kattupakkam. Dr. A. RubaNanthini, Assistant Professor, Central Feed Teechnology Unit, Kattupakkam. Invitation Chairman : Dr. R. Rajendran,Professor,Directorate of Research, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai. Members : Dr. M. Vijaya Bharathi, Associate Professor, PGRIAS, Kattupakkam. Dr. Gayathri Subbiah,Assistant Professor, KVK, Kattupakkam Registration Chairman : Dr. R. Karunakaran, Professor and Head, Dept. of Animal Nutrition, MVC, Chennai. Members : Dr. M. Suganthi, Assistant Professor, PGRIAS, Kattupakkam. Dr. T. Selvaraj, Assistant Professor, KVK, Kattupakkam. Reception Chairman : Dr. P. R. Nisha, Professor and Head, KVK, Kattupakkam. Members : Dr. M. Vimalarani, Assistant Professor, KVK, Kattupakkam. Dr. P. Anuradha, Assistant Professor, IAN, Kattupakkam

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xxv World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Compendium Chairman : Dr. S. T. Selvan, Professor and Head, Dept PoultryScience, MVC, Chennai. Members : Dr.Karu Pasupathi,Associate Professor, PGRIAS, Kattupakkam Dr. J. Ramesh, Assistant Professor Dept. of Animal Nutrition, MVC, Chennai. Dr. K. Rajkumar, Assistant Professor (Animal Nutrition), O/o. The Registrar, TANUVAS, Chennai. Technical session Chairman : Dr. V. Jeichitra, Professor, PGRIAS, Kattupakkam. Members : Dr. K. Premavalli, Associate Professor, PGRIAS, Kattupakkam. Dr. K. Devaki, Assistant Professor, KVK, Kattupakkam. Dr. M. Manobhavan, Assistant Professor, LFC, Madhavaram. Transport Chairman : Dr. P. Gopu, Assistant Professor, PGRIAS, Kattupakkam. Members : Dr. T. Chandrasekar, Assistant Professor, PGRIAS, Kattupakkam. Dr. M. Arul Prakash, Assistant Professor, PGRIAS, Kattupakkam. Accommodation Chairman : Dr. M. Siddharth, Professor,KVK, Kattupakkam. Members : R. Balamurugan, Assistant Professor Dept. of Animal Nutrition, MVC, Chennai. Dr. K. Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, KVK, Kattupakkam. Cafeteria Chairman : Dr. D. Balasubramanyam, Professor and Hed, PGRIAS, Kattupakkam. Members : Dr. K. Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, PGRIAS, Kattupakkam. Dr.S.Prakash, Assistant Professor, PGRIAS, Kattupakkam.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xxvi World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

CONTENTS Paper Title and authors Page No. ID Theme 1 - Agroforestry systems for livestock integration Keynote address 1.1 Silvipastoral systems of livestock rearing for sustainable livestock production in the era of 5 climate change Dr. M. Murugan, Dean (Retired), CPPM, Hosur, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. 1.2 Integrating livestock in the existing Agro forestry cropping patterns is sustainable – Namakkal 18 Experience. Dr. B. Mohan, Dean, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal. 1.3 Conservation and value addition of fodder obtained from agroforestry systems 23 Dr. R. Karunakaran, Professor and Head, Department of Animal Nutrition, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai. Oral presentations - Abstracts 04 Ensiling of Moringa oleifera as Livestock Feed 35 Pushpendra Koli, A. K. Misra, K. K. Singh, S. B. Maity, Sultan Singh and V. K. Yadav 07 Boundary plantation of Ailanthus excelsaand Prosopis cineraria as a source of fodder and 36 additional income in arid western Rajasthan V. Subbulakshmi, KR Sheetal, PS Renjith, NS Nathawat, ML Soni, Birbal, ND Yadava 10 Productivity of fodder tree species and yield of field crops under agroforestry system in 38 northern transitional tract of Dharwad conditions of Karnataka (India) Girish Shahapurmath, S. S. Inamati and S. M. Mutanal 11 Hortipastoral systems: integrating fruits and forages for diversification and carbon 42 sequestration Suheel Ahmad, Sheeraz Saleem Bhat and Nazim Hamid Mir 20 Factors influencing growth performance of Jakhrana kids at an organized farm 43 Saket Bhusan, Gopal Dass, Pavan Kumar, Vinay Chaturvedi and B. Rai 25 Gliricidia leaf meal as a feed ingredient in broiler ration 45 V.Meenalochani 26 Agroforestry models suitable for hilly regions of Tamil Nadu – Experiences from Sheep 48 Breeding Research Station (TANUVAS), Sandynallah, The Nilgiris. Venkataramanan, R., Gunasekaran, S., Raman, B. Anilkumar, R. and Iyue, M. 34 Influence of intercrop on yield of fodder trees in agroforestry system of North Eastern 50 Zones of Tamil Nadu M.Suganthi, A.Elango, S.T.Selvan, K.Pasupathi and D.Balasubramanyam 46 In vitro Antioxidant potential of certain Tree leaves of Tamil Nadu 51 R. Kavitha, C. Valli, R. Karunakaran, K. Vijayarani, R. Amutha and T.R. Gopala Krishna Murthy 48 Scientific Rationale of Ethno Veterinary Medicine for Curing Skin Diseases in Dairy 53 Animals K.Devaki, P.Mathialagan, P.Kumaravel and S.M.K.Karthickeyan

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xxvii World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

54 Growth performance of kids on Sesbania grandiflora and Erythrina indica 55 Jeichitra, V., Senthilkumar, K., Pasupathi, Karu., Selvan, S.T. and D.Balasubramanyam 55 Growth performance of kids on Sesbania grandiflora and Crotolaria juncea replacing 56 Bajra Napier Hybrid Senthilkumar, K., Jeichitra, V., Selvan, S.T., Pasupathi, Karu. and D.Balasubramanyam 56 Nutrient analysis of Acacia melonoxylan (Blackwood) and Chamaecytisus palmensis 58 (Tree Lucerne) – Tree fodder of Nilgiris hilly region R. Prabhakar, R. Anil Kumar, N. Prema, S. Krishnakumar and V. Thavasiappan 57 Ulex europaeus (Gorse) – A thorny bush as an alternate fodder to goats 59 R. Anil Kumar, R. Prabhakar N. Prema, S. Krishnakumar and V. Thavasiappan 58 Tree Lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis) an affordable alternative fodder for livestock 60 holders of Nilgiris District during winter and summer months V. Thavasiappan, N. Prema, S. Krishnakumar, R. Prabhakar and R. Anil Kumar 61 Effective utilization of tree fodder in salem black goat during summer/drought seasons 62 V.Sankar, J. Muralidharan, E. Eben Titus, P.Senthilkumar, N.Sribalaji and P.Nalini 62 Subabul (Leucaena leucacephala) production and utilization under smallholder 63 agroforestry P. Senthilkumar, V. Sankar, N. Sri Balaji, J. Muralidharan and P. Nalini 63 Nutritional effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa leaves on milk yield in Cross bred dairy 64 cows C.Kathirvelan, N.Akila and M.Jothilakshmi 68 Forage preference of Beetal goats grazing on silvipastoral systems in Hassan district of 65 Karnataka K. Roopa, Lakavath Vidyasagar and Venkateshwarulu Swarna 70 Seasonal variations of macro and micro minerals in different feeds and fodders 67 S.Usha, T.K.Mohanty and H.Kaur 73 A study on dry matter intake and nutritive value of Co Fodder Sorghum 29 and Co Fodder 70 Sorghum 27 varieties in sheep L. Radhakrishnan, M. Murugan, A. Ruba Nanthini and Karu. Pasupathi 78 Assessment of carrying capacity of agroforestry system for sustainable small ruminant 71 production N.Arulnathan, M.Chellapandian and D. Thirumeigananam 84 Effect of dietary supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) on growth 73 performance of White Pekin ducks K.Premavalli, M.Suganthi, D.Balasubramanyam, C.Valli and A .V.Omprakash 97 Growth performance and carcass characteristics of 75 Japanese Quials on graded levels of Gliricidia sepium Pasupathi, karu., Valli,C., Gunesekaran,S., Mynavathi,V.S., Manobhavan, M. and Selvan, S.T. 99 Practice of turmeric cultivation with tree fodder semmanchedi in Erode district 76 Yasothai, R. 100 Growth performance of crossbred bull calves on partial replacement of Co(BN)5 with 78 Lannea coromandelica Elango,A., Radhakrishnan, L., Pasupathi, Karu., Selvan, S.T. and D.Balasubramanyam

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xxviii World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

101 Comparitive evaluation of leguminous fodders on growth performance in weaned New 79 Zealand White Rabbits P.Gopu, M.Suganthi, Pasupathi Karu. , S.Gunasekaran and D.Balasubramanyam Poster presentations - Abstracts 24 Ethno veterinary medicine, Chitrakoot 85 Verma, Govind.Kumar 30 Demonstration of Ethno Veterinary Herbal medicine for the prevention of Ranikhet disease 86 in backyard Poultry K.Devaki and P.R.Nisha 72 Evaluation of chemical composition and in vitro degradability of various tree fodders 87 Anuradha.P, Murugeswari.R, Mynavathi.V.S and C.Valli 74 Assessment of Biomass yield and Proximate composition in Co Fodder Sorghum 29 and 89 Co Fodder Sorghum 27 varieties L. Radhakrishnan, M. Murugan, Karu. Pasupathi and A. Ruba Nanthini 85 Effect of dietary supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) on carcass 91 characteristics of white pekin ducks K.Premavalli, M.Suganthi, K.Senthilkumar, D.Balasubramanyam, C.Valli and A.V.Omprakash 86 Sensory evaluation of duck breast meat as influenced by supplementation of fresh mulberry 93 leaves Premavalli.K, K.Senthilkumar, Karu.Pasupathi, T.Chandrasekar, M.Arulpraksh and D. Balasubramanyam 90 Effect of dietary supplementation of Gliricidia leaf meal and Inga dulce leaf meal on egg 96 quality characteristics of Japanese Quail K. Premavalli, S.Dhamotharan, V.S.Mynavathi, M.Suganthi, D.Balasubramanyam and C.Valli 95 Comparing the growth performance of Co FS 29 and Co FS 27 hay included complete 98 ration in kids L. Radhakrishnan, M. Murugan, Karu. Pasupathi and A. Ruba Nanthini 98 Effect of dietary supplementation of Inga dulce leaf meal on growth performance of 99 Japanese Quail K.Premavalli, M.Suganthi, Karu.Pasupathi, V.Jeichitra, D.Balasubramanyam, C.Valli and A.V.Omprakash 103 Nutrient digestibility of Panicum maximum and Sesbania grandiflora in silvipasture based 101 agroforesty model in Madras Red Sheep Jeichitra, V, Elango, A., Chandrasekar, T.,Gunasekaran S., Pasupathi. Karu, K.Premavalli and D.Balasubramanyam Theme 2 - Agroforestry systems for rehabilitation of degraded wastelands Keynote address 2.1 Agroforestry systems for rehabilitation of degraded wastelands – An Indian experience 105 Dr. O.P. Chaturvedi, Director (Retired), Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi 2.2 Converting community degraded wastelands into agroforestry systems 126 Dr. V. M. Sankaran,Professor and Head, Department of Agronomy, AC&RI, Killikulam, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xxix World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

2.3 Rehabilitation of calcareous degraded wastelands into Horti/silvipasture for livestock 134 integration Dr. C. Bandeswaran,Professor and Head, Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu Oral presentations - Abstracts 36 Collection and Evaluation of Carissa carondas in Malanad Tract of Karnataka 147 Mokashi, M. V., Ghatanatti, S. M., and Mutanal, S. M. 45 Grasses and Shrubs present in pastoral grazing tract of Pulikulam Cattle during post 148 monsoon season G. Srinivasan and A. Ruba Nanthini 52 Establishment of pastureland for small ruminants in hillock area of MecheriSheep Research 149 Station, Pottaneri J. Muralidharan, V. Sankar, P. Senthilkumar, N. Sribalaji and P. Nalini 60 Productivity of livestock under silvipasture systems in dry land ecosystem of Western Zone 150 of Tamil Nadu V.S. Mynavathi, C. Jayanthi and D. Ravisankar 65 Nutritive characterization of tree fodder obtained from silvipasture maintained in degraded 152 calcareous wasteland R.Murugeswari, S.Gunasekeran, V.S.Mynavathi and C.Valli 66 Silvipasture in degraded calcareous wasteland as a source of Gliricidia sepium leaf meal to 154 prepare supplemental feed for ducks S.Gunasekeran, V.S. Mynavathi and C.Valli 87 Fodder seed bank model: An effective tool to reclaim waste lands 156 J. Ramesh and S.N. Sivaselvam 91 Hardwickia binata based Agroforestry model for Livelihood Security in Rainfed Areas of 158 North Western Agro-climatic Zone of Tamil Nadu C.Nithya, D. Anandha Prakash Singh, S. Ramakrishnan, V. Boopathi and P. Thirunavukkarasu 96 Sustainable goat farming under silvipasture model in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu 159 A. Ruba Nanthini and G.Srinivasan 104 Survival percentage of Gliricidia sepium in Gudalur, Chengalpattu District 161 Murugan.N, G.Prabakar and T.M.Thiyagarajan Poster presentations - Abstracts 88 Effect of organic manures on biomass yield of Dolichus trilobus in Punica granatum based 167 hortipasture system V.S. Mynavathi, Pasupathi, Karu.,Ramachandran.M, Valli.C and D.Balasubramanyam Theme 3 - Agroforestry systems for ecosystem restoration and biodiversity conservation Keynote address 3.1 Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems for Livestock Production 173 Dr. Javed Rizvi and Dr. Shivkumar Dhyani Agroforestry Specialist, ICRAF South Asia Regional Program (SARP), New Delhi

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xxx World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

3.2 Adaptive capacity of agricultural systems in tropical and subtropical regions; “Climate 176 resilient agroforestry systems”. Dr. N. Parasuraman, Principal Scientist, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai 3.3 Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation – traditional practices, present dynamics, and 179 lessons for the future Dr. C. Sreekumar, Professor and Head, Department of Wild life Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai Oral presentations - Abstracts 12 Valuing Ecosystem Services - A Case study from Melia Dubia Plantation 187 V.Karthick and M.Ganesh 27 Role of tribals in Traditional Knowledge and Agro-biodiversity Conservation 189 C.Cinthia Fernandaz, K.T. Parthiban and R. Jude Sudhagar 32 Phytochemical analysis of marine red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii for its nutritional 191 potential K. Sivakumar and S. Kannappan 37 Growth and Productivity of Thornless Bamboo Species grown at Dharwad, Karnataka 192 Ghatanatti, S. M., Mokashi, M. V., and Mutanal, S. M. 49 Role of Vachellia leucophloea (Velvel) in mitigation of Human-elephant conflict- A case 193 study K.Senthilkumar, P.Mathialagan and C.Manivannan 51 Pungan(Pongamia pinnata)in an agro forestry model with experiences from Veterinary 195 College and Research Institute, (TANUVAS), Namakkal S.Senthilkumar, A.Natarajan, R.Kavitha, S.R.Janani and N.Karthik 69 Effect of organic manures on growth and yield of safed musli(Chlorophytum borivilianum 197 Sant. and Fern.) under Karanj (Pongamia pinnata L.) based agroforestry system Pratap Toppo and Heliken Kiyam 75 Biomass and dry matter yield in Silvi component (Sesbania grandiflora) incorporated 198 intensive fodder production with Hybrid Napier grass K. Nalini and S.C.Edwin 82 Korangadu pasture land development at Kangayam Cattle Research Station : An over view 199 N.V. Kavithaa and S. Manokaran 92 Integrated pig cum oilseeds-vegetable farming system model-An economic analysis 201 M.Mohana Priya, C.Jothika, K.Senthilkumar, D.Balasubramaniyam and M.Arul Prakash 93 Integrated pig-duck cum fish-Horti-pastoral system model-An economic analysis 202 M. Arul Prakash, C. Jothika, M.Mohanapriya, D. Balasubramaniyam and K. Senthilkumar 94 Eco Friendly Agriculture and Livestock production- Biopesticide from organic wastes at 204 Zero Cost K. Geetha and N. Arulnathan

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xxxi World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Abstracts – Poster presentations 50 Mazhilam (Mimusops elengi) as an Agro forestry model with experiences from AFAQAL, 208 Veterinary College and Research Institute, (TANUVAS), Namakkal S.Senthilkumar, A.Natarajan, R.Kavitha, M.Mathaiyan, S.R.Janani and G.Tharani 59 Traditional silvipastoral farming system to conserve biodiversity : Farmer participatory 210 approach – A case study V.S. Mynavathi, C. Jayanthi and D. Ravisankar 67 Diagnostic survey of existing Agroforestry systems in North Eastern agroclimatic zone of 211 Tamil Nadu V.S.Mynavathi, S.Gunasekeran, R. Murugeswari, P. Anuradha and C.Valli 89 Recycling of animal house (piggery) waste as a source of nutrient for hortipasture system 214 V.S. Mynavathi, Pasupathi, Karu.,Ramachandran.M, Valli.C and D.Balasubramanyam Theme 4 - Agroforestry systems for mitigating climate change Keynote address 4.1 Importance of Agroforestry systems in Carbon sequestration 221 Dr. A. K. Handa, Principal Scientist and Nodal Officer, AICRP on Agroforestry, Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi 4.2 Eco-friendly and modern methods of livestock waste recycling for producing organic 236 manure to establish agroforestry systems Dr. D. Balasubramanyam, Professor and Head, Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam 4.3 Recent concepts in nutritive evaluation of fodder obtained from Agroforestry systems. 248 Dr. V. Balakrishnan, Professor and Head (Retired), Department of Animal Nutrition, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Oral presentations - Abstracts 01 Carbon storage through traditional agroforestry system along altitudes in Tehri district in 259 Uttarakhand, North-Western Himalaya, India K. K. Vikrant, D.S.Chauhan, R.H.Rizvi 03 Effect of AM-5 a polyphenolic compound isolated from Aegle marmelos on in vitro gas and 261 methane production of cereal straw based diets Sultan Singh, B K Bhadoria and Arpana Singh 05 Ideal Indigenous Multipurpose Trees (IMTs) – Solution for Ravine Rehabilitation, 262 Resilience and Repository of Carbon stock production through agroforestry systems S.Kala, A.K.Parandiyal, H.R.Meena, B.L.Mina, I.Rashmi, S.Reeja and R.K.Singh 14 Assessment of Agrobiodiversity and Carbon Sequestration potential under existing 264 Agroforestry systems of India Arvind Bijalwan and Anup Prakash Upadhyay 33 Effect of plant metabolite through Moringa oleifera on methane mitigation by invitro gas 266 production technique (IVGPT) for dairy cattle A.Bharathidhasan 43 Intensive fodder cultivation through silvipasture model of agroforestry for sustainable 268 livestock production M. Manobhavan, C. Nithya, S. Meenakshi Sundaram and A. V. Omprakash

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS xxxii World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

71 In vitro evaluation of tree leaf meal incorporated extruded feed for small ruminants 269 Anuradha.P, Murugesweri.R, Mynavathi.V.S and C.Valli 77 Resource use efficiency in intensified fodder production system 272 C. Vennila and C.Nithya 80 Evaluation of agroforestry byproducts as source of tannin for leguminous silage production 274 Thirumeignanam, D., Chellapandian, M., Arulnathan, N 102 Evaluating the potential of oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) tree leaves in enteric methane 275 mitigation by in vitro gas production technique K. Rajkumar, R. Bhar, A. Kannan, R.V. Jadhav Abstracts – Poster presentations 35 Effect of Jack fruit trees fodder as border rows on intensive cultivation of Cumbu Napier 279 Hybrid Grass M.Suganthi, Pasupathi, Karu., A. Elango, V.S.Mynavathi and D.Balasubramanyam 40 Influence of Coconut border rows on yield of Cumbu Napier Hybrid Grass 280 M.Suganthi, Pasupathi, Karu, C.Nithya, A.Elango and D.Balasubramanyam 41 Yield of Cumbu Napier Hybrid Grass Understory of Cocos nucifera Trees in initial stage of 281 establishment M.Suganthi, Pasupathi, Karu, T.Ananthi, K.Nalini, A.Elango, S.T.Selvan and D.Balasubramanyam 47 Qualitative phytochemical screening of some Tree leaves available in Tamil Nadu 283 R.Kavitha, C.Valli, R,Karunakaran, K.Vijayarani, R.Amutha and T.R.Gopala Krishna Murthy Theme 5 - Agroforestry systems for entrepreneurial development Keynote address 5.1 Backyard poultry and small ruminant rearing through Agroforestry systems and its impact 291 on entrepreneurial development of rural youth and women Dr. M. Babu, Director (Retired), CAPS, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University 5.2 Role of Consortiums in propagation and practice of Agroforestry systems 298 Dr. K. T. Parthiban, Dean (Forestry), Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University 5.3 Scope of total mixed ration using crop residues and/or tree fodder for efficient ruminant 303 production Dr. L. Radhakrishnan, Professor and Head, Central Feed Technology Unit, Kattupakkam, TANUVAS Oral presentations - Abstracts 06 Scope for Integration of Cassia auriculata – An Imperative Climate Resilient Legume plant 313 with Multiple Benefits under Semi-arid regions S.Kala, H.R.Meena, I.Rashmi, A.K.Singh, S.ReejaV.Subbulakshmi and R.K.Singh 21 Impact of agroforestry based farming system on livelihood sustainability – A case study 315 C. Cinthia Fernandaz, K.T.Parthiban, K. Ramah and R. Jude Sudhagar 28 Agroforestry business incubator for entreprenuerial development 316 K.T.Parthiban, I. Sekar and C.Cinthia Fernandaz

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31 Study on development of underutilized tamarind seed kernel powder incorporated cookies 317 Vimalarani M and Nisha P. R 39 Evaluation of Silvipasture and Hortipasture based Agroforestry system 319 K. Ramah, K. Sivakumar, R. Judesudhagar, K.T. Parthiban and C. Cinthia Fernandaz 81 Exploring the Possibilities of Doubling Farmers Income by Integrating Different Agro 321 Forestry models with Small Ruminant Production N.Arulnathan, M.Chellapandian and D.Thirumeignanam 83 Conserved tree fodder products during fodder scarcity in livestock rearing and to promote 323 entrepreneurship among the farmers S.Gunasekaran, V.S.Mynavathi, C.Valli, Karu. Pasupathi and D. Balasubramanyam Poster presentations - Abstracts 29 Study on development and evaluation of tamarind products to increase the livelihood of the 327 farm women Vimalarani M and Nisha P. R 64 Development of mango seed kernel incorporated wheat flour to increase the nutritional 328 quality Vimalarani M and Nisha P. R Theme 6 - Student session Keynote address 6.1 Top foliages from tree and shrubs as rumen modulator for eco-friendly ruminant production 333 Dr. Sultan Singh and B K Bhadoria, Plant Animal Relationship Division ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research institute, Jhansi 284003 UP India 6.2 Homegardens as a sustainable land use practice: prospects and challenges 342 Dr. T. K. Kunhamu, Associate Director of Research (Forestry), Professor & Head, Dept. of Silviculture & Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala Abstracts – Oral presentations 02 Butterfly diversity in Multifunctional Agroforestry system 355 Keerthika.A and K.T.Parthiban 09 Effect of different levels of phosphorous and sulphur on growth and yield of mustard 358 (Brassica juncea L.) under teak (Tectona grandis) based agroforestry system Bodiga Divya 13 Yield performance of Mustard Varieties under Mango based Agri-horticulture Practice of 359 Agroforestry Ajay Kumar Shah, Kailash Kumar, Anil kumar kori, Rahul Dongre 15 Insect-pest and their effect at different pruning intensity under Dalbergia sissoo + Mustard 360 based Agroforestry System Kailash Kumar and R. Bajpai 18 Effect of Various levels of Sulphur, Nitrogen and Phosphorous on growth of Soybean under 362 Jatropha based agroforestry Rohit Gowtham Paruchuri and Neelam Khare

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44 Management of mulberry (Morus indica L.) and subabul (Leucaena leucocephala Lam.) 364 under coconut based fodder production system Reshma M. Raj., Asha. K. Raj and Kunhamu T.K. 79 Analysis of Agroforestry Practices using IoT and Various Computing Technologies to 365 Improve Farming S.Nandhini, K.Ashokkumar, N.Bharathi Raja Poster presentations - Abstracts 08 Biodiversity studies in agroforestry systems 369 Manguluri Gayathri 16 Yield, Quality and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Grass based Fodder Production 370 Systems in the Humid Tropics of Kerala Usha C Thomas and Mubeena, P 17 Sustainability of fodder crops for reclaiming wasteland 374 Puja Kishore and Sameer Daniel 19 Climate resilient crop/ Fodder production through agroforestry system 376 R. Vijaykumar and Biswroop Mehera 22 Eco friendly pond: A tool for conservation of water in dairy farms 380 Sunitha Thomas, Prasad.A., Justin Davis, Sahana.M., Arokia Robert. M 23 Agroforestry and climate change mitigation 381 Anitrosa Innazent and Jacob. D 38 Agroforestry as a Mechanism for Reforestation: Scenarios within REDD+ 382 Chichaghare AR, Asha K Raj, Kunhamu TK and Anoop EV 53 Cupressus sempervirens - A fire resistant tree to control Forest fires 383 S.B.Vigneshwaran 76 Role of Cloud Computing and the Internet of Things in Agriculture and Forestry 384 Vemula Shanmukha Srinivas, K. Ashok kumar, P. Sardar maran

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THEME 1

AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION

KEYNOTE ADDRESS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

SILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM OF REARING LIVESTOCK FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION IN THE ERA OF CLIMATIC CHANGES Dr. M. Murugan Dean (Retd.) Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai - 600 051

Livestocks are an integral element of agriculture that supports livelihood of more than 1 billion across the globe. This sector satisfies more than 13 % of caloric and 28% of the protein requirements of people world wide. The global demand for milk, meat and eggs is expected to increase by 30% , 60% and 80% respectively by the year 2050 compared to the 1990 demand. This can be achieved either by increasing livestock numbers or through intensifying the productivity of existing livestock. Increasing the livestock number increases the Green House Gases (GHG) and contribute to Global warming. Enteric fermentation in ruminants and manure management are the direct sources of GHGs in livestock farms. The land use change, livestock induced desertification, post- harvest emission, feed production, release from cultivated soil etc., are the indirect sources. Methane Emissions from Indian livestock Enteric emission :Bovines contribute a bulk of the methane emission from enteric fermentation (Cattle 51 %, Buffalo 42% , Sheep 2 % and Goat 4.2 %). Among the cattle, the emission is lower in indigenous dairy and non-dairy animal than exotic animals. The Young non-dairy cattle and buffalo below 1-year age produce less methane compared to adult animals

Manure: The methane emission from manure management accounts for a very small emission. The proportional contribution of Dairy buffalo, Indigenous dairy cattle, Indigenous non-dairy cattle, Exotic dairy cattle, other livestock, Non-dairy buffalo and Exotic non-dairy cattle is 37.8, 22.2, 19.8, 7.8, 7.3, 4.2, and

1.04 %, respectively (Chhabra et al.,2009). The amount of CH4 produced in solid-state manure management contribute less compared to liquid state. The greatest amount of CH4 is emitted during storage especially in slurry. The CH4 is emitted immediately after manure application to the field but is inhibited once the 2O diffuses in to it. Stored solid manures also acts as a source of N2O. Covering heaped manure shows reduction in NH3 emissions but has no effect on N2O emission. Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh are three high methane-emitter states . These states together account for 32.5 % of the country’s estimated total methane emission from livestock .

Nitrous oxide: Indian livestock also contribute small but significant amount of nitrous oxide emission. Poultry, pigs, indigenous cattle and exotic cattle contribute 86.1, 7.3, 5.7 and 1.0 % respectively to the total

N2O emissions. The N2O is 16 times more potent than CH4 and 310 times more potent than CO2 over a 100- year period. Amongst states, the highest emission was reported from Andhra Pradesh followed by Tamil Nadu in 2003.

Factors affecting Methane production in Cattle:Many factors influence methane emissions from cattle. These include level of feed intake, digestibility of the diet, feed processing, addition of lipids or ionophores to the diet, and alterations in the ruminal micro flora (Johnson and Johnson, 1995) .

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Soil and GHGs emission: Soil is one of the major sink for carbon. Soil carbon storage is time-limited, reversible, and the potential depends on very specific conditions. Soils reach “carbon equilibrium” within a few decades, after which no more carbon can be drawn down from the atmosphere. Microbial activity in soil, root respiration, decay of root and litters, as well as heterotrophic respiration of soil fauna and fungi produce GHS in soil (ChapuisLardy et al ., 2007). It is reported that the tropical soils are largely carbon depleted and had a high potential to act as a sink for additional carbon. The present stock of carbon in the Indian soils (24.3 Pg) could be increased to 34.9 Pg. They advocated that grasses and trees planted on the degraded lands had a potential of sequestering 1.9 Pg in 7 years as against emission of 2.27 Pg in the same period thus slowing down the warming.

Soil Humidity : Soil humidity is the single most important soil parameter for soil gas emissions, since it controls microbial activity and all related processes. Soil with less water-filled pore space (WFPS) show higher emissions by nitrification .Nitric oxide (NO) emissions decrease in soils having below 10% WFPs due to inhibited nutrient supply (Brumer et al.,2008).

Temperature: Increase in soil temperature decrease O2 concentration and higher respiration rate leading to higher emissions (ButterbachBahl et al, 2013 ). Nitric oxide and CO2 emissions increase exponentially with temperature

Air Pressure : Nitrous oxide emissions are higher in soil at depressed areas than on slopes and ridges due to higher soil moisture. Lower air pressure supports higher soil emissions due to reduced counter pressure on the soil ( Reicosky et al., 2008 )

Soil pH : The optimal pH-value for methanogenesis lies between pH4 and pH7 ( Dalal and Allen, 2008 ).The CO2 emission increase at neutral pH (Cuhel et al., 2010 ) and N2O emissions decrease under acidic soil conditions (Nugroho et al., 2007) . Carbon stored in soil is lost to the atmosphere as the result of tillage, poor grazing management, change in land use and drought. Techniques to reduce emissions in Livestock Farming For livestock production systems, nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide emissions means losses of nitrogen, energy and organic matter. So possible interventions to reduce emissions are therefore to a large extent based on technologies and practices that improve production efficiency at animal and herd levels. a. Feeding quality Fodder with or with out additives. b. Introduction of fodder having Tannins and Saponins. c. Better grazing and feeding Management d . Integrated crop–livestock systems through Agroforestry systems In this paper the role of Silvi pasture system (SPS ) in mitigating the GHHs is discussed.

Fodder quality and GHGs production :Forage quality influences CH4 production in the rumen (Boada and Wittenberg, 2002). Feeding young green forage with lower fibre, high soluble carbohydrate and supplementing small amount of grain with forage are the promising mitigation approach. High-quality forage

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reduce CH4 production by altering the fermentation pathway because of easily fermentable carbohydrates and less Neutral Detergent Fibre, lead to a higher digestibility and passage rate ( Beever et al.,1986 ).

Grasses : Warmer Tropical regions are associated with C4 grasses which yield more CH4 than the C3 plants (Archimède et al.,2011) .The C4 grasses are taller, less nutritious and slow-growing with low concentrations of protein, high concentrations of fibre and high plant dry matter content. Elevated temperatures reduce grass nutritive value and correspondingly increase methane production by 0.9 % with a 10 C temperature rise and 4.5 % with a 50C rise (Mark et al .,2017).

Legumes : Legume forage has a lower CH4 yield, which is explained by the presence of condensed tannins, low fibre content, high dry matter intake and fast passage rate (Beauchemin et al., 2008).

Chopping or pelleting forages can reduce the CH4 emission as smaller particles require less degradation in the rumen (Boadi et al., 2004) Methanogens tends to be lower in the ensiled forages presumably because the ensiled forages are already partially fermented during the ensiling process. Pang et al. (2019) concluded that most grass and legume forages would have quality equivalent or even greater when grown in silvopasture compared to open-pasture.

Fodder Trees and Tree fodder : Trees act as long-term photosynthetic plants and act as long term sink for atmospheric CO2. Introductionof trees in pasture system is one mechanism by which Carbon capture can be enhanced. The tree component helps in positive Carbon balance in soil. Carbon sequestration in Silvipasture system is greater than the Pasture system. Pasania et al (2011 ) suggested that in a Silvipasture system using Hybrid Poplar the annual Net Carbon sequestration was 2.7t /Ha against the 0.9t/Ha in grass monoculture .

Methane production could be reduced (up to 55%) when ruminants are fed tannin-rich forages like Tree fodders. Melesse et al. (2019) stated that leaves of A. nilotica, P. juliflora and C. cajanas well as pods of M. ferruginea were identified as potential candidates for mitigating CH4 production.

Plant secondary compounds : The potential of plant secondary constituents to reduce enteric CH4 production has only been recently recognised.Large range of plants are screened for their secondary compounds, like saponins and tannins. (Wallace 2004) The CH4 suppressing effect of saponins and Tannins is related to their anti-protozoal and or bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects (Hess et al., 2003). Methane production can be reduced up to 55% on feeding ruminants with tannin-rich forages. Although tannins appear promising for

CH4 mitigation, these impede forage digestibility and animal productivity, when fed at a higher concentration.

However, more research may identify the balance between CH4 reduction and possible anti-nutritional side effects as associated with tannin supplementation.

Indian Grass Lands and GHGs :The grass lands or pastures reduce methane emissions when they contain high quality grasses and legumes. More than 80 per cent of the grasslands in India are reported to be in ‘poor’ and degraded condition. Mistri (2003) opined that the deterioration was due to a combination of factors such as large bovine population, free range grazing, lack of management practices and deforestation for development activities. Further most of the grasslands in arid and semi-arid areas contains local grasses which are not only hardy, have low yield potential, low protein content and less palatable and over-grazed ( Pathak and Dagar,2016 ). These grass covers are primarily of Sehima - Dichanthium in tropical region,

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Dichanthium–Cenchrus-Lasiurus, Phragmites - Saccharum - Imperata in Sub-tropical region. Permanent grasslands store large amounts of carbon in the soil much more than croplands and sometimes as much as forest soils. This carbon is rapidly decomposed and released as CO2 if grasslands are transformed into cropland or intensified by ploughing and re-sowing.

Improving Pasture quality and Emission: Improving pasture quality is viewed as a means of reducing CH4. However, it has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. Alcock and Hegarty (2006) estimated only a small reduction in CH4 output per kilogram of live weight. Improvements in pasture quality may reduce CH4 output if stocking densities remain static or low. This possible means of reducing CH4 emissions warrants further investigation as it has little additional cost. It is reported that improved Andropogon pastures with a much larger root system could fix up to 50 tons of CO2 per hectare, which is comparable with the 50 to 100 tons per hectare. Legumes like Stylosanthes hamata, Stylosanthes scabra and Stylosanthes viscosa are reported to enhance the quality and quantity of forage production in grass lands by 4-5 fold for achieving higher animal production. For an ideal range under dry lands having rainfall from 70 to 150 cm. S. hamata was found growing very well in association with Cenchrus ciliaris and the mixture contained 12 to 15% protein. For arid and semi-arid zone the most suitable grasses are Cenchrus ciliaris (Singh, 1991). Grass lands and their managementplay the role of potential sinks in the global carbon cycle (Lal, 2004) .

Protection of Grass lands: Pathak and Dagar (2016) opined that when the grassland is protected from grazing the productivity is increased many-fold and soil properties including the biological activity is improved El- Keblawy (2003) stated that more leguminous species appeared in the range, when it is protected which could enhance the quality of fodder.

Grazing systems and GHG production : Grazing livestock nibble at grass, which encourages plant growth and deeper roots. If these plants, living or dead, are left undisturbed, the carbon in the plants’ biomass can stay stable in the ground rather than be re-emitted into the atmosphere. Less intensive grazing systems and use of rough grazing lands may reduce GHGs emissions . Well managed grazing by livestock on natural or semi-natural grassland can keep GHGs emissions to a minimum as opposed to intensive grain-fed animal production with higher emissions level. If livestock density is kept below carrying capacity, it is possible to keep GHG emissions low.

Grazing and Product Quality: The quality of livestock products may be greater from semi-natural grasslands than from more intensive systems. Meat from animals grazing on natural grasslands contains less fat, regardless of breed Anecdotal information suggests that meat produced from natural and semi-natural grassland has a higher nutrient content and better taste, but this needs more investigation. Cheese produced from livestock feeding on species-rich grasslands had better taste, aroma, and texture than cheeses from species-poor grasslands. However, meat from livestock feeding exclusively on semi-natural grasslands may not necessarily meet the quality and quantity demands from the meat industry but can be considered in alternative market

Agroforestry systems to mitigate GHGs: Agroforestry is an excellent tool not only to mitigate GHGs in both reducing sources and increasing sinks but also to adapt to climate The presence of woody vegetation in agricultural lands facilitate temperature stability, reduce impact of extreme heat and the potential of ammonia

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 8 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 and nitrous oxide volatilization and therefore GHG emissions. Moreover, the adequate distribution of trees or shrubs may reduce wind speed and vis-a-vis GHG emissions rates. Agroforestry, particularly the Silvipasture system (SPS) can act as a tool to reduce GHGs avoid or reduce GHG losses and promote soil carbon sink in agricultural lands.

Silvi pasture system (SPS) to mitigate GHGs: The SPS are agroforestry arrangements that intentionally combine livestock production with rotational grazing using ideal combination of grasses, legumes and trees as a three-dimensional feed source, for producing highly nutritious top fodder and forage, fuel wood, timber and optimising land productivity. When degraded and problem soils are brought under silvi-pastoral system, the soil health could be restored in terms of organic carbon and available nutrients. It is reported that under elevated CO2 levels and ambient temperature the perennial grasses and legumes produced >2.5 times more biomass. Such a situation under three or four tier silvipasture system helped biomass optimization due to increased level of CO2 from soil respiration and sequestration of Carbon in herbaceous woody biomass and soil. Solanki and Rai (1998) reported that silvi pastoral system was very much beneficial only for land which are not fit for annual crop production. Agroforestry hold considerable potential for improving carbon sequestration and carbon storage in both soils and the biomass.

Apart from fodder production, silvopastoral systems have the potential to offer many ecosystem services.

The SPS stabilizes CO2 levels and increase the carbon sink potential (Varsha et al., 2017). The silvopasture has carbon abatement strategy because of carbon storage potential in the multiple plant species and soil (Nair and Nair, 2003). Intensive silvopasture with L. leucocephala sequesters carbon at the high end of silvopasture potential at the rate of 8.8–26.6 ton CO2 eq ha-1 year-1, alone or in association with timber trees (Cuartas et al. 2014). In a 3-tier hybrid (HN)Napier- Mulberry - Stylosanthus system (planted in 3:1:1 ratio, area basis), 2-tier HN- Mulberry/Stylosanthus (3:2 ratio) and HN/Mulberry/Stylosanthus monoculture systems and one control plot with natural grass vegetation, for 2 years were studied. Trees were planted at 60 x 60 cm spacing, pruned at 1 m height at 3 months interval. At the end of 2 years, it was reported that Carbon stocks were significantly higher for Mulberry monoculture (174.84 Mg ha-1 ), followed by 2-tier HN - Mulberry (147.67 Mg C ha-1), which captured 11–13% more carbon than 3-tier silvopasture and HN-Monoculture systems. However, fodder yields from Mulberry sole plots were lower. HN -Monoculture out yielded all other systems in fodder yields, but fodder quality as indicated by CP yield, as well as carbon storage was comparatively poor. Considering the fodder (24 Mg ha-1 year-1 , dry basis and CP yields (3.15 Mg ha-1 year-1, and carbon fixation rates (11 Mg C ha-1 year-1 ), 2-tier HN -Mulberry system with tree density of 11,111 trees ha-1 was found to be the most promising system for meeting both farmer needs and environmental services. Adopting these systems in at least 3 M ha can supply 72 and 9.45 Mt of dry matter and CP respectively, which can meet one third of the annual dry matter and crude protein deficit of Indian livestock industry and half of the carbon emission standards of India’s INDC commitment over a period of 10 years ( Varsha et al., 2017).

It was also reported that maximum carbon sequestration in a 3 year stand of Panicum maximum, L. leucocephala and S. hamata. They further observed maximum carbon sequestration in a 3 year stand of Panicum maximum, L. leucocephala and S. hamata. In another study they found that in a 20 year old A. tortilis + C. ciliaris based silvipasture system the carbon sequestration potential was 57.37 Mg as against 13.74 Mg in open grassland and 10.125 Mg in the soil. It is reported that the CO2 was more in pasture than near trees.

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Lo´pez-Santiago et al. (2019) compared the carbon storage of a Leucaena leucocephalaand Panicum maximum silvopasture system to those of a deciduous tropical forest and a grass monoculture. Their results showed that the carbon stored in the herbaceous compartment was greater in the silvopasture and the SOC followed a similar trend. Overall, they also observed a greater carbon storage potential for the silvopastoral system compared to the open-pasture. Ca´rdenas et al. (2019) recorded the greatest carbon storage in the farmed forest and in the high tree density pasture followed by the shrub land and low tree density pasture. They concluded that SOC (Soil organic Carbon) was the major carbon storage compartment in all systems. The amount of carbon sequestered largely depends on the agroforestry system being practiced. Other factors influencing carbon storage in agroforestry systems include tree species, system management, environment and socio-economic aspects. The carbon storage potential of agroforestry systems in different regions of the world varies from 12 to 228 mg C per ha (Winjum et al., 1992).

Biomass production in SPS: Pathak and Dager (2016) suggested that it was possible to get more biomass through established silvopasture on the land, which is producing less than 2 t/ha/year forage through natural vegetation. They further showed that three tier silvopastoral system (Cenchrus + A. excelsa + Dichrostachy scinerea) provided maximum average forage production (t/ha) (2.78 dry forage from pasture + 0.95 green tree leaves) followed by two tier and single tier. Studies on the production potential of pasture alone (C. ciliaris), fodder trees alone (H. binata + C. mopane) and silvopastoral system (C. ciliaris + H. binata + C. mopane) were compared at CAZRI, Jodhpur for nine years. On the basis of the results, it was observed that silvopastoral system was better for higher average forage production and livestock maintenance (4.1 ACU/ ha) followed by pure pasture and pure trees block. On an average dry forage yield of 4.55 t/ha/year can be obtained from different silvopastoral systems on such boulder lands. Selection criteria required for Grasses as understorey Saline sodic soils : Grasses : Brachiaria mutica, Diplachea fusca, Iseile malaxum, Paspalum notatum, P. dilatatum, Bothriochloa intermedia, Chloris guayana, Sporobolus marginatus, Cynodon dactylon, Panicum maximum. Legumes: Rhynchosia minima, Clitoria ternatea, Mimosa invisa, M. atropurpureum and shrubs: Sesbania, Atriplex, Acacia and Albizia species.

Acidic soils: Grasses : Pennisetum polystachyon, P. pedicellatum. P. clandestinum, Paspalum notatum, Legumes: Centrosema pubescens, Stylosanthes guianensis, Calopogonium muconoides, Pueraria phaseoloides, Desmodium species. Trees: Ficus numeralis, Albizia chinensis, Morus cerrata, Ulmus repalensis, Bucklandia pupulrea.

Selection criteria required for Tree fodder : Extracted tannins can be useful in mitigating methane emission without major losses in feeding value of the diet. While tannin-rich shrub legumes such as C. calothyrsus, despite being also effective in limiting methanogenesis, are restricted in their application due to the simultaneous depression of the feeding value of the diet.Methane production expressed as ml g−1 degradable organic matter (OM) was reported to be low for Acacia nilotica (12.6 ml), P. cineraria (12.9 ml), Ficus religiosa (13.9 ml), S. cumini (13.8 ml) and Azadirachta indica (13.7 ml). The leaves of S. cumini, A. indica, F. religiosa and A. nilotica not only produced less methane per unit of degradable OM, but also had generally greater OM degradability and favored production of microbial biomass compared with other leaves. These

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 10 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 leaves could be explored for decreasing methane production in small ruminant production systems of tropical developing countries (Pal et al ., 2015 ).

Spacing of Trees: The most popular tree spacing for silvopasture establishment is a double-row configuration 4x8x40 ft. This tree planting pattern produced more wood and forage than the typical 8x12 ft plantation. Varsha et al. (2017 ) found tree density of 11,111 ha-1 in a 2-tier HN -Mulberry system to be the most promising system for meeting both farmer needs and environmental services.

Livestock Production in Silvipastoral systems: The productivity of livestock in silvopastoral systems depends on the quality and yield of the forages produced throughout the year. The Livestock production strategy should be to minimize the potential production losses resulting from climate change on one hand and intensifying methane abatement on other hand. Diet manipulation, methane Inhibitors, feed additives, propionate enhancers, methane oxidisers, probiotics, defaunation and hormones are available to abate methane production (Moss,1994 ). Dietary manipulation through green fodder decreased methane production by 5.7 % (Pasania et al.,2011).Information on the production potential of SPS is very scanty. Only few works in small ruminants have been reported.  It is reported that lambs and kids that grazed on silvopasture gained their body weight at the rate (head/day) of 54.8 and 36.8 g, where as on natural grassland it was 41.2 and 26.4 g respectively. The gain in body weight of lambs and kid grazing on silvopasture was 33.0 and 39.4% higher as compared to natural grassland, respectively.  Rai Anand Kumar and Rai (2010 ) reported 75.4 and 69.2 g/head/day, average daily gain in sheep respectively. The growth rate in Lambs and Kids were 33 and 39% higher in silvipasture than Natural grass lands.  A live weight gain of 20-22 kg with average daily gain (head/day) of 56-61 g and 93-102 g in lambs and kids, respectively were reported on two tier (Cenchrus ciliaris + A. excelsa) and three tier (C. Ciliaris + D. cinerea + A. excelsa) silvopastoral systems with stocking density of 14 animals/ha .  The performance of kids were reported better than lambs and grazing was found better than stall feeding to achieve maximum live weight gain (Ramana et.al., 2000)  When the under story vegetation of the silvopastoral system consisted of perennial grasses such as Chrysopogon fulvusand pasture legumes as Stylosanthes hamata and S. scabra, while Sehima - Heteropogon as natural grassland , results showed that goats and sheep that grazed in this system gained (head/day) body weight at the rate of 28.6 and 2.1g, where as on natural grassland the gain was 10.8 g in goats (Pathak and Daggar, 2016)  Silvopastoral system with rotational grazing was reported to be adequate to support ewes during pregnancy and lactation (Sankhyan et al., 1997). The small ruminants (lambs and kids) can be maintained on silvopastoral system consisting of Leucaena leucocephala as a tree component and Dichrostachys cinerea as shrub along with natural vegetation with optimum live weight gain. The performance of kids were better than lambs and grazing was found better than stall feeding to achieve maximum live weight gain (Ramana et al., 2000).

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 11 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

 In a silvopastoral system consisting of Leucaena leucocephala as a tree component and Dichrostachys cinerea as shrub along with natural vegetation at NRCAF, Jhansi daily weight gain (g/head) of 72.04 and 104.29 was recorded, respectively in new born kids and lambs. • In a Silvipasture system comprising of L.leucocephala + C.ciliaris + D. cineraria the production potential of pasture, crude protein, and gross energy were reported as 7.75 t, 1.17 t and 3383 Mcal / ha.. This pasture supported the growth rate of 18.3 and 28.4 g /d in Goats and Lambs respectively ( Pasania et al., 2011 ). • Paciullo et al. (2014) reported significantly higher milk yield in cows grazed in silvipastoral system containing graminaceous forage (Brachiaria decumbens) intercropped with different leguminous herbaceous forages (Stylosanthes spp., Pueraria phaseoloides and Calopogonium mucunoides) and legume trees (Acacia mangium, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala), than in open pasture of B. decumbens intercropped only with Stylosanthes spp. At the stocking rate of 1.23 AU /Ha • It is reported that using Lucaenain silvopastoral systems enabled a reduction in level of concentrates fed to dairy cows and provided environmental services such as increased carbon sequestration (Ferguson, 2013) and nitrogen fixation in the soil (Orwa et al., 2009). It is also reported that a silvopastoral system based on African star grass and leucaena with sorghum supplement supported milk yields equal to those of star grass plus conventional concentrates. Economic returns: There is not much information on the economic viability of Silvipasture system. It was reported that the poplar-eucalyptus based agroforestry system in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and Terai belt of Uttarakhand. The cost benefit ratio is estimated to be 1: 1.92 with intercropping and 1: 2.13 without intercropping. The returns are substantially higher when compared to raising sole agricultural crops. Data on the cost benefit ratio of Silvipasture systems with different components with livestock integration must be generated to arrive at any meaningful conclusion. Opportunities in SPS  There is potential to use palatable shrubs and pasture species that decrease methane production.  Methane production per head can be lowered by more than 20% in some controlled grazing systems.  The stems and root systems of woody perennial shrubs are a potential source of carbon credits.  The adoption rate of Silvipastoral system is very poor. In practice scientific silvipasture system does not exist in any part of the country. Fact is that any systematic plantation of trees, shrubs and grasses in a two or three tier system does not suit to the Indian farmer whose land holdings and resources are limited. Farmers prefer to have low density scattered tree population for seasonal lopping of fodder, pods and firewood (Pasania et al., 2011 ). Failure in adoption of SPS: The adoption rate of Silvipastoral system is very poor in practice scientific silvipasture system does not exist in any part of the country. Fact is that any systematic plantation of trees, shrubs and grasses in a two or three tier system does not suit to the Indian farmer whose land holdings and resources are limited. Farmers prefer to have low density scattered tree population for seasonal lopping of fodder, pods and firewood (Pasania et al., 2011).

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 12 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

a) Poor awareness on the potential of integration and the benefits and value addition of SPS. b) Strong resistance by the crop oriented plantation sector, and are least interested in introducing animals to the system. c) The stake holders are not interested in making more capital investments e.g. fencing and fodder production. d) Inadequate technology application and week understanding of systems R and D. e) Less conscious of climate change and their effects on the tree crops. f) Absence of policies to encourage integrated/mixed farming systems. g) Gradual collapse of traditional agro-forestry practices Conclusion :The Silvipasture system is one of the excellent tools in mitigating the GHGs that are emitted from cultivable and uncultivable wastelands, problem soils etc., The GHGs emitted by Livestock can also be reduced by this system to a great extent. This system not only reduce the pressure on fodder production in private cultivable lands but also reduce the dependency and improve the soil quality. The encroachments in the existing permanent pastures (Grass lands) in community lands be removed and developed in to SPS. Its management should be entrusted to the once robust village – level traditional Institutions to ensure its sustainability. “At present Grass lands are not managed by the Forest Department whose interest lies mainly in Trees, not by the Agricultural Department whose interest lies in Agricultural crops and not by the Veterinary Department whose interest lies in Livestock . The Grass lands are the ‘ common ‘ lands of the community and are the responsibility of none. They belong to all and controlled by none . They have become one of the best examples of Tragedy of commons in the ecological world to day (Priya Ranganathan, 2019). Suggestions Research  Tree fodders should be explored for decreasing methane production  Specific space interval for tree/shrub components be optimised separately for Sheep and Goats which have different feeding habit.  Optimum ratio between Bush cover and under storey grass cover should be recommended for sheep, Goat and Bovines.  Production potential of different SPS systems in terms of Milk and Meat production, Average live weight gain per hectare should be worked out.  Financial viability for different SPS should be worked out.  SPS systems suited for different soils particularly the problem soils ( Acidic soils ) and the respective package of practices be worked out .  There is need to coordinate various research, educational and extension projects on fodder and pasture development for the CPR areas.  Data on different Tree- Crop-Ruminant systems be generated for future planning.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 13 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Field Level  The existing village permanent grazing land be revitalised.  The once robust village – level traditional Institutions that ensured sustainability of grass lands be invoked .  The Pastoral communities be involved in any decision making process locally.  Developing seed/ germplasm banks/ nurseries of native species for rehabilitation of grazing lands Farmers Level  Suitable Agri- silvipasture and/or Horti - silvipasture systems should be selected with minimum negative interactions  In private wastelands the practice of growing Prosorpisjulifera for fire wood and Charcoal production should be replaced with suitable SPS for fodder production Government level The valid suggestions made earlier by different Committees and sub-groups of Government of India as below be implemented  A National Grazing-cum-Fodder and Pasture Management Policy involving various stakeholders, needs to be formulated and implemented for the targeted rehabilitation and development of the country’s grazing resources (natural and cultivated).  Ecologically sensitive grasslands need to be mapped and appropriate amelioration models/protocols developed, given priority and implemented.  Grass Growers Co-operatives on the lines of Tree Grower Co-operative and Milk Co-operatives should be started.  Plantation of Prosopis juliflora in all grassland habitat must be completely banned, as this exotic spreads very rapidly and covers the grassland.  The Department of Animal Husbandry must encourage and implement schemes that promote the concept of fewer but better quality livestock, particularly in areas which have protected grasslands to reduce grazing pressure.  Providing a range of incentives to farmers and pastoralists to continue traditional practices that are beneficial for wildlife and help in sustainable use of grasslands.  Assisting Pastoral communities in regenerating and restoring degrading grasslands/deserts.  Increasing awareness on the potential of integration and the benefits and value addition of SPS. References Alcock D, Hegarty RS (2006) Effects of pasture improvement on productivity, gross margin and methane emissions of a grazing sheep enterprise. In ‘Greenhouse gases and animal agriculture: an update’. Elsevier International Congress Series 1293. (Eds CR Soliva, J Takahashi, M Kreuzer) pp. 103–105. (Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 14 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

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Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 15 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

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Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 16 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Rai Anand Kumar1, Rai P.( 2010 ) Role of silvipastoral system in increasing productivity of small ruminants. Range Management and Agroforestry, Volume : 31, Ramana , D.B.V (2000 ) Silvi-Pastoral and Horti-Pastoral Models for Small Ruminant Hyderabad – 500 059 Reicosky,D.C.,Gesch,R.W.,Wagner,S.W.,Gilbert,R.A.,Wente,C.D.,Morris,D.R., (2008). Tillage and wind

effects on soil CO2 concentrations in muck soils. Soil Tillage Res.99.221 Reicosky,D.C., Gesch,R.W.,Wagner, S.W.,Gilbert,R.A.,Wente,C.D.,Morris,D.R., (2008) Tillage and wind

effects on soil CO2 concentrations in muck soils. Soil Tillage Res.99.221- 231 Sankhyan, S.K., Shinde, A.K., Kari, S.A. and Patnayak, B.C. (1997.) Production performance of native and crossbred sheep on silvopasture. Indian J. Anim. Produ. & Mgmt. 13(2): 117-118 Singh, R.P(. 1991). Land degradation problems- their management in the semi-arid tropics. In: Technologies for Wasteland Development. ICAR, New Delhi. pp. 125-136 Solanki,K.R and P.Rai (1998) Production from Degraded lands through Silvipastoral systems in India . National Seminar on “Integration of Livestock and Agroforestry systems in wastelands Development. Held between 19th to 21 st January,1998 at Institute of Animal Nutrition, TANUVAS , Kattupakkam, Tamil Nadu Varsha K. M.. Asha K. Raj. E. K. Kurien . Betty Bastin. T. K. Kunhamu and K. P. Pradeep (2017 ) High density silvopasture systems for quality forage production and carbon sequestration in humid tropics of Southern India . Agroforest Syst. Wallace RJ (2004) Antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63, 621–629. Winjum, J.K.; Dixon, R.K. and Schroeder, P.E. 1992. Estimating the global potential of forest and agroforestry management practices to sequester carbon. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 64(1-2): 213-228

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 17 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

INTEGRATING LIVESTOCK IN THE EXISTING AGRO FORESTRY CROPPING PATTERNS IS SUSTAINABLE – NAMAKKAL EXPERIENCE Dr. B. Mohan Dean Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal -637 002

The soil, terrain of land, rainfall pattern cannot be altered. Traditional crops and livestock farming cannot be intervened by new variety, agronomical practices, shelter management improve the productivity. This write up tells about the basic understanding of the district geography, rainfall, human population, change in livestock population and some of the intervention carried out in the livestock sector in integrating with Agroforestry.

Namakkal district comes under the North western Agro climatic zone of Tamil Nadu. Except Tiruchengode block which fall under western agro climatic zone. Kolli hills is part of the eastern ghats. Small hillocks are isolated over Namakkal, Tiruchengode and Rasipuram blocks with valleys. The major rivers are Cauveri flowing through 70 kms covering Pallipalayam, Paramathi and Mohanur blocks. Thirumanimuthar flows from Salem through Namakkal. The land elevation is grouped in three major categories as Lower elevation : 150 mts MSL (Namakkal and Paramthi taluks near Cauvery river), Mid elevation : 150 to 300 mts MSL ( Major taluks) and High elevation : 300 to 600mts MSL (Spreads over Rasipuram and Namakkal taluks). The MSL of Kolli hills is 1000 mts.

Human Poulation: As per 2011 census the human population in Namakkal district is 17,26,601.Nearly 1,52,497 are cultivators and 2,28,641 are agricultural labourers. Total workers are 8,98,245 and non- workers are 8,28,356. Only traditional farmers are practicing agriculture, their children are educated and a either employed or not interested in agriculture. The reason being nowadays agriculture and allied activities is non- profitable due to less remunerative price, drought, shortage of work force.

Land Utilisation: The forest cover is 1401 ha, Reserve forest of 42507 ha, Net area sown 139330 ha, barren and uncultivable area - 24454 ha, permanent pastures and other grazing land - 6663. ha. Land under Miscellaneous tree crops and Groves not included in net area sown 3767 ha. Cultivable waste - 4759 ha, current fallows - 65726 ha, other fallow land - 9321 ha. The total land area is about 3306 sq.km.

Farmers intervention in intergrating Desi Chicken in orchards: Horticultural crops like Mango, Sapota, Coconut area is increasing. Farmers have started growing desi chickens in Sapota and Mango orchards. The birds feed on the natural pastures, insects and fallen fruits. Supplementary grains like sorghum, broken rice are fed. Desi chicken fetch on an average Rs. 250 to 300 kg /kg live weight. And attain 1.5 kg in 5 to 6 months period. Desi chicken eggs are sold @ Rs.5 to 7 in retail markets. They vaccinate the birds against Ranikhet disease by giving Lasota vaccine on the 7 th and 14th day followed by fowl pox vaccine on 10th week. Layers maintained for egg production are vaccinated RDVK vaccine on 16-18th week. Of late deworming prior to vaccination is also followed. Progressive farmers attend training in KVKs, VCRI, Namakkal on brooding , hatching, feeding management aspects. Some also rear Namakkal Chicken a four way cross developed by Dept of Poultry Science, VCRI, Namakkal. This variety lays up to 150 -160 eggs in free range system compared to assels low productivity of 60-70 eggs.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 18 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Type of soil S.No. Type of Soil Place in District 1. Red Loam Namakkal, Elachipalayam, Pudhuchatram, Mallasamuduram, Rasipuram, Tiurchengode, Paramathi and parts of Pallipalayam. 2. Lateritic soil Kolli hills 3. Black soil Erumapatti, Kabilarmalai, Mohanur, Namagiripettai, Parts of Pallipalayam. 4. Sandy Coastal Alluvium Kabilarmalai 5. Red Sandy soil Puduchatram 6. Clay Loam Sendamangalam, Vennandur, Erumapatti.

The red soil is suited for ground nut production chiefly as a rain fed crop. Groundnut haulms are stored (1500 -2000 kg/acre) as a supplementary feed for sheep and goats. During summer showers short duration green gram is grown in Pudhuchatram block in red loamy soils. The thrashed stem and leaves are stored as heaps or in gunny bags and fed as roughages for goats.

The predominant rain fed crop across the district is Tapioca. It is a annual crop. From fifth month onwards farmers harvest the leaves and feed goats as a sole feed. Low cyanide varieties of tapioca are cultivated mainly to integrate with goats.

The lateric soil of Kolli hills is suitable for pine trees, Jack fruit, Pineapple, and Hill banana. The bunds of the fields are sown with Cumbu Napier (Co3/Co4) varieties as a fodder for cattle and to preventsoil erosion. Goats are grown in Kolli hills where they feed on forest leaves and pasture in uncultivated area.

Sugarcane is cultivated in river beds and the sugarcane tops are fed as a green fodder for buffaloes. Rainfall pattern 1. South West Monsoon : June – September -- 320 -330 mm. 2. North East Monsoon : October – December -- 290 -320 mm. 3. Winter Rainfall : January – February -- 10 -15 mm. 4. Summer Rainfall : March – May -- 120 -140 mm. 5. Mean rainfall / year : -- 720 -770 mm. Ideal pasture and fodder for dry land farming system : The advantage of this rainfall pattern is pasture grasses like cenchrus, stylo, Multicut fodder sorghum (CoFS 29) which are grown in barren lands or in coconut groves, have excellent regrowth even after a long dry spell of 40-50 days. They withstand trampling by grazing cattle, sheep or goats. Auto seed shedding is an added advantage. They propogate by the self shedding process, thus the plant population is maintained for three to five years. The urine and manure from grazing animals support the carbon and nitrogen requirement of the grasses. Fodder trees like Acha, Acacia, Neem are planted as a shade trees. These crops with stand a minimum 15 0c and a maximum of 38 to 40 0c.

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Water points are essential throughout the year, so that the grazing animals do not walk long distance for want of water.

Climate: Mean maximum temperature is 33.77 0c with a peak of 37.260c during April. The average minimum temperature is 23.07 0c with mean low of 19.390c during January. The mean relative humidity at 7.30 am is around 75 % and at 2.30 pm is around 48 %. The mean wind speed is from 4 to 8 km/hr. The average sun shine hours 6.50 hrs with a peak of 8.22 hrs during march. (Source: Agrometerological Advisory Services , VCRI, Namakkal)

Educating farmers as climate Managers: From 2010, fifty farmers in fifty five villages covering all fifteen blocks of Namakkal district were identified and given manual rain gauges with the help of rotary clubs in Namakkal. They were trained to record the daily rainfall and document the same in a note book. Hand holding of the farmers is still continued for the past nine years. Now farmers are able to understand the rainfall pattern in their village, predict the ideal sowing dates for rain fed crops like fodder sorghum groundnuts, tapioca. They are now the bridge between scientific institutions and progressive farmers. The prediction of dates of harvest is also has helped them to minimize the loss of grains. This is the first initiate in the country to make the farmers as climate managers. Source of irrigation Source Number Area irrigated (ha) Net Gross Govt Canals 3 3936 4697 Tanks a) Large 67 -- -- b) Small 192 13.98 13.98 Ground Water a) Private tube wells 14528 7862 9336 b) Dug wells 72854 47658 56086 Total 87382 55520 65423 Source : G.Returns : 2016-17.

Cropping pattern: Cereals and Millets is cultivated in an area of 58077 ha. Sorghum is the major crop. Pulses is cultivate in an area of 11450 ha. Green gram, black gram and red gram are the chief pulses. Oil seeds are cultivated in an area of 37247 ha. Groundnut, sesame and castor are the chief oil seeds produced. Sugarcane is cultivate in river belt area in an area of 12978 ha. ((Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Chennai 2016-17.)

Land holding pattern: The toal cultivable land of 1,94,798 ha is owned by 1,48,935 persons. 45469 persons have less than 0.5 ha of land. 36674 persons hold a land size of 0.5 to 1.00 ha. And 37,173 persons hold a land are of 1.00 to 2.00 ha. 15432 persons hold a land area of 2.0 to 3 ha. ( Agricultural census 2011 -12.). Unless the resources are shared by small holders the cost of cultivation cannot be reduced.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 20 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Livestock Population: The total cattle population is 3,32,199 out of which 1,66,591 are milking. The sheep population stands at 1,14,537 and goats population is 3,98,694. (Source: District Animal Husbandry office 2016 -2017.) Change in livestock population Cattle 2004 2007 Deviation 2012 Deviation 2,22,381 2,85,958 + 28.59 % 2,20,700 - 22.82 % Buffalo 1,82,202 2,19,878 + 20.68 1,07,830 - 50.96 % Sheep 1,46,217 1,51,666 + 3.73 95,484 - 37.04 % Goats 3,88,832 4,62,329 + 18.90 3,65,326 - 20.98 %

Source: Dept of Statistics, Chennai.

Main reasons for decline in livestock population was due to non remunerative price for milk, shortage of labours for taking care of cattle, sheep and goats, drought forcing inadequate fodder and pasture.

Fodder development: During 2012 -13 it was 8222 ha and by 2015-16 it has increased to 25,675 ha. 842 MT of fodder seeds has been supplied through govt schemes. In a survey of 5282 farmers visited KVK during the year 2012 -13, Nearly 25 % of the farmers came to purchase fodder seeds, 7.7 % of the farmers came for Sheep and goat farming training. 2% of the farmers came for purchase of mineral mixture and salt licks. A public private partnership model for production and supply of fodder seed was the break through in improving the fodder production area in Namakkal district.

It is very clear after the intervention of govt in supply of fodder seeds, the area of fodder cultivation has increased. There is great potential for supply of tree fodders like, Sesbania, Acacia, Gliricidia, New Soobabul. NGOs like Isha nursery supply native tree saplings throughout Tamil Nadu in a reach of 50 kms distance to propogate fruit bearing trees like tamarind. Mango, Jack fruit, timber value trees like teak, neem. They can be grown in dry lands and after five to seven years can be integrated with sheep and goats.

Sericulture: Mulberry is cultivated in 745 ha and chiefly in Vennandur (132 ha), Namagiripettai (109 ha), Mallasamudram (68 ha), Tiruchengode (59.90ha) – Source Assistant Director of Sericulture, Namakkal 2016- 17. Mulberry farmers also integrate with goats to feed the waste and fallen leaves.

Scope for small ruminant production: The mutton and Chevon rate is on the increase. The rearing methods can be improved. 1. Providing shelters like slatted floor sheds: It can be tiled or with metal sheets. Shelters give protection from predators, extreme weather like heavy down pour of rain or high temperature. In

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 21 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

one of the on-farm studies we have fond that the incidence of kids mortality due to poor milk yield from mother was reduced from 13 % to 5 %, when the pregnant goats were given supplementary feed in stalls and taken adequate care. Incidence of coccidiosis and tape worm infestation was also reduced to 5 % from 12%. 2. Complete feeding using crop residues: like maize stover, sorghum stover, groundnut haulsms ( 50 %) Ground Grains like Maize or Sorghum (30 %) Brans (17%) Mineral mixture 2% and Sodium chloride 1% were prepared and feed @ 250 g/day in addition to grazing. After eight months the males weighed 6 kg more than non fed rams and females weighed 4 kg more. The profit margin was Rs.1150/ sheep with a B:C ratio of 1:1.9. Traditional farmers accept that dairy cows have to be maintained for daily income Desi chicken for monthly income and Sheep, Goats for annual income. In addition, livestock gives back manure and urine as a fertilizer for agriculture production. Integrating livestock in dry land farming is one of the sustainable occupation.

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CONSERVATION AND VALUE ADDITION OF FODDER OBTAINED FROM AGROFORESTRY MODELS Dr. R. Karunakaran Professor and Head Dept. of Animal Nutrition, Madras Veterinary College Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Livestock rearing is one of the major occupations in India and is making significant contribution to the country’s GDP. The total livestock population is 535.78 million, showing an increase of 4.6% over the Livestock Census of 2012 and projections indicate that to feed large livestock population in the year 2020, India would require 526 million tonnes (MT) of dry fodder, 855 MT of green fodder and 56 MT of concentrate feed. Urbanization has brought a marked shift in the lifestyle of people and their consumption of milk products, meat and eggs with resultant increase in demand for livestock products. Global trend in animal production indicates a rapid and massive increase in the consumption of livestock products. By the end of 12th Plan, demand for milk is expected to increase to 141 million tons and for meat, eggs and fish together to 15.8 million tons (Planning commission of India, 2011). Feed and fodder are one of the most important contributing factors for the growth of livestock sector, development of this sector has not received the required level of attention in the past. Availability of adequate quality fodder for livestock is essential for improving livestock productivity. However, there is substantial shortage of fodder in the country. Livestock husbandry cannot be sustained without addressing the development of fodder resources. Current status of livestock and fodder production The estimates of livestock population and projection are shown in Table 1. The data or the estimates of fodder production in the country vary widely. Fodder production and its utilization depend on the cropping pattern, climate, socio-economic conditions and type of livestock. The cattle and buffaloes are normally fed on fodder available from cultivated areas, supplemented to a small extent by harvested grasses and top feeds. The three major sources of fodder supply are crop residues, cultivated fodder and fodder from common property resources like forests, permanent pastures and grazing lands. At present, the country faces roughly a net deficit of 63 % green fodder, 23.5 % dry crop residues and 64 % feeds. Supply and demand scenario of forage and roughage is presented in Table 2. Table 1: Livestock population estimates (million adult cattle units) Year Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Equine Camel Total 1995 180.5 82.8 4.0 9.2 0.5 0.9 278.0 2000 187.1 87.7 4.1 9.9 0.4 1.0 290.0 2005 192.2 92.6 4.2 10.5 0.3 1.0 301.0 2010 197.3 97.5 4.3 11.2 0.3 1.0 312.0 2015 202.3 102.4 4.4 11.8 0.1 1.1 322.0 2020 207.4 107.3 4.5 12.5 0.1 1.1 333.0 2025 212.5 112.3 4.6 13.2 0.1 1.1 344.0

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Table 2: Supply and demand scenario of forage and roughages (1995-2025) Supply Demand Deficit as % of demand (as actual) Year Green Dry Green Dry Green Dry 1995 379.3 421 947 526 568 (59.95) 105 (19.95) 2000 384.5 428 988 549 604 (61.1) 121 (21.93) 2005 389.9 443 1,025 569 635 (61.96) 126 (22.08) 2010 395.2 451 1,061 589 666 (62.76) 138 (23.46) 2015 400.6 466 1,097 609 696 (63.5) 143 (23.56) 2020 405.9 473 1,134 630 728 (64.21) 157 (24.81) 2025 411.13 488 1,170 650 759 (64.87) 162 (24.92)

Constraints in forage production Some of the general constraints/limitations in forage crop production are as follows Diminishing pasture land Majority of the grazing lands have either been degraded or encroached upon restricting their availability for livestock grazing. Obnoxious weeds have invaded the pastures. In addition to Uncontrolled grazing, the area of permanent pasture is also alarmingly decreasing (Table 3). Table 3 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land (1000 Hectare) 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2016-17 10418 10362 10344 10340 10305 10311 10240 10258

(Directorate of Economies & Statistics; Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare). Deterioration in forest grazing facility Livestock is allowed for grazing in open forest. Grazing is the cheapest way of feeding. However, on account of rising human population such open access grazing areas/grasslands are shrinking. The estimates suggest that these areas will reduce further in coming years. Reduced area under fodder crop production The area under fodder production is limited, constituting only about 4% of the cropping area and has diminished significantly over the years. Unpredictable rainfall to raise rain fed fodder crops, fall of underground water to support irrigation, Non - availability of quality seeds in time, poor germination of fodder seeds together with increasing pressure on land for growing food grains, oil seeds and pulses and inadequate attention being given to the production of fodder crops by the farmers results in deficient green fodder production. However, due to great emphasis given for fodder production in recent years by the Governments, the area of fodder production started showing increasing trend (Table 4.). However, the area under fodder crops has increased in peri-urban areas that have developed as milk sheds under intensive dairy production systems during the past years.

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Table 4: Area under fodder production (1000 Hectare) 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 8212 8144 8477 7419 7722 7738 9188

(Directorate of Economies & Statistics; Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare). Uncontrolled grazing of dairy animals Livestock production is primarily based on rangeland grazing. Such lands are about 40% of the total geographical area of the country. The grazing intensity in the country is as high as 12.6 adult cattle units (ACU) / ha as against 0.8 ACU/ha in developed countries. Unexploited tree fodders Tree leaves are also the best source of fodder for livestock. They are rich in protein, carotene and calcium, but poor in Fibre and Phosphorus. The tree leaves can be best used as supplemental forage for crop residues. Unfortunately this resource is not fully exploited resulting in more pressure on green fodder production. Nutrient composition of tree fodder do not vary due to drought conditions and if fed to goats at 50% level along with grass the growth rate increases significantly than feeding only cereal grasses. Forage resources for sustainable production The available forages are poor in quality, being deficient in available energy, protein and minerals. To compensate for the low productivity of the livestock, farmers maintain a large herd of animals, which adds to the pressure on land and fodder resources. Due to ever-increasing human population pressure, arable land is mainly used for food and cash crops. Thus there is little chance of having good-quality arable land available for fodder production, unless milk production becomes more remunerative to the farmers as compared to other crops. To meet the current level of livestock production and its annual growth in population, the deficit in all components of fodder, dry crop residues and feed has to be met either by increasing productivity, utilizing untapped feed resources, and increasing land area (not possible due to human pressure for food crops) or through imports.

In India, animals depend predominantly on open grazing or stall feeding on the by-products of agricultural produce like wheat straw, paddy straw, hay and green or dry grass collected from forest. Due to this they do not get sufficient nutrients. This affects quality and quantity of milk. The feed deficiency is due to heavy population pressure, the quantitative and qualitative deterioration of common grazing lands resulting in low biomass production, and lack of adoption of fodder production technologies.

The available feed and fodder in the country are not enough to sustain the existing population of livestock. To overcome this shortage, growing food and fodder crops on the same unit of land in rain fed situations and integrating trees and grasses with crop farming on marginal and sub marginal land with improved technology deserve high priority. It is in this scenario agroforestry, by integrating fodder trees in agricultural land, wasteland, community land and pastures is gaining momentum and can alleviate the existing fodder shortage.

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Agroforestry systems Agroforestry is a collective name for land use systems and practices in which woody perennials are deliberately integrated with crops and/or animals on the same land management unit (ICRAF; FAO, 2005). Agroforestry practices are increasingly important as access to tree resources from natural forests and woodlands is lost through deforestation due to agricultural expansion (FAO 2010). Livestock production must deal with the increased competition between human food and animal feed, and the greater demand for animal products globally and the resulting environmental impacts, as human populations increase and their dietary preferences change (Cassidy et al., 2013).

There are different types of agroforestry practices that can be used, these includes improved fallow, Taungya, home gardens, alley cropping, growing multipurpose trees and shrubs on farmland, boundary planting, farm woodlots, orchards or tree gardens, plantation/crop combinations, shelterbelts, windbreaks, conservation hedges, fodder banks, live fences, trees on pastures and apiculture with trees (Nair 1993; Sinclair 1999). The different types of agroforestry technologies have been found to address specific human and environmental needs. One of the important benefits is production of fodder to feed livestock.

Farmers have enjoyed increased incomes from livestock production, increased crop production, and reduced labour especially for herding cattle from adoption of agroforestry practices (FAO, 2005). Improved soil fertility through production of leguminous and other agroforestry trees is another benefit. Planting shrubs in fallow for two years and rotating with maize has improved maize yields compared with planting continuous unfertilized maize (Franzel et al., 2014). Timber and firewood as well as environmental services such as wind breaks, carbon sequestration and biodiversity among others are more benefits that can be obtained from agroforestry practices (FAO, 2005). Silvipastoral systems The production of woody plants combined with pasture is referred to as silvipasture system. The trees and shrubs may be used primarily to produce fodder for livestock or they may be grown for timber, fuel wood, fruit or to improve the soil. Silvipasture is also defined as growing ideal / suitable combination of grasses, legumes and preferably fodder trees for producing forage, timber and firewood on a sustainable basis by optimizing land productivity, conserving plants, soils and nutrients. This system combines livestock and trees that offer two main advantages for the animals. First, trees modify microclimatic conditions including temperature, water vapour content or partial pressure, and wind speed, which can have beneficial effects on pasture growth and animal welfare. Second, trees also provide alternative feed resources during periods of low forage availability. A significant role of woody vegetation is its contribution to a pastoral economy by providing arboreal fodder. Agrisilvipastoral systems The production of woody perennials combined with annuals and pastures is referred as agrisilvopastoral system. The main advantages of this system are as follows: Produce multiple products such as food / vegetables / fruits, fodder and forage needed for livestock, fuel wood, timber, and leaf litter needed for organic manure production. Improve and sustain the crop productivity which increases the level of income of the farmers.

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Improve the nutritive value of animal feed due to the supply of green fodder. This is also the best practice for soil nutrient recycling, which also helps to reduce chemical fertilizer purchase. Improve the farm site ecology by reducing surface run off, soil erosion and nutrient loss, gully formation and landslides. Improve the local micro-climate and enhance the productive capacity of the farm. Reduce pressure of community forests and other natural forests for fodder, fuel wood and timber. Hortipastoral systems Hortipasture system integrates pasture (grass and /or legumes) and fruit trees to fulfil the gap between demand and supply of fruit, fodder and fuel wood through utilizing moderately degraded land. Only during dormant season of the fruit tree, the livestock are allowed to graze on the available pasture for a period of 3-4 months in a year. Boundary plantations In this model fodder trees are grown in field bunds or boundaries ensuring shade and supply of fodder for livestock. Tree growing on farm boundaries is a very common practice, but it requires agreement between the neighbours involved to avoid conflicts. Initially trees can be established at a close spacing (0.75-1.00 m) and then later thinned for poles, or firewood to a final spacing of 1.5-3.0 m. With double rows the spacing between the rows should not be less than 2 m. The tree propagation method will depend on the species. In small-scale farming areas boundary planting is usually enough to reduce wind speed, and there is no need to establish windbreaks. Trees on boundaries which are regularly pollarded can meet most of a family’s need for firewood. In addition, other products and services are obtained. If the trees are not well managed there may be negative effects on crops, and if competitive species are planted root competition may be a problem. Homestead agroforestry systems The homestead is an operational farm unit in which a number of crops (including tree crops) are grown, along with rearing of livestock, poultry or fish, mainly for the purpose of meeting the farmer’s basic needs. Homestead farming satisfies the requirements sustainability by being productive, ecologically sound, stable, economically viable and socially acceptable. However, land-use changes, availability of agricultural labour, and falling commodity prices are major constraints in homestead farming. Future strategies to improve homestead farming should aim at watershed-based development with focus on a whole-farm or systems approach; restructuring and refining existing home gardens and developing sustainable models through a farmer-participatory approach. Tree Fodders and their nutritive value Depending on rainfall and soil fertility, fodder trees like Acacia nilotica, Acacia leucocephala, Albizzia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala, Lannea coromandalica could be integrated in silvipasture. These trees / shrubs grow well even under drought conditions and produce fodder in two years. About 10 MT of leaf fodder can be obtained annually from trees raised in one hectare. The shrubs like Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia etc., could be harvested for leaf fodder for 6-7 times annually. As leaves and pods of Acacia trees contain about 11-15 % of crude protein, such fodders are very good for livestock, especially sheep and goat.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 27 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Table 5: Common fodder trees of Tamil Nadu with their biomass yield and nutritive value Biomass yield (tones Crude Crude fibre TDN S.No. Botanical name dry matter / ha) protein (%) (%) (%) 1. Acacia nilotica 0.5 - 2.0 12.0 28 45 2. Acacia leucophloea 0.5 - 2.0 14.0 25 45 3. Acacia planifrons 0.5 - 2.0 9.6 22 45 4. Ailanthes exelsa 3.0 - 4.5 6.0 23 63 5. Albizia lebbeck 1.0 - 2.0 16.0 18 50 6. Albizia amera 2.0 – 3.0 15.0 20 50 7. Azardirachta indica - 6.0 27 55 8. Bahunia sp 1.5 - 2.5 17.0 22 55 9. Dalbergia sisso - 17.0 25 50 10 Erythrina indica 1.0 – 2.0 26.0 12 60 11. Ficus bengalensis - 12.0 27 52 12 Hardwickia binata - 10.0 26 50 13. Gliricidia sepium 2.0 -15.0 22.0 25 65 14. Inga dulci 2.0 - 4.0 20.0 25 55 15. Milligtonia hortensis - 6.0 20 62 16. Leucaena leucocephala 2.0 - 20.0 21.0 24 68 17. Lannea coromandalica - 4.0 18 65 18. Sesbania sesban 2.0 -10.0 24.0 28 65 19. Sesbania grandiflora 2.0 -10.0 22.0 27 65 20. Thespesia populnea - 11.0 20 60

The nutritive values of tree fodders are influenced by various factors. Studies have revealed that per cent crude protein of Gliricidia was highest when it was pruned once in 45 days. Tannin is the common anti nutritional factor present in tree leaves. A total of ten tree species were tested for their total tannin in their leaves. The total tannin ranged between 0.81 to 4.02%, which was below 5% (maximum tolerance level).

The value of tree leaves as fodder for ruminant livestock is least understood. The fodder trees and bushes that are commonly available in many parts of our country are Neem (Azadirachta indica), Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala), Pala (Zizyphus nummularia), Gliricidia sepium and Babool (Acacia nilotica) etc. The trees and shrubs are best utilized in browsing by sheep and goats. The tree fodder is a good source of protein but poor source of energy. Moreover, unlike crop residues, which are available in plenty after harvesting the crop, the tree fodder has poor biomass even after considerable growth of trees.

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Thus the energy rich and nitrogen poor crop residues and energy poor but nitrogen rich tree fodder could be blended in various formulations to sustain optimal production in sheep and goats. By evolving simple strategies of utilizing both the crop residues and tree fodder, the problem of fodder deficiency could be alleviated to some extent. Complete feeds using tree leaves as well as crop residues as roughage sources in different proportions could be tried in small ruminants for increased production and resulting in an efficient use of large quantities of crop residues.

In Tamil Nadu, the Sorghum straw, Ragi straw and Groundnut haulms are the principal and potential crop residues available. The availability of crop residues was calculated taking into account the area of cultivation, grain yield and the extraction factors suggested by Verma (1988). Conservation of tree fodders for year round availability Tree fodder is available in plenty immediately after monsoon rains. If left as such the leaves dry and wither away. Moreover, certain trees are deciduous and shed their leaves in certain seasons. Therefore, conservation of tree fodder when they are available in abundance will ensure their year round availability for livestock feeding and to ensure that quality of forage.

I. Drying - It is a very common method that is adopted. Tree leaves are collected, sundried, stored and used for feeding as and when needed. Tree leaf meal in concentrate mixture of animals Leaf meals were not traditionally used in the ration of ruminants as these animals usually fed with fresh fodder. However, there are instances when leaf meal production is necessary and becomes the most practical way of conserving excess foliage. Processing and preparation of leaf meal For preparing leaf meal leaves of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium were sun-dried for three days so that the moisture content was reduced to 10-13% and then ground to pass through 1 mm sieve and stored in sacks. A tree leaf meal mix was prepared by mixing Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium leaf meals in the ratio of 1:1. The tree leaf meal was used in the preparation of concentrate feed for goat and buffalo calves. The tree leaf meal (Gliricidia sepium) was used in the preparation of concentrate feed of Japanese quail ducks and swine.

Pollarding of tree fodders Seperating leaves

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 29 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Leaf meal Mixing with other feed ingredients In vitro dry matter degradability studies of tree fodders with crop residues in different combinations A total of nine tree fodder and crop residue combinations were selected after evaluating 81 different combinations through in vitro dry matter degradability studies (SLURB report, 2001). One tree fodder and one crop residue (Per cent) 1. Azadirachta indica : Ground nut haulms - 25 : 75 2. Leucaena leucocephala : Ground nut haulms - 25 : 75 3. Gliricidia sepium : Ground nut haulms - 50 : 50 One tree fodder and two crop residue (Per cent) 1. Azadirachta indica : Sorghum stover: Ground nut haulms - 25 : 37.5 : 37.5 2. Leucaena leucocephala : Ground nut haulms : Ragi straw - 25 : 37.5 : 37.5 3. Gliricidia sepium : Ground nut haulms : Ragi straw - 25 : 37.5 : 37.5 Two tree fodder and one crop residue (Per cent) 1. Leucaena leucocephala: Gliricidia sepium :Ragi straw - 37.5 :37.5:25 2. Leucaena leucocephala: Gliricidia sepium: Sorghum stover - 37.5 :37.5:25 3. Gliricidia sepium :Azadirachta indica : Ground nut haulms - 25:25:50 Proximate analysis of optimum tree fodders and crop residues combinations The proximate principles in all the selected combinations were analysed. Among the single source of tree fodder and crop residue combinations, theGliricidia sepium: Groundnut haulms (50:50) level contained CP, EE, CF, TA and NFE of 12.66, 2.63, 20.00, 51.61 and 13.10 per cent respectively. The remaining combinations of Azadirachta indica: Groundnut haulms (25:75) and Leucaena leucocephala : Groundnut haulms (25:75) combinations contained CP - 9.26 and 10.27, EE - 1.58 and 1.98, CF - 21.69 and 21.61, TA - 12.68 and 14.13, and NFE - 54.79 and 52.01 per cent respectively.

Among the single source of tree fodder and two sources of crop residue combinations, the Leucaena leucocephala: Groundnut haulms: Ragi straw (25:37.5:37.5) and Gliricidia sepium: Groundnut haulms : Ragi straw (25:37.5:37.5) were almost similar in their CP content. The per cent CP, EE, CF, TA and NFE of both these combinations were 8.61, 8.73; 2.01, 1.85; 24.80, 25.44; 51.99, 51.57 and 12.59, 12.41 per cent

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 30 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 respectively. The Azadirachta indica : SS: Groundnut haulms (25:37.5:37.5) contained slightly lesser CP content of 7.87 per cent whereas EE, CF, NFE and TA contents were 1.81, 26.43, 52.35 and 11.54 per cent respectively.

Among the two sources of tree fodder and one source of crop residue combinations, the Leucaena leucocephala: Gliricidia sepium: Ragi straw (37.5:37.5:25) and Leucaena leucocephala: Gliricidia sepium : Sorghum stover (37.5:37.5:25) combinations almost had similar nutrient content. The respective values were 15.53 and 15.56 per cent for CP, 3.71 and 3.76 per cent for EE, 18.92 and 19.57 per cent for CF, 50.35 and 50.22 per cent for NFE and 11.49 and 10.89 per cent for TA. The Gliricidia sepium : Azadirachta indica : Groundnut haulms (25:25:50) contained CP, EE, CF, NFE and TA values of 12.26, 2.51, 20.02, 52.08 and 13.13 per cent, respectively. II.Ensilage Tree fodders can be converted into good quality silage and preserved. Additives such as molasses or salt or non-protein nitrogen sources need to be added to ensure good quality silage. Preparation of silage with Azadirachtaindica leaves Three types of silages were prepared with Azadirachtaindica, Gliricidiasepium and Leucaena leucocephala leaves by adding 0, 2 or 4 per cent jaggery in three separate silage pits and maintained in anaerobic conditions for eight weeks and evaluated for their silage characteristics like pH, IVDMD and Lactic acid content. To preserve the leaves of Azadirachtai ndica, Gliricidia sepium or Leucaena leucocephala, the optimum level of jaggery addition was tested. It was concluded that for all the above three tree fodders, addition of 2 per cent jaggery resulted in production of good quality silage.

Solorio-Sánchez (2007) reported that milk yield and quality of creole goats fed silage made with Taiwan grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and either Albizia lebbeck or Piscidia piscipula is similar compared to commercial concentrate supplement group. The voluntary intake of DM, as well as the digestibility of DM and OM were not different (P>0.05). The silage from Albizia lebbeck had the highest ADF and NDF digestibility and N-balance. III.Complete feed block with tree fodders Tree fodders obtained from agroforestry models can be mixed with other fodders / feed ingredients and complete feed blocks prepared for livestock feeding. This reduces the bulkiness of tree fodder and saves on storage and transportation space. These blocks could be used as sole feed for livestock.

Complete feed block with tree fodders

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 31 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Animal integration studies with conserved fodders Gunasekaran et al. (2016) reported that the average daily gain in Kanni goats fed with conventional concentrate feed group and leaf meal based concentrate fed group was 39.1 g and 35.5 g, respectively. The cost per kilogram conventional concentrate feed and leaf meal based concentrate feed is Rs.19.67/- and Rs.14.81/- respectively. Leaf meal based concentrate feed resulted in 17% decrease in the feed cost compared to conventional concentrate feed. Gunasekaran et al. (2016) reported that the average daily weight gain in control group calves and treatment group calves was 155.38±28.06 and 184.43±22.69 g respectively. There was no significant difference in the body weight gain between control and the treatment group, indicating that tree leaf meal could be added in concentrate mixture of buffalo calves without any adverse effect. The reduction in feed cost in tree leaf meal fed animals was to the tune of Rs 4.70/Kg feed. No deleterious effects were observed in the Japanese quail due to inclusion of Gliricidia sepium leaf meal in their ration up to 1 per cent level. The average daily gain per day per bird did not vary significantly across treatments and it was 4.78, 5.09, 4.77, 4.89 and 4.99 g per day, respectively in 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% Gliricidia sepium leaf meal included rations (AICRP Agroforestry Annual report, 2016). Gliricidiasepium leaves were harvested from silvipasture model and sun dried to prepare leaf meal for inclusion in the ration of pigs. Gliricidiasepium leaf meal was included at 15.5% level in the ration of swine grower to assess the feed intake/ palatability. Results clearly indicate that Gliricidiasepium leaf meal inclusion at 15.5% decreases live weight gain in swine compared to control group (AICRP Agroforestry, Annual report, 2016). Conclusion It is concluded that fodders obtained from agroforestry models can be conserved and value added for feeding livestock to reduce the fodder shortage crisis. References AICRP Agroforestry-Annual report (2016), IAN, Kattupakkam. Cassidy E.S., Paul C.W., James S.G. and Jonathan A.F., 2013. Redefining agricultural yields: from tonnes to people nourished per hectare, Environmental research letters. IOP Publishing Ltd. FAO, 2005. Realizing the economic benefits of agroforestry: experiences, lessons and challenges. Rome. FAO, 2010. Global forest resources assessment. Main Report. FAO Forestry Paper 163. 378pp. Franzel S, Carsan S, Lukuyu B, Sinja J, Wambugu C. Fodder trees for improving livestock productivity and smallholder livelihoods in Africa. Curr Opinion Environ Sustain 2014; 6:98-103. Nair P.K., 1993. An introduction to Agro forestry. Dordrecht: Kluwers Academic Publishers. Planning commission, 2011. Government of India Gunasekaran S., Bandeswaran C. and Valli C, 2016. Tree leaf meal from fodder trees in silvipasture and their potential to support growth in young ruminants, Journal for Basic Appl. Research 2(2): 86-89. Sinclair F.L., 1999. A general classification of agroforestry practice. Agroforestry systems, 49: 161-180. SLURB report, 2001. Developing strategies for better utilization of tree fodder for small ruminants, IAN, Kattupakkam. Verma, M.L., Agrawal, I.S. and Jaiswal, R.S., 1988. On-farm testing of treated straws for enhancement of livestock production. Workshop on improving straw utilization at H.A.U., Hisar, India (In press), (Mimeograph)

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 32 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi ABSTRACTS – ORAL PRESENTATIONS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID : 04 Ensiling of Moringa oleifera as Livestock Feed Pushpendra Koli, A.K. Misra, K.K. Singh, S.B. Maity, Sultan Singh and V.K. Yadav Plant Animal Relationship Division ICAR-Indian Grassland and fodder research Institute, Jhansi-284 003 Introduction India is facing a net deficit of 35.6% green fodder, 10.95% dry fodder and 44% concentrate feed ingredients (IGFRI, vision 2050). To full fill this gap there is need to place efforts in utilization of non- conventional feed resources. In this context, Moringa oliefera can be a relatively abundant potential source for the animal feed. Each and every part of this tree has high nutritive and medicinal values (Raja et al., 2013) which show its importance in feed and pharmaceutical industries. It is a drought resistant and locally named as Moringa, Sehjan and Drumstick. Here, an attempt has been made to explore Moringa leaves and twigs based silage as an alternate feed resource for livestock. Materials and Methods Leaves (ML) and twigs (T) of Moringa were collected from research field of IGFRI. Proximate constituents (AOAC, 2000) and fiber fractions (Van Soest et al., 1991) were analysed. After completion of ensiling period the silos were opened and silage quality was evaluated using analytical techniques (Singh et al. 1978). Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), Lactic Acid, NDF and ADF of ensiled samples were determined. Results and Discussion The CP content of Moringa (ML+T) was 13.82% at 23.71% DM. Other parameters including NDF, ADF and WSC were 44.97%, 36.20% and 6.26%, respectively. The Moringa leaves were ensiled alone and in combination with different levels of molasses (T1:ML alone), (T2:ML with 2% molasses), (T3: ML+T),

(T4:ML with 2% molasses), (T5: ML with 4% molasses), (T6: ML with 6% molasses) and (T7: ML with 8% molasses) on fresh basis for a period of 45 days at room temperature in plastic silo. After 45 days of ensiling, silos were opened for analysis. Among all treatments the pH values were ranged from 4.07 to 4.51. DM (%) was ranged from 27.81 to 36.50. The lactic acid (%) was varied between 0.17 and 0.44. NDF (%) and ADF (%) were ranged between 39.21 to 53.99 and 24.71 to 36.48 respectively. Conclusion Overall, Moringa have pretty good nutritional value (13-19 CP %) and potential for ensiling with addition of additives and it can be used in livestock feed as an alternate feed supplement in form of silage.

Key words: Moringa oleifera, Silage, Livestock feed. References Raja S, Bagle BG, More TA (2013) Drumstick (Moringa oleifera) improvement for semiarid and arid ecosystem: Analysis of environmental stability. J Plant Breed Crop Sci 5: 164-170.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 35 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis 17th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, USA. Singh, A. P. and Pandit, N. N. (1978). Studies on fermentation of sorghum silage during storage: effect of urea and molasses. Animal Feed Science and Technology3: 299-307. Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis. (1991). Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 3583-3597.

Paper ID : 07 Boundary plantation of Ailanthus excelsa and Prosopis cineraria as a source of fodder and additional income in arid western Rajasthan V. Subbulakshmi, K.R. Sheetal, P.S. Renjith, N.S. Nathawat, M.L. Soni, Birbal, N.D. Yadava ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Bikaner, Rajasthan Introduction Integration of animal component in the agricultural production system provides consistency during climate uncertainties under the unfavourable climatic and geographic conditions in arid regions of Rajasthan. However, animal rearing in this region is challenging especially in summers and needs assured multiple source of fodder. Suitable woody perennials such as Prosopis cineraria (Khejri) and Ailanthus excelsa (Ardu) can alleviate the fodder requirement during feed shortages. While dried leaves of Khejri are a quality fodder during lean period, Ardu leaves are more palatable, highly nutritive, and marketed in Jaipur, Sikar, Ajmer and Dausa markets of Rajasthan (Jat et al., 2011). In addition, the wood of Ardu is extensively used for making match splints, plywoods, packing cases and in cottage industries for making wooden toys(ICFRE, 2017).With this background the current study was carried out to find out the suitability and growth of these species in this region, to meet the fodder need and provide additional benefits in agroforestry system. Materials and Methods Boundary plantations were established during 2017 with three combinations viz., Prosopis cineraria, Ailanthus excelsa,mixed plantation of Ailanthus excelsa + Prosopis cineraria at ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, RRS, Bikaner, Rajasthan.Trees were planted at 6m spacing around the arable lands, each measuring an area of 84m x 96m. Cluster bean was raised during Kharif season as a rainfed crop in this area. Trees were irrigated through drip irrigation system at regular intervals. Total rainfall received during the cropping season was 268.4 mm in 2018. Results and Discussion Eighteen months after planting (MAP),more than 90% survival was observed in both tree species. A. excelsa showed 2-3 fold higher growth compared to P. Cineraria (Fig 1).Maximum height (122.3 cm) and collar diameter (36.13 mm) was recorded by A. excelsa in A. excelsa alone plantation followed by A. excelsa (106.6 cm height; 25.91 mm collar diameter) in mixed plantation. No branches were observed in A. excelsa whereas an average of 8-9 branches was observed in P. cineraria. Significant differences were not observed

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 36 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 for yield of cluster bean. However maximum cluster bean seed yield of 786 kg/ha was recorded with P. cineraria followed by 723 kg/ha with A. excelsa. In the initial eighteen months, A. excelsa produced ample quantity leaf fodder ranging between1kg to 10kg per tree whereas P. cineraria produced negligible quantity.

Fig 1. Growth characteristics of A.excelsa and P.cineraria in boundary plantation at 18 MAP

Conclusion Integrating fast growing A. excelsa in agroforestry system in boundary plantations will help meet the fodder requirement without compromising the arable land area, and also could be a source for additional income to the farmers in the long term through the sale of wood. The results of initial study indicated that under arid condition, A. excelsa could be a suitable multipurpose agroforestry species to meet the increasing demand of fodder, timber, sustain the livestock production and to secure livelihoods under this harsh ecosystem.

Keywords: Prosopis cineraria, Ailanthus excelsa, Agroforestry, leaf fodder References ICFRE. 2017.Ardu (Ailanthus excelsa). Knowing the Species.Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun, Forest Research Institute. 16p.

Jat HS, Singh RK, Mann JS. 2011. Ardu (Ailanthussp) in arid ecosystem: A compatible species for combating with drought and securing livelihood security of resource poor people. Indian J Traditional Knowledge 10(1): 102-113.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 37 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID : 10 Productivity of fodder tree species and yield of field crops under agroforestry system in northern transitional tract of Dharwad conditions of Karnataka (India) Girish Shahapurmath1*, S. S. Inamati1 and S. M. Mutanal2 1College of Forestry, UASD, Sirsi–581 401, Uttara Kannada (Karnataka), INDIA 2Principal Scientist, AICRP on Agroforestry, UAS, Dharwad–580 005, Karnataka, INDIA Introduction Agroforestry is a sustainable land use strategy for enhancing the farm productivity and ensuring the livelihood security. It has both productive and protective potential to meet out the demands of ever growing human and livestock population. Despite large area under cultivation, permanent pastures and common grazing lands, there is a deficit of green fodder (net deficit 35.6%) in India. Under such circumstances, fodder tree species can play an important role to meet out the demands of green fodder especially during the lean period. Grewia optiva, Morus alba, Ailanthus excelsa, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Anogeissus latifola, Bauhinia variegate, Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis cineraria, Moringa oleifera, Celtia australis, Robinia pseudoacacia, etc. are some of the important fodder tree species which are rich in crude protein, crude fibers, minerals etc. and are also suitable for integration in agroforestry systems. Various studies conducted on tree crop interactions showed that growing of fodder trees in agroforestry systems resulted improvement in soil properties and increase in fodder availability round the year. In India large area is available in the form of farm boundaries, bunds, wastelands etc. where fodder trees can be grown under different systems such as agrisilvicultural, silvipastoral systems etc. This will ensure the availability of fodder, fuel wood, small timber and wood for paper and plywood industries. With this background a field experiment was conducted to study the performance of different fodder tree species and yield of intercrops under agroforestry systems in Northern Transitional zone of Dharwad region in Karnataka. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted to study the productivity of fodder tree species and yield of intercrops under agroforestry systems in Northern Transitional zone of Dharwad region during 2018-19 in kharif and rabi season. The locations is located at 15° 26’ North latitude and 75° 0’ East longitude, with an elevation (altitude) of 678m above mean sea level. The experimental plot is situated in transitional tract, representing Northern Transitional climate zone (Zone 8) of Karnataka. The experimental area is medium deep black soils in nature. The mean annual rainfall of the site is 777.95 mm. The mean maximum temperature vary from 26.61°C to 36.86°C and mean minimum temperature vary from 13.58°C to 20.92°C. The Relative humidity will be higher during June, July, August and September months and vary from 61.70% to 86.07%. The fodder plantation was established in 2014 with seven fodder tree species with a spacing of 5m × 3m Viz.,1.Calliandra calothyrsus, 2.Albizia lebbeck, 3.Leucaena leucocephala, 4.Sesbania grandiflora, 5.Gliricidia sepium, 6.Moringa olifera, 7.Bauhinia purpurea and 8. Sole Field Crops (soybean and safflower). The pruning height of fodder tree species was maintained at 2m. The soybean and safflower crops were sown in the interspaces of fodder tree species in kharif and rabi season respectively. The field experiment was conducted with Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 38 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Results and Discussion Among seven fodder tree species evaluated under agroforestry systems, maximum diameter at breast height (DBH) was recorded in Moringa olifera(9.23 cm) and Leucaena leucocephala (8.40 cm) followed by Gliricidia sepium (6.05 cm) and minimum DBH was recorded in Albizia lebbeck (4.05 cm). The number of branches per plant was significantly higher in Leucaena leucocephala(20.78/tree) and Gliricidia sepium (20.08/tree) followed by Sesbania grandiflora (16.44/tree) whereas Bauhinia purpurea(10.86/tree) and Albizialebbeck (7.94/tree) had less number of branches as compared to other fodder trees. The harvesting lops and tops of fodder trees (green foliage) was done at 2 m height for three months interval during a year. Green biomass was significantly higher in Moringa olifera(1938.85 kg/ha) and Glyricidiasepium (1707.35 kg/ha) followed by Calliandra calothyrsus (1938.85 kg/ha) and least green biomass was recorded in Sesbanea grandiflora(136.08 kg/ha) as compared to other fodder tree species (Table 1). After harvesting green lops and tops, green biomass was fed to the sheep and goats to assess the palatability.

The similar studies were conducted by Heineman et al. (1990) in western highlands of Kenya and reported the leafy biomass yields of hedges maintained at a height of 0.5 m were compared for L. leucocephala, C. calothyrsus and S. sesban. In the establishment year the fresh yields were 11.2, 17.2 and 20.3 t/ha respectively. However, in the next 8 months calliandra had the highest yield (36.7 t/ha), followed by leucaena(24.3 t/ha) and sesbania had the lowest (10.8 t/ha). The low yields of sesbania were caused by death of the trees as a result of pruning stress. Niang et al. (1992) in Maseno reported two harvests per season (four per year) resulted in 59% tree survival compared with 67% at one harvest per season in S. Sesban. Paterson et al. (1998) in Zimbabwe reported that many farmers plant calliandra in pure stands and Calliandra yields range from 2.5 to 5.6 tons/ha/year and A. angustissima, L. leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium produce more than 3 tons/ha/year when cut a single time at the end of the wet season. Hove et al. (2003) in the semi-arid areas around Segou, Mali reported that G. sepium yields 2 tons/ha/year and Pterocarpus spp yields 0.5 tons/ha/year. Wambugu et al. (2011) also reported that Calliandra yields 1.5 kg dry matter per tree per year on farms in central Kenya, grown in hedges pruned at 0.6 m to 1 m height, five times per year.

Among the intercrops grown in the interspaces of fodder tree species, grain yield and haulm yield of soybean (684.08 kg/ha and 586.08 kg/ha respectively) and grain yield of safflower (530.58 kg/ha) were recorded higher when grown as sole crops. But among the combinations when grown with tree species, soybean grain and haulm yields were higher with Leucaena leucocephala (626.48 kg/ha and 568.08 kg/ha respectively) followed by Albizia lebbeck (577.88 kg/ha and 527.88 kg/ha respectively) as compared to other fodder tree species. The grain yield of Safflower was higher inSesbania grandiflora(406.78 kg/ha) followed by Gliricidia sepium (392.58 kg/ha) as compared to other fodder tree species studied under agroforestry based systems (Table 1).

The similar studies were conducted by Mutanal et al. (2009) in black clayey soils under rainfed conditions at Dharwad where the crop yields of soybean and safflower were higher in P. cineraria and A. indica as compared to the other tree species due to the deep rooting system, sparse canopy and low moisture demand. The safflower yield was higher in sole crop as compared to with tree species. Among the tree species studied grain yield was higher with P. cineraria; A. indica and M.indica as compared to E. tereticornis, C. pentandra,

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 39 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

A. Nilotica and C. equsetifolia. Significantly higher reduction in safflower yield was noticed in fast growing tree species viz., C. equesitifolia and E. tereticornis at middle and later stages of establishment. Vishwanath and Nagarajaiah (2013) also reported that the yield of soybean under agroforestry systems as compared to sole crop varied significantly by 10.0, 12.0, 12.9, 20.3, 26.2, 29.2 and 42.4 percent inMadhuca, Calophyllum, Pongamia, Simarouba, Melia azadirach, Azadirachtaindica and Melia dubia. Patil et al. (2012) studied Melia azedarach based agroforestry sysytems on medium black clay soil under rainfed condition at Dharwad and reported that at the end of 10th year in Melia azedarach based AFS on medium black clay soil under rainfed condition, the soybean yield was significantly decreased in 5m x 1m and 5m x 2 m spacing as compared to 5 x 4m spacing. Table 1. Growth and productivity fodder tree species and yield of intercrops under agroforestry based system.

Soybean Number of Green Safflower Sl. DBH Species Branches Biomass Grain Haulm Yield No (cm) (per plant) (kg/ha) Yield Yield (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) 1 Calliandracalothyrsus+ Field 5.39 16.33 1480.75 526.08 469.28 378.18 Crops 2 Albizia lebbeck + Field Crops 4.05 7.94 261.35 577.88 527.88 368.38

3 Leucaena leucocephala + 8.40 20.78 1181.65 626.48 568.08 388.38 Field Crops 4 Sesbanea grandiflora + 5.35 16.44 136.08 443.08 387.98 406.78 Field Crops 5 Glyricidia sepium + 6.05 20.08 1707.35 468.48 428.38 392.58 Field Crops 6 Moringa olifera + Field Crops 9.23 16.28 1938.85 516.08 459.98 342.18

7 Bauhinia purpurea + Field 4.94 10.86 424.15 531.28 439.38 290.38 Crops 8 Field Crops (FC) - - - 684.08 586.08 530.58 SEm ± 0.015 0.032 11.694 0.174 0.149 0.173

CD @ 5% 0.047 0.098 35.812 0.534 0.456 0.528

Field Crops (FC): Soybean- sown in kharif season and Safflower -sown in rabi season Conclusion Leguminous fodder trees can be used for the improvement of both crop and livestock production and thus offer a means of linking livestock production with arable crop production. They are therefore immensely suitable for the improvement of farming systems through soil fertility maintenance (for crop production) and increased availability of high-protein feed for livestock.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 40 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Fig 1. Fodder tree species with soybean as Fig 2. Fodder tree species with safflower as intercrop under agroforestry system intercrop under agroforestry system References Heineman, A. M., Mengich, E. K., Olang, A. D., Otieno, H. J. O., 1990, Afrena Project Maseno, Kenya Progress Report for the Period January 1988 to January 1990. AFRENA Report No. 27, ICRAF, Nairobi. Hove, L., Franzel, S., Moyo, P. S., 2003, Farmer experiences in the production and utilization of fodder trees in Zimbabwe: constraints and opportunities for increased adoption. Journal of Tropical Grasslands., 37: 279-283. Mutanal, S. M., Patil, S. J., Patil, H. Y. Girish Shahapurmath and Maheswarappa.V., 2009, Performance of soybean-safflower under different tree species in black soils. Karnataka Journal Agricultural Sciences.,22(2): 377-381. Niang, A., Steyger, E. and Gahamanyi, A., 1992, Fodder potential of grass and shrub combination on contour bunds in Rwere. Proc. In: East and Central African Afrena Workshop, 22–26, June, 1992, Kigali, Rwanda: Proc. Afrena Report No. 58, Nairobi, International Centre for Research in Agroforestry. Paterson, R. T., Karanja, G. M., Roothaert, R., Nyaata, Z. and Kariukia, I. W., 1998, A review of tree fodder production and utilization within smallholder agroforestry systems in Kenya. Agroforestry Systems., 4: 181-199. Patil, S. J., Mutanal, S. M. and Patil, H. Y., 2012, Meliaazedarach based agroforestry system in transitional tract of Karnataka.Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 25(4): 460-462. Vishwanath, P. R. and Nagarajaiah, C., 2013, Productivity of Soybean under Biofuel tree based Agroforestry system. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences. Bengaluru, Karnataka. Wambugu, C, Place, F, Franzel, S., 2011, Research, development and scaling up the adoption of fodder shrub innovations in East Africa. International Journal Agricultural Sustainability., 9:100-109.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 41 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID : 11 Hortipastoral systems: integrating fruits and forages for diversification and carbon sequestration Suheel Ahmad, Sheeraz Saleem Bhat and Nazim Hamid Mir ICAR-Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Srinagar (J & K) Introduction The integrated approach of growing grasses and fodder crops under agroforestry is one of the vital alternatives to augment fodder production. Such an approach encompasses sustainable options to land-use management where both forage crops and fruit crops combine into an integrated production system to get maximum benefits. Hortipastoral systems are emerging as a dynamic, ecologically based, natural resources management system that, through the integration of fruit trees and grass-legume mixtures, diversifies and sustains production for increased social, economic and environmental benefits. Climate change is one of the most prominent subjects in today’s scientific discussion. Agroforestry has been recognized as aCS activity under A&R of clean development mechanism (CDM) and attracted attention as a CS strategy from both industrialized and developing countries. In view of fodder shortage and limitation to expand the area under fodder cultivation on account of demographic pressures, the effective utilization of interspaces of fruit orchards offer a unique opportunity to mitigate the fodder shortages and climate change up to greater extent. Materials and Methods The present study is an outcome of an inter-institutional project between IGFRI Regional Station and ICAR-CITH on the development of apple based hortipastoral systems. The present study was conducted at the research farm of ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, J&K, India. The experiment was established in the existing fourteen year old apple orchard (cultivar Red Gold) from 2014-15 to 2017-18 on karewa upland under rainfed condition. The region is characterized by temperate climate. The experiment was performed in three replications keeping the plot size 15m x 15m; spacing between plant to plant for apple was kept at 4m accommodating 625 trees/ha. Results and Discussion Maximum green fodder yield (30.03 t/ha) was obtained under the treatment tall fescue + red clover, which was at par with tall fescue + red clover + apple cv. Red Gold (29.47 t/ha), while the minimum yield (14.44 t/ha) was recorded for white clover only which was at par with white clover + apple (14.77 t/ha).The ability of mixtures to produce more herbage than their individual components (Sturludottir et al., 2013) has been called transgressive over-yielding or niche complementarity and tends to be observed when the species differ substantially in their functional groups.Grass-legume mixtures are preferred over pure-grass forage stands throughout the world because they often increase the total yields of herbage and protein and offer balanced nutrition. Maximum carbon stock and sequestration was found for the treatment (red clover + apple), which was statistically at par with the treatment (tall fescue + red clover + apple).However, minimum values were observed when grasses and/or legumes were sown as sole. The total carbon stock (soil + plant) as observed in various forage based agroforestry systems is appreciably higher than sole cropping based systems

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 42 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 i.e. pure orchard, grasses as sole, legumes as sole or grass-legume combinations as sole. The higher amount of total carbon stock in agroforestry systems and other perennial based systems can again be ascribed to regular addition of leaf litter on the surface soil layers over the years that contributed to the build-up of soil organic matter and nutrient stocks in the soil, which favours higher biomass production. Conclusion Integrating forages and fruits (hortipastoral systems) are important in fruit production to maintain soil tilth and fertility, reduce weed competition, moderate soil temperature and moisture extremes, provide a habitat for beneficial arthropods and minimize soil erosion, besides providing diversified output and ensuring environmental sustainability. The existing fruit orchards, therefore, offer an important niche area for augmentation of forage resource availability. Tremendous scope exists in introduction of perennial forage crops in the fruit orchards which has by and large remained untapped for fodder augmentation.

Keywords: Hortipastoral systems, forage yield, carbon stock and sequestration References Bhat, R., Wani, W.M., Banday, F.A. and Sharma, M.K. 2013. Effect of intercrops on growth, productivity, quality and relative economic yield of apple cv. Red Delicious. SKUAST Journal of Research 15 (1): 35-40.

Sturludottir, E., Brophy, C., Belanger, G., Gustavsson, A. M., Jørgensen, M. and Lunnan, T. 2013. Benefits of mixing grasses and legumes for herbage yield and nutritive value in Northern Europe and Canada. Grass and Forage Science 69: 229-240.

Paper ID :20 Factors influencing growth performance of Jakhrana kids at an organized farm Saket Bhusan, Gopal Dass, Pavan Kumar, Vinay Chaturvedi and B. Rai ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom –281 122(Uttar Pradesh) Introduction Study was conducted to assess the impact of sex, year of birth, season of kidding, parity of does and type of birth on body weights of Jakhrana kids at various growth stages. Materials and Methods Body weights of 386 Jakhrana kids born during year 2015-2018 at Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom (Uttar Pradesh) were recorded for evaluation of various non-genetic factors influencing growth performance. Jakhrana flock was maintained under intensive system of management. Berseem, lucerne, lobia and tree leaves (Neem, Pakar, Ber, Subabool, Shahtoot, Bargad, Peepaletc) were produced at the institute and was supplied to the animals as per the rate of adlib, 2.5 kg, 3.5 kg, 4.0 kg and 5.0 kg per animal per day to the 3-6 months, 6-9 months, 9-12 months, 1-2 years and 2 years above age of animals, respectively. Kid platted feed, kid mash feed and adult platted feed were also provided to the animals. The

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 43 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 statistical analysis was carried out using LSMLMW (least square maximum likelihood mixed and weighted) computer programme (Harvey, 1990) to assess the influence of sex, year of kidding, season of kidding, parity of dams and type of birth of kids on body weights of kids at various growth stages. Results and Discussion Least square means of body weights of Jakhrana kids (kg) is given in Table 1. Sex of kids and year of birth had significant (P<0.01) influence on all body weights while season of kidding showed significant impact (P<0.01) on birth, 6 and 12 month weight, parity of dam showed significant impact (P<0.01) on birth and 6 month body weight. Type of birth had significant (P<0.01) influence on birth and 3 month body weights. Single born kids gained significantly (P<0.01) higher than multiple born kids up to 3 month age and thereafter the differences in body weights of two groups were gradually reduced. The higher body weights in males than females might be due to differences of sex hormones in two sexes (Arthur, 2017).

Key words:Jakhrana breed, sex of kids, parity of dams, season of kidding References Arthur, P. Arnold, Lisa, A., Cassis, MansourehEghbali, Karen Reue and Kathryn Sandberg. 2017. Sex hormones and sex chromosomes cause sex differences in the development of cardiovascular diseases. ArteriosclerThrombVasc Biol. 37(5): 746–756.

Harvey, W. R. 1990. User’s guide for LSMLMW and MIXMDLPC-2 Version mixed Model Computer Program, Munford Drive, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Table 1: Least square means of body weights of Jakhrana kids (kg). Particulars Birth Wt. 3M Wt. 6M Wt. 9M Wt. 12M Wt. Overal1 mean 2.76±0.03 10.57±0.12 16.24±0.23 22.14±0.32 28.32±0.36 (386) (386) (305) (283) (226) Sex ** ** ** ** ** Male 2.86±0.04 10.90±0.15 17.61±0.30 24.00±0.41 30.46±0.47 (183) (183) (133) (126) (103) Female 2.66±0.04 10.23±0.15 14.87±0.27 20.75±0.37 26.18±0.43 (203) (203) (172) (157) (123) Year ** ** ** ** ** 2015 2.76±0.05 10.66±0.18 17.45±0.32 22.16±0.44 23.99±0.47 (140) (140) (132) (121) (113) 2016 2.53±0.05 08.79±0.17 13.48±0.43 17.30±0.61 24.00±0.64 (106) (106) (45) (41) (39) 2017 2.83±0.05 11.54±0.20 17.65±0.36 25.11±0.50 34.56±0.54 (71) (71) (61) (60) (53)

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 44 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

2018 2.92±0.07 11.28±0.25 16.39±0.44 23.97±0.61 30.73±0.89 (69) (69) (67) (61) (21) Season ** NS ** ** NS S1 (Sep.-Feb.) 2.84±0.03 10.43±0.12 15.39±0.22 21.15±0.31 28.17±0.37 (307) (307) (248) (226) (172) S2 (Mar-Aug.) 2.68±0.06 10.70±0.21 17.09±0.40 23.12±0.53 28.47±0.58 (79) (79) (57) (57) (54) Parity ** NS ** NS NS 1 2.64±0.04 10.37±0.16 15.68±0.28 21.67±0.39 28.34±0.45 (146) (146) (126) (116) (86) 2 2.75±0.05 10.38±0.20 15.64±0.37 21.76±0.52 27.84±0.59 (91) (91) (64) (56) (47) 3 2.62±0.06 10.47±0.24 16.16±0.47 21.52±0.65 27.89±0.73 (58) (58) (41) (38) (32) 4 2.86±0.08 10.85±0.31 16.94±0.56 22.93±0.76 29.06±0.81 (32) (32) (26) (26) (24) >5 2.94±0.06 10.76±0.23 16.78±0.41 22.79±0.56 28.46±0.65 (59) (59) (48) (47) (37) Type of Birth ** ** NS NS NS Single 2.89±0.05 10.81±0.17 16.47±0.31 22.37±0.43 28.30±0.48 (152) (152) (118) (111) (96) Multiple 2.64±0.04 10.33±0.14 16.01±0.25 21.90±0.34 28.34±0.40 (234) (234) (187) (172) (130)

** Significant (P<0.01); NS = Non Significant; Figures in parentheses are number of observation.

Paper ID : 25 Gliricidia leaf meal as a feed ingredient in broiler ration V.Meenalochani, Associate Professor and Head, Veterinary University Training and Research Centre, Salem Introduction In poultry production 70 to 85 % of the production cost is from feed (Opara,1996). To reduce the feed cost alternate feed stuffs like Gliricidia leaf meal can be used as feed source. This leaf meal has the potential of producing large quantities of high quality forage matter all year round (Chadhaka,1982). The high quality protein and adequate concentration of minerals of gliricidia leaf meal also makes it a potential feed stuff for Poultry.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 45 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Materials and Methods Fresh Gliricidia sepium leaves were harvested, shade dried and milled to produce leaf meal. A mixture containing sunflower oil cake 34% and de-oiled rice bran 66 % was replaced with GLM at 0% (T1), 2.5(T2),

5(T3), 7.5 (T4) and 10 (T5) per cent in broiler rations. A total of 165-day old cob chicks was assigned for 5 treatments with 3 replicates of 13 chicks per replicate in completely randomized design experiment.The feeding trial was carried out for 56 days and the feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio was calculated. The birds were slaughtered and the weight of the eviscerated internal organs weighed and blood was collected and biochemical parameters were studied. Results and Discussion The feeding and nutritive value of Gliricidia leaf meal (GLM) was studied for its suitability as a feed ingredient in broiler rations. The GLM contained(%) 92.63 dry matter, 18.60 crude protein, 3.11 ether extract, 10.9 crude fibre 56.72 nitrogen free extract, and 9.48 total ash. The mean values for fibre fractions were 41.21,30.97,10.24 and 22.76 and 8.21 for NDF, ADF hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin respectively. The calcium and phosphorous contents were 1.62 and 0.18 % respectively. The mean gross energy content was 4128 Kcal/kg. The mean metabolisable energy assessed by chemical method was 1898 Kcal/kg. The true metabolosable energy content was 1960 Kcal/kg. The hydrocyanic acid and tannin contents were 35.80 mg/ kg and 16.30 mg/kg respectively.This suggest that GLM could be an important plant protein feed ingredient in livestock feed formulation(Oloruntola et al., 2016 )

In a broiler trail, no significant variation in weight gain and feed consumption were recorded in chicks received GLM up to 5 % level. However, Significantly P< 0.05 lowered weight gain and feed consumption was recorded in T4 and T5 groups which received 7.5% and 10 % GLM respectively as compared to T1,T2,

T3 groups. Significantly P< 0.05 poor feed efficiency was recorded in 10 % GLM (T3) group as compared to control 0(T1),2.5(T2), 5(T3),7.5(T4) groups(Table-1).This results agreed with report of (Oloruntola 2018). The blood parameter values in all five treatment groups recorded in broilers study did not differ significantly. (Oloruntola and Ayodele, 2017). Slaughter data also showed no significant variation.(Olawumi, 2013) Further, the feed cost per kilogram gain was 26.05, 25.40,25.94, 25.91 and 30.06 for 0 (T1),2.5(T2), 5(T3),7.5(T4) and

10(T5) respectively.Higher feed cost /kg gain was observed in broiler chicks that received highest level of

GLM in diet (10%). However, lower feed cost /kg was observed in T2 groups. But the feed cost /kg gain in T3 and T4 groups is comparable. Conclusion Gliricidia leaf meal with 18.06 per cent crude protein seems to be good protein source for broiler rations. Further, inclusion of Gliricidia leaf meal at 5 % in broiler ration replacing a mixture containing sun flower cake 34% and de oiled rice bran 66 % seems to be beneficial.

Key words: Gliricidia leaf meal (GLM), nutritive value, broiler feeding References Opara, C.C., Studies of the use of Alchomia cardifiloa leaf meal as a feed ingredient in poultry diets Msc Thesis, Fedral University Technology, Owern, Nigeria: 1996.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 46 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Chadhakar, RA .Gliricidiamaculata- a promising legume fodder plant.World Anim. Rev;1982: 44: 36-45. Oloruntola,O.D.,Agdede, J.O, Onibi G.E., Igbasan,F.A., Replacement humal liquor femented cassava peels for maize in growing rabbit.Arch de zootae. 2016; 65 (249): 89-97. Oloruntola,O.D.,Ayodele, S.O,Agbede.J.O,Asaniyan, E.K. Performance and apparantdigestability of broiler starter feed diets containing Gliricidiasepium leaf meal.Asian J. Biol.Life Sci.2016: 5(1) 97-102. Olawumi,S.O, Phenotypic correlations between five body wweight and carcass traits arbor acre breed of broiler chicken.Int.J.Svi.Nature.2013:4(1) 145-149. Oloruntola,O.D.,Ayodele,S.O.,Pawpaw leaf meal and exoenzymes in rabbit diet:Effect of heamatolical and serum biochemical indices .Asian J. Agric.Res.2017; 2(4):1-8. Oloruntola,O.D.,Ayodele,S.O.Pawpaw leaf meal and exoenzymes in rabbit diet:Effect of heamatolical and serum biochemical indices .Asian J. Agric.Res.2017; 2(4):1-8. Oloruntola,O.D.Gliricidialeaf meal in Broiler Chickens Diet : Effects on performance, carcass and heamatological –biochemical parameters Journal of Applied life sciences international.2018;18(3): 1-9.

Table-1 Effect of Gliricidia leaf meal on the performance of broiler chickens (0-8 weeks)

Inclusion level Weight gain, Feed consumption,Feed efficiency 0 Control 2.5 % GLM 5% GLM 7.5% GLM 10% GLM Weight gain (gm) 1613.76a 1600.24a 1580.32a 1514.15 b 1222.12 b ± 0.34 ± 8.36 ± 9.42 ± 11.36 ± 14.56 Feed consumption 4797.97a 4799.00a 4800.90a 4687.45b 4480.06b (gm) ± 35.63 ± 39.43 ± 42.01 ± 48.03 ± 42.34

a a a a Feed efficiency 2.97 ± 0.019 2.99 ± 0.16 3.03 ± 0.013 3.09 ± 8.36 3.67b± 0.090 * -Mean of 33 observations ** -Mean of 3 observations Mean values with same superscript in th same column do not differ significntly (P,0.05) Carcass characteristics Evicerated carcass 61.68±2.33 63.27±1.34 60.33±1.24 60.12±1.67 60.20±1.96 Liver 2.68±0.279 2.66±0.129 2.62±0.112 2.46±0.075 2.55±0.014 Spleen 0.261±0.025 0.257±0.008 0.255±0.005 0.240±0.008 0.245±0.051 Heart 0.387±0.021 0.388+0.014 0.375+0.013 0.370±0..012 0.368±0.018 Pancreas 0.270±0.013 0.275±0.006 0.270±0.009 0.280±0.007 0.290±0.012 Mean values with same superscript in the same column do not differ significntly (P,0.05) Boodparametrers PCV% 29.02±0.84 28.70±0.84 28.50±0.64 28.30±0.72 28.10±0.84

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 47 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Hb (g%) 9.67±0.42 9.63±0.23 9.69±0.37 9.56±0.38 9.69±0.37 Total protein (g%) 3.48±0.14 3.50±0.60 3.43±0.18 3.56±0.20 3.49±0.18 Albumin (g%) 1.26±0.30 1.18±0.16 1.32±0.14 1.28±0.16 1.25±0.12 Globulin (g%) 2.22±0.07 2.32±0.19 2.11±0.24 2.28±0.22 2.23±0.21 Glucose (mg%) 221.54±1.35 218.32±1.56 216.54±1.34 215.36±1.84 212.32±1.94 Cholesterol (mg%) 162.00±6.52 160.34±6.29 162.56±7.27 162.34±8.21 161.28±9.21 Feed cost per kilogram 26.05a 25.40b 25.94c 25.91c 30.06d gain Mean values with same superscript in the same column do not differ significntly (P,0.05)

Paper ID : 26 Agroforestry models suitable for hilly regions of Tamil Nadu – Experiences from Sheep Breeding Research Station (TANUVAS), Sandynallah, The Nilgiris. Venkataramanan1*, R., Gunasekaran2, S., Raman3, B. Anilkumar3, R. and Iyue3, M. 1Livestock Farm Complex, MMC; 2Institute of Animal Nutrition, Kattupakkam3Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah Introduction The Nilgiri hills of Tamil Nadu, a part of Western Ghats, are known for the distinct topography of grassland, shola and swamps which cater to the fodder requirement of animals. Fodder loss due to frost in winter causes acute fodder shortage for long durations. Agroforestry models were planned to improve fodder availability from these grasslands through protection of grasses from frost and prevention of soil erosion. Materials and methods The Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah is located at 11.25’ latitude N and 76.46’ longitude E, about 13 km from Udhagamandalam in the Nilgiris. The farm is situated at an altitude ranging from 2090 to 2235 m above mean sea level. Average annual rainfall in the region was 1182 mm.

Five models including four silvipasture and one hortipasture agro-forestry plots were established over an area of 5 acres each. Among the four silvipasture were Models I and II with Acacia melanoxylanas tree component planted with a tree to tree spacing of 5 m and Models III and IV with Tree lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis) as tree component planted with a spacing of 3m. The grass component in models I and II was a combination of Kikuyu grass (Pennesetumc landestinum) and White clover (Trifolium repens). The grass component in Models III and IV was natural grass lands comprising a mixture of Bothriochloa, Ischaemum, Themeda, Cymbopogon, Bromus, Brachypodium, Andropogon, Heteropogon, Sporobolus, Arundinellah, Paspalumspetc. (Whyte, 1957; Chatterjee and Das, 1989). The hortipasture Model V (pear fruit trees (Pyrus sp.) with Kikuyu grass) was established in 5 acres of land with a tree to tree spacing of 6 m.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 48 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Results and Discussion The silvipasture model comprising of Acacia melanoxylan and Kikuyu grass and hortipasture model with Pear fruit and Kikuyu grass established well and were found to be sustainable even in the absence of continuous irrigation, while the tree lucerne needed irrigation during frost months. Among the grass components Kikuyu grass with white clover formed a better legume-nonlegume grass component mixture compared to the natural grasses. The natural grasses prevented the tree components to establish well.

Both Acacia and Pear tree models provided green pasture even after onset of winter. Acacia melanoxylan known for its dense canopy provided good shade, protects the grass underneath from frost and also act as a wind shield during monsoon. Moreover, the frost resistant dark leaves could be used as fodder during frost months. A mature tree 20 m tall can be lopped twice a year and will yield about 100 kg of fodder per lopping (Orwaet al., 2019). The yield of leguminous tree fodder from Tree lucerne was recorded as 84 kg/ tree/annum. The loppings of tree lucerne provided nutritious leguminous fodder with crude protein greater than 20 per cent. The yield of pear fruit reported from the Nilgiris district is 17.75 tonnes/ha (Report, 2017). Conclusion The above models of Agroforestry not only help in improving the fodder output from grass component but also provide additional tree fodder, firewood and also act as a shelter for grazing livestock. Pear fruit from hortipasture forms a source of income and more importantly, the ecosystem is also benefitted by control of soil erosion and attraction of birds.

Key words: Hortipasture; silvipasture; Tree lucerne; Acacia; Kikuyu grass References Chatterjee, B.N. and Das, P.K. (1989).Forage Crop Production: Principles and Practices. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi. pp: 33. Whyte, R.O. (1957). The Grassland and Fodder Resources of India. Monograph No. 22. ICAR, New Delhi. pp: 81, 107, 360. Report (2017). https://data.gov.in/resources/area-production-and-productivity-pear-fruit-tamil-nadu-year - 2016 - 17. downloaded on 25/01/2020 Orwa C, A Mutua, KindtR ,Jamnadass R, S Anthony. 2009 AgroforestreeDatabase:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0 (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp)

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 49 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID : 34 Influence of intercrop on yield of fodder trees in agroforestry system of North Eastern Zones of Tamil Nadu M.Suganthi, A.Elango, S.T.Selvan, K.Pasupathi and D.Balasubramanyam Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Agroforestry is a land use system and offers not only a sustained productivity, but also its sustainability over the longer period. It buffers against the vagaries of climate and are more dependable in production and more sustainable in terms of resource conservation to ensure food security (Nair, 1991; Singh, 2004; Lal, 1999; Srinidhi et al., 2007). Desmanthus is a legume fodder which is regularly supplied to the animals as a legume source. Fodder trees has become the most preferred crop for supplying nutrient to the animals especially small ruminants like sheep and goat. Almost any crop (cereals, pulses, vegetables, forage, fruit/ vegetable crops, etc.) can be grown with these fodder trees (Sharma, 1996; Chauhan and Mangat, 2006). In agroforestry system weeding is the labour consuming activity. In this context to increase the production of Desmanthus and to reduce the weed incidence Desmanthus is intercropped with tree fodder like Agathi and Subabul. Present study focusses on comparing the yield of Desmanthus in Agathi as well as Subabul. Materials and Methods Agathi and Subabul tree fodders are intercropped with Desmanthus in the irrigated field. Planting of Agathi and Subabul was done at 4 feet spacing between rows and solid row spacing between fodder trees. In between two rows of tree fodders Desmanthus was sown in the spacing of 50 cm between the lines and solid row spacing between plants. The cutting height of tree fodders were four feet. Cutting frequency of trees fodders were three months interval. The yield of the tree fodder and Desmanthuswas recorded for one square meter and the yield is expressed for one hectare. The samples of Desmanthus was analysed for proximate composition. Result and Discussion The crude protein content of Desmanthus intercropped in Agathi and Subabul was not varying significantly. The yield of Desmanthus as intercrop is significantly higher in Agathi (63.85 ± 0.70 tones /ha / year) compared to yield in Subabul which was 51.32 ± 0.93 t/ha/year. Likewise, the yield of tree fodder was significantly higher in Agathi which was about 77.82 ± 0.92 t/ha/year compared to Subabul. Recorded yield of Subabul was 55.50 ± 0.93 which was 28.68 per cent lesser than Agathi. The higher yield of Agathi was obtained might be due to better performance of the crop in irrigated situation. The higher yield of Desmanthus as intercrop in Agathi might be due to lower shading effect of Agathi which was non branching type. Conclusion To conclude that Agathi performed better in irrigated situation compared to Subabul. The inter crop yield of Desmanthusunder Agathi is also promising compared to Desmanthus under Subabul.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 50 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Key words: Tree fodder, Intercropping, Desmanthus, Agathi, Subabul References Nair, P.K.R. 1991. State-of -the-art of agroforestry systems. Forest Ecology and Management, 45(1-4): 5-29. Srinidhi, H.V.; Chauhan, S.K. and Sharma, S.C. 2007. SWOT analysis of Indian agroforestry. Indian Journal of Agroforestry, 9: 1-11. Singh, H.P., Kohli, R.K. and Batish, D.R. 1999. Impact of Populus deltoides and Dalbergia sissoo shelterbelts on wheat-a comparative study. International Tree Crops Journal, 10: 51-60. Lal, R. 2004. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science, 304: 16231627. Chauhan, S.K. and Mangat, P.S. 2006. Poplar based agroforestry is ideal for Punjab, India. Asia-Pacific Agroforestry News, 28: 7-8.

Paper ID: 46 In vitro Antioxidant potential of certain Tree leaves of Tamil Nadu R. Kavitha, C. Valli, R. Karunakaran, K. Vijayarani, R. Amutha and T.R. Gopala Krishna Murthy Department of Animal Nutrition,Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Chennai-600 007 Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction The oxidative stress, due to the presence or generation of free radicals, especially reactive oxygen and their activity plays a major role in diseases. The Plants are potential sources of natural antioxidants. In the past few years, the antioxidant properties of plants have been extensively studied. Among the various trees some endemic species are of particular interest because they may be used for preparations containing phytochemicals with significant antioxidant activities and health benefits. However, to the best of our knowledge there is no prior report on anti oxidative phytochemicals of leaf extracts of indigenous tree species in Tamil Nadu. Keeping these points in mind the study was conducted to assess the antioxidant potential of leaves that is obtained from Azadirachta indica (Neem), Millettia pinnata (Pungan), Mimuso pselengi (Maghilam), Moringa oleifera (Moringa) and Sesbania grandiflora (Agathi) were used. Materials and methods Six samples of each of the tree leaves were collected from different districts of Tamil Nadu. The collected samples were suitably cleaned from extraneous matter, shade dried for 72 hours and ground to pass through 1 mm sieve using a Willey mill. The ground samples were stored in air tight containers for further analysis. Total antioxidant capacity of different tree leaves was measured as per the standard procedure done by Prieto et al., (1999) Results and Discussion Among the tree leaves assessed there is a significant difference was noted between the leaves. Among the leaves Mimusops elengi (Maghilam) was found to have high anti oxidant capacity (1949.41± 59.86)

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 51 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 when compared with other tree leaves. Gami et al., (2012) also reported its free radical scavenging potential. Among the leaves analysed next to Mimuso pselengi (Maghilam), Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Millettia pinnata (Pungan) was found to have higher total antioxidant capacity (872.50 ± 1.76 and 822.06± 26.65), respectively than other leaves. Sesbania grandiflora(Agathi) leaves found to have 683.47± 6.77 micro gram ascorbic acid equivalent /g of plant extract and followed by Moringa oleifera (Moringa) 578.57 ± 13.56. Lugman et al. (2012) was also explained about the antioxidant effect of Moringa leaf extract. Total antioxidant capacity of different tree leaves (Mean* ± S.E) Total Antioxidant capacity micro gram S. No Name of the herb ascorbic acid equivalent /g of plant extract) 1 Azadirachta indica (Neem) 872.50b ± 1.76 2 Millettia pinnata (Pungan) 822.06b ±26.65 3 Mimusops elengi (Maghilam) 1949.41a±59.86 4 Moringa oleifera (Moringa) 578.57d±13.56 5 Sesbania grandiflora (Agathi) 683.47c±6.77

Mean of six observations. Means bearing different superscripts within column differ significantly (P<0.05)

Conclusion From the study it was concluded that Mimusops elengi (Maghilam) more total antioxidant capacity than other leaves analysed. Further studies are needed to confirm the antioxidant property and other phytochemical analysis are needed to use the leaves in monogastric animals References Gami Bharat, Smita Pathak and Mino Parabia, 2012.Ethinobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological review of mimusopselengilinn. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.: 2(9); 743-748. Prieto.P, Pineda.M and Aguilar. M.,1999. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal Biochem. 1999 May 1; 269(2):337-41. Luqman. S, Srivastava.S, Kumar.R, Maurya,A.K, Chanda.D, 2012. Experimental Assessment of Moringa oleiferaleaf and fruit for its Antistress, Antioxidant and Scavenging potential using in-vitroand in-vivo Assays. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:519084. doi: 10.1155/2012/519084. Epub 2011 Dec 14.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 52 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID : 48 Scientific Rationale of Ethno Veterinary Medicine for Curing Skin Diseases in Dairy Animals K.Devaki1*, P.Mathialagan2, P.Kumaravel3 and S.M.K.Karthickeyan4 1- Assistant Professor, KVK, Kattupakkam, 2- Former Professor and Head, 3- Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary and A.H.Extension 4- Professor and Head, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-7 Introduction Ethno veterinary practices have gained tremendous importance for the last decade due to the discovery of some effective ethno veterinary products. Traditional veterinary medicines provide a cheap therapy and easy accessibility in comparison with western drugs. Ethno veterinary practices are more common in developing countries due to different socioeconomic factors. India is an agriculture country and almost 80% of its population is dependent on agriculture and livestock. Resource poor farmers greatly rely on traditional medicine due to their limited access to modern prevention health practices and particularly lack of modern health facilities in their areas. Despite the fact that traditional knowledge is very much important for the livestock health and productivity, the documentation of this knowledge is very much neglected in majority of the remote areas. This traditional knowledge has been passed orally from generation to generation but it may be extinct or may be endangered due to the current rapid socioeconomic, environmental, and technological changes. Therefore, the documentation of such knowledge and finding its scientific rationale is very crucial before its extinction for future developments. The present study was designed with the objective to find out the scientific rationale of the selected ethno veterinary medicine for skin disease in dairy animals. Methodology In order to find out the scientific rationale of the Ethno Veterinary Medicine, perception of the specialists involving scientists and Veterinary Assistant Surgeons of state animal husbandry department were obtained after documenting the EVM as well as traditional animal husbandry practices. The scientists specialized in pharmacology of Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University and VAS were randomly selected to record their opinion about use of the practices. Thus, a total of 32 specialists were selected randomly for the study. A semi-structured pre-tested interview schedule was prepared and the data was collected in accordance with the objective set-forth. The data so collected were statistically analysed and the salient findings are presented in the results section. Results and discussion A total number of frequently used EVM practices were documented from 240 farmers of four districts in order to cure the skin diseases among the dairy animals. Of these, 18.75 per cent of the respondents applied externally the extract of the seemaiagathi and lemon extract on the affected parts to cure skin disease in animals. From the Table-1, it was found that for treating skin disease, scientific relevancy score was found to be having above 0.5, which clearly indicated, that the skin practices were relevant to the scientists.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 53 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Table- 1 Scientific rationale of EVM in dairy animals by specialists (N=32) Somewhat Relevant Not relevant S. relevant Relevant EVM in dairy animals No. per per Score Count Count Count per cent cent cent 1. Seemaiagathi (Cassia alata) are ground well and mixed with lime 21 65.63 11 34.38 0 0 0.8281 Juice and applied externally over the affected part. 2. Kollankovarkilangu (Corollocarpus epigaeus) 250gm, onion – 250gm and cumin seeds 13 40.63 8 25.00 11 34.38 0.5312 50gm are pounded and drenched at once with warm water. 3. Leaves of Aaduthinnapalai (Aristolochia bracteolata) are ground and mixed with honey 12 37.50 12 37.50 8 25.00 0.5625 and applied externally on the affected area. 4. Juice of Aloe vera andAaduthinnapalai (Aristolochia bracteolata) are mixed and 20 62.50 6 18.75 6 18.75 0.7187 applied externally for a week (for 7 days)

Cassia alata was used extensively to treat skin infections in dairy animals, which is having relevant score of 0.8281. A similar study was recorded by Tariq et al. (2014). Bhanotra and Gupta (2016) also documented that juice of Aloe vera was used to cure skin diseases among dairy animals. Mishra (2011) found that Aristolochia bracteolate was used to treat skin diseases among dairy animals of Ganjam district of Orissa. Deora and Rathore (2017) recorded Onion was being used to treat cattle skin diseases. Conclusion The present study would provide baseline information to phytochemists, pharmacologists, and conservationists for further future research studies. Young generation should be motivated to take interest in ethno veterinary practices in order to conserve this knowledge. This work would also make a great contribution to the conservation of this valuable knowledge. Documentation and scientific rationale of EVMs will contribute towards conservation of these rich resources which is important for treatment of dairy animals as well as protection of intellectual property rights.

Keywords: EVM, skin diseases, scientific rationale, dairy animals

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 54 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

References Bhanotra, A., and Gupta, J. 2016. Mapping of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) on animal healthcare and validation of ITKs used for treatment of pneumonia in dairy animals. Indian journal of traditional knowledge.15(2):297-303. Deora, G. S., & Rathore, M. S. 2017. Ethno-veterinary medicine (EVM) and traditional practices in animal health care system (AHCs) in the southern part of Rajasthan, India. International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 7(4), 2746-2751. Mishra, D. 2011. Ethnoveterinary practices and use of herbal medicines for treatment of skin diseases in cattle: a study in Polsara Block, Ganjam District, Orissa, India. Veterinary World, 4(6), 250. Tariq, A., Mussarat, S., Adnan, M., AbdElsalam, N. M., Ullah, R., and Khan, A. L. 2014. Ethnoveterinary study of medicinal plants in a tribal society of Sulaiman range. The Scientific World Journal.

Paper ID : 54 Growth performance of kids on Sesbania grandiflora and Erythrina indica Jeichitra, V., Senthilkumar, K., Pasupathi, Karu., Selvan, S.T. and D.Balasubramanyam Professor, Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Goat farming is in the transformation stage from the poor farmers’ livelihood to industrialization as that of poultry because of the increasing demand for chevon. Feed alone accounts for more than 70 per cent of the production cost. Hence, measure to be taken to reduce the cost of production by inclusion of tree fodder those having higher impact on growth. Therefore the tree fodders having higher protein content such as Sesbania grandiflora and Erythrina indica are chosen to conduct a research to explore their growth potential in kids. Materials and Methods This study was conducted at Sheep and Goat Breeding Unit of Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam. About three month old 18 kids were randomly (CRD) divided into three treatment groups with six animals in each. Group-1 was kept as control and fed one third of dry matter requirement with concentrate feed and the balance with Bajra Napier Grass. In group-2 and 3, Bajra Napier grass was replaced with Sesbania grandiflora and Erythrina indica, respectively. The trial was conducted for the period of one month and their growth performance was assessed. The data were analyzed as per Snedecor and Cochran (1990) with SPSS statistics (IBM 20). Results and Discussion The growth performance of kids revealed that Bajra Napier hybrid can be replaced 100 per cent level with Sesbania grandiflora and Erythrina indica. The average daily gain (g/day) observed during the trial period was 40.47 g, 86.90 g and 83.33 g in group - 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 55 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Parameter Concentrate + Concentrate + Concentrate + Erythrina Co(BN) 5 Sesbania grandiflora indica Initial Body weight (kg) 7.50±0.90 7.97±0.96 7.77±1.10 Final Body weight (kg) 8.37±0.98 9.73±1.09 9.73±1.38 Average Daily gain (g/day) 40.47a±9.61 86.90b±32.28 83.33b±12.46

The tree fodder fed group performance was found to be significantly higher than the conventional Bajra Napier hybrid fed group. Hence, tree fodder can be effectively utilised as a green fodder source for kids to enhance the growth performance.

The growth performance of kids in accordance with the earlier finding of Das and Ghosh (2007) conducted trial on goats with jack fruit leaves replacing concentrate feed in grazing animals. Conclusion The growth performance of kids on Sesbania grandiflora and Erythrina indica fed groups were comparatively higher than Bajra Napier fed group under stall fed condition. Hence, these tree fodder can be effectively utilised as a green fodder source for kids to enhance the growth performance. References Das, A. and Ghosh, S.K. 2007. Effect of partial replacement of concentrates with jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) leaves on growth performance of kids grazing on native pasture of Tripura, India. Small Ruminant Research, 67 (1): 36.-44. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. 1990. Statistical methods. 8th Edition, The Iowa State University Press, Ames.

Paper ID : 55 Growth performance of kids on Sesbania grandiflora and Crotolaria juncea replacing Bajra Napier Hybrid Senthilkumar, K*., Jeichitra, V., Selvan, S.T., Pasupathi, Karu. and D.Balasubramanyam Assistant Professor, Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences,Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Livestock plays a vital role in Indian economy. Among livestock species goats are considered to be sturdy animal and can withstand in any situation. They are efficient converter of poor roughages in to valuable animal protein. Moreover, they relish on variety of fodder. Most of the farmers used to fed only Bajra Napier hybrid grass which is comparatively low in protein. Hence, to evaluate this present study was conducted to assess the growth performance of kids on Sesbania grandiflora and Crotolaria juncea fodder and compared with the Bajra Napier hybrid grass.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 56 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Materials and Methods This study was conducted at Sheep and Goat Breeding Unit of Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam. About three month old 18 kids were randomly (CRD) divided into three treatment groups with six animals in each. Group-1 was kept as control and fed one third of dry matter requirement with concentrate feed and the balance with Bajra Napier Grass. In group-2 and 3, Bajra Napier grass was replaced with Sesbania grandiflora and Crotolaria juncea, respectively. The trial was conducted for the period of one month and their growth performance was assessed. The data were analyzed as per Snedecor and Cochran (1990) with SPSS statistics (IBM 20). Results and Discussion The growth performance of kids revealed that Bajra Napier hybrid can be replaced 100 per cent level with Sesbania grandiflora and Crotolaria juncea. The average daily gain (g/day) observed during the trial period was 57.85 g, 69.05 g and 61.76 g in group - 1, 2 and 3, respectively. There is no significant difference in weight gain was observed between the treatment groups. However, comparatively better performance (p>0.05) was noticed in Sesbania grandiflora fed group. This result is agreeing with the earlier finding of Mekoya et al. (2009) who conducted a long tern trail using Sesbania grandiflora and found to improve the post weaning performance and early sexual maturity.

Parameter Concentrate + Concentrate + Concentrate + Co(BN)5 Sesbania grandiflora Crotolaria juncea Initial Body weight (kg) 7.08±0.49 7.37±0.43 7.40±0.53 Final Body weight (kg) 8.70±0.74 9.30±1.15 9.02±0.72 Average Daily gain (g/day) 57.85±9.61 69.05±32.28 61.76±12.27

Conclusion The growth performance of kids on Sesbania grandiflora and Crotolaria juncea fed groups were comparatively higher than Bajra Napier fed group though statistically not significant. Hence, these fodders can be promoted among the goat farmers to include in their agroforestry model and safely replace conventional Bajra Napier hybrid. References Mekoya, A., Oosting, S.J. Fernandez-Rivera, S., Tamminga, S. Tegegne, A. and Van der Zijpp, A.J. 2009. Effect of supplementation of Sesbaniasesban on post-weaning growth performance and sexual development of Menz sheep (Ethiopia). Livestock Science,121 (1): 108-116 Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1990). Statistical methods. 8th Edition, The Iowa State University Press, Ames.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 57 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID : 56 Nutrient analysis of Acacia melonoxylan (Blackwood) and Chamaecytisus palmensis (Tree Lucerne) – Tree fodder of Nilgiris hilly region R. Prabhakar, R. Anil Kumar, N. Prema, S. Krishnakumar and V. Thavasiappan Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Introduction Winter frost followed by the summer drought is the major concern for the livestock rearing farmers in hilly region. Animals in these areas have to survive on feeding with poor quality roughages that has low nutritive value. Tree fodder plays a vital role during dry period as a fodder source for the animals. Most of the tree fodders were leguminous type that is rich in crude protein. The nutritive value of leguminous tree fodder is expected to be higher, as these plants have the ability to fix nitrogen, than that of non-leguminous browse species (Gebeyew et al., 2015). Though they are having high protein, it is the digestibility that determines the nutrient availability and the intake of the animals. Hence the present study was carried out to analyze the invitro digestibility and proximate analysis of Acacia melonoxylan (Blackwood) and Chamaecytisus palmensis (True Lucerne). Materials and methods The two tree fodder varieties - Chamaecytisus palmensis (Tree lucerne) and Acacia melonoxylan (Blackwood) were analyzed for their nutritive value. The study was carried out at Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah, Nilgiris. The samples were collected during the winter months and air dried at room temperature. Dried samples were sent to Institute of Animal Nutrition, Kattupakkam, Chennai for the proximate analysis and In vitro dry matter degradability for 24 hrs and 48 hrs. Standard laboratory procedures were followed for analysis of the samples. Results and Discussion Proximate analysis showed, 14.89 % and 13.66 % of crude protein, 25.36 % and 36.75 % of crude fibre, 3.91 % and 3.52 % of ether extract, 5.94 % and 5.95 % of total ash, 49.90 % and 40.12 % of NFE, 0.94 % and 0.89 % of calcium and 0.26 % and 0.25 % of phosphorous in Tree lucerne and Acacia melanoxylon respectively. In-vitro dry matter degradability for 24 hrs and 48 hrs was 15.31 and 36.68 % for Acacia and 47.06 and 57.77 % for Tree lucerne. Both the tree fodders have higher CP but the digestibility % is higher in tree lucerne compared to the acacia species indicating, higher nutrient availability from tree Lucerne to the animals. This study proved that supplementation of Acacia and tree Lucerne can meet out the energy and protein deficiency of animals grazing in dry and inefficient pasture land. Conclusion Both the varieties had CP values of above 10% which is above the minimum required in the diet for adequate digestive activities (Mokoboki et al., 2019). Hence both the varieties can be used during the winter and dry summer periods when there is no lush green pasture. Further studies are required toevaluate the nutrient composition during different seasons and methane emission by these tree fodders.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 58 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Keywords: Acacia melanoxylon, Tree lucerne, In-vitro dry matter degradability, proximate analysis, drought feeding. References Mokoboki, H.K., Sebola, A.N., Emmanuel, K., Ravhuhali and LindaniNhlane, L. 2019. Chemical composition, in vitro ruminal dry matter degradability and dry matter intake of some selected browse plants. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 5: 1587811. Gebeyew, K., Beriso, K., Mohamed, A., G/medhin G/silassie, Melaku, S. and Worku, A. Review on the Nutritive Value of Some Selected Acacia Species for Livestock Production in Dryland Areas, J. Adv. Dairy. Res., 3: 2-5.

Paper ID : 57 Ulex europaeus (Gorse) – A thorny bush as an alternate fodder to goats R. Anil Kumar, R. Prabhakar N. Prema, S. Krishnakumar and V. Thavasiappan Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah, Introduction Ulex europaeus is a very prickly, erect, evergreen shrub usually growing up to 2 metres tall, occasionally to 3 metres. The plant is densely branched, especially when young, but eventually becomes bare at the base; it often forms dense, impenetrable thickets. Ulex europaeus is considered as one of the worst weed because of its invasiveness, potential for spread. It grows well in acidic, low fertile soils. It is a major agricultural weed in Nilgiris and is increasingly becoming a threat as an environmental weed occupying vast grazing areas. In pastoral areas it provides shelter for pests such as hare, wild hog, Sambar deer and predators. Mature plants contain 2 to 4 per cent of flammable oils. Older plants often accumulate dry dead spines at their centre and can be a fire risk in dry summers. Current study was carried out to assess the potential of Ulex europaeus as an alternate fodder source for goats. The nutritive value of gorse was evaluated with the objective of feeding the goats with gorse and whether goats can be utilized as a natural measure of control of gorse and improve the grazing lands. Materials and methods The study was carried out in Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah, Ooty, The Nilgiris. The samples were collected during the winter months and air dried in the room temperature. Dried samples were sent to Institute of Animal Nutrition, Kattupakkam, Chennai for the proximate analysis and In vitro dry matter degradability for 24 hrs and 48 hrs. Standard laboratory procedures were followed for analysis of the samples. Results and Discussion The proximate analysis revealed 11.43 % of CP, 44.08% of Crude fibre, 3.23 % of ether extract, 6.59% of total ash, 34.67 % of NFE, 0.95 % of calcium and 0.21 % of phosphorous, when compared to Acacia melanoxylon, the nutritive values of gorse is better except that the CP is slightly lower. However, the In

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 59 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 vitro dry matter degradability was 28.18% and 43.20% for 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, comparatively higher than Acacia melanoxylon (15.31 and 36.68% for 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively), indicating better digestibility. Goats were more profitable option than sheep and herbicide sprays, for controlling gorse on hill country (Jeff Creque, 2005). Research has shown that goats can control or even eradicate gorse, given time and sufficient stocking rates (Radcliffe, 1985). It also demonstrated that goats could consume large quantities of gorse throughout the year without apparently harming themselves. Conclusion The thorny bush has optimum level of CP % and better digestibility indicates that goats can be allowed to graze the gorse infested grass lands. The younger foliages can be cut and used for feeding the goats during the dry periods when the roughages are not available. Further studies are required to evaluate the productive and reproductive parameters of goats feeding gorse during different seasons.

Keywords: Ulex europaeus control; In-vitro dry matter degradability; proximate analysis; drought feeding. References Jeff Creque, 2005. Use of goats in the control of Gorse (Ulex europaeus): Marine Resource Conservation District, Published by the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia. Radcliffe, J.E., 1985. Grazing management of goats and sheep for gorse control. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 13:181-190.

Paper ID : 58 Tree Lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis) an affordable alternative fodder for livestock holders of Nilgiris District during winter and summer months V. Thavasiappan, N. Prema, S. Krishnakumar, R. Prabhakar and R. Anil Kumar Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah-643237. Introduction The grazing lands of Nilgiris district have shrunk over the years and most of the cases were totally converted in to eucalyptus, pine and other tree forests. the extremes in climate and feed shortage makes the Livestock of this district to depend heavily on crop residues and poorquality forages available during winter and summer months. Tree Lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis), commonly known as tagasaste, is a leguminous fodder tree appear to supply economically affordable supplements (Froche, 2016). The foliage of tree Lucerne is readily consumed by livestock and has high nutritional quality to be used as a feed supplement (crude protein content ranging from 18 to 24 percent and digestible DM ranging from 650 to 700g/kg DM) (Mengesha et al., 2017). There seem to be no reports of tagasaste containing compounds toxic to animals. The foliage yield of tree lucerne in an organized farming condition andthe effect of season and age of plant on the yield of foliage were evaluated in the present study.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 60 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Materials and methods The study was under taken at Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah. Tree lucerne seedlings were developed in Farm nursery and were planted in two fields (F1 and F2) of farm with a gap of 10 feet between trees. There are 4 rows of 20 plants in field F1 and 21 rows of 15 plants in F2. Tree fodder was harvested from 1- 1½ years at an interval of 3 months. The fodder yield for 6 years was collected. The fodder was harvested in 4 seasons. Summer, South West Monsoon (SWM), North East Monsoon (NEM) and Winter. The plants with good flowering were left un-harvested for seeds collection. The effects of harvesting season and age of the plants on fodder yield was evaluated. Results and Discussion The average yield of tree lucerne foliage was 3.56 ± 0.04 (2459) kg per plant per cutting. It was more at field I compared to F II. The yield was more during NEM and winter. More number for trees dried during summer (43/63). More number of trees (150/368) was let un-harvested for seeds during summer indicating a good blossom during summer months.

Place of plantation Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 overall

3.09 ± 0.16 3.23 ± 0.14 4.52 ± 0.24 4.44 ± 0.18 3.80 ± 0.14 I (64) (212) (214) (90) (206) (722) 3.86 ± 0.09 3.47 ± 0.09 3.12 ± 0.08 3.42 ± 0.10 3.50 ± 0.05 II (268) (528) (514) (372) (323) (1737) 3.64 ± 0.07 3.40 ± 0.08 3.80 ± 0.09 3.82 ± 0.10 3.56 ± 0.04 Total (740) (728) (462) (529) (2459)

Age in years 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 1.86 ± 0.07 3.66 ± 0.07 3.59 ± 0.08 3.78 ± 0.08 4.32 ± 0.16 4.41 ± Yields in Kg (278) (628) (564) (677) (229) 0.27 (83)

There is sudden increase in the yield of foliage from 1 to 3 years and there after a gradual increase was observed. Most of the tree dries after 7 years. As the CP and nutrients are more, the leaves during flush season were dried and powdered and utilized during dry periods. Further studies are required to study the nutrient content of the plants during various season and evaluate the productive and reproductive parameters of livestock feeding tree lucerne.

Keywords: Tagasaste; Tree lucerne; Chamaecytisus palmensis; Season; age of plant; foliage production References M. Mengesha, M. Bezabih, K. Mekonnen, A. Adie, A. J. Duncan, P. Thorne and A. Tolera. 2017. Tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis) leaf supplementation to enhance nutrient intake and production performance of sheep in the Ethiopian highlands. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. DOI 10.1007/s11250-017-1342-4

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 61 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

F. T. Froche, 2016. Growth performance and nutritive quality of tree lucerne (Chamaecytisuspalmensis) fodder under different management conditions in the highlands of Ethiopia. M.sc. Thesis submitted to the Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia

Paper ID : 61 Effective utilization of tree fodder in salem black goat during summer/drought seasons V.Sankar, J. Muralidharan, E. Eben Titus, P.Senthilkumar, N.Sribalaji, and P.Nalini Mecheri Sheep Research Station, Salem, Tamil Nadu. Introduction Mecheri Sheep Research Station is situated at Pottaneri village of Mettur Taluk, Salem District. Which belong to the western agricultural zone of Tamil Nadu. In MSRS Pottaneri, Salem Black goats reared as apart from Mecheri sheep breed. The total flock strength of the goat is 80. The rainfall range of in these area 500- 700mm. The rainfall is more during July to October months, remaining months of the year the fodder shortage exists during this period tree fodder is an alternative source for animal feeding. Materials and methods The study was planned to determine the usefulness of tree fodder in small ruminants especially goats. The whole flock strength of the goat was 80. Out of these 45 were adult animals and 35 were young animals and the goats were fed concentrate mixture, based on the body weight ranging from 1 to 1.5 percent of body weight depending upon season and physiological status. Apart from concentrate mixture animals were fed some grasses like guinea grass, Cenchrus and Bajra Napier hybrid Co(BN)5. Adult animals were allowed for grazing 4-5 hours per day during which the goats browsed on large amount of tree fodder. Results and Discussion The types of trees in the station include Neem, Agathi, Sesbania, Gliricidia, Madras thorn, Tamarind, etc. The tree fodders contain more than 20 per cent protein and minerals content is also high compared to common fodder crops. During winter seasons animal should be normally offered with DMI @ 5% of the body weight (i.e.) If the adult animal weighs 30 kg the dry matter requirement will be 1.5 kg, where 300 grams is given through concentrates, 400 grams is given through green fodder and the remaining 800 grams is taken care by tree fodders. If the young animal weighs 10 kg the dry matter requirement will be half kg where 100 grams is given through concentrates, 120 grams is given through green fodder and the remaining 280 grams is taken care by tree fodders. This condition holds good in winter and rainy seasons. But in summer and drought prone condition, tree fodder helps to replace the nutritional requirement obtained during grazing and green fodder supplements. In this station goats are normally fed with tree fodders in most seasons and predominantly with tree fodder during summer season. Fallen tree leaves are also collected and stored for summer feeding.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 62 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Conclusion By the above interpretation, we could conclude that tree fodder can be a better source of replacement for grazing and green fodder feeding in the summer/drought seasons. Moreover, the cost effectiveness in raising the tree fodder is less which will be beneficial and affordable for farmers in goat rearing. Reference A. Azim, A. G. Khan, J. Ahmad, M. Ayaz, I. H. Mirza. Nutritional Evaluation of Fodder Tree Leaves with Goats. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2002;15(1): 34-37.DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ ajas.2002.34

Paper ID : 62 Subabul (Leucaena leucacephala) production and utilization under small holder agroforestry P. Senthilkumar, V. Sankar, N. Sri Balaji, J. Muralidharan and P. Nalini Mecheri Sheep Research Station, Pottaneri- 636 453, Salem District Introduction Mecheri Sheep Research Station (MSRS) is located at longitude of 77º 56’E, latitude of 11º45’N and altitude of about 650 feet above MSL in semi-arid climatic condition. In MSRS various types of forages are cut and carried to sheep and goat, including fodder crops, weeds gathered from cropping areas, crop by-products and purchased concentrates. The importance and nutritive value of these feed sources vary seasonally. In rainy seasons, the bulk of the feed consists of fodder crops and weeds, while in the dry seasons these are supplemented by crop residues (Abate et al., 1992). Bajra Napier hybrid grass, Guinea grass and Cenchrus are the most important cultivable fodder crops. Inspite of these apparently abundant resources, seasonal distribution is uneven. Feed supply during the dry seasons, which in the high potential areas are most severe in the periods from January to mid-June constitutes an important limitation to animal production. In order to improve the nutrition of sheep & goat, mixtures of grasses with herbaceous legumes (Desmanthus, Lucerne and Stylosanthes) were incorporated into the feeding system. Despite their clear, demonstrated advantages, Desmanthus, Lucerne and stylo have not been widely adopted and it has been estimated (NDDP, 1992) due to low level of water availability and difficulties associated with establishment and management of mixed stands of grasses and legumes, particularly when the grass used is a vigorous species. Materials and methods This study foccussed to evaluate the potential of naturalized tree species as a fodder for goats. Results and Discussion In contrast to the situation with cultivated, herbaceous legumes, naturalized tree species that are commonly fed to sheep & goats. Preliminary chemical analyses of the leaf blades of the most commonly used species like Ardu, Neem, Agathi, Kodukapuli, Kalyanamurungai have shown high levels of organic matter digestibility (up to 85.5% in Subabul), CP contents (up to 24.5 % in Subabul), Ca levels up to 3.52 per cent indicating the high potential of these local species for use as animal fodder. Subabul tree planted at 2500 trees/acre yielded

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 63 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

4 tons of foliage. The best growth is obtained during the rainfall is >600mm annual rainfall. The nutritive value, tolerance of a wide range of management practices, longevity and the capacity to produce fodder when other species (Cenchrus and Stylosanthes) have become dormant in order to avoid harsh climatic, subabul tree is well suited for agroforestry in small holder level farming systems. In MSRS, subabul tree fodder being fed to young and adult category of both sheep and goat up to 25 per cent of the ration. The observation revealed the voluntary intake for subabul was more when compared to other tree fodder in sheep and goat.

The major potential limitation to the use of Leucaena, less is Anti-nutritional factors. These require further study to clarify the full potential for animal production. Despite these difficulties, subabul have been shown to be capable of replacing or complementing the use of commercial concentrates and they offer a sustainable and economic way of increasing levels of animal production from ruminant livestock under smallholder farming systems.

Key Words: Subabul, agroforestry, animal production References Abate A, Dzowela BH and Kategile JA (1992). Intensive animal feeding practices for optimum feed utilization. In: Kategile JA and Mubi S (eds) Future of Livestock Industries in East and Southern Africa, pp 9–19. Proceedings, Workshop held at Kadoma Ranch Hotel, Zimbabwe, July 1992. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA). NDDP (1992). Results of the farm surveys in all districts. Survey 1992. Nairobi: National Dairy Development Project of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Development and Marketing.

Paper ID : 63 Nutritional effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa leaves on Milk yield in Cross bred dairy cows C.Kathirvelan, N.Akilla and M.Jothilakshmi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Science University,Namakkal- 637 002 Introduction Moringa oleifera Lam is a tropical plant belonging to family Moringaceae referred to as the ‘drumstick tree’. Moringa is a drought tolerant plant that can be grown in diverse soils. Moringa is a good source of protein for dairy cows and can help farmers overcome the strong effect of dry season feed shortages on milk yield (Sanchez-Machado et al., 2010). Non availability of fodder in summer and drought season and high cost of concentrate necessitates seeking alternative feeding to dairy animals by farmers. Hence a feeding trail has been carried out on feeding of Moringa leaves on milk yield by demonstration under farmer’s field. Materials and methods A demonstration was done in Ganapathy palayam, Mohanur block, Namakkal District on feeding of Moringa leaves on milk yield for better milk yield. In the present field demonstration, the Moringa PKM

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 64 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 variety was grown in the farmer’s field and its nutritive composition was estimated. The samples were dried and ground to pass through a 2-mm screen and then analysed for chemical analysis. The proximate analysis was done as per the AOAC (1990).Minerals were estimated using AAS (Perkin Elmer model. 3110, 1994). In the present field demonstration, theMoringa PKM variety was grown in the farmer’s field and its nutritive composition was estimated. The feeding trial was under taken in Jersey cross bred cows under field conditions. Results The Crude Protein, Crude Fibre, Ether extract and Total Ash content was 22.38, 6.58, 7.08 and 9.41 percent respectively. The mineral analysis revealed that the Moringa leaves are rich in Calcium (1.6%), Potassium-1.38%, Copper-5.90ppm, Zinc-38.02 ppm and Iron-285 ppm. Similarly, Vitamin C and Vitamin E content was 17.31mg and 113.70 mg., respectively. The average milk yield in the Moringa leaves fed animal was 8.2 litres/day compared to the control animals (7.6 litres/day). Similarly, the fat percentage of milk was 3.4 and 3.2 per cent in the test and control animals. Conclusion The results of nutrient analysis and field demonstration on feeding value of Moringa leaves showed Moringa leaves are good source of protein (22.38%) and minerals and can be the potential source for animal feeding. The farmer’s feedback is that problems in planting of Moringa seeds and water availability for irrigation is not sufficient due to poor rainfall in north east monsoon. Reference AOAC, 1990. Official methods of analysis.Association of official analytical chemist, Washington D. Sanchez- Machado, D., Nunez-Gastelum, J., Reyes-Moreno, C., Ramírez-Wong, B., Lopez-Cervantes, J. (2010). Nutritional quality of edible parts of Moringa oleifera. Food AnalyticalMethods 3, 175-180

Paper ID : 68 Forage preference of Beetal goats grazing on silvipastoral systems in Hassan district of Karnataka K. Roopa, Lakavath Vidyasagar and Venkateshwarulu Swarna Veterinary College, Hassan, Karnataka - 573202 Introduction Hassan district lying between 12° 13´ and 13° 33´ North latitudes and 75° 33´ and 76º38´ East longitude with average rain fall is 1030 mm which favours the development of silvipasture in this district. Beetal breed goats are predominant in this district which is mostly reared by grazing in silvipasture land. There are several factors influence the feeding behaviour of Beetal goats include time of grazing, season, grazing management practices, type of grasses, stage of production and group size. Goats are intermediate feeders, it was predicted that goats would browse more and consume proportionately more than sheep (Kam et al., 2012). This study was conducted to gather considerable information regarding foraging behaviour of Beetal goats by visual observation during daylight.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 65 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Materials and Methods The study was conducted in Hassan and shakaleshpura during the month of January. The average temperature was 21 to 25 0C. A flock of 10 Beetal flocks were used in this experiment. A direct observation and simulation method (Altman, 1974) was applied to determine the forage selected by Beetal goats to obtain representative forage samples. The Beetal goats were followed continuously by two observers for three consecutive days from a certain distance to assess the preference of grasses weeds, shrubs and tree fodder without affecting their foraging behaviour. Vegetation up to 1.50 m was recorded and categorized into grasses, weeds and shrubs. The goats were grazed for eight hours per day during each experimental grazing day. Grasses, weeds, shrubs and fodder trees which are most preferred by the Beetal goats were collected for documentation. Result and Discussion Herbaceous vegetation covered most of the soil surface, weed plants and shrubs covered a small percentage of vegetation available to the animals. Bare ground was also present in small portion by small proportions Khaya anthotheca (common name – Mahogony) was the dominant tree fodder preferred by Beetal goats followed by Malia dubia (Kaadubevu) and Acacia karoo (Goblimara). The most preferred grass by the Beetal goats was Bermuda grass (Garkehullu) followed by Axonopus compressure (Beauvu) and Megathyrsus maximus (Guinea hullu). The most preferred weed and shrubs were Achyranthus aspera (Uttarani) and Ipomoea purpurea (common morning glory). Most preferred Grasses weeds, shrubs and tree fodders by the Beetal goats Tree fodder Rank Khaya anthotheca 1 Malia dubia 2 Acacia karoo 3 Grasses Rank Bermuda grass 1 Axonopuscompressus 2 Shrubs and weeds Rank Achyranthes aspera 1 Ipomoea purpurea 2

Conclusion Grasses, shrubs, weeds and tree fodder are playing major role in Beetal goat farming in Hassan district of Karnataka. Beetal goats exhibited a more opportunistic foraging behaviour, selecting feed from all forage categories Khaya anthotheca and Malia dubia are the important preferred tree fodder by the Beetal goats in silvipastoral systems in Hassan district of Karnataka.

Key words: Beetal goats, Foraging, Hassan,Tree fodder

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 66 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

References Altman J., 1974. Observational study of behaviour: Sampling methods. In: Behaviour, 49. p. 227-267. Kam, M., El-Meccawi, S. and Degen, A.A., 2012. Foraging behaviour and diet selection of free-ranging sheep and goats in the Negev Desert, Israel. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 150(3), pp.379-387.

Paper ID : 70 Seasonal variations of macro and micro minerals in different feeds and fodders S.Usha*, T.K.Mohanty** and H.Kaur** *Assistant Professor, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai **ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana Introduction In India, dietary concentration of macro and micro minerals are highly variable in its availability depends on season, location and forage intake through feed apart from non-nutritional factors such as age, weight, pregnancy and lactation stages (Khan, 1995). Mineral deficiency is an area problem (Mc Dowellet al., 1983). Information regarding herd health and systematic data with seasonal variation, disease incidence and blood profile of high yielding Karan Fries cattle in herd level is lacking in India. The present investigation was carried out to at Karan Fries herd at NDRI, Karnal to analyse the seasonal variation in essential minerals in feeds and fodders fed to these animals. Materials and Methods The study was conducted at Cattle Yard of Livestock Farm located at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. A subtropical climate prevails in the area. There are four major seasons in the year viz. winter (December to March), summer (April to June), rainy (July to September) and autumn (October to November). Samples of various fodders fed to KF cattle were collected in different seasons for one year.

Season: I Rainy - Maize, Jowar, Maize Dry, Wheat Bhusa and Concentrate Season: II Autumn - Maize, Jowar, Maize Dry, Jowar Dry, Cowpea and Concentrate Season: III Winter - Maize, Jowar, and Jowar dry, Mustard, Turnip, Berseem, Wheat bhusa, Lucerne, Oats and concentrate Season: IV Summer - Maize, Berseem, Lucerne, Wheat bhusa, Cowpea dry, and concentrate

Four samples of each fodder (green and dry) mentioned above were collected in each month (one sample per week) in the respective season. The fodder samples were digested by the method of Trolson (1969). Concentrations of calcium, zinc, copper and manganese were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer A Analyst 100) with standard solution of different concentrations of elements in order to estimate the final concentration of minerals. The statistical analysis of data of differential was carried out by least squares method (Harvey, 1979). Product movement correlations were carried out as per Snedecor and Cochran (1994).

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 67 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Results and Discussion The various macro and micro minerals i.e. calcium, phosphorus, zinc, copper and manganese profile of concentrate and fodders (green fodders, roughages) were analysed in different season i.e rainy (July-Sept), autumn (Oct- Nov), winter (Dec- March) and summer (April- June) and is presented in table 1. Table 1: Mineral profile in concentrate and fodders (on DM basis)

Mineral profile in concentrate and fodders of rainy season (on DM basis) Fodder Ca (%DM) P (%DM) Zn (ppm) Cu (ppm) Mn (ppm) Maize fodder 0.72±0.01 0.29±0.01 31.89±1.52 25.47±2.06 47.49±0.48 Jowar fodder 0.64±0.02 0.30±0.01 27.78±2.15 24.18±1.47 44.66±3.37 Wheat bhusa 0.46±0.03 0.27±0.03 18.50±0.77 12.92±1.91 32.12±0.01 (Chaffed wheat straw) Maize dry 0.51±0.01 0.28±0.03 19.0±0.09 14.68±0.12 37.0±0.21 (Maize stover) Concentrate 0.51±0.05 0.53±0.01 39.66±1.88 31.30±2.36 58.59±2.14 Mineral profile in feeds and fodders of autumn season (on DM basis) Maize fodder 0.64±0.02 0.30±0.01 29.04±0.64 23.86±0.14 47.77±0.32 Jowar fodder 0.65±0.03 0.29±0.02 24.29±0.74 18.82±0.38 43.21±0.58 Cowpea dry 0.76±0.01 0.38±0.03 42.88±3.03 27.38±0.40 61.10±0.06 Jowar dry (Jowerstover) 0.44±0.01 0.28±0.02 18.24±0.68 14.81±0.96 34.04±0.68 Concentrate 0.44±0.02 0.52±0.01 43.82±3.15 31.25±0.53 62.51±0.48 Mineral profile in feeds and fodders of winter season (on DM basis) Maize fodder 0.60±0.01 0.30±0.01 30.14±0.62 24.69±0.67 48.19±0.92 Berseem 1.33±0.02 0.37±0.06 38.92±0.02 26.43±0.39 79.14±0.96 Oats 0.58±0.01 0.38±0.05 33.80±0.43 20.56±0.67 42.31±0.48 Lucerne 0.76±0.04 0.35±0.01 39.97±0.12 26.10±0.21 69.40±0.02 Mustard fodder 0.56±0.03 0.34±0.03 31.04±0.68 22.15±0.38 50.17±0.81 Turnip 0.54±1.12 0.35±0.11 33.72±0.34 25.79±0.67 48.14±0.34 Wheatbhusa (Chaffed 0.41±0.02 0.35±0.07 11.77±0.03 11.62±1.68 27.74±0.93 wheat straw) Jowar dry (Jowar stover) 0.61±0.02 0.30±0.02 26.93±0.96 19.49±1.60 40.24±0.95 Concentrate 0.49±0.01 0.51±0.03 47.80±0.02 27.72±0.79 59.13±0.64 Mineral profile in feeds and fodders of summer season (on DM basis) Maize fodder 0.70±0.01 0.31±0.02 29.61±0.27 20.79±0.97 47.14±0.02

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 68 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Berseem 1.38±0.02 0.28±0.01 38.90±0.03 26.69±0.23 73.19±0.02 Jowar fodder 0.59±0.01 0.28±0.03 32.52±0.48 21.05±0.26 59.66±0.72 Oat silage 0.58±0.02 0.35±0.02 34.92±0.49 10.96±0.87 41.46±0.02 Wheat bhusa (Chaffed 0.41±0.04 0.49±0.01 11.80±0.02 10.67±0.80 25.81±0.03 wheat straw) Cowpea dry 0.41±0.02 0.30±0.32 28.30±0.45 35.65±0.12 39.64±0.32 Concentrate 0.48±0.01 0.58±0.05 38.52±0.37 26.14±0.03 55.49±0.52

Summer season starts from April to June which is a dry summer in Karnal. This is also a lean period of green fodder in the month of April as berseem become matured with very less leafy parts though in large quantity, however left over is more during this period as animal unable to consume the stems. Only in late May green Maize and Jowar is available. Sometime wheat bhusa and Jowar dry preserved in the previous season is supplied to meet the fodder requirements in this season without much leguminous fodder. In summer season calcium level is higher in berseem (1.38%) and lower in wheat bhusa (0.41%) and cowpea dry (0.41%). Phosphorus also observed above the critical level (>0.25%) in all feed sources but higher in concentrate mixture (0.58%) and dry roughages contain poor source of phosphorus. Zinc was below the critical level in dry roughages and higher levels are found in berseem and concentrate mixture. The overall zinc content was above the critical level in summer season. The copper level was above the critical level (<8ppm) in feeds and fodders .The higher manganese content observed in berseem (73.19ppm) and below the critical level observed in wheat bhusa (25.81ppm). In oat silage calcium and phosphorus levels were sufficient and zinc, copper and manganese levels were just above the critical level observed. Therefore, no specific data on mineral content of different green fodder is available in this season. References Baruah, A., Baruah, K. K. and Bhattacharya B. N., 2000. Certain macro and micro minerals in prepubertal Jersey heifers in relation to soil and forage. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 70: 93-95. Garg, M. R., Bhandari, B. M. and Sherasia, P. L. and Singh D. K. 1999. Mapping of certain minerals in feeds and fodders in the Mehsana district of Gujarat state. Indian J. Dairy Sci.,52: 68-77. McDowell, L. R. 1985. Nutrition of grazing ruminants in warm climates. Academic Press. Orlando, Florida. pp.157-164. Sharma, M. C, Joshi, C. and Sarkar, T. K. 2003a. Status of macro minerals in soil, fodder and serum of animals in kumoun hills. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 73:308-311. Sharma, M. C, Joshi, C. and Sarkar, T. K. 2003b. Therapeutic Efficacy of minerals supplement in macro - minerals deficient buffaloes and its effect on haematobiochemical profile and production. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 15: 1278-1287. Singhal, K. K. and Mudgal, V. D. 1984. Macro and micro elements of feed, fodder and Agro - industrial by products. Indian. J. Anim. Sci.,54: 685-691.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 69 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID : 73 A study on dry matter intake and nutritive value of Co Fodder Sorghum 29 and Co Fodder Sorghum 27 varieties in sheep L. Radhakrishnan, M. Murugan, A. RubaNanthini and Karu. Pasupathi Central Feed Technology Unit, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kattupakkam Introduction Green fodder with potentially high biomass yield and good nutritive value are highly imperative in successful livestock farming particularly small and large ruminants. Feed and fodder constitute about 60-70% of total cost in livestock farming. Hence, the cultivated green fodder plays an important role in meeting the requirement of various nutrients and in reducing the cost of production to produce milk and meat compared to concentrates. Datta (2013) reported net deficit of 61.1 % green fodder, 21.9 % dry crop residues and 64 % concentrate feeds in India. Several strains of fodder crops were released and evaluated from time to time in large and small ruminants and to bridge the gap of fodder deficiency by enhancing the biomass production and nutritive value. Hence, in this study, nutritive value of Co fodder sorghum 29 (Co FS 29) and Co fodder sorghum 27 (Co FS 27) were evaluated by conducting palatability study to assess the dry matter intake and digestibility of nutrients in sheep Materials and Methods A palatability trial was conducted for 30 days by feeding the respective Co FS 29 and Co FS 27 hay in 12 nos. of Madras Red rams divided into two groups with a mean body weight of 21.46 and 22.53 kg respectively to assess the voluntary dry matter intake. The animals were individually housed in a spacious, well ventilated shed with facilities for individual feeding and watering. All the animals were offered ad libitum supply of fodder as sole feed. The weight of fodder offered and left over was recorded daily and the moisture content was estimated to calculate dry matter intake. At the end of the palatability trial, a digestibility trial was conducted to determine the digestibility of nutrients. The rams were harnessed with faeces collection bags and faeces voided in 24 hours were collected for five days. Samples of dung, feed offered and left overwere collected daily, pooled for each individual animal, preserved and stored for further analysis. Moisture and Nitrogen estimation were carried out daily in fresh samples. The analysis of the remaining proximate principles was carried out as per AOAC (1995). The digestibility coefficient of nutrients and total digestible nutrients in Co FS 29 and Co FS 27 were calculated and expressed as percentage on dry matter basis. Results and Discussion The daily dry matter intake between Co FS 29 and Co FS 27 fodder varieties (3.34 and 3.17 kg per 100 kg body weight) though numerically higher was not statistically significant. The dry matter intake (g/d) of 753.70 and 678.27 in both the groups though not significant reflects an appreciable increase of around 75.43 g in Co FS 29 fed group. Similarly, there was no statistical significance in dry matter intake g/kg 0.75W (72.68 Vs 68.11) between both the groups The digestibility co-efficient of protein (53.18% Vs 46.76%), ether extract (60.22% Vs 46.58%) and fibre (61.85% Vs 57.52%) in both Co fodder sorghum 29 and 27 varieties indicate that multi cut sorghum variety Co FS 29 had higher digestible nutrients than Co FS 27. Panwar et al., (2000)

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 70 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 also observed similar higher protein digestibility in multi cut sorghum variety (PCH – 106). The digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients in Co FS 29 and Co FS 27 were 4.05 and 52.23; 3.91 and 51.48 per cent respectively. Mahanta and Pachauri (2005) reported lower DCP of 3.14 per cent in HD-15 sorghum variety but observed no differences in TDN values. Conclusion Based on the above study, it could be concluded that Co FS 29 and Co FS 27 varieties had similar palatability and nutritive value in sheep. The digestibility of Co FS 29 fodder in sheep for protein, ether extract and crude fibre were higher than in Co FS 27. References AOAC, (1995) Official methods of analysis of Association of Analytical Chemists, 15th edition, Association of Analytical Chemists, Washington D.C. Datta, D. (2013). Indian fodder management towards 2030: A case of vision or myopia. Int. J. Manag. Soc. Sci. Res, 2(2), 33-41 Panwar, V. S., Tewatia, B. S., and Lodhi, G. P. (2000). Performance and value of different sorghum fodder varieties. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 17(1), 67-69. Mahanta. S. K and V. C. Pachauri (2005) Nutritional Evaluation of Two Promising Varieties of Forage Sorghum in Sheep Fed as Silage. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 18 (12): 1715-1720

Paper ID : 78 Assessment of carrying capacity of agroforestry system for sustainable small ruminant production N.Arulnathan, M.Chellapandian and D. Thirumeigananam Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli - 627 358, Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Silvopastoral systems/models by introducing trees/shrubs into natural pasturelands/waste lands could be developed to provide nutritious green foliage through out the year (Singh, 1995). Similarly, horticulture and small ruminant (sheep and goat) production systems play a vital role in sustenance of livelihoods of rural poor of rainfed agro-ecosystem (Pasha. 2000) in arid and semi-arid regions, where crop production is a risk- prone enterprise due to uncertain rainfall and frequent droughts. Farmers willing to establish samall ruminant enterprises along with agricultural activities especially cropping on a gross margin per unit of land basis must estimate the carrying capacity of the particular system and calculate per unit returns of money for sustainable and successful enterprise. Animal forestry is an essential and emerging venture having great potential for not only providing feed for livestock and also an environmentally safe system for land use.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 71 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Materials and Methods To assess the carrying capacity of the dry land for small ruminant production a trial was conducted to establishing Silvipasture in a dry land tract. The area selected for the trial had an average annual rain fall of 650-750 mm and temperature ranged between 280 -450C. One acre of land was earmarked for the trial and the land was prepared to establish silvipasture. Gliricdia sps. and Leucaena leucocephala seedlings were selected for tree component and planted in the space 3 X 3 m. The understorey, the land between the trees was utilized to establish pasture with Cenchrus ciliaris as grass component as source of energy and Stylosanthes hamata and Stylosanthes scabra as leguminous fodder crop as a source for protein with seed ratio of 3:1:1. Rain gun facilities were established for periodical irrigation. The biomass yield was recorded for three years at an interval of two months. After every harvest the fodder, top dressing was done by farm yard manure. Results and Discussion The total biomass yield from the tree component, grass and legume component were 35-37 MT per annum. The biomass yield of the tree component, Gliricidiasps. was higher than Leucaena leucocephala. The biomass yield from the grass and leguminous component by cut and carry system was able to supply fodder to meet nutrient requirements of sheep and goat. Feeding grass and tree leaves each at 50% level was found economically superior than feeding grass and concentrate mixture in lambs (Parthasarathy, et al.,1998). As per the BIS requirements for sheep and goats, by establishing this type of Silvipasture, the famers could maintain around 16-18 sheep or 12-14 goats in an economic way to enhance the revenue from the unit of land. Conclusion The results of the trial ascertained the possibilities of establishment of silvi-pasture by cut and carry system to cater the nutrient requirement of the sheep and goat to make this as a successful enterprise for improving the social-economic status of the farming community.

Key words: Carrying capacity, Silvipasture system, Small Ruminant production References Singh, G. 1995. An agroforestry practice for the development of salt lands using Prosopis juliflora and Leptochloa fusca. Agroforestry Systems. 29: 61-75. Pasha, S. M., 2000. Economy and ecological dimensions of livestock economy. Common wealth publishers, New Delhi. Parthasarathy, R., Murugan, M and Kathaperumal, V.1998. Effect of feeding top feeds on the performance and nutrient utilization in small ruminants. In: National seminar on Integration of livestock and agroforestry systems in wasteland development, Chennai, pp78-81.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 72 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 84 Effect of dietary supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) on growth performance of White Pekin ducks K.Premavalli, M.Suganthi, D.Balasubramanyam, C.Valli and A .V.Omprakash Postgraduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction In India, poultry production is a major source of livelihood for small scale farmers in the rural areas. Ducks are reared traditionally by poor farmers for their livelihood. Worldwide many researches are going on to find out the alternatives to unconventional feed ingredients especially the plant protein sources. The use of mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) in poultry feeding is an alternative plant protein source because they have a higher feeding value than other forages; they have high dry matter, protein and minerals, a high level of available digestible energy and a low fibre content. The amino acids composition of the mulberry leaves showed that they are a good source of essential amino acids, lysine (1.88%) and leucine (2.55%) particularly (Al-Kirshiet al. 2009). Reports on dietary supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves on growth performanceof broiler chicken (Chowdary et al., 2009; Ortiz et al., 2010) are available but are limited in ducks. Hence, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves on growth performance of White pekin ducks. Materials and Methods The study was undertaken in Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves on growth performance of White pekin ducks. A total of 24 day old White pekin ducklings were randomly divided into two treatmentswith two replicates of six ducklings each. Dietary treatments consisted of standard brooder mash (T1- Control group) and brooder mash + 20 gm fresh mulberry leaves (T2). The computed rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous (BIS 2007). Fresh fresh mulberry leaves was offered to ducks in a separate feeder. Birds were reared under standard managemental condition throughout the experiment. The data on body weight, feed intake and livability were recorded biweekly from 0 day to 12 weeks of age. All the data obtained were analyzed statistically using completely randomized design (Snedecor and Cochran, 1994). Results and Discussion The statistical analysis of the results revealed that there were no significant (P≥0.05) differences recorded in mean body weight, mean feed conversion ratio and mean per cent livability between different treatment groups. The overall mean body weight recorded was 49.21±0.57g. Ducks fed with basal diet + 20 g mulberry leaves exhibited numerically higher body weights at all ages and found to be non significant(P≥0.05) from the unsupplemented control group. The ducks fed with basal diet + 20 g mulberry leaveshad 12.16g higher body weight at 12 weeks of age. This is in agreement with the earlier research works of Machii (2000) who observed no adverse effect of mulberry leaf meal on body weight when mulberry leaves were given as part of the diet to domestic fowl and Ortiz et al. (2010) reported similar results using 8% dietary mulberry leaves given to broilers aged 35 days.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 73 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

The overall mean feed conversion ratio recorded was 4.85. The mean cumulative feed conversion ratio of thebasal diet + 20 g mulberry leaves supplemented ducks (T2) (4.79) did not differ significantly (P≥0.05) from the unsupplemented control group (4.90). Similarly, Olteanu et al (2015) reported that the use of 2% (E1) and 5% (E2) mulberry leaves to feed the broilers aged 21 days did not yield significant differences between the experimental groups and the control group This meant that the dietary mulberry leaves did not have an adverse effect on duck production performance. However, Chowdary et al. (2009) concluded that lowest FCR value was noticed for the 10% rate of inclusion of mulberry leaves, suggesting that this level would lower the production costs.The overall mean cumulative per cent livability was found to be 93.75. Non significant differences on mean cumulative livability were recorded between supplemented (95.84) and unsupplemented control group (91.67). The health of fresh mulberry leaves supplemented ducks was generally good. Conclusion Based on the results of present study, it may be concluded that there was no detrimental effects recorded on production performance of White pekin ducks supplemented with fresh mulberry leaves at 20 g/ duck/ day upto 12 weeks of age. Further studies are to be conducted to explore the possibility of incorporation of different forms of mulberry leaf at optimal levels as a alternative unconventional plant protein source on poultry production.

Key words: White pekin ducks, Fresh mulberry leaves, Growth performance References Chowdary N B, Rajan Mala V and Dandin S B. (2009). Effect of poultry feed supplemented with mulberry leaf powder on growth and development of broilers. The IUP Journal of Life Sciences 3(3): 51–4 Machii, H. (2000). Evaluation and utilization of mulberry for poultry production in Japan. In: Mulberry for Animal Production. FAO Anim. Prod. & Health Roma, Italy, 147: 241- Olteanu Margareta, CristeRodica Diana, Cornescu Gabriela Maria, Ropota Mariana, Panaite Tatiana and Varzaru Iulia (2015). Effect of dietary mulberry (Morus alba) leaves on performance parameters and quality of breast meat of broilers. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 85 (3): 291–295. Ortiz M F I, Lara P E, Magana M A M and Garcia J R S. 2010. Evaluation of mulberry (Morus Alba) leaf flour in broiler feeding. Zootecnia Tropical 28(4): 477–87 Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, E. G. (1994). Statistical Methods, 9th ed, USA, Iowa State University Press, USA. 248. Table.1. Effect of dietary supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves on growth performance of White pekin ducks(Mean±SE) T1 T2 Traits Overall mean (control) (20 g Mulberry leaves) Hatch weight (g) 49.60± 0.58 48.90± 0.94 49.21± 0.57 2nd week body weight(g) 271.50± 15.44 293.33± 15.45 283.06± 10.94 4th week body weight(g) 603.75± 17.55 629.56± 29.98 617.41± 17.66

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 74 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

6th week body weight (g) 918.75± 21.14 940.67± 10.41 930.35± 11.32 8th week body weight (g) 1208.75± 25.03 1232.00± 37.86 1221.06± 22.73 10th week body weight (g) 1638.00± 39.31 1650.22± 59.55 1644.47± 35.49 12th week body weight (g) 2021.22± 66.22 2033.38± 120.64 2026.94± 64.49 Livability % Chick (0 – 12 wks) 91.67 95.84 93.75 Body weight gain (0 – 12 wks) 1971.62 1984.48 1977.73 Feed consumption (0 – 12 wks) 9679 9515 9597 Feed conversion ratio (0 – 12 wks) 4.90 4.79 4.85

Means bearing different superscript in the same row differs significantly (P<0.05).

Paper ID: 97 GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF JAPANESE QUIALS ON GRADED LEVELS OF Gliricidia sepium Pasupathi, karu*., Valli,C., Gunesekaran,S., Mynavathi,V.S., Manobhavan,M. And Selvan, S.T. *Associate Professor, Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam Introduction Feed cost is the major expenditure in Quail farming. Among the nutrients, the cost involved for protein seems to be higher than other nutrients. Reducing the protein cost eventually leads to minimize the production cost. Hence, to study the cheaper source of protein, the tree leaf meal prepared using leaves pruned from Gliricidia sepium in silvipasture, a trial was conducted to assess the growth performance on Japanese Quails. 250 Nos. of quails were randomly divided into five treatment groups, 50 quails in each treatment. Group-1 fed with control diet without tree fodder, group-2, 3, 4 and 5 were fed with tree fodder included diet @ 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 per cent level. There is no significant difference was observed on the growth performance among the treatment groups. Hence, Gliricidia sepium tree leaf meals can be safely included up to1.0 per cent in the ration to reduce the cost of production without affecting the growth performance. Materials and Methods Japanese Quails available in the Poultry Unit of Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam were utilized for this study. 250 Nos. of quails were randomly divided into five treatment groups, 50 quails in each treatment. Group-1 fed with control diet without tree fodder, group-2, 3, 4 and 5 were fed with tree fodder included diet @ 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 per cent level. Feed offered and residue leftover were weighed and recorded daily. All the quails were weighed at weekly intervals up to 6th week. 10 birds from each treatment were slaughtered to study the carcass characteristics. All the data collected were analysed statistically using IBM SPSS 20.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 75 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Results and Discussion The growth performances of Japanese quails were comparable in all Gliricidia sepium leaf meal included diet with the control diet. The average daily gain per bird was did not vary significantly across treatments and it was 4.78, 5.09, 4.77, 4.89 and 4.99 g per day, respectively in 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 per cent Gliricidia sepium leaf meal included rations.

Week T1 (0%) T2 (0.25%) T3 (0.50%) T4 (0.75%) T5 (1.00%) Day old chick 8.94 ± 0.13 9.07 ± 0.12 9.18 ± 0.11 8.86 ± 0.12 9.07 ± 0.12 weight (g) Final weight on 209.40 ± 11.32 212.50 ± 5.64 210.20 ± 5.43 215.60 ± 4.73 219.60 ± 4.62 VI week (g) Feed Intake (g) 575.33 ± 2.38 594.33 ± 3.52 603.00 ± 3.46 632.00 ± 4.35 636.67 ± 5.73 FCR 2.73 ± 0.02 2.79 ± .03 2.87 ± 0.02 2.89 ± 0.11 2.91 ± 0.02 Carcass Characteristics Dressing 78.67 ± 0.90 77.62 ± 1.10 79.83 ± 0.96 78.94 ± 1.34 77.99 ± 1.05 percentage Ready to cook 182.25 ± 6.80 182.12 ± 2.98 188.50 ± 6.61 184.25 ± 5.49 180.25 ± 5.45 weight

This study is contradict to the earlier findings of Kout Elkloub et al. (2015) who conducted trial with Moringa leaf meal in quails and found that improved growth performance and FCR in quails. Conclusion This study revealed that the Gliricidia sepium leaf meal included diet up to 1.00 per cent level can safely fed to Japanese Quails without affecting its growth performance and carcass characteristics. References Kout Elkloub, M. Moustafa, E.L., Riry, Shata, F.H., Mousa, Hana, M.A.M., Alghonimy, A.H. and Yusuf, S.F. (2015). Effect of using Moringa oleifera leaf meal on performance of Japanese quails. Egypt.Poultry Science Journal, 35 (4): 1095-1108. Paper ID: 99 Practice of turmeric cultivation with tree fodder Semmanchedi in Erode district Yasothai, R., Veterinary University Training and Research Centre, Erode (Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University) E-mail: [email protected] Introduction India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of turmeric in the world. Tamilnadu shares 14.04 per cent of the total turmeric production in India. In Tamilnadu, Erode district is the largest district in turmeric

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 76 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 cultivation by contributing 24.14 per cent of the total area and 33.37 per cent of the total production (Stastical Hand Book of Tamilnadu, 2016, Government of Tamilnadu). It is grown as a kharif crop.

Short duration crops viz., onion, maize, pulses, vegetables etc. are grown as intercrop in turmeric. Chilli as grown as border crop. Sesbania aegyptiaca (locally known as Semmanchedi – Chithagathi in Tamil) is grown as intercrop in Kodumudi and Sivagiri areas of Erode district. It is a leguminous plant fixing atmospheric nitrogen into the soil and thereby improves the soil fertility. Besides providing shade, the leaves are used as fodder material for cattle and goat and the sticks after harvest will provide additional income as it is preferred for Pandal making. The sticks are also used as fuel for boiling turmeric rhizomes.(Geographical indications Journal No.113, 2018, Government of India). Yields have ranged from 4 to 12 ton dry matter/ ha/year depending upon location (Galang et al., 1990). Hence this study was carried out to evaluate the semmanchedi tree fodder usage in livestocks of Erode district. Materials and Methods An integrated food-tree farming system, while advantageous, does have certain negative aspects like competition of trees with food crops for space, sunlight, moisture and nutrients may reduce food crop yield; damage to food crop during tree harvesting operation; potential of trees to serve as hosts to insect pests that are harmful to food crops, which may displace food crops and take over entire fields (Acharya,1998). Hence in turmeric field of Erode district intercropping patterns of tree fodder was analysed. Results Sesbania aegyptica is formerly known as Sesbania sesban (Semmanchedi in Tamil). Sesbania aegyptica is multi-branched, soft wooded tree that grows rapidly and is useful for cattle and goat fodder and green manure. It is nitrogen fixing trees, hence improve the production of turmeric (Dommergues, 1981). S. aegyptiaca thrives under repeated cuttings and coppices readily with many branches arising from the main stem below cutting height. Cutting frequencies have generally been in the order of three or four cuts per annum but up to eight cuts per year have been reported in some areas of Erode district. Conclusions It can be concluded that tree fodder cultivation is promoted in Erode district with effective use of turmeric field intercropping with S.aegyptica. It can be used for the turmeric farmer’s cattle and goat feeding and it reduce the green fodder scarcity in Erode district. References Acharya, S., 1998. Agricultural Marketing in India: Some Facts and Emerging Issues. Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing, 53: 311-332. Dommergues, Y., 1981. Ensuring effective symbiosis Nitrogen-fixing trees. Pp. 395-411, in P. H. Graham and Harris, S. O. (eds.) Biological Nitrogen Fixation Technology for Tropical Agriculture. CIAT, AA. 67-13, Cali, Colombia, South America. Galang, M.C., Gutteridge, R.C., Shelton, H.M., 1990. The effect of cutting height and frequency on the productivity of Sesbania sesban var. Nubica in a sub-tropical environment. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports 8, 161-164.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 77 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Geographical indications Journal No.113, 2018, Government of India Government of Tamilnadu, 2016. Statistical Hand Book of Tamilnadu, 2016. Available from http://tn.gov.in/ deptst/agriculture.pdf

Paper ID: 100 Growth performance of crossbred bull calves on partial replacement of CoBN-5 with lannea coromandelica Elango,A.*, Radhakrishnan, L., Pasupathi, Karu., Selvan, S.T. and D.Balasubramanyam *Professor, Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kattupakkam Introduction In dairy farming, the bull calves are normally reared and sold for meat purpose. Reducing the cost of production by the inclusion of tree fodder as a source of green fodder will improve the net profit of the farm. Hence, a trial was conducted to assess the growth performance on partial replacement of Bajra Napier hybrid grass with Lannea coromandelica in Jersey x Red Sindhi crossbred bull calves. Materials and Methods This study was conducted at Cattle and Buffalo Breeding Unit of Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam. About three month old 12 calves were randomly (CRD) divided into two treatment groups with six animals in each. Concentrate feed was offered to both the groups (Group-1&2) in the morning which consists of 20 per cent protein and 70 per cent TDN to meet out the 1/3 of dry matter requirement of the calves. Group-1 was kept as control and fed Bajra Napier Hybrid grass to meet out the 2/3 of its dry matter requirement. In group-2, apart from 1/3dry matter requirement from concentrate feed, 2/3 of the dry matter requirement fulfilled through green fodder. In which, 1/3 of green fodder requirement was meet out with Lannea coromandelica tree fodder. The trial was conducted for three months. Biweekly weight gain was observed and recorded. The data were analyzed as per Snedecor and Cochran (1990) with SPSS statistics (IBM 20). Results and Discussion The growth performance of calves revealed that group-2 calves where 1/3 of green fodder requirement was met through Lannea coromandelica performed comparatively better than Bajra Napier hybrid fed group. The average daily gain observed in the treatment groups were

Parameter Concentrate + CoBN-5 Concentrate + CoBN5 and Lannea coromandelica Initial Body weight (kg) 61.28±3.99 60.31±3.32 Final Body weight (kg) 103.05±2.76 103.12±2.98 Average Daily gain (g/day) 464.11±13.82 478.80±9.46

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 78 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

The growth performance of calves are in accordance with the report of Santra and Pathak (1999) who conducted trial with wheat straw based ration comparable to the findings of the trial conducted with Anjan tree leaves by Sarap and Chavan (2014). Conclusion The Lannea coromandelica tree fodder can be offered to improve the growth performance and reduce the feed cost in crossbred bull calves. However, continuous feeding on reproduction and productive performance to be assessed by conducting a long term trial. References Santra, A. and Pathak, N.N. 1999. Nutrient utilization and compensatory growth in crossbred calves. Asian- Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 12(8): 1285-1291. Sarap, K.W. and Chavan, S.D. 2014. Feed Intake, Weight Gain and Haematology in Crossbred Heifers Fed on Green Maize (Zea mays) and Anjan Tree Leaves (Hardwicikia binata roxb.). International Journal of Science and Research, 3 (11):1032-1035. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. 1990. Statistical methods. 8th Edition, The Iowa State University Press, Ames.

Paper ID: 101 Comparative evaluation of leguminous fodders on growth performance in weaned new Zealand White rabbits P.Gopu, M.Suganthi, Pasupathi Karu. , S.Gunasekaran and D.Balasubramanyam Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences Kattupakkam-603 203, Chengalpattu District Introduction Rabbit production system appears as a immense proposition for the supply of good quality meat. In India most of the landless labourers rearing rabbits in backyard system to meet their protein requirement of family. Unused house hold wastes and poor quality forages are fed to rabbits. Commercial rabbitary are very few in number and their feeding management is in suboptimal level. The utilization tree fodders will improve the weight gain compared to house hold and market waste. Moreover, the tree fodders are available throughout the year in all parts of India. Rabbits are efficient converter of forage in to good quality protein compared to all other animals (Anugwa et al., 1982) Hence, the present investigation was carried out to assess the comparative performance of leguminous fodders on growth performance of weaned New Zealand White rabbits viz., Desmanthus virgatus, Erythrina indica and Inga dulce.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 79 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Materials and methods General management The experiment was conducted at Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University with eighteen male New Zealand White rabbits weaned at 42 days of age with average initial body weight of 0.736 kg. The rabbits were housed in individual cages elevated 75 cm from the ground. All the weaned rabbits are fed with concentrate feed at the rate of 75 grams per animal / day in the morning. and water was offered ad libitum. Experimental design Eighteen weaned rabbits of New Zealand White breed aged between seven to ten weeks were individually weighed and were randomized into 3 treatments with six replicates in each. The treatment groups were T1 - Control group Concentrate with Desmanthus virgatus (Hedge lucerne) T2 - Concentrate with Inga dulce (Kodukka puli) T3 - Concentrate with Erythrina indica (Kalyanamurungai leaves) The fodder varieties were fed to rabbits on fresh basis. Feed and fodder samples were analyzed for proximate composition as per AOAC (2010). Results and discussion The comparative evaluation of the proximate composition of leguminous forages namely Desmanthus virgatus, Inga dulce and Erythrina indica and rabbit concentrate feed were furnished in Table 1. The parameter value on crude protein content is higher for Erythrina indica (21.10%) compared to Desmanthus virgatus and Inga dulce. Lower crude protein value of 15.02% in Desmanthus virgatus was reported (Radhakrishnan et al., 2007). The growth performances were revealed through body weight gain and feed conversion ratio is presented in Table 2. The total weight gain and weight gain per day in Desmanthus virgatus, Inga dulce and Erythrina indica group are 1050, 1117 and 1334 g; 15.01, 15.96 and 19.06g respectively. The growth performance of rabbits those fed with Erythrina indica than other leguminous fodders of Desmanthus virgatus or Inga dulce but there is no significant difference among the treatments (P<0.05). Results revealed that, weight gain in rabbits were higher in Erythrina indica fed group (Average daily gain - 19.06 g) followed by Inga dulce group (15.96 g) and Desmanthus virgatus group (15.01g). Similarly, the feed conversion ratio for Desmanthus virgatus, Inga dulce and Erythrina indica group is 5.79, 5.84 and 5.21 respectively. However, there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) among the treatments. Rabbits fed with Erythrina indica showed higher weight gain and better feed conversion ratio than other legume forages studied. Hence the study reflected the fact that Erythrina indica was effectively fermented in the enlarged appendix and thus release nutrients from crude fibre.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 80 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Table 1: Proximate composition of three leguminous fodders and concentrate feed (% DMB) used in the trial Desmanthus Rabbit Parameters (%) Inga dulce Erythrina indica virgatus concentrate feed Crude protein 19.27 21.07 21.10 16.72 Crude fibre 21.02 28.10 27.43 6.35 Ether extract 3.12 3.66 3.75 0.40 Total ash 10.52 9.04 8.94 7.46 NFE 46.07 38.13 38.78 69.07

Table 2: Performance of growing rabbits fed with Desmanthus virgatus, Inga dulce and Erythrina indica during 70 days Parameter Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Initial Body Wt (Kg) 752.83 ± 60.15 756.66 ± 81.16 698.13 ± 68.97 Final Body Wt (Kg) 1803.66 ± 41.12 1874.33 ± 32.55 2033.33 ± 43.87 Total Wt gain (g) 1050.83 ± 69.56 1117.66 ± 84.86 1334.50 ± 79.59 Per day Wt. gain (g) 15.01 ± 0.99 15.96 ± 1.21 19.06 ± 1.01 Feed Intake (g) 6084 6527 6952 FCR (F/G) 5.79 5.84 5.21 Conclusion The green fodder supply for rabbits is in high demand due to change in land use pattern in agriculture. So the utilization of wastelands, problem soils, undulating lands, farm boundaries, field bunds, waysides and swampy areas and dry areas can be covered by cultivating with fodder trees which can facilitate to build bridge between demand and supply of fodders to rabbits. In this juncture, this current study indicates that Erythrina indica fodder showed higher weight gain and better feed conversion ration which may be beneficial for the rabbit farming community. References Anugwa F.O.I., Okorie, A.U. and Esomonu, A.F.M. 1982. Feed utilization and growth of rabbits fed three levels of protein and energy in the tropics. Nigerian Journal of Nutrition, 3: 109-114 AOAC. 2010. Official methods of analysis.th 17 Edition. Association of official analytical chemists, Washington, DC, USA. Radhakrishnan L, M Murugan and T Sivakumar, 2007. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 7: 119.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 81 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi

ABSTRACTS – POSTER PRESENTATIONS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 24 Ethno veterinary medicine, Chitrakoot Verma, Govind.Kumar SMS (Animal Science), Tulsi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deendayal Research Institute, Ganiwan-210206, Chitrakoot (UP). Introduction As per the 19th Livestock Census of 2012, total livestock population was 512.05 million with a bovine population of over 399.99 million, and 729.02 million poultry birds. There are approximately of 63,000 veterinary doctors in India. These figures make quite clear that there is a massive shortage of trained veterinarians to treat veterinary disease and deal with animal health issues. In the absence of trained personnel, the use of allopathic medicines for veterinary disease conditions can be dangerous. Tribal’s in India have a wealth of traditional knowledge for the treatment of animal disease and conditions, using locally available herbs. Details of Study Deendayal Research Institute, Chitrakoot, through its Govansh Vikas Avam Anusadhan Kendra and Krishi Vigyan Kendras has been engaged in the propagation of improved breeds of livestock and poultry as well as the advocacy of local remedies for the treatment of disease conditions. The Institute wishes to undertake a study to establish the efficacy of the identified local plant species against allopathic remedies. The study would entail a ‘clinical trial’ with 20 animals being treated with the recommended allopathic remedy and 20 animals treated with the traditional plants. The study also would be concentrate in different villages and information regarding the uses of plant for animal healing available in the local areas will be collected by directly interviewing elderly knowledge and experienced person of local people, who have traditional knowledge on these Ethno Veterinary plants in the villages. The plant specimens were identified with the help of flora. Results and Discussion The use of these ethno Veterinary medicines is being increasing explored as a solution to treat livestock and poultry. In Chitrakoot, a remote and isolated tribal region, a heavily forested area, rich in medicinal plants and herbs, that has been ignored for centuries, local tribes were forced to treat themselves and their animals with local plant-based medicines. However, a study on the efficacy of these remedies is still to be done. All together 23 plant species belonging to 20 families are being identified having used to treat different veterinary diseases like injury, poisoning foot and mouth, wounds, stomach disorder, ant worms and bone fracture of animals these Ethno Veterinary plant species are normally collected from nearby forest or natural vegetation.

Key Words: Ethno Veterinary, Livestock, Treatment, Remedies, Tribal’s. References A study by Pratima Gautam & G.P. Richhariya identified 23 plant species used by local tribes in the treatment of animal disorders.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 85 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID : 30 Demonstration of Ethno Veterinary Herbal medicine for the prevention of Ranikhet disease in backyard Poultry K.Devaki1 and P.R.Nisha2 1- Assistant Professor, 2- Professor and Head,Krishi Vigyan Kendra, TANUVAS, Kattupakkam-603 203 Introduction In Tamil Nadu, backyard poultry rearing is as old as its civilization, required small space, low capital investment, quick return and well distributed turnover throughout the year make poultry farming remunerative. Due to commercialization of native chicken farming in India, the incidence of infectious diseases like Newcastle disease and fowl pox is increasing. In order to control various poultry diseases, ethno-veterinary medicine is widely practiced by poor village farmers. The use of ethno veterinary medicine can be considered sustainable as it is economical, culturally acceptable and ecologically sound. Ethno Veterinary is a branch of science deals with the study of traditional knowledge, methods, skills and practices are used for treating various ailments of animals. However, economic dependence on livestock, lack of effective veterinary infrastructure, etc. have forced the local farmers even today to apply their indigenous knowledge to look after and maintain their livestock population. Hence, a front-line demonstration of Ethno Veterinary Herbal medicine for the prevention of Ranikhet disease in backyard poultry was carried out in four villages at Chengalpattu district of Tamil Nadu. Materials and methods A total number of 20 farmers from four villages namely Mudukarai, Koozhamangalam, Nethapakkam and Pakkam were selected by simple random sampling to demonstrate the Ethno Veterinary Herbal medicine for the prevention of Ranikhet disease in backyard poultry (Punniamurthy, 2011). The combination of herbs such as cumin seeds, pepper, turmeric, onion, garlic and Phyllanthus niruri (Keezhanelli) were provided to the farmers to prevent Ranikhet disease in the backyard poultry. Vinothraj et al. (2010) used pepper, black mustard, kilanelli, cumin seeds, onion and turmeric to treat Ranikhet disease in Erode district. Results and Discussion It was observed that the disease incidence was reduced from 89 per cent to 7 per cent and mortality reduced from 81 per cent to 1 per cent. Due to the reduction in disease incidence as well as mortality, the substantial increase in egg production (10 % to 19%) was noticed. The BCR increased from 1.21 to 2.78 after using EVM. Farmers were highly satisfied with this EVM technique to prevent Ranikhet disease in backyard poultry owing to its ease in use, low cost and locally available herbals utilization. Bhuvaneswari et al. (2018) opined that cumin seeds were used to prevent Ranikhet disease in backyard poultry. Conclusion Ethnoveterinary medicine was used to prevent Ranikhet disease in backyard poultry. The freshly mixed herbal plants/powders mixed in correct proportion was found to be effective in controlling Ranikhet disease in backyard poultry. EVM is the treasure that demands our attention in future to cure vaccine ailments in livestock and poultry to reach the unreached farmers and thereby improve their income and livelihood status.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 86 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Keywords: Ethno Veterinary practices, Ranikhet disease, disease incidence, BCR, mortality References Arthanari Eswaran, M., P. Mekala, VS. Vadivoo and K.Sukumar (2018), Incidence of Newcastle disease in desi chicken and its control through ethno veterinary medicines, Ind.J. of Pharms. and phyto. 7(6):1418- 1419. Bhuvaneswari, R., R. Ramanathan, T.K. Mathumathi, A.Madheswaran and R.Dhandapani. (2015), Survey of ethno-veterinary medicinal plants in Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India. J. Medicinal plants studies. 3 (6): 33-45. Vinothraj, S., P. Alagesan and M. Siva, (2019). Ethno-Veterinary Practices Adaptation for Management of Poultry Diseases in Erode District. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 8(04): 2758-2761. Punniamurthy (2011) First aid ethno veterinary medicine in livestock farming- A farmers guide, TANUVAS Publication

Paper ID : 72 Evaluation of chemical composition and in vitro degradability of various tree fodders Anuradha.P, Murugesweri.R, Mynavathi.V.S and C.Valli Institute of Animal Nutrition, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kattupakkam Introduction Due to seasonal rainfall, the year-round availability of green fodder fluctuates substantially. Agro forestry gaining momentum to overcome problems associated with acute fodder shortage. Tree leaves are rich in crude protein, hence can be fed as a supplementary feed to low-quality forages containing low levels of CP. Therefore, tree fodder is considered as an alternate fodder resource for feeding ruminants especially during dry periods. However, for efficient utilization of tree leaves in ruminants ration, information on their chemical composition and in vitro dry matter degradability is important. Hence, data on the above characteristics of tree leaves is required for their strategic feeding to livestock ration. Therefore, the present study was planned with the objective to investigate various tree leaves for their chemical composition and in vitro dry matter degradability in order to effectively incorporate them into ruminant diets. Materials and Methods Leaves from five fodder tree species suchAzadirachta indica (Neem), Erythrina indica (Kalyanamurungai), Lannea coromandalica (Uthiyan), Ceiba pentandra (silk cotton) and Inga dulci (Kodukapuli) were collected for the present study. For each tree species, six numbers of samples were collected from six different trees. The leaves were dried in a hot air oven maintained at 60°C, ground to pass 1 mm screen, and stored in airtight bags for chemical analysis. The finely ground samples of tree leaves were analyzed for proximate principles according to AOAC (2012). Proximate principles were expressed as per cent on dry matterbasis.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 87 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 under anaerobic condition. It was filtered through four layers of muslin cloth under continuous flushing of carbon dioxide and stored in thermos container saturated with carbon dioxide at 39°C. The accurately weighed samples were subjected to in vitro degradability studies by incubating in 50 ml buffered rumen fluid in 100 ml container in an incubator. Four blank containing rumen buffer alone were included for each incubation period (12 and 24 hours). After incubation the residue was filtered and dried overnight at 100o C and the dry weight of the residue was taken. The in vitro dry matter degradability of samples was calculated using the following formula and expressed as percentage on dry matter basis.

DMD =Sample dry matter – (undigested dry matter residue – Dry matter blank) Sample dry matter

The data obtained on various parameters were analysed statistically by SPSS (Statistics 20). Results and discussion Data on the chemical composition of various tree leaves are presented in Table 1. Table 1. The Proximatecomposition (%DMB) of various tree leves Parameters Azadirachta Erythrina Lannea Ceiba Inga dulci indica indica coromandalica pentandra Moisture 57.74b ± 0.54 77.06d ± 1.08 62.73c ± 0.65 54.92ab ± 52.79a ± 1.43 0.84 Crude Protein 16.72b ± 0.35 23.77d ± 0.39 15.15a ± 0.48 16.54ab ± 18.30c ± 0.63 0.56 Ether extract 1.89a ± 0.07 3.88b ± 0.30 4.00b ± 0.24 7.33c ± 0.38 4.21b ± 0.18 Crude fibre 11.77a ± 0.49 21.11cd ± 13.64b ± 0.73 19.92c ± 22.14d ± 0.61 0.44 0.56 Total ash 8.10a ± 0.15 12.80c ± 0.17 8.84a ± 0.56 12.38c ± 11.16b ± 0.24 0.45 NFE 61.50d ± 0.48 38.42a± 0.40 58.34c ± 1.42 43.80b ± 44.16b ± 1.31 0.94

*Mean of three samples NS No significant variation (p<0.05) exists between treatments Means bearing different alphabetical superscripts within rows differ significantly (p<0.05)

Crude protein content ranged from 16.54% DM in Ceiba pentandra to 23.77% DM in Erythrina indica.

The results of the in vitro dry matter degradability of the various tree leaves are presented in table 2.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 88 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Table 2. In vitro dry matter degradability (Mean*±SE) on dry matter basis of the various tree leaves Incubation hours Treatments 12 24 36 48 Azadirachta indica 30.46b ± 0.55 38.91bc ± 1.22 43.51b ± 2.02 56.93b ± 1.30 Erythrina indica 30.75b ± 1.43 42.38c ± 0.88 46.55b ± 1.51 60.99c ± 1.09 Lannea coromandalica 27.39ab ± 1.38 35.95b ± 1.77 44.57b ± 0.82 48.23a ± 0.75 Ceiba pentandra 26.59ab ± 1.69 29.15a ± 1.31 36.83a ± 1.76 45.81a ± 1.44 Inga dulci 25.64a ± 1.36 30.62a ± 1.59 32.94a ± 2.36 47.26a ± 1.40

*Mean of six samples NS No significant variation (p<0.05) exists between treatments Means bearing different alphabetical superscripts within rows differ significantly (p<0.05)

The dry matter degradability was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Erythrina indica compared to other tree leaves. The higher in vitro dry matter degradability of Erythrina indica could be attributed to high Crude protein content. Conclusion On the basis of chemical composition and in vitro dry matter degradability it was concluded that Erythrina indica tree leaves had greater potential as alternate fodder resources for small ruminants. To assure their beneficial use, further detailed studies regarding gas production, microbial biomass and VFA productions are warranted.

Paper ID : 74 Assessment of biomass yield and proximate composition in Co Fodder Sorghum 29 and Co Fodder Sorghum 27 varieties L. Radhakrishnan, M. Murugan, Karu. Pasupathi and A. Ruba Nanthini Central Feed Technology Unit, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kattupakkam Introduction Green fodder is one of the most critical inputs in ruminant feeding since it represents highly palatable and digestible part of feed at relatively cheaper cost. It helps in maintaining good health and improving the breeding efficiency of animals. In livestock rearing, feed and fodder constitute about 60-70%. Thus, feeding cultivated green fodder fulfils the nutrient requirement of animals and reduces the production cost of milk and meat. Several strains of fodder crops are released from time to time to improve biomass production and the nutrient content of the cultivated crops. This study was carried out to assess the biomass yield and the nutrient content of Co fodder Sorghum 29 (Co FS 29) and Co fodder Sorghum 27 (Co FS 27).

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 89 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Materials and Methods Biomass yield of Co FS 29 and Co FS 27 were compared by raising the Co FS 29 in plot A and Co FS 27 in plot B in 35 cents of land each. The land was prepared by applying 3.5 tons of farm yard manure with 30:40:20 kg respectively of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash per hectare as basal fertiliser. The biomass yield of both Co FS 29 and Co FS 27 were estimated by harvesting the respective fodder at random from 1 sq m area at five different places on 65th day after sowing and subsequent harvests of Co FS 29 were made on every 60th to 65th day. A total of 5 harvests were made in Plot A (Co FS 29) while only one harvest was made in plot B (Co FS 27). Collected samples were analysed for proximate composition as per AOAC (1995) and fibre fraction as per Van Soest, 1967 and expressed on per cent dry matter basis. Results and Discussion The biomass yield of Co FS 29 (42 tons / acre) was six times more higher that of Co FS 27 (7 tons / acre). Both the varieties were almost similar in protein content (8.38% Vs 8.35%) but the Co FS 29 had lower crude fibre content (24.01 % Vs 33.03%) and higher NFE (54.13% Vs 48.35%), ether extract (2.62 % Vs 1.89 %) and total ash (10.86 % Vs 8.38 %). The crude protein values of 7.20 % reported by Marsalis et al. (2010) in fodder sorghum were lower compared to findings in this study. However, Singh and Shukla (2010) and Kalyana Chakravarthi et al. (2017) observed higher crude protein values of 9.98 and 12.42 % respectively. The fibre fractions viz., NDF, ADF, hemi cellulose and cellulose of Co FS 29 and Co FS 27 were 75.97 Vs 66.78, 47.12 Vs 48.40, 28.85 Vs 18.38 and 37.84 Vs 34.29 % respectively. Co FS 29 contained relatively higher hemi cellulose and cellulose content compared to Co FS 27. The total ash and cellulose values were in agreement with the value of Kalyana Chakravarthi et al. (2017) who reported mean value of 9.18 and 33.23 % for total ash and cellulose respectively. The hemi cellulose content of 8.20 % reported by Kalyana Chakravarthi et al. (2017) was very low. However, the hemicellulose content in this study were comparable with that of Miron et al. (2005) and Singh et al. (2003) who reported 25.70 and 27.30 % respectively for sorghum fodder. Variation in the nutrient composition of sorghum fodder might be due to strain varieties, different soil types and fertilizer application. Conclusion The biomass yield of Co FS 29 is vastly superior than Co FS 27 since Co FS 29 is a multi cut variety. Further, NFE content and Ether extract content are higher in Co FS 29. Hence Co FS 29 variety could be considered a superior variety for feeding to small and large ruminants. Reference AOAC, (1995) Official methods of analysis of Association of Analytical Chemists, 15th edition, Association of Analytical Chemists, Washington D.C. Chakravarthi, M. K., Reddy, Y. R., Rao, K. S., Ravi, A., Punyakumari, B., and Ekambaram, B. (2017). A study on nutritive value and chemical composition of sorghum fodder. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 6, No 1,104 – 109. Marsalis M.A, Angadi S V, Contreras-Govea F E, 2010. Dry matter yield and nutritive value of Corn, forage Sorghum, and BMR forage Sorghum at different plant populations and nitrogen rates. Field Crops Research 116:52-57

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 90 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Miron J, Zuckerman E, Sadeh D, Adin G, Nikbachat M, Yosef E, Ben-GhedaliaD, Carmi A, Kipnis T and Solomon R, 2005. Yield, composition and in vitro digestibility of new forage Sorghum varieties and their ensilage characteristics. Animal Feed Science and Technology 120: 17-32. Singh S and Shukla G P, 2010.Genetic diversity in the nutritive value of dual purpose sorghum hybrids. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology: 80-87 Singh S, Prasad S V S and Katiyar D S, 2003. Genetic variability in fodder yield, chemical composition and disappearance of nutrients in brown midrib and white midrib Sorghum genotypes. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 16:1303-1308. Van Soest, P. J. and Wine, R. H. 1967. Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds. IV. Determination of plant cell-wall constituents. J. Ass. Offic. Anal. Chem. 5O: 50-55.

Paper ID: 85 Effect of dietary supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves(Morusalba L.) on carcass characteristics of white pekin ducks K.Premavalli, M.Suganthi, K.Senthilkumar, D.Balasubramanyam, C.Valli and A .V.Omprakash Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences,Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Duck meat is considered as an alternative animal protein source. Ducks produce premium nutritious red meat with unique favour, aroma, rich in essential amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In order to find out alternatives to high priced conventional protein source feed ingredients such as fish meal and soybean meal, scientists urged the use of tree fodders in commercial livestock and poultry feed formulations. Mulberry leaves have high protein (24.70%), minerals (3.24% Ca and 0.25% P) and energy (17.14 MJ/kg) content, as well as the lack of antinutritional factors showed that they have a high feeding value and that they can also be used to feed the animal stock, besides the silkworms. Many reports indicate the effect of supplementation of mulberry leaves on live weight and carcass characteristics of chicken (Musa et al., 2006) and such reports are lacking in ducks. Therfore, the present study was conducted to assess the effect of supplementation of mulberry leaves on the carcass characteristics of white pekin ducks. Materials and methods A biological experiment was conducted to find out the effect of dietary supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves (Morus alba l.) on carcass charecteristics of white pekin ducks. A total of 24 day old White pekin ducklings were randomly divided into two treatmentswith two replicates of six ducklings each. Dietary treatments consisted of standard duck brooder mash (T1- Control group) and duck brooder mash + 20 gm fresh mulberry leaves (T2). The computed rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous (BIS 2007). Fresh mulberry leaves were offered to ducks in a separate feeder. Birds were reared under standard managemental condition throughout the experiment. A total of 20 birds comprising of 10 ducks from each treatment groups were randomly selected at the end of 12 weeks of age and subjected for scientific method of slaughter.After 8 hours of deprivation of the feed, the slaughter was carried out by improved kosher method. Data on pre

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 91 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 slaughter live weight, percent yield of Newyork dressed weight, eviscerated weight, giblet weight, ready to cook weight and cut up parts viz., breast, back, thigh, drumstick, wing and neck were determined. The recorded data were analyzed statistically as per Snedecor and Cochran (1994). Results and discussion The results revealed that the percent yield of Newyork dressed weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher in mulberry leaves supplemented white pekin ducks (1958.20±67.81) than the unsupplemented ducks (1869.40±66.20). However, all other carcass characteristics viz., mean pre slaughterlive weight, per cent New York dressed weight, eviscerated carcass weight, giblet, breast, back, wings and neck yields, and dressing percentages were numerically higher in mulberry leaves supplemented white pekin ducks than unsupplementedwhite pekinducks and found to be statistically non significant. Similar results were also reported by Farhat et al. (2001); Rabban et al. (2019). However, the results of studies with commercial hybrids of Pekin ducks show better development of breast muscle in the ducks improved for this trait (Kokoszynski, 2015). Table 1. Effect of dietary supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) on carcass characteristics of white pekin ducks (Mean ±S.E.) T2 T1 Parameters (20 g Mulberry Overall mean Control leaves) Pre slaughter live weight(g) 1869.40±66.20 1958.20±67.81 1813.80 ±47.23 Per cent New York dressed weight* 82.95±1.20b 86.23±0.70a 84.59 ±0.78 Per cent evicerated weight 67.90±1.98 67.13±0.82 67.52 ±1.05 Per cent giblet weight 6.76±0.41 7.09±0.23 6.92 ±0.23 Dressing percentage 74.66±2.24 74.22±0.91 74.44 ±1.18 Per cent breast weight 26.01±0.58 26.66±0.69 26.34 ±0.45 Per cent back weight 29.80±0.52 29.15±0.69 29.48 ±0.43 Per cent leg weight (Thigh + drumstick) 19.49±0.44 19.46±0.25 19.47 ±0.25 Per cent wing weight 14.27±0.35 13.65±0.31 13.96 ±0.24 Per cent neck weight 10.43±0.43 11.08±0.46 10.76 ±0.31

**- Highly Significant (p<0.01), *- Significant (p<0.05), NS-Not Significant (p>0.05) Mean values having the same superscript in a row do not differ significantly.

Conclusion The results revealed that the supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves at 20 g/duck/day did not have significant influence on carcass characteristics except Newyork dressed weight in white pekin ducks at 12 weeks of age.

Key words: White Pekin ducks, Carcass Characteristics, fresh mulberry leaves

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 92 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

References Musa, H.H., G.H. Chen, J.H. Cheng, B.C. Li and D.M. Mekki, 2006. Study on carcass characteristics of chicken breeds raised under the intensive condition. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: 530-533. Md. AtaulGoni Rabbani, Shubash Chandra Das, Md. Ashraf Ali, Md. Rakibul Hassan and Md. Yousuf Ali, 2019. Growth performance of pekin ducks under full confinement system fed diets with various nutrient concentrations. Asian J. Biol. Sci., 12: 717-723 Farhat, A., Normand, L., Chavez, E. R. et Touchburn, S. P. 2001. Comparison of growth performance, carcass yield and composition, and fatty acid profiles of Pekin and Muscovy ducklings fed diets based on food wastes. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 107–114. Kokoszynski, D.,Wasilewski, R., St ˛eczny, K., Bernacki, Z., Kaczmarek, K., Saleh, M., Wasilewski, P.D and Biegniewska, M. Comparison of growth performance and meat traits in Pekin ducks from different genotypes. Eur. Poult. Sci. 2015, 79, 1–11. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. 1994. Statistical methods. 9th ed. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Calcutta.

Paper ID: 86 Sensory evaluation of duck breast meat as influenced by supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves Premavalli K , K.Senthilkumar, Karu.Pasupathi, T.Chandrasekar, M.Arulpraksh and D. Balasubramanyam Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Feed accounting about 70% of the total production cost in a poultry farm. The ever increasing feed ingredients price and non availability of feed crops for formulating poultry feeds necessitate the identification of alternate newer feed sources, agro-industrial by-products and various leaf meals. Compared to agro-industrial by-products, the content of crude protein in leaf meal is much higher. The nutritive value of mulberry leaves as a protein source has been previously estimated for laying hens and broilers but little is known about their effect as a feed supplement on ducks. Apart from commercial broilers and native chicken, rearing of meat type white pekin ducks under intensive system is being practiced by farmers in Tamil Nadu due to growing demand for the duck meat among consumers. Moreover, understanding sensory characteristics is crucial in developing new products, markets and evaluating the quality of products (Dyubele et al., 2010). The information of sensory attributes of duck meat is scanty and therefore, an attempt has been made to evaluate sensory characteristics of duck breast meat as influenced by supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted at Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, a constituent of Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Tamilnadu. A total of 24 day old

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 93 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

White pekin ducklings were randomly divided into two treatments with two replicates of six ducklings each. Dietary treatments consisted of standard duck brooder mash (T1- Control group) and duck brooder mash + 20 gm fresh mulberry leaves (T2). The computed rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous (BIS, 2007). Fresh mulberry leaves were offered to ducks in a separate feeder. Birds were reared under standard managemental condition throughout the experiment. A total of 20 birds comprising of 10 ducks from each treatment groups were randomly selected at the end of 12 weeks of age and subjected for scientific method of slaughter. After 8 hours of deprivation of the feed, the slaughter was carried out by improved kosher method. The colour and appearance of the hot carcasses were observed and recorded. Breast meat from hot carcass was separated without bones and skin and made in to 1cm × 1 cm × 1cm cubes and cooked in a pressure cooker for 15 minutes without salt. Taste analysis was conducted by descriptive sensory panel consisting of eight members. Panelists were randomly presented samples from all test groups in duplicate. Nine point numerical scale was used to assess the intensity of appearance, flavour, juiciness, texture and overall acceptability with higher scores indicating higher intensity. The sensory panel data were subjected to standard statistical methods (Snedecor and Cochran, 1994) . Results and Discussion The score value (Mean±SE) for sensory characteristics of duck breast meat as influenced by supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves is presented in Table 1.

The breast meat colour of mulberry leaves supplemented white pekin ducks had significantly (P≤0.05) better appearance score and found to be dark red when compared to unsupplemented ducks in this study, which might be due to higher myoglobin and lutein content. It was found that the mulberry leaf mainly contained four types of pigment: lutein (30.86%), β -carotene (26.3%), chlorophyll a (24.62%), and chlorophyll b (18.21%). Lutein is xanthophyll, like its sister compound zeaxanthin, has primarily been used in food and supplement manufacturing as a colorant due to its yellow-red color (Lin Zhu and Yu-Qing Zhang, 2014). High muscle pH is generally associated with darker meat (Fletcher, 1999) .

The mulberry leaves supplemented white pekin ducks had significantly (P≤0.05) higher flavour score when compared to unsupplemented ducks. Flavour contributes taste and smell. Flavor is a complex attribute of meat palatability, it depends on the combination of several chemical interactions involving proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates (Spanier et al., 1997). Meat from animals that have the opportunity to exercise, including game animals, may have more flavor, because inosine monophosphate and hypoxanthine are breakdown products of adenosine triphosphate and enhance flavor and large energy stores in muscle also contribute to flavor (Aberle et al., 2001). The higher flavour score values for mulberry leaves supplemented white pekin ducks recorded in this study might be due to its dark meat which might have had more fat as flavour is positively correlated with the lipid level (Chartrin et al., 2006).

The mean scores of juiciness and tenderness between the two treatments groups did not differ significantly (P≥0.05). The mean overall acceptability score value for mulberry leaves supplemented white pekin ducks was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than control ducks. The present observations agree with previous findings of Fanatico et al. (2007). The experience of consuming meat does not cause separate impressions of tenderness, juiciness and flavour but rather an overall impression (Aberle et al, 2001).

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 94 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Conclusion From this research, it can be concluded that the taste panel scores for sensory attributes viz., appearance, flavour, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability of breast meat of mulberry leaves supplemented white pekin ducks had significantly higher sensory scores than the control ducks. Table.1 Mean ± SE sensory characteristics of duck breast meat as influenced by supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves Sensory Overall characteristics / Appearance* Flavour* JuicinessNS TendernessNS acceptability* Treatments

T1 b a a b Control 6.25 ±0.37 5.25 ±0.31 5.38 ±0.50 6.00±0.38 5.72 ±0.24 T2 (20 g Mulberry 7.50a ±0.33 6.75a ±0.45 6.38b±0.53 6.88±0.40 6.88a ±0.23 leaves)

*significant (P≤0.05), ** Highly significant (P≤0.01) Column bearing different superscript differs significantly.

Keywords: White pekin duck, sensory evaluation, mulberry leaves References Aberle ED, Forrest JC , Gerrard DE, Mills EW. 2001.Principles of Meat Science. 4th ed. Kendall/Hunt Publ. Co., Dubuque, IA,. Chartrin P, Meteau K, Juin H, Bernadet MD, Guy G, Larzul C. et al. 2006. Effects of intramuscular fat levels on sensory characteristics of duck breast meat. Poult. Sci. 85:914–922. Dyubele NL, Muchenje V, Nkukwana TT, Chimonyo M. 2010. Consumer sensory characteristics of broiler and indigenous chicken meat: A South African example. Food Qual. Prefer. 21:815-819. Fletcher DL. 1999. Broiler breast meat color variation, PH and texture. Poult. Sci.78: 1323-1327. Fanatico AC, Pillai PB, Emmert JL, Owens CM. 2007. Meat quality of slow- and fast-growing chicken genotypes fed low- nutrient or standard diets and raised indoors or with outdoor access. Poult. Sci. 86, 2245–2255. Lin Zhu and Yu-Qing Zhang 2014. Identification and analysis of the pigment composition and sources in the colored cocoon of the silkworm, Bombyx mori , by HPLC-DAD. J Insect Sci.; 14: 31. Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Statistical methods. VIII Edn. Iowa state University Press, Ames, Iowa. 1994. Spanier AM, Flores M, McMillin, KW, Bidner TD. 1997. The effect of postmortem aging on meat flavor quality in Brangus beef: Correlation of treatments, sensory, instrumental and chemical descriptors. Food Chemistry, 59: 531–538.

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Paper ID: 90 Effect of dietary supplementation of Gliricidia leaf meal and Inga dulce leaf meal on egg quality characteristics of Japanese Quail K. Premavalli, S.Dhamotharan, V.S.Mynavathi, M.Suganthi, D.Balasubramanyam and C.Valli Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction The quail egg is one of highly nutritious animal protein source rich in essential amino acids and minerals such as Ca, P, and Fe. Use of unconventional feed stuffs including locally available leaf meals in poultry feed formulations is gaining popularity in order to reduce feed cost. Nitrogen fixing trees such asGliricidia sepium and Inga dulcis leaf meals have been reported as a good source of protein, minerals and vitamins (Esonu et al., 2003). Satisfactory performance have been reported of various leaf meals such as Gliricidia sepium and Inga dulcis among others in diets of broilers and layers (Odunsi et al., 2002; Ogungbesan et al., 2013) but it is limited in quail. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of Gliricidia sepium leaf meal and Inga dulcis leaf meal on egg quality characteristics of Japanese quail. Material and methods The study was undertaken in Postgraduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of fresh mulberry leaves on growth performance of Japanese quail. A total of 240 Japanese quail layers were randomly divided into three treatments with four replicates of 20 quails each. Dietary treatments consisted of standard quail layer mash (T1- Control group), quail layer mash + 2.5% Gliricidia sepium leaves (GLM) (T2) and quail layer mash + 2.5% Inga dulcis leaf meal (ILM) (T3). The computed rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous (BIS 2007) and fed from 6 wks to 16 wks. Birds were reared under standard managemental condition throughout the experiment. At 16 wks of age, eggs were evaluated on individual basis for egg quality traits viz., egg weight, shape index, specific gravity, albumen index, Haugh Unit score, yolk index, albumen per cent, yolk per cent, shell per cent and shell thickness. The data were analyzed statistically as per Snedecor and Cochran (1994). Results and Discussion The results of the effect of dietary supplementation of Gliricidia sepium leaf meal and Inga dulce leaf meal on egg quality characteristics of Japanese quail are presented in table 1. The egg quality traits viz., egg weight, shape index, albumen index, Haugh unit score, yolk index and egg component yields viz., per cent albumen, per cent yolk, per cent shell and albumen:yolk ratio values did not differ significantly (p≥0.05) among different treatment groups viz., Gliricidia sepium leaf meal and Inga dulcis leaf meal supplemented groups and control group. The Gliricidia sepium leaf meal and Inga dulcis supplemented quails had significantly (p<0.05) higher egg shell thickness and enhanced yolk colour (p<0.01) than the control quails. This is in agreement with the earlier reports (Odunci et al., 2002; Ige et al., 2006). The dark yellow yolk colour in Gliricidia sepium leaf meal and Inga dulcis leaf meal supplemented quails recorded in this study might be due to the presence of carotenoid pigments in available form in these leaves.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 96 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Conclusion The results of the present study suggested that the dietary supplementation of Gliricidia leaf meal and Inga dulcis leaf meal had significantly higher egg shell thickness and enhanced yolk colour. All other egg quality traits did not differ between treatment groups. Gliricidia leaf meal and Inga dulcis leaf meal can be used as a pigmentor for enhancing egg yolk colour. References Ige, A.O., Odunsi, A.A., Akinlade, J.A., Ojedapo, L.O., Ameen, S.A., Aderinola, O.A. and Rafiu, T.A. (2006). Gliricidia Leaf meal in Layer’s Diet: Effect on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Economy of Production. Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances 5(6): 483-486. Odunsi A.A., Ogunleke, M.O., Alagbe, O. S. and Ajani, T.O. (2002). Effect of Feeding Gliricidiasepium Leaf Meal on the Performance and Egg Quality of Layers. International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (1) 26- 28 . Ogungbesan, A.M. Awoola, O.J.,Adeleke, G.A.andAdenugba,A. (2013). The Effect of Enzymes on Blood Constituents and Minerals Utilization in Broilers Fed Gliricidiasepium (Jacq) Epizootiology and Animal Health in West African :9. Snedecor G W and Cochran W G. 1994. Statistical Methods. 8th edn. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Kolkata, India. Table 1 Mean (±S.E.) egg quality traits of Japanese quail as influenced by dietary supplementation of Gliricidia leaf meal and Inga dulcis leaf meal (T1) (T2) (T3) Egg quality Characteristics Control 2.5%GLM 2.5%ILM Egg weight 14.38±0.23 14.42±0.24 14.83±0.26 Shape indexNS 78.21±0.74 77.36±0.68 79.08±0.81 Albumen indexNS 0.08±0.00 0.08±0.01 0.09±0.01 Haugh unitNS 85.38±0.07 85.20±0.04 85.37±0.08 Yolk index 0.51±0.02 0.49±0.02 0.50±0.01 Yolk colour 4.95±0.28 6.65±0.17 6.15±0.22 Egg shell thickness(mm)* 0.19b ±0.01 0.20a ±0.00 0.22a±0.01 Per cent albumen 57.27±0.52 50.65±1.00 50.53±0.99 Per cent yolk 33.85±1.75 34.07±2.28 33.49±2.33 Per cent shell 8.20±0.47 8.88±0.46 8.62±0.43 Albumen: Yolk ratio 1.84±0.14 1.84±0.14 1.93±0.16

*Mean bearing different superscripts within the columns differ significantly (P<0.05)

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 97 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 95 Comparing the growth performance of Co FS 29 and Co FS 27 hay included complete ration in kids Dr. L. Radhakrishnan, Dr. M. Murugan, Dr. Karu. Pasupathi and Dr. A. Ruba Nanthini Central Feed Technology Unit, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Introduction The complete feed is the quantitative mixture of all dietary ingredients, mixed thoroughly to prevent separation and selection, fed as a sole source of nutrient except water and is formulated in a desired proportion to meet the specific nutrient requirements. At present India produces 540 million tonnes of crop residues and coarse straw (Ramachandra et al., 2006). However, these straws/fibrous crop residues are poor in palatability and nutritive value. The complete feed with the use of fibrous crop residue is a noble way to increase the voluntary feed intake and thus animal’s production performance (Afzal et al., 2008). Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the growth performance of Co FS 29 and Co FS 27 hay included complete ration in kids for 182 days. Materials and Methods In this experiment, twelve non-descript weaned male kids of 3 -4 months of age with a mean body weight of 9.19 Kg were randomly distributed into two groups of six animals each in a feeding trial conducted for 182 days. The animals were dewormed and dipped before the start of the growth trial. They were then individually housed with adequate floor space and well-ventilated shed and supplied with ad libitum of water throughout the experimental period. T1 experimental ration was formulated by including Co FS 27 hay at 60 % and concentrates at 40 % with the ingredient composition of maize, groundnut oil cake, deoiled rice bran, mineral mixture and salt as 20, 10, 8, 1.5, 0.5 % respectively. T2 experimental ration was formulated by including Co FS 29 hay at 60 % and concentrates at 40 % with the ingredient composition of maize, groundnut oil cake, deoiled rice bran, mineral mixture and salt as 19, 11, 8, 1.5, 0.5 % respectively. Both rations were isocaloric and iso-nitrogenous diet and meet the nutrient requirement of growing kids (ICAR, 1985). Feed offered and left over were recorded daily and body weights were observed fortnightly. The growth performance including dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency and feed cost per kg live weight gain were calculated to assess the growth performance. Results and Discussion The average daily gain of 43.63 g and improved feed efficiency of 11.07 were observed in Co FS 29 fed complete ration compared to 34.29 g and 14.02 in Co FS 27 fed complete ration respectively. The weight gain of 7.94 kg observed in Co FS 29 fed complete rations was lower than the weight gain of 8.93 kg observed by Rao et al., (2014) in ram lambs fed with jowar stover mixed TMR ration. No statistical significance was observed in daily dry matter intake between two treatment groups (467.61 and 477.73 g / day) respectively. However, Dhore and Khune (2006) observed higher daily dry matter intake of 672.5 g and similar feed conversion efficiency of 11.21 in female goats fed with sorghum stover based pelleted complete feed having roughage and concentrate ratio as 60 :40 compared to the findings in the present study. The feed cost per kg live weight gain was lowest in kids fed with Co FS 29 (Rs. 39.09), compared to the group fed with Co FS 27 (Rs.48.64) resulting in savings of nearly 20 per cent.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 98 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Conclusion The growth trial in kids fed Co FS 27 and Co FS 29 indicated that Co FS 29 had superior growth performance than Co FS 27, though the feed efficiency was similar in both the groups.

Reference Afzal Y, Ganai A M, Mattoo F A and Ahmad H A (2008), “Performance of Sheep fed Different Roughage Based Complete Feed Blocks”, Indian J. Anim. Nutr., Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 357-361. Dhore, R. N., & Khune, R. K. (2006). Nutrient intake and growth performance of kids fed sorghum stover based pelleted complete feed. The Indian Journal of Small Ruminants, 12(2), 156-161. Ramachandra K S, Anandan S and Angadi U B (2006), “Current Status on Data Informatics on Feed Resources in Different Agro-Climtic Zones in Relation to Nutrient Requirement and Availability”, in Proceeding of XII Animal Nutrition Conference, January 7-9, pp. 1-7, Anand, India. Rao, K. A., Kishorek, R., & Kumar, D. S. (2014). Growth performances ram lambs fed different roughage based total mixed rations. Indian J. Anim. Nutr, 2(3), 121-127.

Paper ID: 98 Effect of dietary supplementation of Inga dulce leaf meal on growth performance of Japanese quail K.Premavalli*, M.Suganthi, Karu.Pasupathi, V.Jeichitra, D.Balasubramanyam, C.Valli and A.V.Omprakash Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Tamil Nadu, India. (*Corresponding author: [email protected]) Introduction In India, Quails are reared traditionally by poor farmers for their livelihood. Worldwide many researches are going on to find out the alternatives to unconventional feed ingredients especially the plant protein sources. Pithecellobium dulce (Manila tamarind) is a hardy, nitrogen-fixing tree. The plant growing naturally on the waste land or being planted at community lands are main source of edible fruits. It is mainly grown as a hardy roadside tree or hedge plant. Leaves are browsed by horses, cattle, goats and sheep. The pods are relished by livestock and chickens (Hocking, 1993). The leaves and the young shoots are used for livestock fodder in some areas, either browsed directly or by lopping branches and allowing the leaflets to dry and drop off. However, it is rarely considered an important fodder and there has been only limited evaluation of its nutritive value. Leaves are traditionally been used for indigestion in human. The leaf composition in DM, with digestibility in parentheses, was crude protein 20.3 (71), ether extract 7.5 (40), crude fibre 19.8 (30), nitrogen-free extract 43.0 (72), ash 9.3, calcium 2.2 and phosphorus 0.3%; DM was 34.5 (58). Total digestible nutrients was 58.4, digestible crude protein 14.4% and daily balances were N 3.93, Ca 0.64 and P 0.43 g (Kundu et al., 1983). Reports on dietary supplementation of Inga dulce leaf meal on growth performance of goats (Kundu et al., 1983) are available but are not available on poultry species in India. Hence, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Inga dulce leaf meal on growth performance of Japanese quail.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 99 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Materials and Methods The study was undertaken in Postgraduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences,Kattupakkam to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Inga dulce leaf mealon growth performance of Japanese quail. A total of 240 day old quail chicks were randomly divided into four treatments with two replicates of thirty chicks each. Dietary treatments consisted of standard quail brooder mash (T1- Control group) quail brooder mash + 0.5g/kg Inga dulce leaf meal (T2), quail brooder mash 1g/kg Inga dulce leaf meal (T3) and quail brooder mash + 1.5g/kg Inga dulce leaf meal (T4). Adlibitum feed and water was provided for the chicks throughout the experimental period of five weeks. The computed rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous (BIS 2007). Birds were reared under standard managemental condition throughout the experiment. The data on body weight, feed intake and livability were recorded biweekly from 0 day to 5 weeks of age. All the data obtained were analyzed statistically using completely randomized design (Snedecor and Cochran, 1994). Results and Discussion The statistical analysis of the results revealed that the dietary supplementation of Inga dulce leaf meal exerted highly significant (P≥0.01) differences on mean body weight between different treatment groups. Quails supplemented with Inga dulce leaf meal at the incorporation levels of 0.5 g, 1g/kg and 1.5g/kg feed, exhibited significantly (P≥0.01) higher mean body weights than unsupplemented control group from second to five weeks of age. However, the quails supplemented with Inga dulce leaf meal at 1.5g/kg feed, had significantly (P≥0.01) lower body weight than control quails at third week of age. Among the Inga dulce leaf meal supplemented groups, the quails supplemented at 1g/kg feed level recorded significantly (P≥0.01) higher mean body weights at all the ages. Quails fed with basal diet + 20 g Inga dulce leaf meal exhibited numerically higher body weights at all ages and found to be non significant (P≥0.05) from the unsupplemented control group. The quails fed with basal diet + 20 g Inga dulce leaf meal had 12.16g higher body weight at 12 weeks of age. There were no significant (P≥0.05) differences on mean feed conversion ratio and per cent livability recorded betweenInga dulce leaf meal supplemented and unsupplemented control groups. However, the quails supplemented with Inga dulce leaf meal at the incorporation levels of 0.5 g, 1g/kg and 1.5g/kg feed, exhibited numerically better mean feed conversion ratio and per cent livability than unsupplemented control group. Summary Based on the results of present study, it may be concluded that quails supplemented with Inga dulce leaf meal at the level of 1g/kg feed, exhibited significantly (P≥0.01) higher growth performance than other treatment groups. Further research on the potential use of this tree fodder must be taken up for its recommendation in commercial poultry feed formulations. References Hocking D, ed. , 1993. Trees for drylands. New Delhi, India: Oxford and IBH. Kundu H,Panda NC and Sahu BK, 1983. Leaves of Inga dulcis (Manila tamarind; Pithecellobium dulce) as a fodder for goats. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 53(6):669-671; 7. Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, E. G. (1994). Statistical Methods, 9th ed, USA, Iowa State University Press, USA. 248.

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Table.1. Effect of dietary supplementation of Inga dulce leaf meal on growth performance of Japanese quail (Mean±SE) T2 T1 T3 T4 Traits (ILM 0.5 g/ (control) (ILM 1 g/kg) (ILM 1.5 g/kg) kg) Hatch weight (g) 10.10±0.19 10.00±0.10 10.17±0.18 10.03±0.13 1st week body weight(g) ** 29.23a±0.69 27.23b±0.62 30.76a±0.69 27.63b±0.76 2nd week body weight(g) ** 56.19b±1.51 61.90a±2.00 65.15a±1.58 64.59a±1.68 3rd week body weight(g) ** 107.19b±1.73 115.32a±2.00 119.50a±2.37 110.67b±2.50 4th week body weight(g) ** 148.76b±3.57 162.27a±3.32 166.12a±3.28 161.06a±3.97 5th week body weight(g) ** 176.48b±2.63 191.00a±3.16 192.98a±2.80 191.27a±3.94 Livability % (0–5wks) 86.67 91.67 95.00 90.00 Body weight gain (0 –5wks) 166.38 181.00 182.81 181.44 Feed consumption (g)(0–5 445 460 470 465 wks) Feed conversion ratio (0–5 2.67 2.54 2.57 2.59 wks)

Means bearing different superscript in the same row differs significantly (P<0.05).

Paper ID: 103 Nutrient digestibility of Panicum maximum and Sesbania grandiflora in silvipasture based agroforesty model in Madras Red Sheep Jeichitra, V*, Elango, A., Chandrasekar, T.,Gunasekaran S., Pasupathi. Karu, K.Premavalli and D.Balasubramanyam *Professor, Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kattupakkam - 603 203. Introduction Agroforestry considered as livelihood opportunities can integrate livestock, with other advantages in terms of improved soil fertility and animal production by reducing fodder scarcity. Agroforestry models integrated with livestock can play a vital role in reduction of fodder shortage. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the digestibility value of fodders Panicum maximum and Sesbania grandiflora from silvipasture based agroforesty model in Madras Red sheep. Methodology The experiment was conducted at Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kattupakkam in adult Madras Red Sheep. Six adult Madras red sheep, male, 18 months of age, having a mean body weight 30 Kg were selected for the experiment. The animals were housed individually. All the animals were dewormed and dipped against external parasite prior to initiation of the experiment. The trial animals were fed ad libitum Panicum maximum for five days during the adaptation period followed by five days of collection period. In the collection period, feed offered,

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 101 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 feed leftover and faeces voided were recorded. Samples of feed offered, feed leftover and feces voided were collected further analysis. In the second part of the trial, Madras Red sheep were fed ad libitum Panicum maximum along with Sesbania grandiflora at recommended levels. Data and samples were collected for analysis during the collection period of five days after adaptation period. Composite samples of feed offered, leftover and feces were thawed to room temperature, mixed thoroughly and estimated for their moisture (AOAC, 2010) and oven dried at 70°C for 48 h. Samples were analysed for crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash and nitrogen free extract (AOAC, 2010). Result And Discussion The nutrient digestibility (Mean ± SE) on dry matter basis of Panicum maximum and Sesbania grandiflora is shown in table 1. Sesbania grandiflora had a significantly higher dry matter digestibility compared to Panicum maximum. Nguyen et al. (1998) recorded a lower crude protein digestibility (63.7 %) for Sesbania grandiflora for growing goats. Oyaniran et al. (2018) recorded a similar crude protein digestibility (62.46 %) for Panicum maximum in West African dwarf rams. Nutrient digestibility (Mean* ± SE) on dry matter basis of Panicum maximum and Sesbania grandiflora Nutrient Panicum maximum Sesbania grandiflora Digestibility coefficient (%) Dry matter 64.23a±1.47 72.12b±1.43 Crude protein 62.71±2.14 66.12±1.08 Crude fibre 65.23b±0.63 61.12a±0.24 Ether extract 69.12±2.91 66.17±1.27 Nitrogen Free Extract 67.14b±0.92 61.12a ±0.71 DCP % 5.48a ±0.17 14.86b ±0.43 TDN % 69.23±1.08 70.14 ±2.19 *Mean of six samples Means bearing different alphabetical superscripts within column differ significantly NS Statistically non significant

Conclusi1on Fodder Panicum maximum and foliage from Sesbania grandiflora can be used as basal diets for Madras Red sheep. References AOAC. 2010. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC. Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan, 1998. Effect of Sesbania grandiflora, Leucaena leucocephala, Hibiscus rosa- sinensis and Ceiba pentadra on intake, digestion and rumen environment of growing goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development, Vol.10, (3). Oyaniran, D. K., V. O. A. Ojo , R. Y. Aderinboye , O. O. Adelusi , A. O. Ogunsakin , J. A. Olanite, 2018. Performance, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of West African dwarf sheep fed Panicum maximum with supplemental legume pellets. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., 51, 2018 (3): 104–110.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 102 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi THEME 2

AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED WASTELANDS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED LANDS - AN INDIAN EXPERIENCE Dr. O.P. Chaturvedi 1and Dr. R. Kaushal2 1Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur - 848 125, Bihar 2ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun- 248 195, Uttarakhand Land degradation causes and impact Land degradation refers to the degradation of soil, water, climate, fauna and flora (Alemneh, 2003). Land degradation broadly can be grouped under three categories namely physical (including water and wind erosion, compaction, water logging and reducing infiltration), chemical (acidification, salinization, nutrient depletion, pollution) and biological degradation (soil organic matter decline biomass burning and depletion of vegetation cover and soil fauna) (FAO 2001). Globally water erosion is most prevalent type of soil degradation (56%) followed wind erosion (28%), chemical degradation (12%) and physical degradation (4%). Since 1945, soil degradation has affected 1.2 billion hectare of agricultural land globally (Hailu 2008). According to harmonized area statistics (ICAR and NAAS 2010), total degraded area in the country is 120.8m ha out of which 73.3 million ha is estimated to suffer from water erosion, 12.4 m ha from wind erosion, 17.4 m ha from chemical degradation and 1.1 m ha from physical degradation (Table 1). Increasing population and biotic pressure on the fragile ecosystem, severe soil loss, deforestation, overgrazing, low vegetative cover and faulty crop and livestock practices, breakdown of traditional institutions for managing Common Property Resources are some of major causes of land degradation which directly affects ecosystem functions and services. According to German Advisory Council on Global Change (GACGC 1994), the causes of soil degradation include: overgrazing (35%), deforestation (30%), agricultural activities (27%), overexploitation of vegetation (7%) and industrial activities (1%). Table 1. Harmonized area statistics of degraded and wastelands of India Arable land Open forest (<40% Degradation type Data source (m ha) canopy) (m ha) Water erosion (>10 tones/ha/ 73.27 9.30 Soil Loss Map of India – yr) CSWCR&TI Wind erosion 12.40 - Wind Erosion Map of India – CAZRI Sub Total 85.67 9.30 Chemical degradation Exclusively salt-affected soils 6.70 - Salt-Affected Soils Map of India, CSSRI, NBSS&LUP, NRSA and others Salt-affected and water eroded 1.20 0.10 - soils Exclusively acidic soils 5.09 - Acid Soil Map of India (pH<5.5)# NBSS&LUP

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 105 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Acidic (pH<5.5) and water 5.72 7.13 - eroded soils# Sub-Total 17.45 7.23 - Physical degradation Mining and industrial waste 0.19 - Wasteland Map of India – NRSA Waterlogging (permanent 0.88 - - surface inundation)$ Sub-Total 1.07 - - Total 104.19 16.53 Grand Total (Arable land 120.72 and open forest)

Declining agricultural productivity, loss in the chemical, physical and/or biological properties of soil, reduced availability of potable water, lessened volumes of surface water, depletion of aquifers, biodiversity loss and rural poverty are major key impacts of land degradation. The loss in crop productivity caused by land degradation is of great significance as it has direct impact on food security of the country. It has been estimated that 580 million ha (Mha) area is degraded due to deforestation, 680 Mha due to overgrazing, 137 Mha due to fuel wood consumption, 550 Mha due to agricultural mismanagement and 19.5 Mha due to industry and urbanization (FAO, 1996). If the current scenario of land degradation continues over the next 25 years, it may reduce global food production, from what it otherwise would be, by as much as 12% resulting in world food prices as much as 30% higher for some commodities (IFPRI 2012). These expected levels of global demand cannot be met sustainably unless we protect and restore the fertility of our soil and rehabilitate our degraded lands. Land degradation can be prevented through different mechanisms depending up on the nature and form of degradation. Agroforestry for combating land degradation Increase in vegetation coverage is the fundamental approach to control land degradation. UNCCD (2004) revealed that forests and tree cover have potential combat land degradation and desertification by stabilizing soils, reducing water and wind erosion and maintaining nutrient cycling in soils. Degraded lands can be suitably reclaimed for agriculture or some alternate uses through agroforestry. Agroforestry is capable of yielding both wood and food while at the same time conserving and rehabilitating ecosystems. Agroforestry generates high income and minimizes risks through efficient utilization of available resources and is thus considered a potential technology for commercial and protective farming. Practicing agroforestry offers affordable alternative in place of expensive conventional conservation measures for providing variety of products to meet various requirements of the people, insurance against risks caused due weather aberrations, controlling erosion hazards and ensuring sustainable production of the land on a long-term basis. Agroforestry measures are simple, cost effective and can be helpful in relieving the pressure on traditional cultivated lands and forests. In developing countries, approximately 1.2 billion people (20% of the world’s population) depend

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 106 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 directly on agroforestry products and services (Leakey and Sanchez 1997). In India numerous agroforestry systems have been developed after years of research which are very useful in combating land degradation. The choice of agroforestry systems for restoration however, depends on social, economic, cultural, biological and environmental factors. Agroforestry practices are included in the various developmental programmes/ schemes like Flood Control/Management Programmes, Multipurpose River Valley Projects, Agriculture Development Programmes, Integrated Rural Development Programmes (IRDP), National Watershed Development Programme for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA), Forestry Development Scheme, Drought Prone Area Development Programme (DPAP) and Desert Development Programme (DDP). The task force on Greening India (Planning Commission 2001) has also identified a potential of 10 million ha in irrigated lands and another 18 million ha in rainfed areas that could be developed through agroforestry on watershed basis. The different agroforestry systems for rehabilitation of different category of degraded lands are discussed as under: I) Agroforestry for Combating Soil Erosion Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil. The loss of soil through land degradation processes particularly by erosion is one of the most serious environmental problems. More than 80% of land degradation is due to soil erosion out of which 56% is due to the water induced soil erosion (ORDA 2011). Soil erosion reduces the inherent productivity of land, both through the loss of nutrients and degradation of the physical structure. Erosion results in higher fertilizer requirements, and lower yields. As per recent estimates by IISWC, annual soil loss rate in our country is about 15.35 t ha-1, resulting in loss of 5.37 to 8.4 million tonnes of nutrients, reduction in crop productivity, occurrence of floods/droughts, reduction in reservoirs capacity (1% to 2% annually), and loss of biodiversity. Erosion induced reduction in crop productivity may vary from <5% to >50%. Wind and water are the two main agents responsible for the soil erosion. Different agroforestry practices for combating soil erosion are: i) Water Erosion Soil erosion by water is one of the principal causes of land degradation. In India, about 68.4% (83 million ha) of total degraded land (121 million ha) is affected by water erosion of moderate (>10 t ha-1 yr-1) to very severe (>80 t ha-1 yr-1) intensities, Water erosion is the major threat to soil quality and quality of runoff water. It results in loss of organic carbon, nutrient imbalance, compaction, decline in soil bio-diversity, and contamination with heavy metals and pesticides. Sloping lands, ravine areas are mainly affected due to water erosion in the country. The various agroforestry models developed for areas affected by water erosion are: a) Degraded sloping lands Longer, steeper slopes without adequate vegetative cover are more susceptible to erosion during heavy rains than shorter, less steep slopes. Steeper terrain is also more prone to mudslides, landslides, and other forms of gravitational erosion processes. In India, agroforestry models have been developed and evaluated at the experimental scale for long-term runoff, soil and nutrient losses, production behaviour, biotic and abiotic changes by ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water conservation (IISWC), Dehradun, University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan and ICAR Research Complex at Barapani. Vegetative barriers of hedge rows of trees such as Leucaena and Gliricidia and grasses serve as good filter strips to check erosion and

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 107 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 increase crop productivity in marginal lands. Grass species such as Panicum maximum, Vetivera zizanoidesm, Eulaliopsis binnata and napier have been found suitable in the Shiwalik and lower hills. Maize and wheat yield was found to increase by 23-40 % and 10-20 % respectively when planted with vegetative grass barriers. In addition, grass yield of 6-17 q ha-1 yr-1 was also obtained. In general, vegetative barriers of grasses were found to reduce the runoff and soil loss by 18-21 % and 23-68 %, respectively on slopes varying from 2-8 % (Ghosh 2010). A study conducted at Dehradun indicated that sediment deposition along hedge rows during a period of three years and treerows in nine years varied from 184 to 256 t ha-1 which is equivalent to 15 to 20 mm of soil depth. Eucalyptus tereticornis and Eulaliopsisbinata raised in Shiwalik foothills (@ 2500 trees ha- 1) in paired rows with under storey grass planted at 50 cm x 50 cm spacing allowed no soil loss with an annual return of about Rs. 4000 ha-1 yr-1 from commercial grass alone besides additional returns from Eucalyptus and proved to be more remunerative than traditional rain-fed crop (Sharda and Venktaswaralu 2007).

Study conducted by Narain et al. (1998) in Himalayan foothills revealed that inclusion of contour paired rows of trees in maize reduced the runoff by 41% and soil loss by 48% which is equivalent to soil loss of about 12.5 Mg ha–1.Eucalyptus was significantly effective thanLeucaena in reducing runoff and soil loss. Although contour barriers of grown trees showed lower runoff and soil loss than hedgerow plots, these differences were not significant.The total sediment deposition along hedgerows (three-year period) and tree rows (nine- year period) ranged from 184 to 256 Mg ha–1equivalent to 15 to 20 mm soil depth. The reduction in erosion was primarily due to the barrier effect of tree or hedgerows and micro-terraces formed through sediment deposition along the contour barriers. The total sediment deposition along the hedge and tree rows increased considerably with consequent reduction of soil loss.

Grewal (1993) recorded runoff and soil loss under silvi-pastoral systems in Shivaliks and reported that the soil loss and runoff under Eucalyptus territicornis + Eulaliopsis binata reduced to 0.07 t ha-1 and 0.05 per cent in comparison to 5.65 t ha-1 and 23.0 per cent under cultivated fallow and 2.69 t ha-1 and 20.50 per cent under Sesamum indicum-Brassica campestris systems,respectively. In peninsular India, Leucaena cropping proved beneficial in terms of soil and water conservation with least runoff (1 mm) and soil loss (0.06 t ha-1) compared to sole annual crops with runoff 6 mm and soil loss of 0.22 t ha-1, respectively) (Rao et al., 1991). In North-east region (NER), Saha et al. (2012) reported that hedgerows reduced soil loss by 94% and runoff by 78%. Further, use of twigs and tender stem of hedge plants for mulch helped in conserving 83% of the soil and 42% of rainfall. Satapathy (2005) reported that mixed land use systems with appropriate soil conservation measures, namely, bench terraces, contour trenches were effective in retaining 90–100% annual rainfall and simulated the effects of natural forest in NER. The watersheds having continuous stream flow characteristics generated base flow to the extent of 70–90% of its total water yields. The watershed treated with jhum (shifting) cultivation yielded the highest peak runoff while the one left undisturbed with natural vegetation gave the minimum peak runoff. In another study in NER, Saha et al. (2005) observed low erosion ratio values in silvi-horti-pastoral (3.07) and multistoried AFS (3.06) which showed that these systems were the most suitable for soil and water conservation in hilly ecosystem.

Agrihorticulture system are the most important in terms of production and economic returns to the farmers and their preferences.In the sub-montane regions at Dehradun, peach has been recommended to be grown on terraces along with vegetables as under storey crops in rainfed conditions. Fruit trees such as

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 108 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 citrus (Citrus spp.), mango (Mangifera indica), apple (Malus pumila), walnut (Juglans regia), plum (Prunus domestica), peach (P. persica), and cherry (P. avium) are cultivated using soil conservation practices and using mulch. Intercropping of guar, cowpea or pearl millet with peach; turmeric with papaya; Chrysopogon fulvus or Napier grass with aonla or ber has been identified as an economically-viable and eco-friendly systems for rehabilitation marginal lands. Aonla gave the highest yield of 86 kg fruits tree-1 in association with pigeonpea but the yield was reduced by 17 and 23% respectively in association with Chrysopogon and Napier grass (Sharda and Venktaswaralu 2007). Four Aonla (Embilica officianlis) based silvipastoral system viz. sole Embilica officianlis (no grass), Embilica officianlis+ Chrysopogon fulvus (Dholu grass), Embilica officianlis+ Pennisetum purpureum (Hybrid napier var. NB-21) and Embilica officianlis+ Cajanus cajan (perennial pigeon pea var. ICP-8094) were compared for their runoff and soil conservation potentials. The runoff on an average, over a period of 10 years, was 8.0, 13.1 and 18.6 per cent for aonla + Chrysopogon fulvus, aonla + hybrid napier and aonla + perennial pigeon pea, respectively over control (pure aonla). The runoff increased during post-bearing years. The effectiveness of different intercrops in reducing soil loss was in the order of Chrysopogon>napier> pigeon pea with 81, 56 and 25 per cent reduction over sole aonla. Contrary to runoff, sediment losses were less during post-bearing stages. (Yadav et al., 2005). At IISWC, Dehradun, intercropping of turmeric with kinnow or peach, and cowpea, blackgram and toria with mango and litchi resulted in the highest net returns without causing any adverse effect on the performance of fruit crops. The yields of green pods of cowpea, and seeds of blackgram and toria crops ranged from 1.6-2.1 t ha-1, 0.5-0.6 t ha-1, and 0.4-0.5 t ha-1, respectively in association with mango and litchi in these gravelly lands. An agri-horticultural system of kinnow-turmeric in V-shaped micro-catchment with Morus alba on field bunds produced 4.34 t ha-1 of kinnow fruits, 1.11 t ha-1 of turmeric from interspaces and 2.24 t ha-1 of canes (for basket making) along with 2.16 t ha-1 of wood and 0.69 t ha-1 of mulberry leaves for sericulture. The system appeared to be an effective alternative land use for marginal (class II) rain-fed lands (Arora and Mohan 1986). Similarly, plantation of kinnow at 4 m x 4 m spacing and Bhabar grass at 50 cm x 50 cm after minor levelling of land in Relmajra watershed provided early returns to the farmers and was highly profitable (Samra et al., 1995). Under silvi-horti system with Acacia auriculiformis and Leucaena leucocephala, pineapple produced yield of 11.7 t ha-1 and 13.4 t ha-1, respectively (Dhyani, et al., 1995). Evaluation of mango based agrihorticulture systems indicated that cowpea-toria sequence was quite remunerative with gross income of Rs. 16,850 ha-1 (Rathore et al., 2012). b) Gully and ravine lands Erosion by water is also severe problem in arid and semi-arid regions which results in formation of gullies and ravines. Rehabilitation of ravine lands involves treatment of table and marginal lands (contributing runoff to the gullies) on watershed basis. It requires an integrated approach of using gullies according to land capability classes, soil, and water conservation measures and putting land under permanent vegetation cover involving afforestation or agroforestry, horticulture, pasture and energy plantations (Chaturvedi et al., 2014). Medium-deep ravine areas can be suitably utilized for tree planting in agroforestry. The planted trees provide risk cover against the uncertainties of crop production in the harsh conditions of ravinous areas while reducing the soil and nutrient loss from these lands. Apart from the benefit of product diversification and multi-strata farming, agroforestry has the potential of amelioration of less productive lands. Depending on the problems and needs of the area trees may be introduced as alley, boundary plantation or scarred tree plantation in the

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 109 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 field. Though introduction of trees on cropped lands leads to loss of agricultural production due to below ground and aboveground competition among the woody and non-woody species, the overall economic returns have been found better than the sole cropping of agricultural crops in the ravinous regions.

Silvipastoral system have been found were found very effective in ravine region. Dicanthium annulatum, Cenchrus ciliaris,Cenchrus setigerus, Panicum antidotale, Panicum maximum, Pannisetum purpureum and Bracharia mutica are some of the important grass species suitable for improving the fodder availability in ravine regions. Selection of the tree species is guided by the compatibility of tree crop soil interactions, favourable tree architecture, ecological suitability of tree species, economic value of tree species and farmer’s perception of the tree species. The site suitability and production potential of suitable tree and grass species is given in Table 1. Table 1: Site suitability and production potential of suitable tree and grass species

Productivity Name of species Planting location Useful products (t/ ha ) Suitable tree species Acacia nilotica Hump top, slope, and ravine beds 20-25 Fodder, fuel, small timber Acacia tortilis Hump top, slope and ravine beds 40 to 60 Fuel, fodder Azadirachta indica Marginal lands, hump top and 40-60 Fodder, fuel and timber beds Balanites aegyptiaca Hump top and slopes 30 Fuel wood, MFP Prosopis juliflora Hump top, slope and ravine beds 60-90 Charcoal, Fuel wood & fencing materials Tamrix dioica Swampy areas on gully bottom 20 Reclamation of saline soils, Fuel Soymida febrifuga Marginal lands and hump top 20 Fodder, fuel and light timber Eucalyptus tereticornis Marginal lands, swampy areas on 26 to 37 Poles & fuel wood gully bottom Albizzia lebbek Marginal lands, hump- top 85-90 Fodder and fuel Suitable grasses for ravine top and slopes Dicanthium annulatum Degraded land, ravine hump and 6-7 Fodder grass, Cut before slope flowering for use as hay and silage. Dry grass splits used for mat preparation.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 110 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Cenchrus ciliaris Hump top, slope and ravine beds 6-7 Excellent for pasture in hot, dry areas, Fodder, hay, silage Soil conservation, folk remedies for kidney pain, rumors, sores and wounds Bracharia mutica Marginal lands, ravine hump 8-9 Nutritive green Fodder, slope and beds rapid spread by stolens, excellent soil binder, silage and hay making Cenchrus setigerus Ravine hump and slopes 5-6 Valuable stand over feed in low -rainfall areas. Some value for erosion control in arid and semi -arid land. Panicum antidotale Ravine top, slope 4-6 Highly Nutritious green Fodder, Plant smoke used to treat smallpox and throat infection. Plantations of Acacia nilotica and Acacia tortilis at 3mx3m spacing on top, slopes and bottom of ravines with Cenchrus ciliaris resulted in production of 28.7 t ha-1 fuelwood of Acacia tortilis and 27 t ha-1 of Acacia nilotica. The mean annual pasturage yield ranged from 1.52 t ha-1 yr-1 under Acacia nilotica and 1.8 t ha-1 year-1 to 2.06 t ha-1 yr-1, respectively under Acacia tortilis. The top feed production in Acacia nilotica ranged between 3.8 t ha-1 to 5.2 t ha-1 with 5mx5m spacing at 14 years of age while it was 3.1t ha-1 in Acacia tortilis. In Yamuna ravines at Agra, Dendrocalamus strictus produced 30 to 33 harvestable culms every three years after proper establishment at a spacing of 3x3m to 8x8 m bamboo and gaveaverage bamboo yield of 4000 poles ha-1. Similarly Eucalyptus tereticornis planted at 2m x 2m spacing at the ravine bottom was observed to yield 26 to 37 t ha-1 wood for house hold construction and fuel wood in a rotation of 10 to 12 years. (Prajapati et al., 1993).

Fruit trees capable of withstanding moisture stress are also suitable for ravine lands. Fruit based agroforestry system has been developed and recommended for the farmers. Land Class IV is put under agrihorticulture system. Fruit trees such as lemon, mango, ber and aonla are grown with agricultural crops in humps and gully beds. Depending on the tree architecture and species, spacing of planting may vary from 2 m x 2 m to 8 x 8 m. Pits of 1m3 are dug during summer and the dug up soil is exposed to bright sun shine to eradicate pests and soil borne pathogens. Planting is completed with the onset of monsoons. With a view to utilize the interspaces in widely planted trees planting of palatable grasses is a better option. Life saving irrigation may be essential for the fruit cultivation in ravines at least during summers. Wherever, irrigation facilities exist, installation of drip irrigation is beneficial. The development of drip irrigation for trees spaced at 6m x 6m distance costs about Rs. 30000 to 35000 ha-1. The farmers also avail the subsidies provided for the adoption of drip irrigation by State Governments. Other fruit species like Aegle marmelos (bael), Annona

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 111 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 squamosa (sharifa), aonla, Carissa carandas (karonda), Cordia myxa (lasora), Grewiaasiatica (phalsa), Punica granatum (pomegranate), Tamarindus indica (Imli), Ziziphus (ber), etc., are also recommended for hortipastoral system.

Bamboo and Anjan Grass based silvipasture system for enhancing productivity of ravines has been evolved at IISWC, Research Centre, Vasad in Anand district, Gujarat. The technology is suitable for gullied lands of Ahmedababd, Anand, Bahruch, Banaskantha, Kheda, Mehsana, Panchmahals, Sabarkantha, Surat Vadodara,and Valsad districts. The technology involves raising Dendrocalamus strictus (bamboo) plants on gully bed and Cenchrus ciliaris (anjan) grass on gully slopes and the interspaces of gully bed planted with bamboo. Dendrocalamus strictus is planted in gully bed at 5 m x 5 m spacing (staggered). New slips of Cenchrus ciliaris are planted on slopes as well as in the inter space of bamboo planted in gully bed. Staggered contour trenches (60 cm x 60 cm x 1.8 m length) are dug out in ravine bed across the slope. The excavated soil is heaped on downstream side of the trench in the form of a bund for retention of moisture. Seedlings are planted in the centre of trench after filling the excavated soil up to 30 cm depth and equal volume of soil is refilled after planting and compaction. Grass slips are planted at 50cm X 50cm across the slope on both sides of the gully. Yield of 7.1 t ha-1 year-1 green grass was obtained from the stabilized gully slopes. The grass yield from inter spaces of bamboo planted on gully bed portion is about 10 t ha-1 year-1 during initial years. After 7 years of plantation, 30% of the total culms per clump (1000 bamboo poles ha-1 year-1) can be harvested giving net present value of benefits worth Rs. 30,075/- per ha at 2008 prices over a production period of 20 years with benefit cost ratio of 1.85: 1.The watershed with this silvipasture system absorbs more than 80% of rainfall that is either utilized by the plant or percolated deep to recharge the ground water. Due to low runoff, soil loss is reduced to less than one tonne hectare-1 year-1 than about 20 tonne per hectare per year from degraded ravines prior to plantation. Organizations including Anand-based Foundation for Ecological Security (FES), Gujarat State Watershed Management Agency (GSWMA), Gujarat State Land Development Corporation (GSLDC), Forest, and Agricultural departments and other users agencies have taken up this technology in nearly 1000 hectare of community and waste lands in Mahi river stretch in Gujarat for stabilizing the degraded ravine lands and improving livelihood of primary stake holders through reclamation and productive utilization of ravine lands (http://www.icar.org.in/node/5101). c) Riverbed bouldery lands About one-third of the lands in the Himalayan region are degraded with boulders and formed due to excessive erosion and deforestation on the hilly slopes. These lands are virtually devoid of any economic vegetation and can be rehabilitated by establishing silvipastures for production of fodder, fuelwood and fibre. Dalbergia sissoo (shisham), Acacia catechu (khair), Albizia lebbek (siris), Eucalyptus hybrid (safeda/liptis), Leucaena leucocephala (subabul), Grewiaoptiva (bhimal) based silvipasture systems have been developed for such degraded lands after years of research. The trees are grown at 4x4 m spacing during rainy season using appropriate pit filling mixture. In between two rows of trees, different grasss species viz.,Chrysopogon fulvus (gorda) Panicum maximum (guini grass), Eulaliopsis binata bhabar), Pennisetum purpureum (napier grass) are planted. The trees are regularly lopped for fodder/fuelwood after 5th year. Trees are also managed by pollarding for easy harvest. Silvipasture systems are capable of yielding mean annual production of 8-10 t ha-1 which comprised4.5-5.0 t ha-1 of fodder from grasses, 1.5-2.0 t ha-1 of leaf fodder from tree loppings

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 112 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 and 2.0-2.5 t ha-1 of fuelwood from the lopped branches. Albizia lebbek (siris), Grewia optiva (bhimal), Bauhinia purpurea (kachnar) and Leucaena leucocephala (subabul) were found promising when grown with Chrysopogon fulvus(gorda) and Eulaliopsis binata(bhabar). Biomass production of Bauhinia purpurea and Albizia lebbek was consistently higher than that of Grewiaoptiva and Leucaena leucocephala, despite the fact that survival was lowest in Bauhinia purpurea and highest in Leucaena leucocephala. Biomass production of Eulaliopsis binata (4.6 t ha-1) was considerably higher than Chrysopogon fulvus (2.7 t ha-1). Biomass production from some of the suitable tree-grass combination in lower western Himalayan region is given in Table 1. These silvipasture system have a high B:C ratio of 1.6. Table 1: Suitable tree and grass combination for silvipastoral system in the lower Western Himalayan foothills No. of tree/ Fodder (t ha-1 Species Spacing Produce (ha) Time (yrs) slips ha-1 yr-1) Eucalyptus 3.5x3.5 816 Timber 12 5.0(green) hybrid+Chrysopogon 0.75x0.75 17800 105.7cu m fulvus ha-1 a Dalbergia sissoo + 9 x9 123 Firewood 19 5.4 (green) Chrysopogon fulvus 0.75x0.75 17800 64 t ha-1

Grewiaoptiva*+ 4 x 4 625 Firewood ** 4.56 green Chrysopogon fulvus 0.75X0.75 17800 754 kg ha-1 yr-1 Bauhinia purpurea+ 4 x 4 625 Firewood ** 2.42-3.96 Chrysopogon fulvus 0.75X0.75 17800 629 kg ha-1 yr-1 (green)

* From pollarded Grewia trees **average value of 14 years from lopped trees as top feed;

Eucalyptus wood rate – Rs.3300/- per cu.m. @ 2008 prices Different management techniques like coppicing, pollarding and lopping have been developed for different fodder species which helps in enhancing biomass production of trees besides reducing the competition for the grasses grown as intercrop. Silvi-pastoral system comprising Grewia optiva-Hybrid Napier managed under lopping and pollarding produced about 29.6 t ha-1 total biomass (260 from grass and 36 from tree) and gave B:C ratio of 1.8 and a pay back period of about 8 years, when calculated for 12 years cycle at 10% discount rate (Fig. 1, Table 2). Table 2 Economics of the silvipastoral system on degraded lands. Total biomass from B:C Treatments Green grass fodder Total tree biomass silvopastoral system Ratio t ha-1 Cost* (Rs.) t ha-1 Cost(Rs.) t ha-1 Cost (Rs.) Lopping + Grass 20.1 40200 2.8 5600 22.9 45800 1.4

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 113 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Pollarding + Grass 26.0 52000 3.6 7200 29.6 59200 1.8 Lopping only - - 3.0 6000 3.0 6000 - Pollarding only - - 8.9 17800 8.9 17800 1.2 Grass only 22.1 44200 - - 22.1 44200 1.4

*Cost of Rs. 2/= per kg is the minimum rate prevailing in the market

Lemon grass was found to suitable on degraded river bed lands in Doon valley (Tomar et al., 2016). It yielded 9.94 Mg ha-1 biomass yield, which was higher than palmarosa grass (7.09 Mg ha-1) and java grass (6.27 Mg ha-1), respectively. Mean maximum oil yield (144.4 kg ha-1) was obtained from lemon grass, which was higher than java grass (111.5 kg ha-1) and palmarosa grass (74.4 kg ha-1), respectively. On these land D. strictus was also found to be suitable (Kaushal et al., 2016). It yielded 18.91 Mg ha-1 in 6 year and 109.30 Mg ha-1 in 20 years old plantation. The total biomass carbon stocks mitigated from these plantation were 8.39 and 49.08 Mg ha-1 in 6 and 20 year old plantations.

Technology developed by CSWCRTI revealed that torrent banks could be effectively protected by planting Ipomea carnea, Vitex negundo, Arundo donax, Salix, Populus, Hybrid napier and a mixture of grasses using trench of 60-75 cm width and 90-100 cm depth. Vegetative spurs of Erythrina suberosa, Bombax ceiba, Lannea grandis were also found effective. Construction of cut-off drains, grassed waterways, gully control structures and other construction works to reduce runoff velocity were found ideal for stream bank stabilization (Sharda, 2012). d) Degraded watersheds Watershed based system includes all kind of interventions for reducing soil loss, improve productivity, sustainability and livelihood security. Thus, it is a holistic approach aimed at overall development of its natural, human and animal resources. The Government of India has also accorded highest priority to the holistic and sustainable development of rainfed areas and wastelands through watershed development programmes (Wani et al., 2008, Joshi et al., 2005). By including perennial components like fodder trees, grasses, fruit species animals and fisheries with community participation, the watershed programmes can be made sustainable. The agroforestry systems in the watersheds helps in increasing production of food, fodder and fruits even beyond the project period. A review on the status of watershed research in India (Samra,1998) reveals that integrated watershed development can reduce runoff, moderate flooding of downstream area and improves in-situ moisture conservation. Further, trees in watershed can improve ground water recharge and raise water table and can improve biomass production. Studies conducted by IISWC at Aganpur Bhagwasi in Patiala (Punjab), Antisar in Kheda (Gujrat), Badakheda in Bundi (Rajasthan), Bajni in Datia (MP), Kokriguda in Koraput (Orissa) and Salaiyur in Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) revealed that runoff from the watersheds reduced by 9 to 24% and soil loss by 72% on an average (Sharda et al., 2005). Although the exact contribution of perennial vegetation used for resource conservation and biomass production in these watersheds cannot be delineated in the overall profitability, it can be clearly stated that agroforestry interventions were critical for the success of the above watersheds. (Sharda et al., 2012). Overall Crop Productivity Index (CPI) increased by 12% to 45% with average increase in productivity by 28%. Crop Diversification Index (CDI) also increased by 6

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 114 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 to 79% in the watersheds with average increase of 22%, thereby minimizing risk of crop failure. Similarly, cultivated Land Utilization Index (CLUI) and Induced Watershed Eco Index (IWEI) also showed significant improvement during the 6 year period of the projects. The average annual income per family increased by 43% due to employment and income-generating activities. The projects were economically viable with overall B:C ratio of more than 1.14. In Tejpura water shed (775.7 ha in Bundelkhand) about 231 ha m of rainwater was stored in 5 check dams which resulted in rise of ground water by 3-7 m (Hazra, 1998) and thus increased underground water table leading to the digging up of wells from five to present number of 315 which increased the irrigation to crop from initial 3.8% to present 100% and also increased cropping intensity (82-209%). The runoff and soil loss were reduced by 66% and 99% respectively. e) Shifting cultivation lands Shifting cultivation has become unsustainable primarily due to reduced jhum cycle owing to increase in population pressure resulting in serious soil erosion, depletion in soil fertility and low productivity. Suitable alternate landuse systems involving agriculture, horticulture, forestry and agroforestry have been designed with the support of local natural resources for almost identical hydrological behaviour as under the natural system. Agriculture with suitable conservation measures resulted in negligible runoff (3.5-5.8%) and soil loss (2.3-3.0 t ha-1), which was far less than 40.9 t ha-1 of soil loss recorded from traditional shifting cultivation areas. Horticulture alone resulted in substantial soil loss which could be reduced by growing agricultural crops in the interspaces. The model landuse suggests utilizing slopes below 50% towards lower foothills and valley lands for agricultural crops and pisciculture, middle slopes between 50-100% for horticulture and top slopes over 100% for forestry/silvipastoral establishment. Integrated farming system approach involving fruit and forest trees, arable crops, livestock, fishery and poultry with appropriate conservation measures for natural resources have been found suitable in overall development of these areas. As the hilly region receives high rainfall, the role of trees on the terrains receives much importance and as so is the influence of agroforestry practices on soil and water resources (Singh et al., 2014).. Agri-horticultural systems involving cultivation of ginger with fruit plants, such as mandarin and guava on mild slopes have been found profitable, besides protecting and conserving the hill soils. Pineapple can be easily associated with multi-purpose trees in paired rows on hill slopes Silvipastoral system comprising Alnusne palensis, pineapple and forage crops like Panicum maximum or Setaria sphacelata coupled with Stylosanthes guyanensis in 1:1 ratio was found to be a sustainable agroforestry practice in soils having 30-60% slope. Under silvi-horti-system with Acacia auriculiformis and Leucaena leucocephala, pineapple produced a yield of 11.7 t ha-1 and 13.4 t ha-1, respectively (Dhyani, et al., 1995). In Meghalaya, the most promising agroforestry practices were arecanut + black pepper + pineapple (Rs.42,750 ha-1) followed by arecanut + black pepper (Rs.36,500 ha-1) and pineapple + mandarin (Rs.29,000 ha-1). Accumulation of 2.91% organic carbon was observed under arecanut + jackfruit + black pepper + tejpatra followed by 1.85% under arecanut + betelvine + miscellaneous trees as against 0.78% only in a degraded land within 10-15 years of this practice. A sharp increase in exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na was noticed in all the agroforestry interventions over adjoining degraded lands. The exchangeable Al-, potential cause of infertility of these lands disappeared completely within 10-15 years of agroforestry practice (Singh et al., 1994).

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 115 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 ii) Wind Erosion Wind erosion begins when the air pressure acting on loose surface particles overcomes the force of gravity acting on the particles. Initially the particles are moved through the air with a bouncing motion, or saltation, but these particles then impact on other particles causing further movement by surface creep, or in suspension. Wind erosion is moderate to severe in arid and semi-arid regions including the states of Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat and Punjab. It is also prevalent in coastal areas where sandy soils predominate and in the cold desert regions of Leh (Jammu & Kashmir) in extreme north-western India. More than 34% (11 million ha) of the total area of Indian hot arid region is covered by drifting or semi-stabilized sand dunes, sometimes up to 100 m in height, however, their intensity varies from place to place. The most important measures for sand dune stabilization are covering the area under trees and providing a surface cover of grasses followed by their protection against biotic interference. Micro windbreaks are established on the windward side of the dune in 5 m chess board pattern or in 5 m parallel strips. For raising micro-wind breaks, locally available brushwood materials like Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Khimp), Aeruato mentosa, Ziziphus nummularia (Pala), Crotalaria burhia (Sania), Calligonum polygonides (Phog) are erected upside down. To break velocity and prevent sand movement, mulching is done in April and May. Sand is removed to a depth of 25 cm along the line of mulching and the plants are erected in the trench leaving about 25 cm gap in the form of dry hedge. Before commencement of rain sowing of grasses, shrubs and trees is done (Luna 2006). Grasses are planted at 1x1 m after the rains have set in. Seeds of grasses and leguminous crops mixed with clay and sodium arsenate are sown on the received micro-wind breaks side during monsoon. Grasses like Lasiurus sindicus, Panicum turgidum, P. antidotale and Saccharum munja,Cenchrusciliaris,Cenchrussetigerus, Dichanthium annulatum, Sachharum bengalense etc are being used frequently. The vegetation for sand dune stabilization is highly drought tolerant with deep root system capable of extracting moisture from lower soil depths. Trees such as Acacia tortilis, A. jacquimontii, A. leucophloea, A. senegal, Azadirachtaindica, Balanitesrox burghii, Prosopis cineraria, P. juliflora and Holoptelia integrifolia in combination have been found most successful for sand dune stabilization. Grasses from the dunes may be harvested after 2 years by cutting preferably at post seeding stages. From 10th year onwards the trees may be lopped for fodder and felled for fuel. Fuel yield estimates of tree species in the sand-dunes had proved their economic worthiness. Acacia tortilis has given 30 tonnes per ha of air dry fuel-wood at a rotation of 10 year in addition to about 100 kg fodder per tree from tree loppings. In Prosopis cineraria average fuel yield is reported to be 230 kg per tree. Diversified production systems appear to be very sustainable for hot arid regions. Trees like Prosopis cineraria, Z. nummularia, Z. mauritiana, Tecomela undulata, H. pinnata, Cassia siamea, Acacia tortilis, A. nilotica and many others play important role in production system. Many of these acts as shelterbelt for associated crops and also improve soil health. II) Agroforestry for Chemical Degraded Soils i) Salt Affected Soils Salt affected soils are classified as saline soils, alkali/sodic soils and salaine-alkali soils. Salt affected areas occupy nearly 831 million hectares in world consisting of 397 million ha (Mha) saline soils and 434 million ha of sodic soils (FAO/AGL 2000). Of the current 230 Mha of irrigated land, 45 Mha is salt-affected and almost 1500 Mha of dry land agriculture, 32 Mha are salt-affected to varying degrees by human-induced

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 116 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 processes. Thus, globally almost 77 Mha of land is salty due to human-induced salinization (Bridges and Oldeman 1999; FAO/AGL 2000). In India salt-affected soils are distributed almost throughout the country over about 6.75 Mha, 3.8 M ha being sodic and rest saline. It is further estimated that fertile lands are fastly converting to saline and alkaline conditions at the rate of about 10000 ha per annum. Soils worst suffering from salinity and alkalinity problems lie in parts of Indo-gangetic alluvial plains in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, the arid desertic region of Rajasthan and the black soil region (vertisol) of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. a) Sodic/alkali soils Sodic soils are accompanied by pan formation which which acts as a barrier for root penetration and aggravates the reclamation of such soils. In alkali soils, hard kanker layer need to be broken for carrying out plantation work which is done with the help a tractor operated rotating auger (Singh et al., 1998; Dagar et al., 2001a,b; Singh and Dagar 2005). Auger holes are refilled with original soil, 3 kg gypsum, 8 kg FYM. Application of small dose of nitrogen in the auger hole filling mixture and its regular application every year thereafter (25 g both in monsoon and winter) proved beneficial in non-leguminous tree species. Alkali soils are usually deficit in zinc; hence, application of about 25 g ZnSO4 per auger hole is essential. Sodicity tolerant 6- 9 months old tree saplings are planted in refilled pit-auger holes by making 1 m diameter ring followed by irrigating the plants with buckets. Two-three irrigations are immediately needed for establishment of saplings. The important species for sodic soils are listed in Table 3. Table 3: Suitable species for sodic soils Average pH Fuelwood/fodder/timber species Fruit tree species (0-1.2 m) >10 Prosopis juliflora, Acacia nilotica, Tamarix Not recommended articulata 9.6-10 Eucalyptus tereticornis, Capparis decidua, Carissa carandas, Psidium guajava, Pithecellobium dulce, Prosopis alba, P. cineraria, Ziziphus mauritiana, Emblica Casuarina equisetifoliaa, Salvadora persica, | officinalisa S. oleoides, Terminalia arjuna 9.1-9.5 Cordia rothii, Albizialebbeck, Cassia siamea, Punica granatumb, Phoenix Pongamia pinnata, Sesbanias esban, Parkinsonia dactylifera, Achrus japotaa, aculeata, Dalbergia sissoo, Kigelia pinnata, Tamarindus indicaa, Syzygium Butea monosperma cuminii, Feronia limonia 8.2-9.0 Grevillea robusta, Azadirachta indica, Melia Grewiaa siatica, Aegle marmelosb, azedarach, Leucaena leucocephala, Hardwickia Prunus persica, Pyrus communis, binata, Moringa oliefera, Populus deltoides, Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Tectona grandis Ficus spp, Sapindusl aurifolius,Vitis vinifera

Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) and Kallar grass silvi-pastoral practice has been identified most promising for firewood and forage production and also for soil amelioration. Aromatic grasses such as palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) and lemon grass (C. flexuosus) could successfully be grown on moderate alkali soils

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 117 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 up to pH 9.2, while vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) which withstands both high pH and stagnation of water could successfully be grown without significant yield reduction on highly alkali soils (Dagar,2014; Dagar and Minhas, 2016). On these land, silvi-agricultural sequential model has been found very useful in which during the first phase, short-duration, fast-growing and nitrogen-fixing trees like Sesbania, Leucaena, Cajanus etc are grown for a 4-5 years which is followed by growing of agricultural crops. Growing of trees during initial phase ameliorates these soils in terms of decreased pH and electrical conductivity and improved organic matter and fertility status.

Cultivation of fruits in silvi-horti-pasture or horti-agricultural system can also be undertaken in soils having profile pH < 9.5. Fruit species such as Carissa carandas, Zizyphus mauriciana, Emblica officinalis, Syzygium cuminii and Psydium guajava have been found suitable on these soils. Some of the salt-tolerant fruit trees like pomegranate (Punicag ranatum) and Bael (Aegle marmelos) are unable to tolerate water stagnation during rainy season which should be cultivated on raised bunds (Dagar et al.,2001a). Aromatic and medicinal crops such as Isabgol (Plantia goovatla) and Matricaria can also be grown as intercrops between fruit trees in case pH of soil is <9.5 (Dagar et al., 2014b). Medicinal liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) has been found very interesting leguminous alkali tolerant crop, which is not only remunerative but also ameliorates sodic as well as saline waterlogged soils (Dagar et al., 2015). b) Saline soils Saline soils have excessive concentration of salts, high water table often leading to water logging and occurrence of poor-quality underground waters which impairs success of plantations on such soils. In most of the dry regions the underground aquifers are saline. Research conducted by ICAR-CSSRI revealed that these waters can successfully be explored for establishment of trees and developing suitable agroforestry systems (Dagar et al., 2014b; Dagar and Minhas, 2016; Yadav and Dagar, 2016). The list of important species for saline soils are listed in Table 4. Table 4: Species suitable for saline soils Range of soil ECe Species 30–40 dS m-1 Prosopis juliflora, Salvadora persica, S. oleoides, Tamarix ericoides, T. troupii. (Highly tolerant) 25–35 dS m-1 (Tolerent) Tamarix articulata, Acacia farnesiana, Parkinsonia aculeate 15–25 dS m-1 Casuarina (glauca, obesa, equiselifolia), Acacia tortilis, A. nilotica, Callistemon (Moderately tolerant) lanceolatus, Pongamia pinnata, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Crescentia alata, Albizia lebbeck 10 -15 dS m-1 Casuarina cunninghamiana, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Acacia catechu, A. (Low tolerant) ampliceps, A. eburnea, A. leucocephala, Terminalia arjuna, Samaneasaman, Albizia procera, Borassus flabellifer, Prosopis cineraria, Azadirachta indica, Dendrocalamus strictus, Butea monosperma, Cassia siamea, Feronia limonia, Leucaena leucocephala, Tamarindus indica, Guazum aulmifolia, Ailanthus excelsa, Dichrostachys cinerea, Balanitesrox burghii, Maytenusem arginata, Dalbergia sissoo, Salix babylonica

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 118 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Among non-conventional crops castor (Ricinus communis), Aloe vera, Dill (Anethum graveolens), taramira (Eruca sativa) could be grown successfully when provided with three irrigation of saline water of EC 10 dS m-1 (Dagar et al., 2008). Psyllium (Plantago ovata) and lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) could also be cultivated successfully (Tomar et al., 2010; Dagar et al., 2013) with saline irrigation. Other medicinal plants such as Aloe barbadensis, Adhatoda vasica, Cassia angustifolia, Lepidium sativum, Withania somnifera, Citrullus colocynthesis and Catharanthus roseus could successfully be grown with saline irrigation as intercrops or in isolation. All these high value crops can successfully be grown as inter-crops with forest or fruit trees at least during initial years of establishment (Dagar and Minhas, 2016). ii) Acid Soils Acid soils occupy approximately 30% of the world’s total land area (Zheng, 2010) and it has been estimated that over 50% of the world’s potential arable lands are acidic (von Uexkull and Mutert 1995). Aluminium (Al) in these soils is solubilized into ionic forms, especially when the soil pH falls lower than 5. These ionic forms of Al have been shown to be very toxic to plants, initially causing inhibition of root elongation by destroying the cell structure. On the other hand, phosphorus (P) is easily fixed by clay minerals that are rich in acid soils, including various iron oxides and kaolinite, and hence rendering it unavailable for root uptake. Thus, increased solubility and toxicity of Al, Mn, and Fe; deficiency of Ca and Mg; reduced availability of P and Mo; and reduced microbial activity with decreasing pH are the characteristic features and constraints for crop production in these soils.

In India, acid soils cover an area of about 90 million ha (Sharma and Sarkar, 2005), out of which about 7% are strongly acidic (pH<4.5); about 28% are moderately acidic (pH 4.5-5.5) and rest 65% are slightly acidic (pH 5.5-6.5). In northeastern Himalaya regions Alder (Alnus nepalensis)-based agroforestry systems involving arable and high value crops like cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), large cardamom (Amomum subulatum), pine apple (Ananas sativum), many fruit trees, tuber crops like turmeric, ginger, colocacia and taros make successful and sustainable agroforestry systems, which besides providing good economic yields also ameliorate soil by fixing nitrogen and organic matter. III) Agroforestry for Physical Degraded Soils i) Agroforestry for Minespoil Rehabilitation India produces as many as 84 minerals comprising 4 fuel, 11 metallic, 49 nonmetallic industrial and 20 minor minerals. The mining leases numbering 9,244 are spread over 21 States on about 13,000 mineral deposits occupying about 0.7 million hectares which is 0.21 % of the total land mass of the country (Tata Energy Research Institute 2001). The mineral production in the country is maximum from coal followed by limestone. Among metallic mineral, iron contributes toward maximum production. Land degradation is considered as an unavoidable by-product of mining. Mining destroys vegetation and causes extensive damage to the soil and biodiversity. Mine areas are usually characterized by high temperature low availability of soil moisture which affects the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. In hilly terrains, mining increases slope height thereby resulting in slope instability (Juyal et al., 2007). Surface drainages are disturbed and blocked due to surface mining which reduces recharge of aquifiers. Due to absence of topsoil, mine soils have low pH, low organic matter, and low levels of plant nutrients. The soils also contain high concentration of Al, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu which are toxic to the plants.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 119 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Before taking any rehabilitation work, preliminary survey of the mining site should be taken up and topographic, vegetative and soil maps should be prepared. Mining muck, low grade ore, tailing etc. should be disposed in areas which are not productive. The dumped over burden should be graded so that it can be used for carrying out plantation work. If possible overburden should be filled back in same order as was found in nature. Weathering material and soils should be kept on top whereas; coarse/toxic material can be dumped sufficiently deep. The top soil (5 to 10 cm) is the most important for plant growth as most of the soil seed reserves are found in the surface and thus should be separately preserved and replaced on the top of overburden material. Site preparation in mine areas consists of reshaping the waste areas, filling in cavities and leveling before covering the whole area with topsoil, to which these sites are deficient. Area degraded by mining can be rehabilitated to regain its productivity using bio-engineering measures in which mechanical/ engineering and biological/vegetative measures taken are in integrated manner.

In the initial stages of revegetation, quick growing grasses with short life cycle, legumes and forage crops are recommended. Grasses helps in soil and water conservation and can tolerate drought, low soil nutrients and other climatic stresses and should be encouraged in rehabilitation programme. Plantations help in ameliorating microclimatic conditions and have a marked catalytic effect on succession on severely degraded sites. For development of plantation, addition of soil amendments such as lime, sewage sludge, paper mill sludge, power plant fly ash, normal soil, mulches, manures etc. should be used for establishment of tree growth. Plantation of mixed species of economic importance should be done after 2-3 years of growing grasses. Direct seeding of tree species for 3 years with grasses and leguminous forbs is useful. Fertility management should be given due importance for the quick establishment of vegetation.

A number of successful mining rehabilitation programmes has been carried out. One such project was undertaken in Shahastradhara, Dehradun by IISWC (Juyal et al., 2007). Biological measures with proper scientific technologies were undertaken to restore the productivity of land and to maintain aesthetic beauty and visual impact on ecology. Results indicated that planting of slips of Eulaliopsisbinata was ideal on the degraded, steep mine spoil areas. Planting of leguminous species, such as Leucaena leucocephala and Peuraria hirsuta in the mine spoil provided foliage rich in N which served as fodder, organic manure, mulch etc. Species, such as Thysonoleana maxima, Saccharum munja, Pennisetum purpureum, Eulaliopsis binata, Ipomoea carnea and Vitex negundo performed well under geotextiles. With continued biotic protection together with rehabilitation measures the retrogression and erosion came to stand still. Planting of MPTS, shrubs and grasses helped in improvement of soil characteristics over a period of time. After 14 years, the pH came down by 0.6 units (8.1 to 7.5), organic carbon increased from 0.13 to 0.42%, whereas CaCO3 content decreased from 54.6 to 31.0 % and bulk density from 1.63 to 1.47 Mg m-3. The debris flow was reduced from 550 to 6 t ha-1year-1 and runoff from 57 to 37 % with reduced flood peaks and increased base flow. The vegetal cover increased from 10 % to > 90 % due to reforestation over a period of 20 years. The equivalent slope in the treated hilly terrain reduced from 38 % to about 19 % over a period of 14 years. Runoff and soil loss also decreased considerably over the time with mechanical and biological measures. Because of the various treatment measures, the main drainage channels which used to dry up by the end of October, have now become perennial. The dry weather flow recorded in the main drainage channel was to the tune of 265 and 100 cum/day in the months of November and February, respectively. The augmented flow is now being used

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 120 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 for irrigation purposes by the farmers. Runoff water from treated mine site was found within the permissible water quality limit. ii) Waterlogged conditions Introduction of canal irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions without provision of adequate drainage causes rise in ground water table leading to waterlogging due to seepage and secondary salinization. For the reclamation of waterlogged saline soils, the conventional technique is sub-surface drainage which is relatively expensive and generates harmful drainage effluents and has environmental problems. On these soils, biodrainage technique which involves pumping of excess soil water by deep-rooted trees have been found suitable. Fast growing Eucalyptus trees are grown on ridges in areas where salinity is low. This technology has been found to very effective in the Indira Gandhi Nahar Project (IGNP) site in Rajasthan and Dhob-Bhali research plot in Haryana (Heuperman et al., 2002; Jeet Ram et al., 2007). Trees species viz., Eucalyptus, Acacia, Populus, Prosopis, Casuarina, Pongamia, Terminalia, Syzygium, Dalbergia, etc. when planted along canals were effective in checking seepage and mitigating waterlogging. Jeet Ram et al. (2011) observed the total drawdown of ground water table during a period of 3 years to be 0.85 m and more than 2m when the trees were 5 years old. The wheat grains yield was 3.36 times the yield in the nearby un-treated fields.

For coastal and island situations, multi-layered plantation-based agroforestry systems involving livestock, fishery and duckry; improved home gardens, alley cropping on sloping land, tree-based fodder banks, fodder cultivation beneath coconut plantations, integrated farming systems, mangrove-based aquaculture, farming in forests and nitrogen-fixing and other multi-purpose trees on farm boundaries are important agroforestry systems which not only restore these ecosystems and sustain livelihood and nutrition security but also renders ecological services such as biodiversity improvement, carbon sequestration, and mitigate climate change (Dagar et al., 2014a). Along Orissa coast belts of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) plantations following the Casuarina line are quite common. Casuarina equisetifolia and Eucalyptus tereticornis are two very important trees along Andhra coast. Palmirah palm (Borassusflabellifer) is most frequent in agricultural fields. Mangroves form the thick belt along protected shores and creeks. Their role in aquaculture, shore protection and livelihood of coastal population has been well documented. Behind mangrove belt species such as Pongamiapinnata, Terminalia catappa, Canophyllum inophyllum, Morinda citrifolia, Thespesia populnea, Cocos nucifera, Pandanus spp. and Cynomitra ramiflora can successfully be explored for their commercial importance. Mangrove palm (Nypa fruticans) can successfully be cultivated along creeks for alcohol production. Conclusion Land degradation is serious issue which needs to be addressed at top priority. In this context, agroforestry has huge potential to control land degradation. Sustainable development through scientific agroforestry interventions has a great scope and potential for productivity enhancement and efficient conservation of the resources. Numerous simple and cost-effective agroforestry systems/models have been developed and tested over year of research in different agro-ecological zone which has laid strong scientific foundation in accepting the claim of agroforestry for combating land degradation. These agroforestry systems need to be disseminated in collaboration with the line department to the stakeholders as per agro-ecological zone stability. There is also urgent need to integrate agroforestry programmes with national schemes being operated for livelihood

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 121 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 security. Sharing of success stories in the regions also need to be encouraged. Laws which permit the felling of agroforestry trees need to be relaxed for the farmers. There is also urgent need to develop value chain to create win-win situation for the agroforestry subsector. References Alemneh, Dejene. 2003. Integrated Natural Resource Management to Enhance Food Security; The Case for Community Based Approaches in Ethiopia, Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 16, FAO, Rome. Arora, Y.K. and Mohan S.C. 1986. Agri-horti systems for watershed management. Indian J. Soil Cons. 14:100-104. Bridges, E.M. and Oldeman, L.R. 1999. Global assessment of human-induced soil degradation. Arid Soil Res. Rehab., 13: 319-325. Chaturvedi, O.P., Kaushal, R., Tomar, J.M.S., Prandiyal, A.K. and Panwar, P. 2014. Agroforestry for wasteland rehabilitation: Mined, ravine, and degraded watershed areas. In: Agroforestry systems in India: Livelihood security and ecosystem services, Advances in Agroforestry vol. 10 (eds. J.C. Dagar, A.K. Singh and A. Arunachalam). Springer, Dordrecht. pp 233-272. Dagar J.C. and Minhas P.S. 2016. Agroforestry for management of waterlogged saline soils and poor-quality waters. Advances in Agroforestry, vol 13. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 210. Dagar, J.C. 2015. Agroforestry for restoration, conservation and resilience of waste/degraded lands: challenges and opportunities. In: Agroforestry: Present Status and Way Forward (eds. S.K. Dhyani, Ram Newaj, BadreAlam and Inder Dev). Biotech Books, New Delhi. pp. 323-362. Dagar, J.C., Pandey, C.B. and Chaturvedi, C.S. 2014a. Agroforestry: A way forward for sustaining fragile coastal and island Agro-ecosystems. In: Agroforestry Systems in India: Livelihood Security & Ecosystem Services, Advances in Agroforestry 10 (eds. J.C Dagar, A.K. Singh and A. Arunachalam). pp. 185-232. Dagar, J.C., Sharma, H.B. and Shukla, Y.K. 2001a. Raised and sunken bed technique for agroforestry on alkali soils of northwest India. Land Degradation & Development, 12: 107-118. Dagar, J.C., Singh, A.K. and Arunachalam, A. 2014b. Agroforestry systems in India: livelihood security and ecosystem services. Advances in Agroforestry, vol. 10. Springer, Dordrecht. p. 400. Dagar, J.C., Singh, G. and Singh, N.T. 2001b. Evaluation of forest and fruit trees used for rehabilitation of semiarid alkali soils in India. Arid Land Res. Management, 15: 115-133. Dagar, J.C., Tomar, O.S., Minhas, P.S. and Kumar, M. 2013. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) productivity as affected by salinity of irrigation water, planting method and fertilizer doses on degraded calcareous soil in a semi-arid region of northwest India. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 83(7): 734– 738. Dagar, J.C., Tomar, O.S., Minhas, P.S., Singh, G. and Jeet-Ram. 2008. Dryland biosaline agriculture -Hisar experience, Techanical Bulletin 6. CSSRI, Karnal, India, p. 28 Dhyani, S.K., Chauhan, D.S., Singh, B.P. and Prasad, R.N. 1995. Tree effect on yield and quality of pineapple (kew) in a silvi-horti systems of agroforestry in NEH region of India. Range Management & Agroforestry. 16(2): 89-93.

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Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 123 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Kaushal R, V Subbulakshmi, JMS Tomar, NM Alam, J Jayparksh, H Mehta and OP. Chaturvedi. 2016. Predictive models for biomass and carbon stock estimation in male bamboo (Dendrocalamusstrictus L.) in Doon valley, India. Acta EcologicaSinica 36 (6), 469-476. Leakey, R.R.B., Sanchez, P.A. 1997. How many people use agroforestry products? Agroforestry Today. 9 (3), 4–5. Luna, R.K. 2006. Plantation Forestry in India. Offset Printers and Publishers, Dehradun: 361-386 Narain, P., Singh, Sindhwal, N.S. and Joshie P. 1998. Agroforestry for soil and water conservation in the western Himalayan Valley Region of India 1. Runoff, soil and nutrient losses. Agroforestry Systems, 39(2), 175-189. ORDA. 2011. A Survey Report on Assessment, Identification & Compilation of Policy Related Challenges of the NRCTD Cooperatives in East Gojam Zone. Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Planning Commission. 2001. Report of the Task Force on Greening India for Livelihood Security and Sustainable Development. Planning Commission, New Delhi, Government of India. Prajapati, M. C., Nambiar, K. T. N., Puri, D. N., Singh, J. P., and Malhotra, B. M. 1993. Fuel and fodder production in Yamuna ravines at Agra.Indian J. Soil Cons. 21(3): 8-13. Raizada, A and Singh, C. 2010. Silvipastoral systems for wasteland utilization in foothills of the western Himalayas. Technology Brouchere. CSWCRTI, Dehardun. 11 p. Rao, M.R., Ong, C.K., Pathak, P. and Sharma, M.M. 1991. Productivity of annual cropping and agroforestry systems on a shallow Alfisols in semi-arid India. Agrof. Syst. 15: 51- 63. Rathore, A. C., Saroj, P. L., Sharma, N. K., Shrimali, S. S. , Jayaprakash, J., Chaturvedi, O. P. and Dadhwal, K. S. 2012. Mango based agri- hortcultural system for degraded lands of north western Himalaya. Technology Brouchere.CSWCRTI, Dehardun. 10 p. Saha, R., Mishra, V. K. and Tomar, J.M.S. 2005. Effect of agroforestry systems on erodibility and hydraulic properties of Alfisols in eastern Himalayan region. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 33: 251–253. Saha, S.R. Chaudhary, R.S. and Somasundaram, J. 2012. Soil HealthManagement under Hill Agroecosystem of North East India. Applied and Environmental Soil Science. 1-9 (doi:10.1155/2012/696174). Samra, J.S. and Narain, P. 1998. Soil and Water Conservation. In: Singh GB and Sharama BR (eds) Proc. 50 Years of Natural Resource Management Research (Eds.) NRM Division, ICAR, New Delhi : 145-176. Satapathy, K. K. 2005. Runoff production on hill slopes under different land use systems. In Agroforestry in North East India: Opportunities and Challenges. (Eds): B. P. Bhatt and K. M. Bujarbaruah, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya.pp. 451–459. Sharda, V. N., Sikka, A.K., Juyal, G.P. 2012. Participatory Integrated Watershed Management – A Field Manual. CSWCR&TI, Dehradun: pp 366. Sharda, V. N., Venkateswarlu, B. 2007. Crop diversification and alternate land use systems in watershed Management. In: Best-bet Options for Integrated Watershed Management. Proceedings of the Comprehensive Assessment of Watershed Programs in India, 25-27 July 2007, ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: 111-128.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 124 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Sharma, P.D. and Sarkar, A.K. 2005. Managing acid soils for enhancing soil productivity. NRM Division, ICAR, New Delhi, India. p. 22. Singh, A.K., Arunachalam, A., Ngachan, S.V., Mohapatra, K.P. and Dagar, J.C. 2014. From shifting cultivation to integrating farming: Experience of agroforestry development in the northeastern Himalayan region. In: Agroforestry System in India: Livelihood Security & Ecosystem Services, Advances in Agroforestry Vol. 10 (eds. J.C. Dagar, A.K. Singh and A. Arunachalam). Springer. pp. 57-86. Singh, B.P., Dhyani, S.K. and Prasad, R.N. 1994. Traditional agroforestry systems andtheir soil productivity on degraded alfisols/ultisols in hilly terrain. In: Agroforestry systems for Degraded Lands (Eds.P. Singh, P.S. Pathak & M.M. Roy) pp.205-214. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Singh, G. and Dagar, J.C. 2005. Greening sodic lands: Bichhian model. Technical Bulletin No.2/2005 CSSRI, Karnal India. Pp 51. Singh, M., Arrawatia, M.L. and Tewari, V.P. 1998. Agroforestry for sustainable development in arid zones of Rajasthan. International Tree Crops Journal, 9: 203-212. Tata Energy Research Institute .2001. Overview of Mining and Mineral Industry in India. Report No. 185. Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi. Tomar, J.M.S., Kaushal, R., Rathore, A.C., Mandal, D and Chaturvedi O.P. 2016. Yield and soil fertility build up by aromatic grasses on degraded reiverbed land of north western Himalayan foothills. Indian J. of Agroforestry. 18 (2): 66-71 Tomar, O.S., Dagar, J.C. and Minhas, P.S. 2010. Evaluation of sowing methods, irrigation schedules, chemical fertilizer doses and varieties of Plantago ovata Forsk to rehabilitate degraded calcareous lands irrigated with saline water in dry regions of north western India. Arid Land Research & Management, 24: 133- 151. UNCCD (United Nation Convention to Combat Desertification). 2004. Forests: Climate Change, Biodiversity and Land Degradation. Joint Liaison Group of the Rio Conventions, Germany. pp3-6. Von Uexkull, H.R. and Mutert, E. 1995. Global extent, development and economic impact of acid soils. In: Plant Soil Interaction at Low pH: Principals and Management (eds. R.A. Date, N.J. Grundon, G.E. Raymet and m. E. Probert). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp. 5- 19. Wani, S.P., Sreedevi, T.K., Reddy, T.S.V., Venkateswarlu, B., Prasad, C.S. 2008. Community watersheds for improved likelihoods through consortium approach in drought prone rain-fed areas. Journal of Hydrological Research and Development 23: 55-77 Yadav, R.K. and Dagar, J.C. 2016. Innovations in utilization of poor-quality water for sustainable agricultural production. In: Innovative Saline Agriculture (eds. J.C. Dagar, P.C. Sharma, D.K. Sharma and A.K. Singh). Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 219-264. Yadav, R.P., Ram Prasad, R.K. Aggarwal, Y. Agnihotri and Samra, J.S. 2005. Aonla (Embilica officinalis) based silvi-pastoral systems for soil and water conservation in degraded lands of Shivalik foothills. Indian J. Soil Cons., 33(3): 207 – 212. Zheng, S.J. 2010. Crop production on acid soils: Overcoming aluminium toxicity and phosphorus deficiency. Annals of Botany, 106(1): 183-184.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 125 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Converting Community Degraded Wastelands into Agro-forestry systems Dr. V.M. Sankaran1 and Dr. P. Kumar2 1. Professor and Head, Department of Agronomy, AC & RI, TNAU, Killikulam 2. Assistant Professor (Forestry), AC & RI, TNAU, Killikulam Introduction In India, the forest cover is 24.39% against the mandated requirement of 33% with the production potential of 0.5 m3/ha/annum compared to the global average of over 2.1m3/ha/anuum. The Forest in general and trees in particular are reverend in our mythological scriptures and farmers are being maintaining sporadic trees of useful species in their farm lands and around their farm houses since time immemorial. National needs of timber, industrial wood for processing and to a large extent fuel wood have been traditionally met from forest resources. In this connection trees and forests were always considered as an integral part of the Indian culture. The significance of agroforestry as a land use system has been highlighted extensively in recent years. Because of its many favourable attributes, agroforestry is suitable for degraded lands. In India, the area of land that belongs to this category is considerable. India has a large diversity of traditional agro-forestry systems, aimed at multiple benefits. The focus of these traditional agro-forestry systems are crop production and trees which are grown in rows along with crops or along boundary or bunds.

Since the Intensity and extent of availability of wasteland is having a direct impact on the socio-economic and cultural aspects of the people and the tract, a more comprehensive and built-in mechanism is essential for its development. A. Wastelands or wasted lands Broadly wastelands can be classified into two categories., Cultivable wastelands and non-cultivable wastelands. According to National Remote Sensing Agency estimates, the total area of wastelands in India is 129.57 million hectares. Wastelands are considered to be varying in its degradation levels throughout the country from place to place. Land is considered “degraded” when its productivity is diminished. This type of land is that land which is presently lying unused or which is not being used to its optimum potential due to some constraints. Land degradation caused by agriculture takes many forms and has many causes. Some of the most important types of land degradation are:  Degradation related to overgrazing by livestock.  Degradation related to soil erosion.  Degradation attributable to soil salinization.  Degradation attributable to waterlogging. Any strategy to convert the above wastelands into agro forestry should first identify the problems and address the issue before proceeding to development process. Suitability of trees for different types of land degradation should be given priority to taste the success of agroforestry. Overgrazing by livestock is a manmade problem that aggravated the degradation in various stages depending on the grazing capacity of a particular area. Likewise due to continous overgrazing and exposure of top soil over decades, soil erosion was left unattended, which resulted in partial or permanent exposure of top soil in certain areas, reducing

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 126 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 the possibility of cultivation in such soils. Soil salinity is yet another constraint that has resulted due to continuous use of salt water for irrigation in certain zones. As well, the overexploitation of ground water resulted in intrusion of sea water in coastal zones. Water logging in lowlying areas of degraded wastelands is a big challenge as it involves land management practices to provide sufficient drainage to reclaim the soil. Whatever the problem be, it is time now to arrest further these types of degradation to safeguard the existing cultivable area. Those affected wastelands can be brought under agroforestry in a judicious was by adopting and mix of many strategies instead of a single approach. B. Strategies for development of wastelands a) Peoples participation b) Extension c) Organisational structure d) Economic support e) Marketing support and f) Improved Technology. B 1 Peoples participation The wasteland management through forest technology has been in the larger interests of people and their welfare, but people never participated in the protection and conservation of biological productivity of land. Therefore, people’s participation is important for the success of wasteland development. While launching massive wasteland development programme in the country in 1985, the Prime Minister of India, envisaged that a people’s movement should be built up. The aspirations and perceptions of the people are centred around the problems they consider most important and plan their initiatives to meet their needs. The degraded wastelands are a) Private lands b) Forest land c) Community/grazing land d) Other uncultivated lands The important strategy to ensure participation of local people would be to make the planning a ‘bottom approach i.e., start from people. They should be consulted first. The ‘user’ of the programme should also be the decision maker of the programme. Hence, the present ‘top-down’ approach where the programmes/ schemes are formulated at higher levels for the people in the rural areas should be changed to an approach called ‘bottom-up’ and with adequate ‘support-down’ policy.

In developing private wasteland, the present practice of providing economic support in the form of subsidies, inputs in kind, should be changed and orientated to produce fuelwood, fodder, minor forest produce, etc., by evolving suitable tree cropping and agroforestry plantation techniques. People look to trees and vegetation from the short time gains like tree fodder, fuel, fibre, green manure and other non timber forest produce etc.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 127 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

In implementing farm forestry, the participation of the people, right from the stage of nursery raising should be planned. A nursery should be setup in the village Itself. This act itself will create motivation among the villagers to take to the programme. Similarly, the species composition should be based on the people’s choice. Planning a demonstration plot in each village, with suitable technique, will help people’s participation. Past experience indicated one factor that is, money does not grow trees, it is the people who grow trees. ‘Take care of the people and the trees will take care of themselves’. Focus should therefore, change from ‘money and trees’ to ‘people’. Regarding development of community and grazing lands, people do not participate because of lack of awareness and socio-political reasons.

In the development of forest land, the local people should be involved by forming groups and the usufructory rights should be spelt out. The State Forest Department have approved a scheme for development of wasteland under Joint Forest Management System, wherein people have say in planning and managing forest lands. Therefore, motivation whether for subsistence, profit making or social obligation should be identified and activated. The assistance and cooperation of village elite, may be president, local politician, teacher, doctor, priest should be enlisted to promote people’s participation. B 2 Extension For the success of wasteland development, adequate awareness and motivation among the people is necessary. This requires an intensive and broad based approach. At present, extension work is provided through a Village Forest Worker (VFW) stationed in each mandal. A mandal with 15-20 villages is too large a jurisdiction for effective coverage. Other field level functionaries like Foresters/Deputy Range Officers hardly find time to interact with people as they are engaged in other protection/plantation/nursery activity. A full fledged extension support is required at village level. The extension methods should includea village nursery, demonstration farms, field visits, publicity, success stories and other assistance like pattern of generating subsidies, loans and incentives.The extension methodology should include training and orientation programmes for the village level functionaries. Village level functionaries of allied departments like agriculture, soil conservation, animal husbandary and irrigation should also be involved in imparting the extension training. B 3 Organizational Structure The forest sector is charged with the protection and management of forests and implementation of social forestry and afforestation programme. There is adequate work load for existing personnel which precludes any concentrated and intensive extension approach.

The afforestation programme should be integrated with activities of other allied departments like agriculture, soil conservation, animal husbandry, etc., Effort should be made for Implementing farm forestry along with other rural development and poverty alleviation programmes. The proposed expansion will also enable to provide necessary technical support to the panchayats at village level for launching social forestry programme.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 128 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

B 4 Economic support Key success point - Monsoon planting The poor economic status of the farmers is a Early planting i.e., by first fortnight of June limitation in the development of wasteland. From should be ensured. Advantage of precipitation should the experience, it is seen that the survival percentage be ensured for planting the tree seedlings. All advance of seedlings planted by marginal farmers and small operations like layout marking, trenching, pitting farmers is nearly threefold where cash incentives were etc. should be completed during January-may of the paid. The amount involved is less than the expenditure preceding year. Protection from cattle is another factor in land development. The planting stock used should be incurred on raising more nursery stock which is waste. vigourly growing, sufficiently tall (2 m), with good tap Tree cropping is a long term preposition and farmers root system. Discretion should be exercised in selecting have to wait for atleast 5 to 6 years to receive the good planting material at the nursery site. Great care benefit. Further, as a land-based programme, farm should be taken to minimise damage to the container forestry should receive atleast 50 per cent of the subsidy plants while loading, unloading and in transit. Nearly component earmarked under rural development 30 per cent of mortality reported is due to handling programmes. This economic support in the form of damage and root shock. The poor soil status does not support high density plantation. A population of 800 incentives and subsidies will yield promising results. to 1000 plants per hectare is optimum. Selection of B 5 Marketing support suitable species should be site specific is important in successful of wasteland development. Irrespective At present, there is no organised market facility of the management method, the primary criteria in for the wood material and farmers are put to difficulty. selecting a species should be its success to withstand The industries and other commercial organisations and provide soil cover and greenery. The species should should be made to pay a minimum assured price. Such be indigenous, fairly fast growing, has good coppicing a step will go a long way in developing marginal and vigour, drought-hardy, and capable of regenerating naturally. Rehabilitation of denuded lands is the unproductive agriculture lands. foremost object. B 6 Improved Technology For evolving proper technology, it will be useful to understand the site and locality factors. The wastelands are nearly 80 per cent of the precipitation is lost in the of run-off. The shallow soils, devoid of any top soil, mostly suitable for supporting pastures and other long rotation tree species. Nearly one--fourth of the wasteland is suitable for pasture development. Where the soil depth is up to 30 cm, species like Agave can be used for afforestation. Land having medium depth (31-45 cm), could support species like Acacias, Glyricidia, Cassia siamea, etc. Other lands, with deep soils forming 15 per cent of the total wasteland, could support productive trees of timber and MFP value. Strict protection from biotic damage and fires is important. C. Important considerations of effective conversion of wastelands with trees and pasture C1. Do not over graze: When pastures in the Agroforestry models are continually overgrazed, plants are weakened and many productive species die, and unproductive ones replace them. Leaf area is reduced and the growth rate is slow. Water runoff is increased; soil temperatures increases; and overall pasture quality and quantity decrease.

C2. Do not under graze: When pastures are under grazed, forage will accumulate and not be used. In order for pasture production to be profitable, the forage produced must be utilized. Under grazing also allows woody species to get established.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 129 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

C3. Apply lime when needed: Lime provides very important nutrients and also corrects soil acidity. Acid soils can limit plant growth and vigor, especially for legumes. Lime needs are determined by soil test.

C4. Fertilize wisely: Most permanent pastures would benefit from a soil test and subsequent fertilizer applications. Nitrogen fertilizer should be used sparingly. Nitrogen fertilizer increases yields for only a short time and then must be repeated, if yields are to be maintained. Nitrogen fertilizer tends to decrease legume content, because grass growth shades the legumes and reduces their vigor.

C5. Encourage legumes: Legumes provide nitrogen for grasses, increase yields, and greatly improve pasture quality.

C6. Control undesirable plants: In general, the plants that are growing in a permanent pasture are the ones that are suited to the conditions that exist in the pasture. To change the plant species, the environment needs to be changed. This can be accomplished by changing the grazing system, adding lime or fertilizer, or by combining both of them. Livestock will eat some weeds, when they are young and vegetative. Good grazing management will eliminate the need for removing undesirable plants.

C7. Water supply: Research and observation have verified that livestock prefer to have their water supply within 600 feet of the grazing area. Animal performance and uniformity of grazing are enhanced because they spend less time and energy walking to the water supply. Water quality should be a high priority. The water system becomes a focal point as the number of paddocks increase.

C8. Land resource: Look at your pasture areas from different locations. Where are the slopes and which direction do they face? What slopes have the best plant growth? Forage species differ in their preference of north, south, east, or west slope. Observe which species are growing well in each situation and accordingly, the type of species, place of ponds if any and the design of dividing into paddocks for rotational grazing could be decided.

D. Hortipasture Depth of the pit is wealth of the plant There is a huge untapped global and domestic In order to tide over the erratic and scant rainfall market for Indian fruits which can become a situation, each drop of water should be conserved, jackpot for our farmers if we focus on agroforestry aiming at 'zero' run-off. Intensive soil and moisture with inclusion of fruit trees popularly known conservation measures such as gully plugging, check as Hortisylipasture or Hortipasture. his model dams, water harvesting structure should be undertaken. improves both health and wealth of the community Land preparation should include mechanised and the environment. Fruit is still not a dietary ploughing (easy topography) wherever soil depth is option for a large segment of the population. It’s more than 45 cm. Using country plough or tractor is mostly the middle-class and upper middle-class not effective. Trenches and pits of 50 cm3 100 cm3 and who consume fruits. That is the reason, India’s above size are useful for easy development of root fruit consumption is well below the prescribed zone. international standards.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 130 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

E. Fodder trees in wastelands to augment green fodder deficit Growing fodder trees can be an extremely lucrative proposition, because it can set off a domino effect of wealth creation for many allied industries besides greatly enriching the soil. Livestock population will automatically increase with organized fodder tree cultivation. Today, there is a limit to the number of milch cattle a farmer can afford because of the availability (or rather non-availability) of fodder. Fewer animals means poorer soil quality. One of the best nutrients for soil is animal waste, which greatly enhances soil microbial activity, an indicator of soil health. However, with diminishing pastures and grasslands, the farmer cannot afford to maintain livestock that he can’t feed. Fodder trees are the perfect solution. They require less acreage, less investment to grow, they will always have an expanding market and will indirectly enhance other allied industries such as milk production. F. Wood from Agroforestry Timber trees also offer farmers a highly cost-efficient alternative to crop farming. India imports tens of thousands of crore worth of wood every year. We have the potential to grow all that we need and enrich our farmers’ coffers and save on foreign exchange. G. Palm oil production Southern coastal regions are highly conducive to cultivating palm. However, growing palm alone will not be viable for farmers but it should go hand in hand with establishment of a robust infrastructure facilitities for perishables. There must be facilities for collection, processing, storage and profitable supply chain management system to make palm cultivation lucrative. Determined efforts and cooperation of the local farmers/public, this can be possible and my lead to even formation of Farmers Producers Organization for commodity wise success. H. Bee keeping The presence of many tree species will develop a micro climate that helps for installation of beehives in the agroforestry models. Apart from serving a pollinators, honey gives yet another reliable source of income in the model Table 1. List of recommended tree species

Sl.No. Types of degraded lands Species recommended 1 For road strips Tamarindus indlca, Azadirachta indica, Samanea saman, Albizia lebbeck and Syzyglum jambalona. 2 For railway strips Eucalyptus hybrid, Leucaena leucocephala, Pithecellobium dulce and Albizia lebbeck. 3 For canal strips Tamarindus indica, Syzygium jambalona, Sapindus emarginatus, Dalbergia sissoo, Mangifera indica and Acacia nilotica. 4 Community/Government Acacia nilotica, Prosopis cineraria, Tamarindus indica, wastelands Terminalia arjuna, Pterocarpus santalinus, Pterocarpus marsupium, Santalu album, Sapinduse marginatus, Ficus spp.. Holoptelia integrifolia, Cassia siamea and Albizia lebbeck.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 131 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

5 Degraded forest lands Agave, Annona squamosa, Terminalia arjuna, Tamarindus indica, Pongamiap innata, Holoptelia integrifolia, Eucalyptus species, Pterocarpus santalinus, Pterocarpus marsupium, Santalu album and Leucaena leucocephala. Case study 1 Establishment of fodder production units in Meikkal Poramboke land at Vellore and Villupuram Districts by Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University with the support of Government of Tamil Nadu was one of the first of its kind in the State. Degraded lands extending to about 83 acres in Vellore district and 50 acres in Villupuram Districts have been protected with fence as a first step before cultivating fodder crops.The performance of major fodder crops was noteworthy and at the same time the experience gained in converting such wastelands and lessons learnt in the process is useful in developing such lands. Seeing the success of this, the Government of Tamil Nadu has started developing meikal poramboke lands in few more districts

Case study 2 Degraded lands to an extent of 100 acres are being brought under agroforestry at Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Killikulam. The image on the right was the condition of the land with undulating topography with partial soil erosion

The image on the right shows the developed land with drip irrigation facility and ready for planting.

The image on the right is the area which was developed under Vengai plantation (18 months old). Removal of stones, and big boulders were the initial efforts taken, followed by leveling, demarcation and drip facilities.

I. Multiple interventions for wasteland improvement to grow Agro forestry models  In situ soil and moisture conservation measures like terracing, bunding, trenching, vegetative barriers and drainage.  Planting and sowing of multi-purpose trees, shrubs, grasses, legumes and pasture land development.  Encouraging natural regeneration.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 132 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

 Promotion of agro-forestry & horticulture.  Wood substitution and fuel wood conservation measures.  Awareness raising, training & extension.  Encouraging people’s participation through community organization and capacity building.  Drainage Line treatment by vegetative and engineering structures.  Development of small water Harvesting Structures.  Afforestation of degraded forest and non forest wasteland.  Development and conservation of common Property Resources. J. Usefulness of tress in wastelands  Larger areas of river banks and basins if cultivated with trees, they will retain more water, replenish aquifers and recharge groundwater levels, thus increasing water flow levels in rivers. It is one of the best solutions to reduce water stress and revive dying rivers. Tree roots also act as natural purifiers, filtering sediment and improving the quality of water that flows into rivers and streams.  It has proven to increase farmer wealth by 3-8 times in 5-7 years  It’s good for the land as it enriches and replenishes the soil unlike crops  It’s good for our rivers and water bodies as water requirement is not even a tenth of what crops need  The crop is itself an insurance for the farmer due to its high-value produce and will therefore lower his dependence on loans  It is less labour intensive than crop agriculture  All segments of consumers will get access to high nutritional value diet  It will create several new allied industries and generate thousands (if not millions) of jobs  It will not only create a thriving rural economy but can also earn foreign exchange revenue for the country Conclusion When agroforestry is adopted in the right combination, it can yield results in a staggered and phased manner for the farmer, thereby building his wealth gradually and steadily over the years. Some trees can be harvested between three and five years, others in 6-7 years and yet others in 10-12 years; this will lead to the farmer having an assured asset with predictable returns which will lower input cost and increase earnings from harvest steadily. This is the only way to incentivise farmers to move, at least partially, into agroforestry and reduce the burden on our land and water resources.

There is no danger of food security with farmers moving to agroforestry, which is sometimes felt as a big. concern. Our country has achieved self sufficiency and we are producing one-and-a-half times the food grains that we need. However, farmers need not convert all their lands into agroforestry; they can convert partially in the initial years and following the first harvest of crop, can decide on further conversion.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 133 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

REHABILITATION OF CALCAREOUS DEGRADED WASTELANDS INTO HORTI / SILVIPASTURE FOR LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION Dr. C. Bandeswaran* and Dr. S.Gunasekaran** *Professor and Head, Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, **Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Nutrition Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction India shares 16% of the world population, while its land is only 2% of the total geographical area of the world. Naturally, the pressure on the land is often beyond its carrying capacity. Therefore, the productive lands, especially the farmlands in the India are in the constant process of various degrees of degradation and are fast turning into wastelands. At present, approximately 68.35 million hectare area of the land is lying as wastelands in India. Out of these lands, approximately 50% lands are such non-forest lands, which can be made fertile again if treated properly. It was unprotected non-forestlands, which suffered the maximum degradation mainly due to the tremendous biotic pressure on it. In the last 50 years, it is India’s lush green village forests and woodlots have been deforested to the maximum. It is precisely to restore this ecological imbalance by developing the degraded non-forest wastelands, Govt. of India had created the Department of Wasteland Development during July, 1992 under the Ministry of Rural Development, which has been subsequently reorganized and renamed Department of Land Resources, with a broader mandate.

Development of wastelands mainly in non-forest areas aimed at checking land degradation, putting such wastelands of the country to sustainable use and increasing bio-mass availability especially that of fuel wood, fodder, fruits, fiber and small timber. Government of India is taking up this colossal task through its “Integrated Wasteland Development Project Scheme” (IWDP) by revitalizing and reviving village level institutions and enlisting people’s participation. It is people’s own programme which aims at giving them actual decision-making powers in terms of project implementation and fund disbursal.

National Wasteland Development Board was established in 1985 under the Ministry of Forests and Environment mainly to tackle the problem of degradation of lands, restoration of ecology and to meet the growing demands of fuel wood and fodder at the national level. During the Seventh Five Year Plan, the strategy adopted by the National Wasteland Development Board emphasized more on tree planting activities rather than Community Participation for wasteland development. Rehabilitation of degraded wastelands Wasteland is degraded land, can be reclaimed by planting suitable tree species and turning barren sterile wasteland into fertile and suitable for habitation and cultivation. This involves growing appropriate species of trees of economic value on degraded land that has been unutilized / underutilized. Farm forestry, agroforestry, community forestry, social forestry, commercial forestry and commercial nurseries etc. are various management practices used for reclamation of degraded wasteland. In addition, the nature and causes of the land degradation, and the degree and extent of damaged lands need to be determined, so that developmental agencies in participation with stakeholders proactively adopt measures to reclaim degraded lands.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 134 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Causes of wasteland The main reasons of land degradation are over cultivation, deforestation, overgrazing, improper irrigation, increasing biotic presence, absence of adequate investments and appropriate management practice, high incidence of poverty in rural areas, faulty land use practices. Forty percent of the world’s degraded lands are located in areas with high poverty rates, with the greatest threat being loss of soil quality, followed by biodiversity loss and water resource depletion and quality degradation (FAO, 2011). The results of wasteland are soil erosion, land degradation, depletion of natural resources, lower or almost zero productivity and pressure on forest land which is for our ecological security. Approaches in management of wastelands The problem of wasteland must be tackled on an emergency basis. Management programmes should be given based on priority on the severity of the degradation problems arising owing to water and wind erosions and anthropogenic activities. Reclamation of acidic, saline and sodic soils should get priority than other types of wasteland as these are chemical land degradation processes and materials needed for their amelioration and reclamation are easily available. As per Garg (1999) Dalbergia sissoo and Prosopis juliflora are used for the rehabilitation of sodic wastelands. These tree species produced significant root spread and deep penetration and able to rehabilitate sodic soil effectively. Further among tree species, Prosopis juliflora proved more effective than Eucalyptus tereticornis and Dalbergia sissoo in its ability to enrich a sodic soil with organic matter and establishing better soil–water characteristics (Mishra and Sharma, 2010). Likewise, tree species of Albizia procera, Derris indica, Gliricidiasepium Gmelina arborea, Tamarindus indica, etc suitable for reclamation of acidic soil; Acacia auriculiformis, Bambusa spp, Terminalia arjuna, Thespesia populnea, etc suitable for marshy soils; Acacia auriculiformis, Anacardium occidentalis, Dalbergia sissoo, Dendrocalamus strictus etc suitable for sandy soil. Similarly, cultivation of biofuel producing plants and fuel trees / crops should be encouraged in the degraded and wastelands. Wastelands due to mining should be reclaimed with suitable technologies and appropriate land use plans may be drawn up for better utilization of such landscapes. The commercial and cooperative agencies should be fully involved for requisite financial inputs and consumption loans for afforestation and reclamation. Whenever owner of a wasteland in unwilling to revegetate, government should take over such lands and being them under cultivation. Rehabilitation through afforestation activities For making a good and clean environment, a huge-scale plantation should be done on the plain and hilly areas. Degraded lands, i.e. unfertile land, barren land and wasteland, are also reclaiming by with the help of large-scale suitable plantation of suitable tree species. Moreover, wasteland can be reclaimed through afforestation activities like agroforestry, silviculture and social forestry; these should be adopted to protect agricultural lands from further deterioration arising out of degradational processes (Jhariya et al., 2015). Afforestation is the establishment of forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. In afforestation programme, forest plantation constitutes 5% of the world‘s total forest area or around 187 million ha (FAO, 2001a). The average rate of successful plantation establishment over the last decades was 3.1 million ha per year, of which 1.9 million ha was in tropical area. Of the estimated 187 million ha of plantations worldwide, Asia has by far the largest area of forest plantation, accounting for 62% of the world total (Singh et al., 2005). Reclamation depends on the type of wasteland. Some kinds of wastelands can be made fit for the development

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 135 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 of agriculture. Others within a reasonable cost can only be made suitable for growing grasses, shrubs or trees and not crops. Afforestation activities like agroforestry, silviculture and social forestry should be adopted to protect agricultural lands from further deterioration arising out of degradational processes. Afforestation of degraded and wastelands should be given priority. This can be undertake with knowledge of choice of species and their role in different land use system which leads to influence both the rate and trajectory of rehabilitation process (Raj et al., 2016). Moreover, in the present scenario of climate change, agroforestry practices, emerging as a viable option for combating negative impacts of climate change (Singh et al., 2013). In a agroforestry model, suitable combination of nitrogen fixing and multipurpose trees with field crops will play a major role in enhancement of better yield, soil nutrient status and microbial population dynamics which plays a major role in nutrient cycling to maintain ecosystem (Raj et al., 2014). As per Raj et al. (2015) the soil biological attributes are also responsible for determination and maintenance of physical properties of soil. Rehabilitation in degraded wastelands of TANUVAS The Institute of Animal Nutrition, Kattupakkam situated within the campus of Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences was originally started as “Sheep Farm” with an area of 246.69 ha. in the year 1957. It is situated 40 km south of Chennai city on Grand Southern Trunk Road. The farm has many species of livestock viz. cattle, sheep, goat, swine and poultry. Green fodder is essential for feeding these animals. The rehabilitation activities carried out at the Post graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences (PGRIAS), Kattupakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India which is located at 12.5°N latitude and 80.07°S longitudes and this region is generally experiences hot and humid climatic conditions. The climate in the zone is basically semi-arid tropical. The principal rivers of the zone entirely depend on rainfall received in five to six months in a year and almost dry in the hot weather. Livestock farmers in this region face acute fodder shortage especially during summer. The idea of cultivating fodders understorey fruit trees / tree fodders to supply fodders to livestock has been evolved and discussed. Rehabilitation of degraded calcareous wastelands through hortipasturefor livestock integration Hortipasture model of agroforestry was established during the year 2002 in one hectare with fruit trees such as coconut, guava and acid lime at 8x8, 6x6 and 3x3 feet spacing respectively. Since then, various trials as understorey of these trees have been carried out periodically.

Desmanthus virgatus was cultivated under 8 year coconut tree and 5 year old guava tree Desmanthusvirgatus understorey coconut tree yielded 61.87 ton / ha. (in 6 harvests) compared to the sole crop yield of 77.16 ton / ha. About 80.19% of sole fodder biomass yield was achieved in the coconut tree based hortipasture. Considering10 kg / cattle and 1 kg / sheep or goat / day, Desmanthus virgatus understorey coconut tree can hold 17 cattle or 169 sheep / goats / year whereas sole fodder Desmanthus virgatus can hold 21 cattle and 211 sheep / goat / year.

A ninety day feeding trial using twelve Red Sindhi x Jersey cross bred calves fed cultivated Desmanthus was conducted to compare the performance in two treatments.

Treatment 1: Fodder sorghum + concentrate feed (1.20 kg / day).

Treatment 2: Fodder sorghum + Fodder Desmanthus + concentrate feed (0.75 kg / day).

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 136 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Desmanthus virgatus cultivated under coconut, guava and as sole crop in hortipasture model can hold 70, 108 and 111 calves respectively when fed at 2 kg / calf / day apart from reducing the requirement of concentrate feed by 37.5%.

b. Cenchrus ciliaris was established understorey guava tree (6 year old tree) and yielded 29.64 ton / ha. in 4 harvests where as the sole crop yielded 33.57 ton / ha. About 88.3% of sole fodder biomass yield was achieved in the guava tree based hortipasture system. Cenchrus ciliaris understorey guava tree can hold 4 cattle or 16 sheep / goats / year whereas sole Cenchrus ciliaris can hold 5 cattle or 18 sheep / goat / year considering 20 kg / cattle and 5 kg / sheep or goat per day.

c. The understorey area of 10 year old coconut trees was cultivated with Bajra Napier hybrid grassfollowing standard practices.

The biomass yield of Bajra-Napier hybrid grass under storey coconut trees in six harvests was 231.77 ton / ha.The biomass yield in sole crop (Bajra Napier hybrid grass) was higher by 14.7 % compared to yield under coconut tree.

The nutrient content in per cent dry matter basis of Bajra Napier hybrid grass as sole crop Vs under storey of coconut tree was determined and is presented in Table 1. Table 1. Nutrient content (% DMB) of Bajra Napier hybrid grass as sole crop Vs under storey of coconut tree Bajra Napier hybrid grass Bajra Napier hybrid grass Nutrient (sole crop) (hortipasture) Crude protein 9.47±0.13 11.02±0.24 Crude fibre 35.10±0.30 34.76±0.61 Ether extract 2.70±0.26 2.82±0.13 Total ash 9.41±0.02 11.75±0.30 NFE 33.31±0.71 30.93±0.40

Source:Gunasekeran S. and Mynavathi, V.S., (2015), AICRP Agroforestry Annual Report

The high protein content in Bajra Napier hybrid grass understorey coconut tree could be due to high nitrogen status of soil.

In the understorey of 9 years old guava trees foddercowpea was cultivated for studying the biomass yield and animal holding capacity.

The mean biomass yield of fodder cowpea as a sole crop Vs understorey of guava trees was 11.73 ± 0.71 and 3.76 ± 0.03 ton / ha, respectively. As compared to that of sole crop (fodder cowpea) only 32 % of biomass yield could be obtained in fodder cowpea cultivated under guava tree.

The mean nutrient content of fodder cowpea as a sole crop Vs understorey of guava trees is presented in Table 2.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 137 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Table 2. Nutrient content (%DMB) at 80th day of fodder cowpea as sole crop Vs understorey of guava tree Fodder cowpea Fodder cowpea understorey Nutrient (Sole crop) Guava tree Crude protein 12.61± 0.07 11.97± 0.01 Crude fibre 18.83 ± 0.11 25.89 ± 0.14 Ether extract 4.18 ± 0.04 3.64± 0.05 Total ash 9.63 ± 0.09 10.86± 0.13 NFE 54.73 ± 0.32 47.63± 0.06

Source: Gunasekeran S. and Mynavathi, V.S., (2015), AICRP Agroforestry Annual Report

The crude fibre content in cowpea understorey guava tree was higher (37.4%) compared to the sole crop. Marlito M. Bande (2012) also reported increase in the fibre yield by 165% in Abaca (native banana of Philippines) grown in 50% shade compared to 0% shade. Feeding Bajra x Napier hybrid grass at 25 kg / cow (400 kg body weight) / day will support its nutrient requirement for maintenance (DM, DCP, TDN). Feeding additional 8 kg of cowpea will support the nutrient requirement for 4 kg milk with 4% fat, without any additional requirement of concentrate. Thus it is extrapolated that the hortipasture can support 25 cows in maintenance, whereas it can support only 17 cows in lactation (4 kg milk with 4% fat) Rehabilitation of degraded calcareous wastelands through silvipasturefor livestock integration Calcareous soils occur not only in arid and semi-arid but also in humid and per humid climatic regions of India. Calcareous soils are predominant in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh., Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu. Excess lime in calcareous soils is the main constraint for the efficient management of soil fertility and crop growth. The availability of nutrients is limited, posing a serious threat to successful crop production. Low solubility of nutrients and high degree of nutrient fixation may cause nutritional disorders including lime induced iron chlorosis of crops in these soils. Therefore, farmers tend to add extra amount of fertilizers which may result in an imbalanced nutrition. Thus, balanced nutrition is essential for sustaining fertility and productivity of calcareous soils. Hence nitrogen fixing fodder trees and leguminous pasture were tried in this type of lands for livestock integration.

Silvipasture was established in 2.5 acre of calcareous degraded wasteland with fodder trees Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Albizzia lebbeck and Inga dulci with Stylosanthes scabra as understorey. The trees were planted in 24 rows in 3 x 3 meter spacing. The pasture was maintained under rainfed condition. Growth rate of fodder trees The height (in m) of Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium,Albizia lebbek, and Inga dulci at 3rd year of standing were 6.80, 8.02, 4.98, 5.02 and 6.82 respectively. Biomass yield of Stylosanthes scabra at silvipasture was 1.57 ton / ha. on dry matter basis. Biomass yield of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 138 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 sepium was documented on pollarding at 4 month interval at 1m height from the ground surface and is presented in Table 1.

The leaf biomass and stem weight were found to be higher for Gliricidia sepium compared to Leucaena leucocephala. The total edible leaves biomass in Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium were 9.20 ton / ha. and 18.54 ton / ha. respectively in rain fed condition. In all the three pollardings, the edible biomass was higher in Gliricidia sepium compared to Leucaena leucocephala. Increased biomass yield was observed in second pollarding during the month of November found to be higher for Leuceana leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium evidently due to increased soil moisture availability. Table 3. Biomass yield of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium in calcareous degraded wasteland Edible Leaf + Stem Edible leaf Leaf stem biomass Tree species Pollarding Stem weight weight ratio yield weight (kg) (kg) (kg) ( MT/ha) I 1.95±0.14 0.79±0.11 1.18±0.03 1.75±0.39 1.88 Leucaena leucocephala II 3.62±1.13 1.43±0.54 2.18±0.59 1.85±0.32 3.48 III 4.76±0.64 2.36±0.20 2.40±0.45 0.99±0.11 3.84 I 3.76±0.30 1.51±0.08 2.27±0.26 1.49±3.26 3.63 Gliricidia sepium II 10.8±1.52 4.78±0.68 6.02±0.90 1.28±0.10 9.63 III 8.66±1.08 5.36±0.70 3.30±0.56 0.62±0.09 5.28

Source: Gunasekeran S. and Mynavathi, V.S., (2015), AICRP Agroforestry Annual Report

Fresh biomass yield of Stylosanthes hamata in silvipasture was 17.8 ton / ha. The yield of Stylosanthes hamata was found to be increased marginally in rain fed conditions compared to previous years due to heavy rainfall. On pollarding of Gliricidia sepium, the leaves were separated from the stem, allowed to dry to constant weight under shade, ground in hammer mill and stored in air tight bags to be included in livestock ration according to the needs.

Proximate composition and acid insoluble ash on per cent dry matter basis of tree fodders obtained from silvipasture maintained in degraded land is presented in Table 4. Table 4.Proximate composition, acid insoluble ash and fibre fractions (Mean ± SE) on % DMB of tree fodders obtained from silvipasture maintained in degraded calcareous land Proximate principles (% Leucaena Gliricidia Albizzia DMB) leucocephala sepium lebbeck Crude protein 17.78b± 0.23 18.13b± 0.11 12.15a ± 0.06 Crude fibre 21.48a ± 0.66 20.26a ± 0.36 26.23b ± 0.36 Ether extractNS 4.65 ± 0.25 4.07 ± 0.28 3.98± 0.12

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 139 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Total ash 5.49a ± 0.08 7.78b ± 0.02 7.64b ± 0.24 NFE NS 50.59± 0.61 49.75± 0.88 50.00 ± 1.05 NDF 64.34±0.34 64.53±0.48 64.86±0.25 ADF 34.94±0.05 33.62±0.37 45.57±0.42 Cellulose 6.06±0.06 9.07±0.07 11.14±0.49 Hemicellulose 29.39±0.39 30.91±0.11 19.29±0.68 Lignin 10.22±0.48 7.14±0.30 13.89±0.89

*Mean of six samples Means bearing different alphabetical superscripts within column differ significantly (p<0.05) NS – Statistically Non significant Source: Gunasekeran S. and Mynavathi, V.S., (2018), AICRP Agroforestry Annual Report

Among the tree fodders analysed significantly higher (p<0.05) crude protein was observed inGliricidia sepium. Both Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala had significantly lower (p<0.05) crude fibre. Gliricidia sepium and Albizzia lebbeck had significantly higher (p<0.05) ether extract. No significant (p<0.05) variation was observed in total ash and nitrogen free extractives amidst tree fodder analysed.Mineral profile on dry matter basis of tree fodder obtained from silvipasture maintained in degraded calcareous land is presented in Table 5. Table 5. Mineral profile (Mean ± SE) on dry matter basis of tree fodders obtained from silvipasture maintained in degraded calcareous land Fodder name Calcium (%) Phosphorus (%) NS Sodium(%) Potassium (%) Albizzia lebbeck 1.14b± 0.03 0.27± 0.00 0.19a±0.00 1.14b± 0.01 Leucaena 0.80a± 0.02 0.28± 0.00 0.28a±0.00 0.98b± 0.01 leucocephala Gliricidiasepium 0.78a±0.03 0.25± 0.01 2.27b±0.00 0.48a± 0.00

Among tree fodders analysed the calcium and potassium levels were significantly highest (p<0.05) in Albizzia lebbeck. Significantly highest (p<0.05) sodium was present in Gliricidia sepium. There was no significant (p<0.05) variation in the phosphorus content. Feeding trial in goats An experiment was conducted in the 18 weaned goats by dividing into 3 homogeneous groups of 6 animals each with feeding of Leucaena leucocephala and Inga dulce leaves pruned from silvipasture model to find the

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 140 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 possibility of complete replacement of concentrate feed (100 g) in grazing animals (8-10 hrs grazing / day) for 90 days. Animals were allowed for grazing in the range graze land and during evening the control animals were fed with concentrate mixture. The treatment animals were supplemented with Leuceana leucocephala/ Inga dulce leaves instead of concentrate feed. The average daily body weight gain in concentrate fed group, Leucaena leucocephala and Inga dulce groups were 48.14 g, 50.55 g and 47.77 g, respectively. Tree leaf meal for meat production during feed / fodder scarcity In preparing leaf meals, Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium leaves from silvipasture were sun-dried for three days, and then ground and stored in sacks. For proper storage and to avoid spoilage, the leaves and twigs dried to 10-13% moisture content.

Fourteen Kanni weaned goats of approximately 5- 6 months with an average body weight of 5.0±0.69 kg were randomly divided into two groups, 7 goats each, in a completely randomized design. They were offered a basal diet of green fodder ad libitum. The control diet (conventional concentrate feed) was formulated with soybean meal, sunflower oil cake, as the principal protein source while 15%Leuceana leucocephala and 15% Gliricidia sepium leaf meal mixture replaced part of soybean meal, sunflower oil cake and deoiled rice bran for the leaf meal based concentrate mixture. The average daily gain in conventional fed concentrate feed group and leaf meal based concentrate feed was 39.1 g and 35.5 g, respectively. The cost per kilogram conventional concentrate feed and leaf meal based concentrate feed is Rs.19.67/- and Rs.14.81/- respectively. Leaf meal based concentrate feed resulted in 17% decrease in the feed cost compared to conventional concentrate feed. Feeding trial in milch cows Integration of milch cows with wilted Gliricidia sepium leaves from silvipasture model of agroforestry to sustain milk production during scarcity of fodders. A lactation trial was conducted in crossbred dairy cows (Jersey x Red Sindhi) for 60 days to study the effect of feeding Gliricidia sepium leaves from silvipasture model on the milk yield and its composition.

Fourteen mid-lactating dairy cows with an average body weight of 344.0 ± 11.86 kg were randomly divided into two groups of seven each. In group I, Bajra Napier hybrid grass (5.16 ± 0.42 kg on dry matter basis) constituted the roughage part of the ration, whereas in group II, wilted Gliricidia sepium leaves (0.70 ± 0.02 kg on dry matter basis) was offered as partial replacement of green grass after assessing the maximum intake. All the animals were fed with concentrate mixture (DCP - 14% and TDN - 70%) to satisfy 40 % dry matter requirement. All the animals were individually fed and daily feed intake and milk yield were recorded. Table: 6. Milk yield and composition of dairy cows fed with wilted Gliricidia sepium leaves Parameter Conventional Wilted Gliricidia sepium based feeding group feeding group Average dry matter intake, Kg 7.41 ± 2.67 7.30 ± 3.15 Average daily milk yield, Kg 6.72 ± 0.49 6.90 ± 0.34 Milk fat, % 4.31 ± 0.30 4.28 ± 0.35 Solid Non Fat, % 8.10 ± 0.75 8.02 ± 0.71 Milk protein, % 3.09 ± 0.25 3.13 ± 0.16

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 141 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Dry matter intake and milk composition were not altered. The higher protein content of Gliricidia sepium leaves resulted in marginal increase in the milk yield (180 g / day). Tree leaf meal for meat production during feed / fodder scarcity Leaf meals were not traditionally used in the ration of ruminants as these animals usually fed with fresh fodder. However, there are instances when leaf meal production is necessary and becomes the most practical way of conserving excess foliage.

A feeding trial for ninety days with tree leaf meal based concentrate feed was carried out in buffalo calves (8-9 months old). The trial had two treatments viz., control group of six calves fed conventional concentrate mixture and treatment group of six calves fed tree leaf meal incorporated concentrate mixture. Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala leaves were included in concentrate mixture at 30% inclusion maintaining their ratio at 1:1.The average daily weight gain was recorded by fortnightly. There was no significant difference in the body weight gain between control (155.38±28.06) and the treatment group (184.43±22.69 g). It was concluded that tree leaf meal could be added in concentrate mixture of buffalo calves without any adverse effect. The reduction in feed cost in tree leaf meal fed animals was to the tune of 24%. Feeding trial in quails No deleterious effects were observed in the Japanese quail due to inclusion of Gliricidia sepiumleaf meal in their ration up to 1 per cent level. The average daily gain per day per bird did not vary significantly across treatments and it was 4.78, 5.09, 4.77, 4.89 and 4.99 g per day, respectively in 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% Gliricidia sepiumleaf meal included rations (Pasupathi. K. and Mynavathi, V.S., 2016, AICRP Agroforestry Annual report). Conclusion In India, the forage production potential and income of the farmer could be doubled by establishment of suitable silvopastoral systems in calcareous wastelands through livestock integration. Further, translation of orchards (coconut / Guava / coconut / mango and sweet orange) over 5 years old were converted to hortipastoral systems would provide additional income to the farmers. Silvopasture with Leucaena leucocephala + Gliricidia sepium + Albizia lebbeck as tree components and Cenchrus ciliaris + Stylosanthes scabra as pasture components was recommended for greening of calcerous wastelands for animal integration. References Dolr.gov.in/integrated – wasteland- development-programme FAO (2001). State of the World‘s Forest. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. FAO (2011). The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture: Managing systems at risk. Rome. Garg, V. K. (1999). Leguminous Trees for the Rehabilitation of Sodic Wasteland in Northern India. Restoration Ecology, 7: 281–287. Gunasekaran S., Bandeswaran C. and Valli C. (2016). Tree leaf meal from fodder trees in silvipasture and their potential to support growth in young ruminants, Journal for Basic Appl. Research 2(2): 86-89.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 142 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Gunasekeran S. and Mynavathi, V.S., (2015), AICRP Agroforestry Annual Report Gunasekeran S. and Mynavathi, V.S., (2018), AICRP Agroforestry Annual Report Mishra, A. and Sharma, S. D. (2010). Influence of forest tree species on reclamation of semiarid sodic soils. Soil Use and Management, 26: 445–454. ICAR-AICRP on Agroforestry Annual Report (2012-13), Institute of Animal Nutrition, TANUVAS, Kattupakkam-603 203. ICAR-AICRP on Agroforestry Annual Report (2015-16), Institute of Animal Nutrition, TANUVAS, Kattupakkam-603 203. Jhariya, M.K., Bargali, S.S. and Raj, A. (2015). Possibilities and Perspectives of Agroforestry in Chhattisgarh. In: MiodragZlatic, editors. Precious Forests-Precious Earth. InTech E- Publishing Inc; pp. 238-257. Marlito M. Bande, 2012. “Ecophysiological and Agronomic Response of Abaca (Musa textilis) to Different Resource Conditions in Leyte Island, Philippines” Dissertation at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences submitted to the University of Hohenheim. Pasupathi. K. and Mynavathi, V.S., 2016, AICRP Agroforestry Annual report Raj, A. (2014). Toxicological Effect of Azadirachta Indica. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(9): 29-33. Raj, A. (2015). Evaluation of Gummosis Potential Using Various Concentration of Ethephon. M.Sc. Thesis, I.G.K.V., Raipur (C.G.), pp 89. Raj, A., Jhariya, M.K. and Toppo, P. (2016). Scope and potential of agroforestry in Chhattisgarh state, India. Van Sangyan, 3(2): 12-17. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S.R. (2005). Ecology Environment and Resource conservation. Anamaya publication, New Delhi. Pp. 492. Singh, N.R., Jhariya, M.K. and Raj, A. (2013). Tree crop interaction in agroforestry system. Readers Shelf, 10(3): 15–16

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ABSTRACTS – ORAL PRESENTATIONS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 36 Collection and Evaluation of Carissa carondas in Malanad Tract of Karnataka Mokashi, M. V., Ghatanatti, S. M., and Mutanal, S. M. AICRP on Agroforestry, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad – 5, Karnataka

Introduction Agroforestry integrated with horticulture is quite remunerative. Agri-horti systems are readily picked up by the farmers due to cash benefits derived from these systems within short duration. Carrissa carandas is one such fruit tree species which is widely used for its medicinal value and food purpose. It is also known for its high nutraceutical value and its suitability in biofencing (Arif et al., 2016). The plant is evergreen, hardy, drought tolerant and can be grown in wide range of soils. It grows successfully on marginal and wastelands. Carrissa carandas grown in agroforestry system often significant to contribute towards the opportunity for livelihood improvement through nutritional and economic security of the landless labours.

Material and Methods The main aim of the study is to collect and evaluate different sources of Carissa carondas for agroforestry system in the transitional zone of Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in the year 2016 in randomized block design at Agricultural Research Station, Prabhunagar, UAS, Dharwad which lies in the Malanad tract. The region receives assured rainfall of 1150 mm in the months of June, July, August with bimodal nature. The seedlings were collected from different provenances viz.,Mundagod, ARS Pabhunagar, Arabhavi, Haliyal, Tumakur, Dapoli, Vengurla and are planted at 3 x 3 m spacing. Growth parameters viz., height and collar diameter were recorded.

Results and Discussion The results revealed that, significantly maximum height and collar diameter were recorded inthe Tumakur source (2.17 m and 1.67 cm respectively) followed by ARS, Prabhunagar (1.47 m and 1.10 cm respectively) and Dapoli (1.40 m and 1.00 cm respectively) as compared to other sources. Maximum fruit yield was obtained from Tumakur source (950 g/pl) followed by Dapoli source (890 g/pl) as compared to other sources.

Conclusion Thus, domestication of forest fruit tree, Carrissa carandas grown in Malandu tract often significant to provide opportunity for livelihood improvement through nutritional and economic security of the poor farmers in tropics. The fruit can be used for preparation of jelly, pickle, beverage and preserve. Among the sources, Tumkur and Dapoli performed better and can be recommended for dual purpose i.e for biofencing and for fruits in Malanad tract.

Key Words:Carissa carondas, Collection, biofencing References Arif M, Kamal M, Jawaid T, Khalid M, Saini KS, Kumar A, Ahmad M., 2016, Carissa carandas Linn. (Karonda): An exotic minor plant fruit with immense value in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 6 (58)

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 147 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 45 Grasses and Shrubs present in pastoral grazing tract of Pulikulam Cattle during post monsoon season G. Srinivasan and A. Ruba Nanthini Pulikulam Cattle Research Station, Manamadurai Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai-600 051 Introduction A large number of trees, grasses and shrubs are suitable for feeding of livestock while grazing in its native track (Le Houerou, 1980; Brewbaker, 1986). The Pulikulam breed is primarily a draught breed present in Sivagangai, Madurai and Virudhunagar districts of Tamil Nadu, is small in size and has great endurance. Generally, Pulikulam cattle are maintained as migratory herd with herd size of about 100 to 500 animals. These herds are reared by grazing in western ghats during April – June and October – December and grazing on farmers field during July – September and January – March. Hence, this study was conducted to document the predominant grasses, trees and shrubs present in the pasture land of Pulikulam cattle grazing tract during post monsoon season. Material and methods Pulikulam cattle are maintained only in particular blocks of Madurai, Sivagangai, Virdhunagar districts of southern Tamil Nadu. Totally, 45 grasses and shrubs samples, 15 from each district were collected from the grazing tract of Pulikulam cattle during post monsoon period of November, December and January and preserved as herbarium sample for identification with botanist for documentation. Results and Discussion The predominant grass and shrubs present in the Sivagangai district are Dactylactinium aegyptium, Corchorus olitorius, Aervalanata, Perotis indica, Cynodon dactylon and Melothriam aderaspatana. More than 20 grass varieties were found in pastoral grazing land of Madurai district. The predominant grasses were Dactylactinium aegyptium, Achyranthes aspera, Sidaacuta, Abutilon indicum, Tephrosia purpurea , Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Phyllanthus niruri. The predominant grasses and shrubs found in Virudhunagar district were Panicum repens, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperussp, Echinochloa colona, Cyanotis axillaris Stevia sp and Cyperus difformis Conclusion Dactylactinium aegyptium and Cynodon dactylon are the common varieties of grass found in the native grazing track of Pulikulum cattle. Grasses and shrubs play a important role in farming systems of Pulikulam cattle which are mainly maintained through grazing only particularly during agricultural season. The nutrient composition and nutritive value of these grasses and shrubs present in this region are not fully exploited which need to be studied further.

Keywords: Grasses, Pulikulam Cattle, post monsoon and Shrubs

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 148 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

References Le Houérou, H.N., 1980. Chemical composition and nutritive value of browse in tropical West Africa. Browse in Africa, the current state of knowledge. Le Houerou, HN (ed.), ILCA, Addis Ababa, pp.261-289. Brewbaker, J.L., 1989. Nitrogen fixing trees for fodder and browse in Africa. In Alley farming in the humid and subhumid tropics: Kang, B.T and Reynolds, L (eds), IDRC-271e, Ottawa, ON, CA.

Paper ID: 52 Establishment of pastureland for small ruminants in hillock area of Mecheri Sheep Research Station, Pottaneri J. Muralidharan, V. Sankar, P. Senthilkumar, N. Sribalaji and P. Nalini Mecheri Sheep Research Station, Salem, Tamil Nadu. Introduction Mecheri Sheep Research Station is situated at Pottaneri village of Mettur Taluk, Salem District, which belong to the western agricultural zone of Tamil Nadu. This station has a total area of 162 acres out of which about 120 acres belong to hillock area. The hillock has some plain lands on the top but most of the areas are in slopes with bushes and unwanted shrubs. Establishment of pasture land with Cenchrusand Stylo which are suitable to tropical areas (Trivedi, 2002) was attempted in about six acres of hillock area. The area already had fodder tree species viz., Azadirachta indica, Acacia leucopholeae and Albizia lebbeck Materials and methods Establishment of pasture components alone was tried since, with existing tree components Azadirachta indica, Acacia leucopholeae and Albizia lebbeck. Depending on the profile of land two types of pasture establishment were tried. In one area of about 3 acres, pasture components viz Cenchrus ciliaris and Stylo was sown along with conventional sorghum fodder. Seed rate of 4-6 kg of pasture components and 20 kg of sorghum per acre were used in this area. This area had better soil condition but it is adjacent to the grazing area of animals. The idea is to prevent entry of grazing animals till sorghum fodder is harvested assuming that grazing persons will not allow animals where immature sorghum crops are present because of the risk of HCN poisoning. In another 3 acres area where few strips of lands were available in between the cultivable area but are slopey and rocky in nature, pasture component alone is sown. Seed rate of 6-8 kg of each Cenchrus and stylo were used for these lands. The lands were reclaimed using machinery like wheeled excavator, ploughed using tractor with a cultivator suitable for rocky soil, manured and kept ready. After monsoon rains, sowing was done in the month of August. Results and Discussion Because of good south west monsoon rains, the growth of pasture components and sorghum were good. Cenchrus and stylo were little late for germination compared to sorghum, in a week they also germinated well. Growth of pasture components was better in areas where they were sown alone and it was lesser in areas where they are sown with sorghum. Sorghum was harvested in the month of December. In about 5 acres of land about 7500 kgs of sorghum fodder was harvested on as such basis. They were stacked in cone

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 149 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 shaped structures for drying and then moved to dry fodder storage area of the farm. Harvesting of pasture components was not done to allow seed setting and self seeding for the next monsoon. Harvesting of some field with good growth has been planned after allowing for felling in this field. In those fields with less growth where harvesting will not be economical, controlled grazing of sheep will be done in summer months. After harvesting of sorghum fodder regrowth act as deterrent for grazing of sheep. Where pasture components alone is present, there has been of unauthorized entry of grazing animals in some fields. Conclusion Cenchrus and stylo have been found as good condition for establishment of pasture field in semi raid western agro climatic zone. In areas where there is a possibility of unauthorized of entry of grazing livestock, sowing of conventional sorghum fodder in a lower seed rate helps as a tool to prevent grazing till harvest of fodder. For this, soil profile of the land has to be good. This also gives additional dry fodder for summer.

Key words: Pasture land, Cenchrus, Stylo, Sorghum References B. K. Trivedi, 2002. Grasses and legumes for tropical pastures. Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi - 284 003, India

Paper ID: 60 Productivity of livestock under silvipasture systems in dry land ecosystem of Western Zone of Tamil Nadu V.S. Mynavathi1, C. Jayanthi2 and D. Ravisankar3 1 Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Kattupakkam - 603203 2 Professor, Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,Coimbatore – 641003 3 Teaching Assistant, AICRP on IFS, Tapioca and Castor Research Station, Yethapur, TNAU Introduction The livelihood of a large segment of people in India is intricately woven with the livestock sector. Livestock are primarily maintained on natural pasturelands with insitu grazing and the productivity is constrained by the low quality of native grasses as well as the shortage of good quality forage, especially during the dry season. Silvipasture is another traditional land use system used for grazing livestock. Materials and Methods The experiment included five silvipastoral systems viz., Acacia leucophloea + Cenchrus ciliaris, Acacia leucophloea + Cenchrus ciliaris+ Stylosanthes hamata, Acacia leucophloea +Cenchrus setigerus+ Stylosanthes hamata, Acacia leucophloea + fodder sorghum + Pillipesara and Acacia leucophloea +Cenchrus setigerus+ Stylosanthes hamata & fodder sorghum + Pillipesara with sheep and buffalo. Assessment studies was conducted in farmer’s field at Kangeyam (location I), Mulanur (location II) and Kambaliampatti (location III) villages in Tiruppur district of Western zone of Tamil Nadu for a period of two years from September, 2009 to March, 2011. The components of this investigation were selected based on the economical suitability under

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 150 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 dry land silvipastoral system. In the experimental field, Acacia leucophloea was the naturally existing tree species. In the korangadu pasture land, dominant species was Cenchrus ciliaris. A legume crop Stylosanthes hamata, which is a highly drought tolerant, nutritious and have strong establishment through roots was introduced along with native pasture grass Cenchrus. In each location, two buffaloes were maintained. The buffaloes were allowed to graze in the established pasture for eight hours per day. During off season, 20 kg of sorghum straw and groundnut haulm and 1.5 kg of concentrate feed was fed to each buffalo per day. System analysis involving forage and tree crops, sheep, buffalo and vermicompost as components in silvipastoral farming system was done in terms of productivity and nutrient recycling. Results and Discussion Combined production of grass and legumes can increase forage production by 20-30 per cent as compared to that of grass alone. The legumes, besides being rich in protein content, more palatable and digestible, enrich the soil by nitrogen fixation, and help in checking soil erosion. Among the livestock population, sheep constitute 82.30 per cent. Cow and buffalo constitute 11.69 per cent and 3.84 per cent respectively. Buffalo was owned by 10, 40 and 52 per cent of the marginal, small and big farmers respectively. In dry land areas, cattle and buffalo rearing involved intensive use of family labour which offered significant employment opportunity for small and marginal farmers. Contribution of forage crops to the total productivity was higher (25.5 per cent) during 2010-11 whereas the contribution to the total productivity was less (18.2 per cent) during 2009-10 in Cenchrus setigerus + Stylosanthes hamata& fodder sorghum + Pillipesara. The reason attributed to the decreased productivity during 2009-10 may be due to lower rainfall. Though there was decreased productivity of crops, it was well compensated by the inclusion of sheep and buffalo, the system productivity was increased during 2009-10 than 2010-11, due to the increased contribution from the buffalo unit. Milk yield was sustained in buffaloes when integrated with the crop component cenchrus and stylosanthes raised at 2:1 ratio.

Among the silvipastoral farming systems, higher net return (Rs. 32485) has been recorded in Cenchrus setigerus + Stylosanthes hamata & Fodder sorghum + Pillipesara with sheep and buffalo. Higher productivity from diversified crops and milk yield from buffalo could contribute to increased net return in theabove silvipastoral farming system. Further livestock component had given higher productivity by utilizing the grazing land for feeding and thereby it reduced the cost incurred on feed and fodder. Conclusion From the study it is concluded that the development of the improved silvipastoral system was found superior in terms of establishment, pasture composition, quality and productivity as well as livestock growth in terms of live weight gain and for improvement in soil under dry land ecosystem. Acacia leucophloea + Cenchrus setigerus + Stylosanthes hamata & fodder sorghum + Pillipesara is found to be suitable for dry land ecosystem of Western Zone of Tamil Nadu.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 151 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 65 Nutritive characterization of tree fodder obtained from silvipasture maintained in degraded calcareous wasteland R.Murugeswari1, S.Gunasekeran2, V.S.Mynavathi3 and C.Valli4 Institute of Animal Nutrition,Tamil Nadu veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kancheepuram, 603 203 Introduction Livestock farming along with agriculture is the main occupation for most of the farmers in Tamil Nadu, a southern state of India. Acute fodder scarcity is inevitable during summer due to inefficient land management system and poor resource utilization. The calcareous wasteland available in the state is usually being kept as barren. In an attempt to reclaim the degraded wasteland, silvipastures have been propagated. Nutritive characterization of tree fodder from these pastures will help plan feeding livestock of this region. The aim of this study was to nutritionally characterize tree fodders collected from silvipasture maintained in calcareous wasteland. Materials and methods In 2.5 acre of calcareous wasteland in Kanchepuram district, Tamil Nadu, India, silvipasture with fodder trees Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium and Albizzia lebbeck planted in 24 rows in 3 X 3 meter spacing with Stylosanthes scabra as understorey was established ten years back and is being maintained under rain fed condition. For this study six trees in each species were selected and leaf samples were collected from them post North West monsoon. The samples after estimation of moisture were dried in hot air oven at 90 ° C to constant weight, ground to pass through 1mm sieve and stored in air tight containers for further analysis. Proximate analysis (AOAC, 2012), fibre fractions (Van Soest et al., 1991), minerals(AOAC, 2012) and in vitro rumen degradation studies for 24 and 48 hours (Menke and Steingass, 1988) was carried out in all the samples. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) using IBM SPSS statistics 20. Results and Discussion The results of proximate composition, fibre fractions, minerals and in vitro degradability of dry matter (24 and 48 hours) of tree leaves collected from silvipasture is presented in table -1. Significantly highest (p<0.05) crude protein was observed in Gliricidia sepium. Both Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala had significantly lower (p<0.05) crude fibre. Gliricidia sepium and Albizzia lebbeck had significantly higher (p<0.05) ether extract. No significant (p<0.05) variation was observed in total ash and nitrogen free extractives and fibre fractions. The calcium and potassium levels were significantly highest (p<0.05) inAlbizzia lebbeck. Significantly highest (p<0.05) sodium was present in Gliricidiasepium. There was no significant (p<0.05) variation in the phosphorus content. No significant (p<0.05) difference was observed in the IVTDDM at 24 hours however at 48 hours of incubation Leucaena leucocephala had the significantly (p<0.05) highest IVTDDM. Both Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium had significantly (p<0.05) higher microbial biomass production than Albizzia lebbeck at both 24 and 48 hours of incubation. At 24 hours of incubation significantly highest (p<0.05) total gas, methane and carbon dioxide was produced by Albizzia lebbeck. However at 48 hours of incubation significantly (p<0.05) highest total gas, methane and carbon dioxide was produced by Gliricidia sepium.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 152 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Conclusion Tree fodders from silvipasture have high nutritive value and rumen degradability hence they can serve as a valuable feed resource for livestock. References AOAC. 2012. Official methods of analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, EUA. Van Soest,P. & Robertson J. B. 1991. A Laboratory Manual for Animal Science 612. Ithaca, Ny:Cornell University Press. Menke, K. and H. Steinggass. 1988. Animal Research and Development 28: 7–55. Table 1Mean* proximate composition, fibre fractions, minerals and in vitro degradability of dry matter (24 and 48 hours) of tree leaves

Parameters Tree leaves Leucaena leucocephala Gliricidia sepium Albizzia lebbeck Proximate principles (% DMB) b b a Crude protein 17.78 ± 0.23 18.13 ± 0.11 12.15 ± 0.06 a a b Crude fibre 21.48 ± 0.66 20.26 ± 0.36 26.23 ± 0.36 Ether extract (NS) 4.65 ± 0.25 4.07 ± 0.28 3.98± 0.12 a b b Total ash 5.49 ± 0.08 7.78 ± 0.02 7.64 ± 0.24 NFE (NS) 50.59± 0.61 49.75± 0.88 50.00 ± 1.05 Fibre fractions (% DMB) (NS) NDF 64.34±0.34 64.53±0.48 64.86±0.25 ADF 34.94±0.05 33.62±0.37 45.57±0.42 Cellulose 6.06±0.06 9.07±0.07 11.14±0.49 Hemicellulose 29.39±0.39 30.91±0.11 19.29±0.68 Lignin 10.22±0.48 7.14±0.30 13.89±0.89 Minerals (% DMB) Calcium 1.14b± 0.03 0.80a± 0.02 0.78a±0.03 Phosphrous(NS) 0.27± 0.00 0.28± 0.00 0.25± 0.01 Sodium 0.19a±0.00 0.28a±0.00 2.27b±0.00 Potassium 1.14b± 0.01 0.98b± 0.01 0.48a± 0.00 In vitro degradation parameters (24 hours) IVADDM (%) NS 44.63 ± 1.13 43.19 ± 1.29 45.91 ± 1.21 IVTDDM (%) NS 49.97 ±1.15 48.18 ± 1.41 49.66 ± 0.75 b b a Microbial biomass (%) 5.34 ± 1.04 5.00 ± 0.68 3.75 ± 0.86

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 153 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

a c b Total gas (ml / g ) 9.58 ± 0.98 64.17 ± 1.12 48.08 ± 1.02 a c b Methane (ml /g) 2.40 ± 0.01 24.68 ± 2.03 19.23 ± 2.30 a c b Carbon dioxide (ml /g) 7.19 ± 0.98 39.49 ± 3.24 28.85 ± 3.41 In vitro degradation parameters (48 hours) IVADDM (%) NS 55.84 ± 2.32 54.00 ± 1.82 53.50 ± 0.95 b b a IVTDDM (%) NS 65.39 ± 0.97 62.59 ± 1.96 59.11 ± 0.61 b b a Microbial biomass (%) 9.54 ± 2.64 8.59 ± 0.91 5.61 ± 0.83 a c b Total gas (ml / g ) 23.96 ± 2.47 144.23 ± 12.69 98.72 ± 5.20 a c b Methane (ml /g) 5.99 ± 0.36 57.69 ± 2.87 38.01 ± 1.02 a c b Carbon di oxide (ml /g) 17.97 ± 2.36 86.54 ± 9.25 60.71 ± 4.52

*Mean of six replications Means bearing different alphabetical superscripts within column differ significantly (p<0.05) NS – Statistically Non significant

Paper ID : 66 Silvipasture in degraded calcareous wasteland as a source of Gliricidia sepium leaf meal to prepare supplemental feed for ducks S.Gunasekeran, V.S. Mynavathi and C.Valli 1 Assistant professor, 2 Professor and Head, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Tamil Nadu veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kancheepuram, 603 203 Introduction The calcareous wasteland present in Tamil Nadu, a southern state of India is usually kept barren. In an attempt to reclaim the degraded wasteland, silvipastures with fodder trees have been propagated. Gliricidia sepium is a leguminous tree that is well suited for growing in these waste lands. Seasonal pollarding of this tree results in surplus fodder, hence its conservation for using it at a latter period is warranted.

Ducks form about ten per cent of the total poultry population in India. Ducks are mostly concentrated in the Eastern and Southern States of the country mainly in coastal regions. Duck farming in India is still held in the hands of small and marginal farmers and nomadic tribes who depend on this for their employment and livelihood (Gajendiran and Kartickeyan, 2011). Ducks are good foragers and they find a considerable proportion of their own feed if allowed to range freely and they may be able to survive, grow and lay eggs by consuming available feed such as green plants, insects, snails, frogs, and waste food. However, under such conditions, ducks grow very slowly and produce a small number of eggs. If duck farmers want better growth and more eggs they will have to provide supplemental feed. This imposes a constraint on them as it leads to additional cost (Veeramani et al., 2015). It is hence essential to prepare supplemental duck feed with locally available resources to bring down the cost of supplemental feeding. It is with this background a study was

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 154 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 designed wherein supplemental feed for ducks was incorporated with Gliricidia sepium leaf meal, which was supplemented to growing ducks to study their growth performance. Materials and Methods Tree leaf meal was prepared using pollarded Gliricidia sepium leaves from silvipasture maintained in degraded calcareous waste land. The leaves that were separated from the branches were shade dried and ground in a hammer mill to form leaf meal (a coarse powder). The prepared leaf meal was incorporated in complete feed for ducks at 2.5 % inclusion level.

The growth trial in ducks had two treatment groups. Ducks of treatment 1 were fed control feed, and ducks in treatment 2 were fed the experimental feed viz., Gliricidia sepium leaf meal incorporated feed. Table 1 provides details of the ingredient composition and calculated nutritive value of ration offered to ducks. Table 1 Ingredient composition and nutritive value of duck feed incorporated with Gliricidia sepium leaf meal (Inclusion level %) Ingredients Control feed Experimental feed Maize 62.00 62.00 Soyabean meal 15.50 15.00 DORB 20.00 18.00 Gliricidia sepium 0.00 2.50 leaf meal Mineral mixture 2.00 2.00 Calcite 0.25 0.25 Salt 0.25 0.25 Calculated nutritive value Metabolisable Energy 2800 2800 (Kcal/Kg) Crude Protein (%) 16 16

The study was carried out in sixty, Aarni ducklings maintained by a duck farmer from Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. The farmer reared the ducklings under semi intensive system of management. The ducklings were divided randomly into two treatment groups and housed in two pens, providing 2 square feet / duckling. The ducklings were let out into a pond for 2 hours per day for scavenging. The control and experimental feed was supplemental feed offered to the respective ducks ad libidum, as wet mash, twice in a day. Clean drinking water was provided when the ducks were inside their pen. The ducks were reared for 35 days. Records were maintained on the feed offered and left over to document daily feed intake and birds were weighed weekly to document weekly weight gain.

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Results and Discussion The effect of feeding Gliricidia sepium leaf meal incorporated duck feed on weekly weight gain and feed efficiency of Arani ducks is depicted in figure 1. The average weight gain documented at the end of seven weeks was 743.14±23.71 g and the overall FCR of the ducks during the seven weeks of growth was 2.39 ± 0.11. These values are comparable to the recommended values for this strain of ducks. Since there was no growth retardation or mortality in the birds it indicates that Gliricidia sepium leaf meal incorporated duck feed has no harmful effects on the birds.

Figure 1 Effect of feeding Gliricidia sepium leaf meal incorporated duck feed on weight gain and feed efficiency of Arani ducks Conclusion Surplus tree fodders available from silvipastures can be converted into tree leaf meal and incorporated in supplemental feed for ducks. References K.Gajendiran and S.M.K.Kartickeyan, 2011. Indian journal of traditional knowledge, Vol 10 (2) pp 307 - 310 P. Veeramani1 ,R.Prabakaran, S.N.Sivaselvam, T.Sivakumar, S.T.Selvan and K. Senthilkumar. Indian Vet. J., April 2017, 94 (04) : 12 – 14

Paper ID : 87 Fodder seed bank model: An effective tool to reclaim waste lands J. Ramesh and S.N. Sivaselvam Dept. of Animal Nutrition, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai – 600 007 Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS) Introduction The economic viability of livestock farming depends upon the feed and fodder cost which accounts for 55-65 % of the production cost. Balanced feeding is essential to fully exploit the genetic potential of livestock

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 156 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Availability of adequate feed and fodder is the main factor for improving the productivity of livestock. Crop residues such as sorghum and paddy straws that are poor in nutritive value constitute the major fodder for livestock. The green fodder availability is restricted to selected areas and seasons, Further, green fodder should be fed throughout the year not only to maintain milk production but also for improving the conception rate. In Tamil Nadu, fodder production is still deemed ancillary to agricultural production and due to urbanization and swindling of common property resources, fodder cultivation area was drastically reduced. Lot of initiatives have been taken by Govt of Tamil Nadu to bridge the gap between availability and demand of green fodder in the state. (Policy Note, DAH, 2018-19). Further, lot of waste lands in villages are unutilized due to non availability of irrigation facility. In this connection, an attempt was made to establish suitable fodder seed bank model for rain-fed condition in order to reclaim the waste lands in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods Suitable model of fodder cultivation had been designed with the objective of replicating the concept at farmer’s field in order to establish more village level fodder banks. One unit comprises of 50 cents, out of which Guinea grass and Stylo were cultivated in 35 and 15 cents respectively. Further the border area was planted glyricidia, subabul and agathi trees. Three such units were established in farmer’s fields following standard agronomical practices as mentioned in Crop production Guide (TNAU). Results and Discussion The data pertaining to the yield of fodder grass, fodder slips and legume seeds were recorded in the farmer’s field and the economics also worked out. On an average, 1,00,000 stem cuttings of Guinea was obtained in 35 cents of land and 4 kgs of Stylosanthus scabra seeds was harvested in 15 cents area in a year. Further, 3 tonnes of Guinea grass was obtained. In this model, a beneficiary was able to generate a total income of Rs.36,300/- in 50 cents of land through sale of 1,00,000 stem cuttings of Guinea grass, 4 kgs of Stylosanthus scabra seeds and 3 tonnes of Guinea grass @ Rs. 300/1000 stem cuttings, Rs. 450/kg of Stylo seed and Rs. 15/10 kg of Guinea fodder grass respectively. Hence a net income of Rs. 42,458/- per acre in one year was obtained by a farmer by practicing this model. Conclusion The fodder banks established in the villages supply green fodder to the local livestock and created awareness among the farmers to establish more fodder banks. Hence, it is concluded that fodder banks established in waste lands are helpful in improving the livelihood of small farmers through enhanced milk production.

Key words : Fodder seed banks, Waste land, Milk production References Animal Husbandry Policy Note, 2018-19, Demand No.6, 2018 Crop production guide, 2012. Dept of Agriculture, Govt of Tamil Nadu and Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 157 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID : 91 Hardwickia binata based Agroforestry model for Livelihood Security in Rainfed Areas of North Western Agro-climatic Zone of Tamil Nadu C.Nithya, D. Anandha Prakash Singh, S. Ramakrishnan, V. Boopathi and P. Thirunavukkarasu Livestock Farm Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu. Introduction Agroforestry in rainfed areas increases livelihood security through production of fodder and firewood requirement and an increase in total productivity per unit area of land. Management of fodder value trees in conjunction with dry land fodder crops in rainfed areas minimizes the risk associated livestock farming. North western zone of Tamil Nadu comprises the districts of Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri, Salem and Namakkal. Acute fodder shortage due to severe drought conditions prevailing across this zone, has forced farmers to sell their cattle for a meager amount. Hardwickia binata (Anjan tree) has been reported as suitable agroforestry tree species with multiple benefits in arid and semi-arid regions of India. With this background,Hardwickia binata based Agroforestry models with understorey of Cenchrus ciliaris and Stylosanthus scabra were planned to improve fodder availability during drought period. Materials and methods Livestock Farm Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal is situated at 11 and 12055’ north latitude and 77028’ and 78050’ east longitude; Temperature ranges from Maximum of 390C and Minimum of 180C. Average annual rainfall in the region was 732 mm. The soil of the experiment site is red loamy in texture. The climate in the zone is basically semi-arid tropical. In the existing 10 years old Hardwickia binata with a tree to tree spacing of 6 m was taken up for the study. The fodder crops viz., Cenchrus ciliaris and Stylosanthus scabra was sown in 3:1 ratio. The pasture can be maintained under rain fed conditions. This was compared with existing ten years old Hardwickia binata with understorey of natural pastures. Biomass yield of fodders and natural pastures were recorded. Results and Discussion The biomass yield of Cenchrus ciliaries and Stylosanthes scabra were around 3.3 tonnes / hectare / year. The biomass yield of natural pasture was around 1.5 tonnes / hectare / year. The biomass yield of fodder crops recorded showed that, Cenchrus ciliaries and Stylosanthes scabra recorded higher biomass yield than natural pasture. The biomass yield of Hardwickia binata was around 26 quintals / hectare / year.

Natural grazing lands comprising a mixture of Cenchrus ciliaris, Cenchrus setigerus, Cynodon dactylon, Phaseolus trilobus, Setaria verticulata, Aerva tomentosa, Chloris barbata, Phyllanthus maderapatensis, Abutilon indicum, Aerva lanata, Boerhaavia diffusa, Corchorus olitorius, Leucas aspera, Parthenium hysterophorus, Tridax procumbens, Achyranthus aspera, and Phyllanthus amarus.

Hardwickia binata leaves had a crude protein, crude fibre and Total digestible Nutrient (TDN) of 44.53, 50.21 and 48.05 % DMB, respectively (Singh et al., 1994). Cenchrus ciliaris had a crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, total ash and nitrogen free extract of 13.29, 3.66, 20.76, 8.53 and 53.76 % DMB, respectively.

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Stylosanthes scabra had a crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, total ash and nitrogen free extract of 13.29, 3.66, 20.76, 8.53 and 53.76 % DMB, respectively (Mynavathi, 2011).

Rainfed agroforestry for livelihood security reflects the positive way in utilization of rainfed area resources. Hardwickia binata based agroforestry model with fodder crops comprising of Cenchrus ciliaris and Stylosanthus scabra found to be suitable than natural pasture in terms of biomass production for North western agroclimatic zone of Tamil Nadu. The shrubs present in natural pastures depletes all the nutrients from the soil which inturn prevented the growth of tree. Conclusion From the study, it is concluded that higher biomass yield of the system was recorded with Hardwickia binata based agroforestry model with fodder crops comprising of Cenchrus ciliaris and Stylosanthus scabra. Therefore, there is potential to improve the Hardwickia binata based agroforestry model with fodder crops comprising of Cenchrus ciliaris and Stylosanthus scabra found to be suitable than natural pasture in terms of biomass production for North western agroclimatic zone of Tamil Nadu. References Mynavathi, V.S. 2011. Optimization and Stabilization of Crop - Livestock Silvipastoral Farming System in Dry Land Areas of Western Zone of Tamil Nadu. Ph.D., Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Singh, A.K.,Lodhi, G.N., Misra, A.K., and Upadhyay, V.S. 1994. Nutritive value of anjan tree (Hardwickia binata) leaves for goats. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 11(3):197-198.

Paper ID: 96 Sustainable goat farming under silvipasture model in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu A. Ruba Nanthini and G.Srinivasan Central Feed Technology Unit, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kattupakkam Introduction Goat rearing play a very important role in rural economy. Generally, goats are reared for milk and meat. Goat manure is also used as a fertilizer. Goats are opportunistic foragers and can be maintained on variety of diets under diverse conditions. Farmers prefer silvipasture model to rear minimum of 100 to 150 goats in their small land. Silvipasture system is the combination of trees and pasture. In this system, fodder trees were planted in between the fodder fields or in the boundaries. Hence, this study was carried out to work out the possibilities of developing entrepreneurship in goat farming under silvipasture model. Materials and Methods A farmer named S. Ganesh, Cheyyar, Kanchipuram district possessing five acres of land was selected for this study. He was advised to plant tree fodder like Leucaena leucocephala and Glyricidia Sp.in boundaries and fodder crops like Co fodder sorghum 29, Cenchrus Sp. of grass and legume fodder Desmanthus in one, one and three acres of land respectively. 100 no. of boer goats, aged 6 months and average body weight of

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15.54 kg were stall fed each with approximately 3.5 kg of fresh leaves of fodder trees, fodder crops and 250 grams of Concentrate feed daily to meet the nutrient requirement of the goat. The study was conducted for 90 days. Manure collected from goats were recycled by applying in the field as fertilizer. Results and Discussion By implementing the silvipasture agroforestry model in farmer’s field, the average body weight of goats was recorded as 21.35 kg at 9 months of age. An increase of 5.81 kg body weight gain was observed over a period of 90 days. The average daily gain of 64.55 g was observed in goats after 90 days reared under silvipasture model. The average dry matter intake was recorded as 4.82 % of body weight and goats generally relished consuming variety of fodder leaves. Sharma et al., (1998) studied the feeding behaviour of barbari goat in 3 tier pasture containing Leucaena leucocephala, Dichrostachys nutan and Cenchrus ciliaris and observed more preference for Leucaena leucocephala irrespective of seasonal changes and the nutritional content of ingested forage was sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of goats for maintenance. Farmer considerably reduced the production cost by feeding the tree fodder and protein rich legume fodder to goats reared under silvipasture model. Sivasankaran (1994) also reported that integration of cropping, silvipasture, goat rearing, increased income of 205 per cent over conventional system of cropping improving soil fertility. Singh et al. (2005) reported that the optimum utilization of biomass and human resources in semi intensive production system in which goats were fed with crop by products, looping from plants and concentrate feed. Conclusion Based on the experience of the farmer it could be concluded that the silvipasture system containing Leucaena leucocephala and Glyricidia Sp.in boundaries and fodder crops like Co fodder sorghum 29 and Cenchrus Sp have great potencial to sustain the nutrient requirement of goats. References Chinnusamy, C., Sivasankaran, D., & Rangasamy, A. (1994). Sustainable integrated farming systems for rainfed upland farms of Southern Peninsular India. In 3. Asian Farming Systems Symposium, Manila (Philippines), 7-10 Nov 1994. Sharma K, Saini A, Singh N, Ogra J. Feeding behaviour and forage nutrient utilization by goats on a semi-arid reconstituted silvipasture Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 1998;11(4):344-350. Singh, S. K., Singh, M. K., & Rai, B. (2005). Evaluations of different goat production systems in India and breeding strategy for improvement. LEAD PAPERS in VIIIth Natioanl Conference on Animal Genetics and Breeding, 8-10 March, 2005: 72.

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Paper ID: 104 Survival percentage of Gliricidia sepium in Gudalur, Chengalpattu District Murugan.N, G.Prabakar and T.M.Thiyagarajan Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District-608 002 Introduction Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud, a fast growing, medium sized, thornless, leguminous tree. Gliricidia sepium literally means “Rat poison”. Gliricidia sepium is a native of Central America. It has long been cultivated in tropical Mexico, Central America and northern South America. In 1900 reached to Asian countries including Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and India. Generally, the trees survive and grow well under a wide range of climatic and adaptive conditions (Kumar and Simon, 2016). Leaves of Gliricidia sepium have been widely used as a green manure where used as an under storey tree under coconuts, as a shade tree (Liyanage, 1987). It can be used as substitute for Leucaena leucocephala as a source of fodder, fuelwood and green manure in intercropping systems such as alley-cropping systems, in hedges and living fences, and as a shade tree in tea, coffee, and cocoa plantations (Falvey, 1982). Fodder trees and shrubs constitute a vital component in livestock productivity in the arid and the semi-arid zones where about 52% of the cattle, 57% of the sheep, 65% of the goats and 100% of the camels in tropical Africa are found (Von Kaufmann, 1986). It is also regarded as a potential weed and as a moderate or potentially invasive species in many countries across Asia, Africa, and the West Indies (USDA-ARS, 2016). Materials and methods Site characteristics: A field trial was conducted during 2019 to 2020 at the SRM Care Farm, Gudalur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India. SRM Care farm soil structure has been classified as clay loam, silt clay, clay and loam. The treatment was commenced in November 2019.

Experimental design and treatment: Prior to planting, the area was ploughed and harrowed. Stocks of Gliricidia sepium fresh cuttings were used in a Randomized Block Design experiment replicated three times. The experiments consists of seven types of stock lengths (10,20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 cm),stock diameter of 3.5 cm and planting angle of 45°forall the treatments. The farm border was directly planted with the Gliricidia sepium immediately after the rainfall with spacing of plant to plant is 2 meter. Each treatment is maintained and was planted with 100 numbers of stocks. The stocks of Gliricidia sepium were collected from Gliricidia trees grown at the SRM Care Farm of SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Gudalur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.

Planting procedures: Gliricidia stocks were collected from the five years old tree. Good healthy stocks with pests and diseases free were selected and slant cut was given on the top of the stock. In order to get the actual diameters needed, calipers were used to measure the required diameters of 3.5 cm. The stocks were later cut to length of 10,20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 cm respectively. The cuttings were planted within a day to prevent from drying out.

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Measurement of growth parameters: The three-month-old planted stocks were measured to percentage of survival phenological parameter by the procedure of NFTA (1989). Results and Discussion The different stock length treatments have significant influence onsurvival percentage in SRM Care farm. Among the treatments,the stock length 40 cm (95 %), 60 cm (92%) and 80 cm (85%)recorded the highest percentage of survival phenological parameter. Table 1. Gliricidia sepium stocks survival percentage on 90 Days after Planting. Sl. No. Treatments Survival percentage (%) 1 Stocks length 120 cm. 54 2 Stocks length 100 cm. 60 3 Stocks length 80 cm. 85 4 Stocks length 60 cm. 92 5 Stocks length 40 cm. 95 6 Stocks length 20 cm. 30 7 Stocks length 10 cm. 23

In a situation where establishment is to be carried out by cutting of stock, it is very important to know the right size of the stock length and planting angle of the cutting.It was also observed from this study that the percentage stock survival rate increased as the stock length was increased. The low percentage stock survival recorded for the thinner and shorter cuttings may be explained in terms of low carbohydrate reserves and immature stocks, Wills (1980) and Chadhokar (1982) prescribed using mature stocks of about six months old or more.

Although, there is no agreement as to the angle which the planted end of the stock should be cut, Chadhokar (1982) recommends an oblique angle in order to increase the terminal bark area from which roots emerge, while Wills (1980) prefers a straight or right angle cut as this minimizes the area of white wood tissue exposed to rot. Conclusion The experiment was concluded that the Gliricidia sepium stocks had established with good condition at SRM Care farm, Gudalur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India. Based on this research report, the stock lengthof more than 40 cm is recommended for planting as the plant germinated and survived with good condition.

Key words: Gliricidia sepium, Cuttings , Germination , Direct planting , Farm border. References Chadhokar, F.A., l982. Gliricidiamaculata: A promising legume fodder plant. World Anim. Rev., 44: 36-43. Falvey, J. L., 1982. Gliricidiamaculata-a review. International Tree Crops Journal., 2(1):1-14.

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Kumar, N.S. and N. Simon. 2016. In vitro antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of Gliricidiasepium (L.) leaf extracts. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry., 5(2): 131-133. Liyanage, L.V.K., 1987. Traditional uses of gliricidia in Sri Lanka. In: Withington D, Glover N, Brewbaker JL, eds. Gliricidiasepium (Jacq.) Walp.: Management and Improvement. Waimanalo, Hawaii: Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association., 92-94. NFTA., 1989. A Guide to Establishing Research and Demonstration Plantings with Nitrogen Fixing Tree Species. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association, Waimanalo, Hawail, USA., pp: 36. USDA-ARS, 2016. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/ taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx Von-Kaufmann, R., 1986. An introduction to the sub-humid zone of West Africa and the ILCA sub-humid zone programme: Livestock system in Nigeria’s sub-humid zone. Proceedings of the 2nd ILCA/NAPRI Symposium held in Kaduna, Nigeria, Oct. 29-Nov. 2, ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Wills, G.A., 1980. Establishment of Gliricidiamaculata in bungor series soil. Planter (Malaysia)., 56: 128- 136.

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ABSTRACTS – POSTER PRESENTATIONS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID : 88 Effect of organic manures on biomass yield of Dolichus trilobus in Punica granatum based hortipasture system V.S. Mynavathi, Pasupathi, Karu., Ramachandran.M, Valli.C and D.Balasubramanyam Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Kattupakkam, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Dolichus trilobus is a dual purpose crop yielding good fodder and green manure. Herbaceous creeper grows into a short dense cover crop if sown thick. It does not produce a bulky yield and can be grown in all seasons. The main benefit of using this crop as fodder is that legumes fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into a form that is available to other plants. A study was formulated to identify the suitable organic manure for the growth of Dolichus trilobus in Punica granatum based hortipasture system and to study the biomass yield of Dolichus trilobus in Punica granatum based hortipasture system with different organic manure practice. Materials and methods The experiment was conducted at the piggery unit of Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam. The soil samples were collected at a depth of 15cm for analysis before the field was prepared. The tillage operations were performed in the field and beds were formed. InitiallyPunica granatum trees was planted at a spacing of 5m x 5 m. Different plots were separated for imposing the treatments. Treatments consisted of three different manures on N equivalent basis viz., cattle manure, goat manure, swine manure and a control (without manure). Manures were incorporated as per the treatment as basal application. Seeds of Dolichus trilobus was sown as the understorey of Punica granatum. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments replicated thrice. Weeds were removed. Fodder was harvested on 60th day at different places of one square meter area in each experimental plot and the weight of fresh fodder biomass was measured using digital electronic weighing balance and sampling for estimation of moisture was done (AOAC, 2000) on the experimental plots itself. Dry matter production (DMP) was estimated during the harvest stage of the crop. Five plants were removed from the sample rows, air dried and then oven dried at 800 ± 20C till a constant weight was recorded. Dry matter production was expressed in kg ha-1. Results and Discussion The growth performance of Dolichus trilobus revealed that application of 100% cattle manure on Nitrogen equivalent basis performed better in terms of both fresh and dry fodder yield under Punica granatum based hortipasture system. Nitrogen content of cattle manure, goat manure aand swine manure was analysed and it is 0.4, 0.9 and 0.5 %, respectively.

The soil nutrient composition before and after Dolichus trilobus establishment in Punica granatum based hortipasture system is presented in Table 1.

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Table 1. Soil nutrient composition before and after Dolichus trilobus establishment in Punica granatum based hortipasture system Available Available Available Organic Treatments pH EC Nitrogen Nitrogen Nitrogen Carbon (Kg ha-1) (Kg ha-1) (Kg ha-1) (%) Initial 6.95 0.026 251 9.6 643 0.52 T1 7.24 0.023 301 41.6 406 0.50 T2 7.27 0.021 352 37.2 428 0.62 T3 7.67 0.026 352 23.2 421 0.46 T4 7.21 0.039 276 33.1 425 0.69 The effect of organic manures on biomass yield of Dolichus trilobus in Punica granatum based hortipasture system is presented in Table 2. Table 2. Effect of organic manures on biomass yield of Dolichus trilobus in Punica granatum based hortipasture system Treatments Dry yield (MT/ha) Fresh yield (MT/ha) c c T1 - 100 % Cattle manure on N equivalent basis 3.52 ± 0.28 17.58 ± 1.39 bc bc T2 - 100 % goat manure on N equivalent basis 2.88 ± 0.17 14.39 ± 0.85 ab ab T3- 100 % pig manure on N equivalent basis 2.68 ± 0.29 13.42± 1.46 a a T4- Control (without manure) 2.10 ± 0.08 10.50± 0.40 Mean of three replicates Values bearing different superscripts in same column differ significantly (P< 0.05) NS No significant variation

Application of 100 % Cattle manure on N equivalent basis increased the biomass yield of Dolichus trilobus under Punica granatum based hortipasture system. Hence, Cattle manure can be effectively utilised as a source of nutrient for the crop to enhance the nutrient composition of the fodder crop grown in the system. This results in accordance with the earlier finding of Cooke, (2002), who noted that nitrogen application had no effect on fruit size. Conclusion The biomass yield of Dolichus trilobus under Punica granatum based hortipasture system increased with the application of 100 % Cattle manure on N equivalent basis. From the result of the study, it can be concluded that the use of animal manure in crop production is desirable as it had variable impacts on the growth and yield of crops. The use of 100 % Cattle manure on N equivalent basis will improve soil organic matter status, nutrient availability and good crop yield as well as ensures stability of soil structure. Therefore it is advisable to use cattle manure for the production of understorey crops and fruit trees grown in the system References AOAC 2000. Official and Tentative Methods of Analysis,(12th Ed.) Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C., 1094p. Cooke G.W. (2002). Fertilizer for Maximum Yield, London. The English language Book Society and Granda publ.Ltd, London.

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AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

KEYNOTE ADDRESS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

CLIMATE RESILIENT AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION Dr. Javed Rizvi and Dr. Shivkumar Dhyani Director, World Agroforestry, ICRAF South Asia Program, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

Agroforestry is integration of trees into agriculturally productive landscapes. It is one of the most effective and sought after ways to compensate the loss of forest/ tree covers. Agroforestry provides products that otherwise will be obtained from already over-exploited forests; increases environmental sustainability; enhances the production of food, fodder, fuelwood, and timber; reduces soil erosion and degradation; supports rehabilitation of degraded lands; enhances soil organic matter; removes atmospheric carbon through sequestration; support biodiversity; and provides many other social, religious, and aesthetic benefits. In fact role of trees is well recognized to significantly reduce the risk of climate change, and make the environment more conducive and sustainable to humans, livestock, and to agriculture. Agroforestry is recognized as an effective tool to enhance the resilience to climate change, and reduce the carbon footprint of ever increasing development. To achieve their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), 23 countries have recognized agroforestry as priority for mitigation, and 29 for adaptation (https://ccafs.cgiar.org/agricultures- prominence-indcs-data-and-maps#.Wfa1uohx200). On economic front, trees contribute over 10% of the US $3.1 trillion worth of global GDP created by the agricultural sector (Annual Report 2016-2017: Harnessing the multiple benefits of trees on farms. World Agroforestry Centre).

Introduction of compatible trees in the agricultural landscape (on the field boundaries, inter cropping with crops, and on community lands) provide additional and diverse food with less inputs. Compared to trees, annual crops are more susceptible to climate extremes. Thus, intercropping of multipurpose trees with crops, reduces farmers’ risks against crop failure. A tree can also be sold to arrange anytime cash during any emergency in the form of fuelwood or timber, thus serving as a ‘biological ATM’.

A global quantification of the area under agroforestry indicates significant increase both in extent, and in number of people involved. Agroforestry is currently practiced on about more that 43% of all agricultural land globally (about over a billion hectares) supporting about 30% of rural population (more than 900 million). Globally, the amount of tree cover on agricultural land has increased substantially. South Asia as well has recorded an increase of 6.7% in trees outside forest. Thus, increase in the number of trees on agricultural land is to be seriously considered by policy makers for better agricultural planning, and policy development and production, (Zomer et al., 2014). Agroforestry and livestock production Livestock have been an integral component of agricultural and rural economy in South Asia, and the livestock sector has been growing faster than food crops. Globally, the sector is emerging as an engine of agricultural growth due to high demand for animal products. However, in recent years, the growth of livestock production and productivity has decelerated due to in- sufficient availability of good quality of dry and green fodder, and concentrates.

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Agroforestry through fodder trees and shrubs offers strong potential to increase the fodder production. Protein supplementation through trees and shrub fodder is more practical than depending on urea molasses blocks. Research on and promotion of such trees and shrubs is a pre-requisite for a sustainable round the year supply of good quality fodder.

Agroforestry technologies developed by ICRAF and National Agriculture Research Systems has globally demonstrated increased fodder yields. Silvipasture system has been identified as the most promising for forage production in different agro-climatic regions. Tree foliage provide high quality feed for animals. By reducing temperature under their canopy, trees support growth of grass and improve the micro-climate to support biodiversity. More than 200 tree species, mostly from tropical and subtropical region are already identified with high forage values. In view of rising temperature, identification and use of drought resistant forage species (trees, grasses, and shrubs) is imperative. Such species provide fodder, fruits and other products even under frequent droughts, particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions. A number of fodder trees and shrubs are multi-purpose which are advantageous for farmers.

Site specific agroforestry systems such as silvipasture, agrisilvipasture, agrisilvihortipasture, have shown potential to supply nutritious fodder. In India, lopping for leaf fodder of Prosopis cineraria and Ailanthus excelsa in western Rajasthan, Albizia lebbeck, A. procera and Azadirachta indica in northern and central India and Grewia optiva, Morus alba and Celtis australis in western Himalaya, and Alnus nepalensis and Ficus hookerii in the north-eastern region are common practices. A large number of exotic multi-purpose fodder species are also introduced for propagation in different parts of the country. These include Leucaena leacocephala, Acacia tortilis, Dichrostachys nutans, Exbucklandia populnea, Atriplex, Gliricidia spp., Zizyphus spinacristi and others.

Some of the information on livestock based agroforestry models is available in following ICAR-ICRAF publications:  Promising Agroforestry Tree Species in India (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/ Publications/PDFS/B17969.pdf )  Successful Agroforestry Models for Different Agro-Ecological Regions in India  (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/Publications/PDFS/B17980.pdf)  Few agroforestry based success stories During 2014, India took lead in formulation and implementation of the world’s first National Agroforestry Policy. South Asia Regional Program (SARP) of ICRAF played important role as a technical partner in its development; and now is involved in its implementation. (http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/ Agroforestry%20policy%202014.pdf/ https://www.worldagroforestry.org/publication/national-agroforestry- policy-india-experiential-learning-development-and-delivery-phases). ICRAF is one of the members of the Inter-ministerial Committee which supervises implementation of the policy; and is also a member of the Technical Group that supports Sub-Mission on Agroforestry.

Tremendous success of India’s agroforestry policy in increasing awareness about the benefit and potential of agroforestry; removal of legal hurdles in planting, felling and transporting agroforestry products (mainly

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 174 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 timber and wood); and in channelizing huge resources to mainstream agroforestry in the national agenda has caused ripple effect in the South Asia region and beyond. Recently, ICRAF worked with the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Forest to develop the National Agroforestry Policy of Nepal, which was approved and launched by the Minister of Agriculture during July 2019. ICRAF has also worked with South East Asian countries (ASEAN) to develop their AF Strategy. (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/region/sea/ publications/detail?pubID=4392).

The annual production of timber from Trees outside forests (TOF) is about 74.5 million cubic meter (FSI, 2017), and bulk of the same comes from agroforestry. Agroforestry provides major raw materials to about 26,500 wood based industries in the country. One of the best examples of timber based agroforestry success comes from Haryana. The Yamunanagar city in Haryana has emerged as the biggest market of farm- grown wood in the country with 205 plywood industrial units manufacturing wood products worth INR 5,000-6,000 crore annually which provide direct and indirect employment to about 1 lakh people. The district alone produces about 45% plywood of the country, which has helped it earning the title of country’s ‘plywood capital’ (A booster dose needed in agroforestry, Haryana Tribune, 18.01.2020, Chandigarh).

Agroforestry is contributing significantly in land use and farm income diversification helping both the farmers and industries. One of the most important successes of agroforestry in India is the fact that the country currently, fulfils about 70% of its timber needs through agroforestry which is valued at about more than Rs. 14,000 crores annually (Soujanya Shrivastava and Ajay Kumar Saxena 2017). Agroforestry has contributed to increase the green cover of India (ISFR, 2017) which in turn provides several environmental benefits (addition of oxygen and removal of carbon from the atmosphere). Both these, are priceless and hard to put a Rupee value on these. Based on an assessment, the average rate of return on investment in agroforestry in terms of Cost: Benefit ratio varies from 1: 2.4 to 4.17 which is fairly high (Planning Commission, Govt. of India, 2001).

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ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL REGIONS; “CLIMATE RESILIENT AGRO FORESTRY SYSTEMS. Dr. N. Parasuraman M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai-600113. Abstract Agroforestry systems provide a great opportunity for sequestering and enhancing carbon sinks, hence help in mitigating climate change and thereby enhance the adaptive capacity of agricultural systems in tropical and subtropical regions. While increasing productivity relates directly to the ability of a system to accumulate and retain carbon, improving the resilience of agricultural systems is largely the result of enhancing the capacity of such systems to cope with adverse climatic changes. On hills that have lost their forest cover, rains are dreaded by farmers and in the absence of trees, the water running down the hill slopes carries with it silt and farmers have to make special efforts to prevent this water from entering their fields. In fact, agriculture becomes impossible without forests. There is no alternative to forest conservation and diverting forest land for farming is not a sustainable way of practising agriculture. Almost all the new varieties of crops owe their origin to the wild varieties. By destroying forest habitats of these wild varieties, we are losing the genetic base on which depends the modern crop improvement programmes for developing highly productive/ nutritious crop varieties resistant to drought, salinity, pests and diseases. There should be a clear nexus between forests and agriculture. Even in those cases where there are no forests in the vicinity of farming lands, a combination of specific tree species and food crops can enhance crop production and minimise crop losses due to pests. Such a practice is known as Agroforestry. Agroforestry is an effective land use system which contributes to food, nutritional and environmental security. Beside its multifarious use as food, fuel, fodder, fibre and timber, it enables smallholder farmers to optimize their land use. Also agroforestry has significant potential to provide employment and additional income to farmers. Through agroforestry, many countries are able to increase their forest/tree cover to meet specific national targets, which otherwise are quite difficult to achieve. Introduction In the context of climate change, agroforestry helps in mitigating the same through microclimatic modification and carbon sequestration. Towards landscape management, agroforestry plays an important role in reducing greenhouse gas (GHS) emissions and acts as an effective means of environmental services. In fact, agroforestry can help in achieving resilience in agriculture while addressing effectively the threat of climate change. Given the fact that land-holding size is shrinking, tree farming combined with agriculture is perhaps the only way forward to optimize farm productivity and thus, enhance livelihood opportunities of small holder farmers, landless laborers and the women farmers. Agroforestry can reap substantial benefits both economically and environmentally.

Currently, there is growing concern about environmental degradation (soil erosion, salinity, sodicity, water logging, agricultural non-point source pollution, desertification etc.) owing to indiscriminate use of agricultural chemicals/other inputs and/or inappropriate land use systems. As a result, substantial areas of land have gone out of production. Agroforestry, as an alternate land use option, holds promise in such cases. A closer integration of agricultural crops and forest trees would be useful not only in checking further adverse

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 176 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 effects of climate change as well as land degradation but also would ensure timber and firewood availability in the rural areas.

Despite its obvious benefits, agroforestry continues to face challenges such as unfavorable policy environment, lack of scientific knowledge and public awareness, legal constraints and poor coordination as well as convergence among the multiple sectors involved – namely, agriculture, forestry, rural development, environment and trade. Inadequate investment, lack of suitable extension strategies and weak market linkages are the real concerns for improving the livelihood of small holder farmers. Moreover, the development of agroforestry is impeded by legal, policy and institutional arrangements, its environmental benefits are mostly unrewarded, and the investments are often linked with long gestation periods. As a result, the potential of agroforestry has not been fully understood by the farmers and the farming communities. Culinary diversity and agrobiodiversity Among the methods of protecting community knowledge and technologies under WTO, Geographic Indication (GI) is an important one. UNESCO’s World Heritage Site and FAO’s Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) are other forms of recognition of the conservation ethos of local communities. In this context, the Government of Paschim Bangla has done well in seeking GI protection for Rasagulla. Odisha feels that it has also a claim on Rasagulla from the point of view of GI. Similarly, there is need for according recognition to communities which have conserved agro-biodiversity, i.e., biodiversity used for various human needs. Such diversity can take the form of cultural, culinary and curative (i.e. medicinal plants) diversity. Thanks to the work of MSSRF, the agro-biodiversity based farming systems in the Koraput region of Odisha and the below sea level rice cultivation of Kuttanad in Kerala have both received GIAHS recognition from FAO. We should make similar efforts to get global recognition for the work of rural and tribal communities in areas of significance to human quality of life. Do Ecology for achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Recently Members of the UN adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals. These goals can be achieved if we integrate the principles of ecology in all development and social protection measures. “Do ecology” involves education, social mobilisation and essential regulation. Sustainable development also involves concurrent attention to environmental, economic and social sustainability. In agriculture, evergreen revolution is the means to achieve sustainability. In the area of ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, adopting the farming system for nutrition (FSN) approach together with the establishment of genetic gardens of biofortified crops and training of a cadre of community hunger fighters will help. Since the 17 goals are at the moment in the form of generalised objectives, every Panchayat in our country should develop its own operational plan for achieving the goals relevant to their socio-economic and socio-cultural conditions. Rice – Saviour of Food Security in an era of Climate Change World requires 50% more rice in 2030 than in 2004 with approximately 30% less arable land of today. Rice was one of the early green revolution crops because of the changes made in plant architecture and water and nutrient use ability, first through the indica – japonica hybridization programme and later through the use of dwarfing genes. Rice has a wide adaptation as evident from its cultivation below sea level in Kuttanad in Kerala and in the high Himalayas. More recently, rice has also been enriched with micronutrients like zinc

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 177 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 and iron as well as Vitamin A. There are over 150000 varieties of rice with varying degrees of adaptation to temperature, precipitation, sea level and grain quality. India has the largest area under rice and since long, tribal families like those cultivating rice in Koraput in Odisha have preserved for posterity a wide range of rice germplasm. Wheat is very sensitive to night temperature and has more limited adaptation than rice. We should develop research and extension strategies for producing 150 million tonnes of rice from 30 million hectare by 2030. Water security in an era of climate change We need to develop a strategy for mobilising the available water resources of the country in a most economical and effective manner. I emphasised that those involved in developing programmes for river linking should ensure that the projects take into the account the following five E’s  Economics – Economic viability is essential for investment  Ecology – Environmental impact of river linking has to be carefully considered so that the programme is in conformity with the sustainable development goals and does not lead to deforestation  Equity – both social and gender equity should guide the development of the project so that a win-win situation is created for all participating in such a programme.  Energy – The project should generate additional renewable energy  Employment – the project should so designed as to generate more employment in all the sectors of the economy, namely agriculture, industry and services sector In addition to river linking, the country needs to develop local level pani panchayats for harvesting and using effectively the major sources of water, namely rain, ground water, rivers and lakes, snow, treated effluents and sea water. Such action will help us to enhance our coping capacity in relation to the weather abnormalities associated with global warming.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 178 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

AGROFORESTRY AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION – TRADITIONAL PRACTICES, PRESENT DYNAMICS AND LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE Dr. C. Sreekumar Professor and Head, Department of Wildlife Science Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Chennai Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

‘The few animals we have the fewer humans we will have’ is a popular saying that accurately captures the effects of loss of biodiversity in the world today. The world is endowed with numerous biodiversity hotspots, among which 25 have been definitively identified.

Fig. 1. The 25 biodiversity hotspots of the world Currently, the earth is facing a crisis with unprecedented loss of biodiversity. Nature is declining globally at rates unprecedented in human history – and the rate of species extinctions is accelerating, with grave impacts on people around the world now likely (Report, 2019). The five major threats to biodiversity remain climate change, deforestation and habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species and pollution. Among these, deforestation takes a heavy toll on biodiversity. Each year, forest equivalent to 18 million acres, including the tropical rainforests of Amazon area are lost, due in part to logging and other human practices, destroying the ecosystems on which many species depend.

The UN presents a clear picture of the impact and reasons for forest loss (Report, 2018). It provides a net statistical data about forests as below;  45%: increase in raw timber production since 1970 (4 billion cubic meters in 2017)  +/-13 million: forestry industry jobs  50%: agricultural expansion that occurred at the expense of forests

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 179 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

 50%: decrease in net rate of forest loss since the 1990s (excluding those managed for timber or agricultural extraction)  68%: global forest area today compared with the estimated pre-industrial level  7%: reduction of intact forests (>500 sq. km with no human pressure) from 2000-2013 in developed and developing countries  290 million ha (+/-6%): native forest cover lost from 1990-2015 due to clearing and wood harvesting  110 million ha: rise in the area of planted forests from 1990-2015  10-15%: global timber supplies provided by illegal forestry (up to 50% in some areas)  >2 billion: people who rely on wood fuel to meet their primary energy needs From the above, it can be seen that one of the important factors determining the biodiversity loss through loss of forests throughout the world is the transformation of natural ecosystems into intensive agricultural systems (Ramos et al., 2016). Burgeoning populations of the world have forced the conversion of forests in agricultural land or pastures, thereby causing habitat loss and fragmentation, impeding biodiversity and conservation. In most parts of the world, protected forest areas have extensive agricultural lands surrounding it or inside the area, thus fragmenting and limiting the forest resources. Agroforestry systems (AFS), can play important roles for maintaining biodiversity and forest ecosystem integrity.

Land-use systems and technologies where plants (woody perennial trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are used on the same land management units in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence as agricultural crops and/or animals is collectively termed as agroforestry or agroecology (Klie, 2018). It is also defined as land-use systems that combine agricultural and silvicultural practices to produce food, wood, and other products. AFS are complex systems combining wild and domesticated plant, animal, fungal and microorganisms components interacting, determining processes and emergent properties with beneficial consequences for both ecosystems and societies (Ramos et al., 2016).

Trees have been incorporated as part of agricultural landscapes for a long time by farmers. Trees provided shade, shelter, energy, food, fodder and many other goods and services that enabled the farmstead to prosper (McNeely and Schroth, 2006). In the tropics, trees were essential components of the fallow vegetation on temporarily abandoned fields, and many trees were also retained without specific purpose on farm land where they did not interfere with the use of the land. In some humid tropical regions, trees have such a prominent place in farming to the extent that there is no difference between forest, old fallows, and extensively managed traditional tree crop plantations. This paper intends to look into the traditional practices and the way forward towards using AFS in biodiversity conservation Traditional practices The links between agroforestry and the conservation of biodiversity have clearly been made more relevant and more obvious by the increased consideration of traditional, tree-based land use practices and the widening of the focus from the field to the landscape scale in agroforestry science. Schroth et al. (2004) identified and discussed three roles of agroforestry in biodiversity conservation on a landscape scale:

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 180 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

 the provision of supplementary, secondary habitat for species that tolerate a certain level of disturbance  the reduction of rates of conversion of natural habitat in certain cases and,  the creation of a more benign and permeable ‘matrix’ between habitat remnants compared with less tree-dominated land uses, which may support the integrity of these remnants and the conservation of their populations. They conclude that, although even they are no substitutes for natural habitat on whose proximity they may often depend for high levels of wild biodiversity, often complex agroforestry systems are more supportive of biodiversity than mono-crop systems. The relationship between forests, agroforestry and wild biodiversity can be made most productive through applying adaptive management approaches that recognize local knowledge and practice and incorporate ongoing research and monitoring in order to feed information back into the management system, with farmers and local populations included as active participants. Maintaining diversity in approaches to management of agroforestry systems, along with a pragmatic, undogmatic view on natural resource management, will provide the widest range of options for adapting to changing economic, social, and climatic conditions (Schroth et al., 2004). Recent research findings Sistla et al. (2016), based on their research on AFS in Nicaragua, suggested that well-established agroforests composed of perennial tree and shrub crops intermixed with non-crop trees have the potential to be comparable in both species richness and phylodiversity to uncultivated secondary forests. They found that the traditional practice of adding husks and other plant residues back to agroforestry sites–in addition to slash and burn land clearing, which transiently raises soil pH while also enriching soil nutrient status. They concluded that established agroforestry systems tend to maintain soil structure relative to pastureland, which can increase nutrient cycling efficiency, and minimize leaching losses, a primary cause of soil fertility declines in annual cropping and pasture systems.

Ramos et al. (2016) analyzed the application of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in agroforestry system on biodiversity management in Tehuacán Valley. They analyzed the advantages and disadvantages/ limitations of such practices in different ecological zones in Mexico (Table 1.).

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 181 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Their study found from 26 % to nearly 90 % of wild plants species richness conserved in AFS, the decreasing proportion mainly associated to pressures for intensifying agricultural production and abandoning traditional techniques. Native species richness preserved in AFS was influenced by richness existing in the associated forests, but the main driver is how people preserve benefits of components and functions of ecosystems.

While discussing the ‘’Policy Tools, Options and Exemplary Practices’, the UN (Report, 2019) emphasises the following points when it pertains to agriculture;  promoting good agricultural and agroecological practices;  multifunctional landscape planning (which simultaneously provides food security, livelihood opportunities, maintenance of species and ecological functions) and cross-sectoral integrated management.  deeper engagement of all actors throughout the food system (including producers, the public sector, civil society and consumers) and more integrated landscape and watershed management;  conservation of the diversity of genes, varieties, cultivars, breeds, landraces and species as well as  approaches that empower consumers and producers through market transparency, improved distribution and localization (that revitalizes local economies), reformed supply chains and reduced food waste. Agroforestry at PGRIAS The Postgraduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences (PGRIAS) is a constituent unit of the Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS). It was started by the Tamil Nadu government as a sheep farm in the 1950s. Subsequently, it became a multi-species farm and was named as the Livestock Research Station under the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University and later under TANUVAS. In 2011, it was upgraded into a postgraduate institute offering Master’s and doctoral degrees in animal science subjects.

Fig. 2. The 700 odd acre campus of the Postgraduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences (PGRIAS), showing the clustering of animal activities and buildings near the middle region while retaining most of the natural topography. The presence of a ‘silvipasture’ and ‘hortipasture’ (highlighted in yellow grill) might also contribute to the rich avifauna present here. While, modernization and urbanization had taken a heavy toll of the greenery and topography all around, converting most areas into concrete jungles, this sprawling 700-odd acre campus has largely remained

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 182 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 untouched, retaining its natural beauty and wilderness as a scrub jungle. As part of the farm activity different agroforestry models including horti and sylvipasture are being maintained. The campus boasts a wide kaleidoscope of avifauna, not to mention the few deer, jackals, mongooses and other mammals.

Fig. 3. The wooded areas (above), scrub jungle (middle) and pond areas (below) that are present in PGRIAS makes it a good niche for animal and bird biodiversity. The agroforestry areas and different biological niches make the campus rich in biodiversity. The campus is identified as ‘birding hotspot’ by eBird and has a record of 138 bird species and is ranked 13th in Kancheepuram district.

References Klie, M.S., 2018. Agroforestry as a biodiversity conservation tool and the motivations and limitations for small scale farmers to implement agroforest systems in the north-eastern Atlantic forest biome in Brazil. Thesis for graduation of natural science degree with the main subject of environmental science. Goteborg Universitet. McNeely, J.A. and Schroth, G., 2006. Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation –traditional practices, present dynamics, and lessons for the future. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15:549–554. Ramos, M.V., Calles, A.M. and Casas, A., 2016. TEK and biodiversity management in agroforestry systems of different socioecological contexts of the Tehuacán Valley. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine,12:31-46. Report, 2019. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), United Nations, 7th session of the IPBES Plenary, (29 April – 4 May) in Paris. https://www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/nature-decline-unprecedented-report/ Schroth G., Fonseca G.A.B., Harvey C.A., Gascon C., Vasconcelos H.L. and Izac A.M.N., 2004. Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation in tropical landscapes. Island Press, Washington. Sistla, S.A., Roddy, A.B., Nicholas E. Williams, N.E., Kramer, D.B., Stevens, K. and Allison, S.D., 2016. Agroforestry practices promote biodiversity and natural resource diversity in Atlantic Nicaragua. PLOS ONE, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0162529.

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ABSTRACTS – ORAL PRESENTATIONS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 12 Valuing Ecosystem Services-A Case study from Melia Dubia Plantation V.Karthick1 and M.Ganesh2 1Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 2Under- Graduate student, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore Introduction Natural ecosystems provide humans with a wide range of resources and processes which are collectively defined as ecosystem services. Human pressure on a rugged and fragile landscape can cause landuse/ cover changes that significantly alter the provision of ecosystem services. Estimating the multiple services, particularly those obtained from agroforestry systems, is seldom attempted. The present study was conducted to classify the ecosystem services provided by Melia dubia plantations and to estimate the monetary value of ecosystem services provided by the Melia dubia plantations. Methodology Plantation of Melia dubia in an area of one acre maintained by the Department of agroforestry Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam was selected for this study. The plantation was nine years old and at a spacing of 3 x 3 metres was adopted. The services provided by the Melia plantation were broadly classified into four groups viz., Provisioning services, Regulating services, Cultural services and Supporting services. The volume of standing trees was estimated using the following formula (Chaturvedi 1994) and 3 expressed in cubic meter (m ). Total Volume (V) = Total height(h) x Basal area x Form factor. In order to convert the estimated volume into Biomass, it is mutliplied with the specific gravity of the wood. The specific gravity ofMelia dubia ranged from 0.47 (third year) to 0.60 (fifth year) (Saravananetal., 2014). The specific gravity ofMelia dubia as 0.47 was taken for this study. The provisioning services of Melia dubia plantations were quantified by multiplying biomass and the price per unit of biomass.To estimate the carbon sequestered by the trees, information on the growing stock of forests and other parameters such as biomass expansion factor (BEF) were used. The study was conducted during January 2018 – April 2018. Results and Discussion Traditionally tree plantations have been valued only for the tangible benefits like timber and non-timber products. The intangible benefits provided by the tree plantation such as regulating climate, nutrient cycling, water purification, soil protection, habitat for birds have been undervalued since these services are not traded commercially in the convention market and it is difficult to value these services. This study was conducted to quantify the monetary value of provisioning services, regulating services and supporting services. The monetary value of the provisioning service (timber yield) was calculated as Rs. 6,25,870/ hectare. The total monetary value of carbon sequestrated was Rs.38,053. The total oxygen released by the trees was 24.93 tonnes of oxygen/ha/year. The total monetary value of water regulating services was calculated as Rs.63. The total monetary value of nutrient recycling service was Rs.6511.The total economic value provided by the plantation is Rs.6,70,496. If these values could be captured helps to conserve the plantation for non- commercial use.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 187 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Total monetary value of services provided by Melia plantation Ecosystem Quantity Money Percentage to the S.No Benefit service Estimated/ha value(Rs.) total Provisioning 1. Wood 89.41tonnes 625870 93.34 Services Water 931.53 m3 62 0.01 Regulating conservation 2. services Carbon 84.18 tonnes 38053 5.68 sequestration 321.16 kg (Urea) Nutrient 118.75 kg (SSP) 6511 0.97 Supporting recycling 3. 333.66 kg (MOP) services Oxygen 118.75(SSP) Not available - production TOTAL 6,70,496

Conclusion The study stresses that there is an essential need to quantify the monetary values of non-marketed products to reliably account for resource accessibility and usage to further sound policy decisions. What this study makes abundantly clear is that ecosystem services provide an important portion of the total contribution to human welfare on this planet. We must begin to give the natural capital stock that produces these services adequate weight in the decision making process, otherwise current and continued future human welfare may drastically suffer. This study demonstrates the need of additional research in this subject area.

Key Words: Agroforestry, Melia dubia, Eco-system services, Valuation. References Chaturvedi, A.N. 1994. Sequestration of atmospheric carbon in Indian forests.Ambio, 23: 460-461. Saravanan, V., Parthiban, K. T., Thiruneraiselvan, S., Kumar, P., Vennila, S., &Kanna, S. U. (2014).Comparative study of wood physical and mechanical properties of Meliadubia with Tectonagrandis at different age gradation. Research Journal of Recent Sciences.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 188 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 27 Role of tribals in Traditional Knowledge and Agro-biodiversity Conservation C.Cinthia Fernandaz* K.T. Parthiban** and R. Jude Sudhagar*** *Assistant Professor (Agrl. Extension), Forest College and Research Institute,TNAU, Mettupalayam **Dean (Forestry), Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam *** Associate Professor (Forestry), AC&RI, TNAU, Kudumiyanmalai Introduction Indigenous knowledge is knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society. Indigenous knowledge is used at the local level for decision making pertaining to food security, human and animal health, education, natural resource management and other vital activities The valuable knowledge gathered by the tribals over generations, so called ITKs is often neglected by researchers, although this information can be quite important for location specific recommendation and for developing sustainable farming systems (Van den banand Hawkins, 1996). Indigenous knowledge is the basis for self sufficiency and self determination for at least two reasons (IIRR, 1996): First people are familiar with the practices and technologies. Second Indigenous knowledge draws on local resources. People are less dependent on outside supplies, which can be costly, scarce and available only irregularly. Research and development organizations should identify and document the existing indigenous technical knowledge of the people to integrate it optimally into improved practices. Materials and Methods The Western Ghats is traditionally rich in its biodiversity and hence the tribals i.e. Todas, Irulas, Kurumbas and Kothars of this area was highly potential in their ITKs in the field of  Agriculture and Agroforestry  Human and Animal health  Natural resource mangement The establishment of the Agroforestry business incubation forum in the Institute would pave way for validation and commercialization of these ITKs.

Selection of the study area and respondents: The tribals of the western ghatsnamely: Todas, Irulas, Kurumbas and Kothars and their settlements were selected for the study.

Sampling Design: Representative Villages were identified from the settlements of the tribals. Sixty tribals were selected from each category. Results and Discussion Indigenous Technical Knowledges (ITKs) are the Knowledge of local people developed during close interactions with nature and natural resources for their livelihood to mitigate immediate crop environmental situation with the objective of maintaining productivity and sustainability. A multi-stage purposive-cum- random sampling method was executed for the study.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 189 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

The maximum number (10) of ITKs were indentified and documented under ‘Paddy cultivation, vegetable cultivation, health care and handicrafts. Majority of the identified ITKs (43.86%) were found to be moderately effective as per respondent’s view. The rationale behind the use of ITKs identified in the investigation was purely based on the free opinion of the respondents as they have observed the results in their own situation. The average extent of use of ITKs for the entire district was found to be 6.68%. The majority of the respondents (57.5%) ‘high user’ category.

Plant products – powdered and oil

Conclusion In the present day agriculture, it is now realized that in all sphere of society systematic documentation, refinement and technology development by blending modern knowledge with ITKs help to increase productivity. Involvement of farmer’s organization, KVK, Zonal Research Stations and SAUs in different strata are important for proper documentation, validation and development of environment friendly, location specific technology and commercialization of ITK also help to increase the economic living of the people. References Ayyanar M., K. Sankarasivaraman, and S. Ignacimuthu. 2008. “Traditional healing potential of Paliyars in Southern India.” Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2008 (1):37. Ayyanar M., K. Sankarasivaraman, S. Ignacimuthu, and T. Sekar. 2010. “Plant species with ethnobotanical importance other than medicinal in Theni district of Tamil Nadu, Southern India.” Asian J Exp Biol Sci 1 (4):765-771. Ganesan S., N. Suresh, and L. Kesaven. 2004. “Ethnomedicinal survey of lower Palni hills of Tamil Nadu.” Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 3 (3):299-304. Gavali D., and D. Sharma. 2004. “Traditional knowledge and biodiversity conservation in Gujarat.” Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 03 (1):51-58. Haseena V. 2006. “Dynamics of deforestation and socio-economic profile of tribal women folk in Kerala-a study of Attappady is.” Cochin University of Science and Technology. Husain M., D.K. Vishwakarma, J.P. Rathore, A. Rasool, A.A. Parrey, and K. Mahendar. 2018. “Local people strategies in biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.” The Pharma Innovation Journal 7 (1):444-450. Rasingam L. 2012. “Ethnobotanical studies on the wild edible plants of Irula tribes of Pillur Valley, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2 (3):S1493-S1497. Reddy K., and K. Reddy. 2000. “Changing bio-ecological aspect of food and nutrition among five tribes of the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu.” The Anthropologist 2 (3):169-174.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 190 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 32 Phytochemical analysis of marine red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii for its nutritional potential K. Sivakumar2, S. Kannappan1 1Crustacean Culture Division, ICAR – Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 2ICAR – Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kattupakkam, Tamil Nadu Introduction The red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii is one of the larger tropical, edible seaweed (macro algae) in the world and popularly cultivating in many countries (Chew et al., 2008). This alga was highly demanded for its cell wall polysaccharide, and is the most important source of “Kappa Carrageenan” (Kumar et al., 2008). Marine macro algae are known for its rich and varied source of natural bioactive products. Therefore, they were deliberated as potential biocidal and pharmaceutical agents (Rangaiah et al., 2010). Under this condition, marine red seaweed K. alvarezii was explored by phytochemical analysis and chemical composition its nutritional potential.

Methodology Macro alga K. alvarezii was collected in the intertidal zone of Mandapam region, Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. Phytochemical analysis of K. alvareziiwas examined by FTIR, SEM-EDAX, TLC and GC-MS. Ethyl acetate solvent was used for extracting crude compounds at 30°C, called cold extraction for TLC and GC-MS. Shade-dried K. alvarezii was ground as fine powder using apestle and mortar for FTIR and SEM-EDAX analysis.

Results and Discussion The FTIR spectrum of K. alvareziihas shown (Fig.1) various functional groups such as alcohols, phenols, α- and β-unsaturated esters, etc were identified. GC-MS analysis of K. alvarezii was found to have a mixture of volatile compounds. The main chemical constituent was n-hexadecanoic acid (38.43, 9.90% respectively) followed by 5-eicosene (9.39%), heptadecane (5.58%) and 1-octadecene (3.18%). During SEM-EDAX analysis K. alvarezii exhibited totally 8 elements by EDAX (Table 1) and TLC analysis also showed various compounds with different sizes from alga extract. Table1: Elements profile ofK. alvarezii (EDAX) Element Net Counts Weight % Atom % O 4983 15.22 28.57 Na 3927 4.37 5.70 Mg 430 0.32 0.39 Si 1195 1.03 1.10 S 2148 2.71 2.54 S 0 ------Cl 25386 39.25 33.26 Cl 1249 ------K 16971 36.90 28.35 K 0 ------As 110 0.20 0.08 Fig.1:FTIR spectrum of K. alvarezii Total 100.00 100.00

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 191 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

SEM-EDAX analysis exhibited about size and shape of algal powder with elemental composition in percentage. TLC plates showed various compounds as colour, pigment’s Rf value under visible and UV. FTIR spectrum exhibited the major functional groups like polysaccharides, lipids and protein, etc. Analysis of crude algae extract using GC-MS had revealed the presence of several organic volatile compounds such as fatty acids, derivatives of methyl esters and other organic substances, etc. Conclusion Application of such bio-products would reduce the environmental hazards imposed by applying the synthetic compounds with reduced cost and eco-friendly nature. References Chew YL, Lim YY, Omar M, Khoo KS (2008). Antioxidant activity of three edible seaweeds from two areas in South East Asia. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 41(6):1067-1072. Kumar KS, Ganesan K, Rao PV (2008). Antioxidant potential of solvent extracts ofKappaphycusalvarezii(Doty) Doty - An edible seaweed. Food Chem. 107(1):289-295. Rangaiah SG, Lakshmi P, Manjula E (2010). Antimicrobial activity of seaweeds Gracillaria, PadinaandSargassumsps.on clinical and phytopathogens. Int. J.Chem. Anal. Sci. 1(6):114-117.

Paper ID: 37 Growth and Productivity of Thornless Bamboo Species grown at Dharwad, Karnataka Ghatanatti, S. M., Mokashi, M. V., and Mutanal, S. M. AICRP on Agroforestry, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka Introduction Bamboo popularly known as green gold or poor man’s timber belongs to Poaceae family, a woody grass and an important component of many forest ecosystems. Bamboo species have a long history as a multipurpose and widely used renewable resource. Particularly in Asia, bamboos are a source of material for construction, tools and implements for agriculture, pulp for paper, handicrafts, and are also used for soil conservation (Banik 1999). The largest forest area under bamboos is in India with 9.57 million hectares of bamboo forests or 12.8 per cent of the total forest area (Krishnakumar et al., 2017). The thornless bamboo species have revolutionized the productivity and profitability of plantations in many parts of the country (Kulkarni, 2013). Material and Methods By keeping bamboo’s usefulness and growth character variation, the present investigation was carried out with the objective to study the productive potential of thornless bamboo speciesunder agroforestry system. The experiment was laid out in the randomized block design at Farm Forestry, UAS, Dharwad in the year 2017. The seedlings of Dendrocalamus stocksii were collected from the following provenances viz., Dapoli (Maharashtra), IWST-Bangalore, Londa, Nasik (Maharashtra), Sindhudurg (Maharashtra), Hanagal, and Bambus abalcoa seedlings were collected from Chandagad (Maharashtra) and Dendrocalamus asper

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 192 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 seedlings were collected from Hosur (TN), and Bambusa vulgaris from Ponnampet. These thornless bamboo seedlings were planted in 3 x 3 m spacing. The irrigation is provided through the drip system. Intercultural operations were carried out and observations viz., height and girth of the culms, number of culms in each clump were recorded regularly. Results and Discussion With regard to growth of the seedlings, Dendrocalamus stocksii of Hanagal provenance attained maximum height (4.07 m) followed by IWST Bangalore (3.32 m). With regard to girth, Bambus abalcoa of Chandagad attained maximum girth (2.78 cm) followed by IWST, Bangalore. More number of culms were observed in Dendrocalamus stocksii of Nasik (10.06 culms) and Hanagal provenance (8.75 culms). Internodal length of the culms was highest in Dendrocalamus stocksii seedlings of Hanagal provenance (22.83 cm). Soybean crop was sown in the Kharif season. The maximum grain yield was observed with the Bambusa vulgaris of Ponnampet (386.7 kg/ha) and Dendrocalamus stocksiiof Dapoli (380.0 kg/ha) whereas maximum haulm yield was observed with Dendrocalamus stocksii of Nasik (503.3 kg/ha) followed by Bambusa vulgaris of Ponnampet (433.3 kg/ha) and Dendrocalamus stocksiiof Dapoli (433.3kg/ha). Conclusion Quality planting materials were developed from the established plantations by using suitable propagation methods. Thornless bamboo can be used for the commercial purpose and for the production of handicrafts.

Key Words: Thornless bamboo, Provenance, Dendrocalamus stocksii References Banik, R. L. 1999, Annual growth periodicity of culm and rhizome in adult clumps of Meloconnabaccifera, Bangladesh J. of Forest Sci., 28 (1): 7-12 Krishnakumar N. S., Umesh Khanna, K. T. Parthiban and Preethi Shree, M., 2017, Growth performance of Thornless bamboos (Bambusabalcoaand Bambusa vulgaris, Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 6 (4): 32-39 Kulkarni, H. D., 2013, Pulp and paper industry raw material scenario- ITC plantation a Case Study, IPPTA, 25 (1): 79-88

Paper ID: 49 Role of Vachellia leucophloea (Velvel) in mitigation of Human-elephant conflict- A case study K.Senthilkumar1, P.Mathialagan2 and C.Manivannan3 1- Assistant Professor, PGRIAS, Kattupakkam 2- Former Professor and Head, Dept. of Veterinary and A.H. Extension education, Madras Veterinary College 3- Professor and Head, University Publication Division, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction In India, the Asian elephant population is surrounded by human settlements and industrial installation and it is more or less look like island populations and hence, the physical space available to human and Asian elephant emerged as a major issue for competition and conflict as it is a large space demanding species.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 193 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Elephants need to fulfil their need for food, water, salt and nutrients, which remains distributed in different areas of human habitat. Hence, they need to migrate towards such resource location on daily or seasonal basis. These habitats are presently disrupted by the human settlements, developmental activities and destruction of corridors and leading human elephant conflict. Human elephant conflict refers to the interaction between elephants and humans, and the resultant negative impact on people, elephants, resources, and habitats. Human-elephant conflict (HEC) may take many forms, from crop raiding and infrastructural damage, though disturbance of normal activities such as travel to work and school, to injury or death of people and elephants (Hoare, 2001). Hence a study was undertaken to find out the strategies followed by the local farmer to mitigate HEC and also to cope up with the present trend of elephant intrusion into their field. Materials and methods The study was conducted at the Maanar village of Coimbatore District in Tamil Nadu. This district was purposefully selected for study as it showed higher human death due to human-elephant conflict (Jagadesh, 2014). In this district, among the injured person an individual who survived in spite of elephant attack was interviewed to get an idea about how he escaped from the clings of death. Results and Discussion Thiru.S.Sakthivel, aged 57 years residing at Maanar village of Coimbatore district was an agriculture farmer educated up to the sixth standard. He owned nearly 4 acres of cultivable land in which banana, coconut etc., was cultivated. He had witnessed the human - elephant conflict close to 40 years in his village because of decreasing forest land and cutting down of trees in large numbers.Further he expressed that cultivation of plantain, coconut and areca nut attracts the forest elephants to maintain their feeding status.

The farmer encountered many constraints due to the elephant conflict in his village. He had lost his crops such as banana, coconut, areca nut (Areca catechu) etc. due to elephant intrusion into the cultivable lands. The loss estimated was about Rs.60,000 /- per annum.

In 2012, the farmer tried to drive the intruded elephant and during this operation he was charged and threw away by the lone elephant. He escaped from the further attack of the elephant by pretending as dead. He was saved by nearby tribal people and given treatment for his fractured rib for Rs.3 lakh at a private hospital. He followed few traditional methods to overcome the Elephant conflict. The farmer suggested that the tree Vachellia leucophloea (velvel) was purposefully removed within the forest as it was used in the preparation of local Feni. The elephants were fond of this tree as it was sour in taste. As the trees were removed drastically, the elephants searched similar taste trees and landed up with the areca nut, banana trees and coconut trees especially the pith of these trees rather than edible products of the trees such as fruits or tender coconut.

Asian elephants are attracted to food crops because they are more palatable, more nutritious and have lower secondary defences than wild browse plants (Sukumar, 1990). In addition, some crops (e.g. Eleusine spp. or millets) when ripe have high sodium and low silica and fibre contents and are therefore especially attractive to elephants in the late wet season (Sukumar, 1990). Sukumar (1991) quantified the raiding frequencies of Asian elephants and the economic effect of the sexes on crops and reported male effect as being more than five times those of females.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 194 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Conclusion This case study confirmed that cultivation of plantain, coconut and areca nut attracts the forest elephants to maintain their feeding status and drastic reduction in the forest trees paves a way for human-elephant conflict. Hence planting more edible trees such as Vachellia leucophloea (velvel) might reduce the human- elephant conflict at certain level.

Keywords :Human–elephant conflict, mitigation, velvel, Vachellia leucophloea References Hoare, R.E., 2001. A decision support system for managing human-elephant conflict situations in Africa. IUCN African Elephant Specialist Group Report. pp:1-110. Jagadish RG 2014 Death due to Elephant Attack: Kovai ranks No-1 in India, Dinamani. Sukumar, R. 1990. Ecology of the Asian elephant in southern India. II. Feeding habits and crop raiding patterns. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6: 33-53. Sukumar, R. 1991. The management of large mammals in relation to male strategies and conflict with people. Biological Conservation, 55: 93-102.

Paper ID: 51 Pungan (Pongamia pinnata) in an Agro forestry model with experiences from Veterinary College and Research Institute, (TANUVAS), Namakkal S.Senthilkumar, A.Natarajan, R.Kavitha, S.R.Janani and N.Karthik Animal Feed Analytical and Quality Assurance Laboratory Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Agro forestry defines as an intensive land management system that optimizes the benefits from the biological interactions created when trees and/or shrubs are deliberately combined with crops and/or livestock. It is estimated that agro forestry practices were being used by 1.2 billion people (World Bank, 2004). It plays a major role for preventing massive soil erosion and helps to maintain the nature of ecosystem. At present, agro forestry meets half of the demand of fuel wood, 2/3 of small timber, 70 - 80 % plywood, 60 % raw material for paper pulp and 9 - 11 % of green fodder requirement of livestock (Dhyani, 2018). Many researches were carried out in India, however there is a scarcity of literature available for punganagro forestry model. The present Pungan plantation model was established in Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu and in order to address/alleviate the pollution and analyze the proximate principles. Materials and Methods Namakkal is situated between 11°00’ to 12°00’ North latitudes and 77° 40’ to 78° 05 East longitudes. It has an average elevation of 218 meters (715 feet) from the sea level.A model of pungan (Pongamia pinnata) grown tree plant was established on August 2019, in which 52 saplings were planted 7x7 and 3x1 row) over an area of around 24,000 square feet. The saplings were planted with a plant to plant spacing of 10 feet. Drip

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 195 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 irrigation was established which has potential to save water and nutrients by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of the plants from above the soil surface. Farm yard manure, goat manure, vermi compost, neem cake and trace minerals were provided to each plant and maintained properly. Weeding was done once in 60 days at regular interval. At the end of 6th month the plant growth parameters were recorded. The leaves were collected and air dried, then it was grounded to fine powder and stored in air tight container for further usage. The proximate parameters (%) of the Pongamia pinnata such as moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash and gross energy (kcal/kg) were determined using standard methods of AOAC (2019). The data were analyzed by standard statistical methods given by Snedecor and Cochran (1994). Results and Discussion The mean of plant height, canopy, trunk height, crown height and crown diameter were 160.50 ± 5.71, 77.17 ± 3.46, 48.60 ± 3.79, and 113.83 ± 4.03 and 214.21 ± 9.62 cm, respectively. The proximate principles of Pongamia pinnata (DM basis, n=4) such as moisture (%), crude protein (%), crude fibre (%), ether extract (%), total ash (%), acid insoluble ash (%), calcium (%), phosphorus(%), NFE (%) and GE (kcal/kg) were 48.71 ± 0.12, 20.31 ± 0.09, 24.30 ± 0.17, 3.70 ± 0.08, 6.78 ± 0.09, 1.55 ± 0.12, 1.37 ± 0.03, 0.32 ± 0.02, 44.90 ± 0.13 and 2469 ± 7.16, respectively. The Pongam tree is known as one of the richest and brightest trees of India. The tree is named as Pongamia pinnata in science. The name ‘Pongamia’ has derived from the Tamil name, pinnata that refers to the pinnate leaves. The tree is a member of the leguminosae family. Its sub family is Papilionaceae. In the Tamil, this is generally known as Ponga, Dalkaramacha, Pongam and Punku. It is one of the few ‘Nitrogen Fixing Trees’ producing seeds containing 30-40% oil (Rahul Deo Yadav et al., 2011). Pongamia pinnata is an important non edible minor oilseed tree that grows in the semiarid regions (CSIR, 1965). Pongamia pinnata, a versatile resource, shows the promising properties for the medical and biodiesel production industry. In its natural habitat, the maximum temperature ranges from 27 to 38°C and the minimum 1 to16°C. Pungan is native to humid and subtropical environments and thrives in areas having an annual rainfall at 500 - 2500 mm. The present study suggests that plantation of Pongamia pinnata and other species are useful for bio-monitoring, the development of green belts as well as to reduce industrial air pollution. It helps to develop ‘green belt’ vegetation and also acts as good bio-monitors and supplies more oxygen to the environment. These trees serve as sink for toxic air pollutants as these absorb, detoxify and tolerate high level of pollution (Kapoor and Chittora, 2016). It’s a cost effective method, also helps to add nitrogen to the soil and enriches the ecosystem. The leaves contain 20 per cent crude protein which is a good protein source for cattle and goats. The proximate values obtained from nutritional analysis were compared favorably with those of animal feed standards, which indicate its potential for use as a source of good quality feed. Conclusion It can be concluded that P. pinnata had high crude protein which would utilize as a tree fodder for small ruminants for their growth and also efficient bio-monitors to alleviate the pollution/dust from the atmosphere which helps to maintain the nature of the atmosphere leads to green belt development. References Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 20th edition, 2019.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 196 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wealth of India Raw Material, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India, 1965.Vol. 8. Dhyani. 2018. Agroforestry Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change in Rainfed Areas, ICAR - Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India. p. 224 Kapoor C S, Chittora A K. 2016. Efficient Control of Air Pollution through Plants a Cost Effective Alternatives. Journal of Climatology and Weather Forecasting. 4: 184. doi:10.4172/2332-2594.1000184 Rahul Deo Yadav, Jain S K, Shashi Alok , Deepak Kailasiya, Vinod Kr. Kanaujia and Simranjit Kaur. 2011. A study on phytochemical investigation of Pongamiapinnatalinn. leaves. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research. 2 (4): 2073-2079. Snedecor C W, Cochran W.G. 1994. Statistical methods 6th edn. Iowa State Univ. Press Anes, USA. Wibava, G., Joshi, L., Van Noordwijk, M. and Penot, E. (2006). Rubber-based Agroforestry systems (RAS) as alternatives for rubber monoculture system. IRRDB Conf. World Bank 2004. Sustaining Forest: A Development Strategy. World Bank, Washington, DC. Appendix 2, A-3

Paper ID: 69 Effect of organic manures on growth and yield of safedmusli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) under Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) based agroforestry system Pratap Toppo and Heliken Kiyam Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, I.G.K.V., Raipur- 492012 (C.G.), India Introduction Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and Fern.) are becoming more popular as commonly used medicinal plants in ayurveda, unani and homeopathy. It is traditionally used for arthritis, cancer, diabetes, boosting vitality, improving sexual performance, and for many other uses. Materials and methods The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications, having 8 treatments (100% FYM @ 10 ton ha-1 was applied in treatment T1, 100 % Vermicompost @ 5 ton ha-1 was applied in treatment T2, 100% Neem cake @ 4 ton ha-1 in treatment T3, 50% FYM @ 5 ton ha-1 in combination with 50% Vermicompost @ 2.5 ton ha-1 in treatment T4, 50% FYM @ 5 ton ha-1 in combination with 50 % Neem Cake @ 2 ton ha-1 in treatment T5 and 50 % Vermicompost @ 2.5 ton ha-1 in combination with 50% Neem cake @ 2 ton ha-1 was applied in treatment T6, 50% FYM @ 5 ton ha-1 in combination with 25% Vermicompost @ 1.25 ton ha-1 and 25% Neem Cake @ 1 ton ha-1 was applied in treatment T7. Treatment T8 was control). Results and Discussion

-1 -1 Maximum tuber yield (q ha ) was recorded maximum in T2 (Vermi-compost 100%) i.e33.62(q ha ) -1 followed by T1 (FYM 100%) and T4 (FYM 50%+Vermicompost 50%) which recorded 32.51(q ha ) and -1 -1 31.03(q ha ) respectively while the minimum tuber yield was 23.95(q ha ) in T8 i.e. Control. Keywords: Agroforestry, ayurveda, vermicompost, neem cake, vitality

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 197 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 75 Biomass and dry matter yield in Silvi component (Sesbania grandiflora) incorporated intensive fodder production with Hybrid Napier grass K. Nalini and S.C.Edwin *Assistant Professor, Livestock Farm Complex Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli - 627 358 Introduction Intensive fodder production in irrigated farming conditions is the order of the day for commercial dairy, sheep and goat farming. Considering the bio mass yield, palatability and optimal growth even after repeated harvesting like properties, Hybrid Cumbu Napier considered as best suited grass for this intensive fodder production. In those lines of advantages, hybrid Cumbu Napier grass especially varieties released by TNAU like CO-4 is highly popular among farming community (Ramya et al., 2017). However, intensive fodder production with grass component alone poses the disadvantage of offering only grass fodder to the livestock. Considering that, like in common leguminous silvi pasture models (Cenchrus and Stylo spp.) incorporation of leguminous fodder tree as silvi component in intensive fodder production with grass component is always advantageous because of its dual benefits in offering grass and leguminous fodder for livestock. Based on that, a study was undertaken in Livestock Farm Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli to study the bio mass and dry matter yield of silvi component (Sesbania grandiflora) incorporated intensive fodder production with hybrid Cumbu Napier grass. Materials and Methods A plot size of 30 cents was identified with round the year irrigation facility, in which Hybrid Cumbu Napier (Co4) was planted (stem cuttings) at 50 x 50 cm spacing. Along with the grass components 150 Nos. of Sesbania grandiflora (Agathi) tree seedlings were also planted in the sides of the water channels and around the plot as fence crop. Based on the soil testing results, the soil of the study plots is classified heavy clay loam type with pH of more than eight and rich in calcium carbonate. Standard agronomic practices were followed for a period of one year to study the biomass and dry matter yields of both the crops. A total of six harvests were undertaken for Hybrid Cumbu Napier grass (Co4) and two tree lopping for Sesbania grandiflora in the study period of one year. Data on bio mass yield of each harvest and lopping were recorded and analyzed. Results and Discussion The bio mass and dry matter yield of Hybrid Cumbu Napier grass (Co4) and Sesbania grandiflorawere presented in Table. The total biomass yield of Hybrid Cumbu Napier (Co4) in six harvests was 29.75 tonnes, there productivity of the same is 247.91 tonnes per hectare. The biomass yield of Sesbania grandiflora as an integrated and interlude crop was 2.44 tonnes. The dry matter yield of Hybrid Cumbu Napier grass (Co4) and Sesbania grandiflora was 2.44 and 0.684 tonnes respectively. Based on the results of the study, Sesbania grandiflora as silvi component can very incorporated in intensive fodder production system with Hybrid Napier grass for its dual benefits of offering grass and leguminous fodder to livestock stock. It also has the advantage of improving soil fertility by growing leguminous tree as inter and border crop (Pradip Karmakar et al., 2016).

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 198 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Bio mass and dry matter yield of fodder trees incorporated intensive Hybrid Cumbu Napier grass (Co4) fodder production plot Bio Mass yield (kg) Dry matter yield (kg) Sl.No Hybrid Cumbu Sesbania Hybrid Cumbu Sesbania Napier (Co4) granidflora Napier (Co4) granidflora 1 5250 1155 315.84 2 4850 1128 1067 3 5100 1122 4 4950 1089 368.48 5 5100 1316 1122 6 4500 990 Total 29750 2444 6545 684.32

Mean 4958.33 107.56 1222 4.00 1090.83 23.66 342.16 26.32 Yield t/ha 247.91 - 54.54 -

Conclusion Incorporation of silvi component especially leguminous fodder trees in intensive grass fodder production will be always beneficial for livestock farmers in getting dual benefits like feeding grass and leguminous fodder. In addition to that, it also enriches the soil fertility through the nitrogen fixation properties and the systems is also water conserving in its farming perspectives. References Pradip Karmakar, Vikas Singh, RB Yadava, B. Singh, Rameswarsingh and Motilal Kushwaha. 2016. Agathi (Sesbania grandiflora (Agasat)]: Current status of production, protection and genetic improvement. National symposium on vegetable legumes for soil and human health (Feb 12-14), Pg no. 153-157. Ramya S, V. Ramesh, J. Muralidharan and M.R. Purushothaman.2017. Fodder yield and chemical composition of Hybrid Napier and Multi-cut sorghum fodder at different stages of cutting. Indian Journal of small ruminants, 23(2): 181-185.

Paper ID: 82 Korangadu pasture land development at Kangayam Cattle Research Station : An over view N.V. Kavithaa and S. Manokaran Kangayam Cattle Research Station, Uppupallam, Baguthampalayam, Sathyamangalam, Erode District. Introduction “Korangadu” pronounced as, ko-run-gaa-doo, is a traditional pasture land farming system that exists in semi-arid tracts of Tamil Nadu state in southern India, namely, the Dharapuram, Kangayam, Palladam, Moolanur and Kallimanthayam and Karur areas. Korangadu is mainly situated in the rain shadow of the

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 199 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Western Ghats. This area receives an annual rainfall of 600-675 mm. The red laterite or gravel type of soil available in this region does not allow water to stagnate regardless of the amount of rainfall received. This grassland area is known for the breeding tract of Kangayam breed of cattle, Mayilambadi and Mecheri breed of sheep, local buffaloes and goats. The Korangadu pasture land is divided into paddocks according to the convenience of the farmers. It depends upon the wealth status of the farmer or ownership pattern of farmers andthe paddocks are a typical combination of grasses, legumes and trees, fenced with live thorny shrubs. The lower tier is grown with Kolukattai grass (Cenchrus species) and upper tier with tree species Velvel (Acacia leucophloea). The entire pasture land is usually fenced with thorny shrub (Commiphora berryii) as a live fence forms the middle tier. The size of individual paddocks of Korangaduland ranges from 1.5 ha to 10 ha. Materials and Methods The maintenance of the Kangayam breeds and the sustainable traditional grassland management practices are now threatened by several factors. With this background, in order to conserve Kangayam breed and to create awareness among the farmers about Korangadu silvipasture land a model of Korangadu - a silvipasture system is developed and adopted at Kangayam Cattle Research Station, Sathyamangalam with a total area of 2 acres of land.

During the period of August to September, farm yard manure was applied to the korangadu field and left for a period of 15 days and ploughing work was carried out. Kolukattai grass seed of 24 kg (12 kg/acre) was treated by soaking the seeds in water with Potassium Nitrate @10gm/1 kg for a period of 48 hours and then sowing activities was carried out.Live fencing establishment was undertaken by planting cuttings of Mullu Kiluvai (Commiphora berryii). Stumps measuring 5 feet in length and 4 centimetres in thickness of Mullu Kiluvai, a thorny weed plant found in kurumandur farmers’ field are planted at 1 foot depth by digging the soil with a crowbar. During monsoon, the Kolukatttai grass growth was started and the complete growth occurred in 45 days. The grass was allowed for two months’ time to germinate and attain required growth. Results and Discussion The Kangayam animals were allowed for grazing during the months of December to February. The animals were allowed daily for 4 hours for grazing. During this period, the animals obtained morning green fodder from the field itself which saved the green fodder cost to the form. Conclusion Grazing in this pasture saved on the green fodder cost

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 200 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 92 Integrated pig cum oilseeds-vegetable farming system model-An economic analysis M.Mohana Priya*, C.Jothika, K.Senthilkumar, D.Balasubramanyam and M.Arul Prakash Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Integrated farming system is a farming system where high quality organic food, feed, fibre and renewable energy are produced by using resources such as soil, water, air and nature as well as regulating factors to farm sustainably and with as little polluting inputs as possible (Boiler, 1999). Although multicrop and integrated production systems have a long history, there is a lack of scientific information on their methodology, management and economic viability. The objectives of this study were to develop reliable, quantitative management guidelines and economically viable production methods for integrated farming system combining agriculture, aquaculture and animal husbandry, with modifications appropriate to local conditions.

Now-a-days pig rearing is one of the alternative livelihood options for most of the people. However, they are mostly rearing local breed in the backyard with poor condition. As a result, income from pig rearing is less. Integrated farming system with cross breed pigs, pulses, and vegetable as well as improved method of rearing was demonstrated for enhanced income, by Pig breeding Unit, PGRIAS Kattupakkam. Materials and Methods A total quantity of 50 cents was utilized for groundnut cultivation (Pulses), The washed water from pig shed was utilized for irrigating the Ground nut field. Apart from this, vegetables such as lady’s finger- 10 cents, Brinjal- 10 cents and greens- 5 cents were cultivated using the water obtained from pig sty. The pig’s were maintained on swill feeding. The economics of this integrated farming system was calculated and presented in the results and discussion below. Results and Discussion 1. Expenditure The expenditure incurred by the farm for each crop is accounted for more than two-thirds of the total input costs for piggery. The total expenditure for crop farming was Rs.12,000 only and Rs.3,50000 for piggery including labour cost. 2. Income The gross farm income consists of the sale value of the main crops and by-products sold at current farm gate prices. The income from crop farming was Rs.32,000 at the current prices, while piggery contributed Rs.8,00,000. 3. Profitability From crop farming, the net profit/acre was at Rs.20,000 compared to Rs.6,00,000 from the piggery. Thus the average income/acre from agriculture, horticulture and piggery was Rs. 6,20,000. The net profits can also

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 201 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 be compared in relation to labour inputs by dividing the total profit by the total number of man-days used. The average returns/man-day was Rs.502. The return to capital invested is obtained by dividing the total output by the total cost of inputs which indicated the efficiency of farm. The ratio was 2.02.

The use of waste materials from one farming has reduced the expenditure on inputs and helped to raise production from other operations. Similar procedure was carried out by Ogello, 2013. The input:output ratio for piggery is low compared to crop farming which reflects the farmer’s limited resources for such capital intensive operations and his lack of technical knowledge which must be remedied by technical assistance (Rakesh Kumar, 2005). Conclusion The interventions in this integrated farming system mode covering crop-livestock-horticulture were planned and demonstrated, considering the overall need of the pig farmers, available technological options, market accessibility both for input and produce.

Key words : Integrated farming system, piggery, vegetables, ground nut, brinjal References Boiler, E. F., El Titi, A., Gendrier, J. P., Avilla, J., Jörg, E., and Malavolta, C. (1999). Integrated production: principles and technical guidelines. Bulletin OILB SROP (France). Kumar, Rakesh, G. Rajesha, Bidyut C. Deka, and Manoj Kumar (2005). “Scope and Importance of Integrated Farming System for Socio-Economic Up-liftment of Poors and Marginal Farmers.” Avenues for Entrepreneurship Development in Agri-Horti Ecosystem for Farmers and Rural Youth: 23-30 Ogello, E. O., Mlingi, F. T., Nyonje, B. M., Charo-Karisa, H., & Munguti, J. M. (2013). Can Integrated Livestock-Fish Culture be a Solution to East Afircan’s Food Insecurity? A Review. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 13(4), 8058-8078.

Paper ID: 93 Integrated pig-duck cum fish-Horti-pastoral system model-An economic analysis M.ArulPrakash, C.Jothika, M.Mohanapriya, D.Balasubramaniyam and K.Senthilkumar Pig Breeding Unit, Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University *Presenting author email:[email protected] Introduction Integrated Farming System (IFS) plays an imperial role for maximizing their profit and production to meet the nutritional requirement with food security with less investment in order to secure food and nutrition security for sizable population, productivity enhancement may provide a vital solution (. In this situation,. Hortipastoral system is a gold old agro forestry model where in the inter spaces between fruit trees species are utilized for cultivation of grasses and grass legume mixtures. Only during dormant season of the fruit tree, the livestock are allowed to graze on the available pasture for a period of 3-4 months in a year. Integration of

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 202 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 fish, pig, dairy cattle, duck, and the crops such as rice, vegetable pea and beans showed the maximum system productivity than a single entity. Hence an economic analysis was done for the existing model of Horti- pastoral system developed at PGRIAS, Kattupakkam. Methodology In the Horti-pastoral model, a total number of 10 pigs were reared near the fish pond of 60’x40’ area. The washed water was sent directly to the fish pond and was found to be sufficient to fertilize the pond area. Supplementary feed was not required for the fishes as the pig excreta serves as feed for some fishes which contain 70% digestible food for fish. Pig excreta also enrich the pond water resulting in the production of plankton which serves as a feed for fish. The fishes varieities raised in the pond area were catla, mirgal and Roghu. Liming of the pond was done at regular intervals, which helped in stabilization of organic matter. The excess water received in the pond was pumped to the horticultural plants such as Guava, sapota, Pomegranate, lemon and mango developed in 2 ha along with fodder such as Stylo and Desmanthus. The economics for this IFS model with piggery is discussed in the results and discussion section. Results and discussion Expenditure and Income statement of IFS model with Piggery The expenditure incurred by the integrated components is around Rs. 1,42,800/. The details are given in Table No-1. The total cost incurred for the purchase of pigs is Rs.25,000/=, the cost of the duck and duck feed cost is Rs.13,800/=. Srivastava (2018) reported that duck cum fish model need less input than individual farming, which was confirmed in this study.

Total profit from integrated farming is around Rs. 2,44,485/-. The details are given in Table-2. The return to capital invested is obtained by dividing the total output by the total cost of inputs which indicated the efficiency of farm. The BCR was 2.71. Van Huonget al., (2018) reported that introduction of aquaculture in IFS increased the income of the farming operations than any other IFS models. Table-1 Expenditure statement of IFS model with Piggery S. No., Component Expenditure (Rs) 1 Pig 25,000/- (10 pigs) 2 Duck cost 13800/- (feed and duck cost) 3 Fish 500/-(250 fingerlings) 4 Stylo & Desmanthus 7500/- (25 kg @300) 5 Labour cost 96000/-(Rs.12000/-month) Total Rs. 1,42,800/- Table-2 Income statement of IFS model with piggery S. No. Component Harvested Income (Rs) 1 Pig Each 80 kg 80000/- (@Rs.80) 2 Duck 547 eggs 2735/- (@Rs. 5/-)

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 203 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

3 Fish 65 kg 9750/- (@Rs.150/kg) 4 Seeds from 670 kg 294800/-(@Rs. 440/Kg) Stylo & Des- manthus Total Income 3,87,285/- Conclusion The Integrated pig-duck cum fish-horti-pastoral system model is a successful and economically viable model as the BCR is 2.71. Hence this model can be propagated to the farmers through training.

Keywords: IFS, integrated farming system, piggery, BCR, training Establishment, income and expenditure statement of two acre IFS module Components. References Mudassir.A and Parmar.G (2018). Role of integrated farming system in agriculture development. Contemporary Research in India, 8(2):22-27 Srivastava, A. P. (2018). Selected integrated farming system models. Indian Farming, 68(01): 13-16. Van Huong, N., Huu Cuong, T., Thi Nang Thu, T., & Lebailly, P. (2018). Efficiency of different integrated agriculture aquaculture systems in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. Sustainability, 10(2): 493.

Paper ID: 94 Eco Friendly Agriculture and Livestock production- Biopesticide from Organic wastes at Zero Cost K. Geetha and N.Arulnathan Nanotechnology Division/Department of ECE, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, Thanjavur. Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli Introduction For many years synthetic pesticides were ruling the agricultural field and giving us the maximum yield with maximum side effects. Some of the widely used synthetic pesticides are aldicarb, atrazine, mancozeb which are highly toxic and has carcinogenic properties as well. To overcome the ecotoxicity of synthetic pesticide, some of the readily available plant leaf extract, seed extract were used as bio pesticide. But the efficiency does not as much as the synthetic pesticide. To enhance the bio pesticidal efficiency, we would like to propose a formulation of biopesticide with the composition of neem leaf extract, custard apple seed extract and Pungan oil. Azadirachtin an active component of neem leaf extract shows antifeedant and toxic properties against the pests through the mouthpart, gut and other chemoreceptors of the insects. And also suppress the cell growth, cell division and also digestive enzyme production. But it could not reduce the Aphid population to the maximum level than synthetic pesticides. Custard apple seed and Pungan oil has shown the good results

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 204 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 in Aphid population. Both are having the insecticidal activity against the larva and pupa stages of the insects. Materials and Methods The organic pesticide is formulated by using from organic wastes custard apple seed extract, neem leaf extract and Pungan oil. Pesticidal property of these three are reported by various researcher. With reference to their reports we are investigated the synergistic effect of all the three components mentioned above. The field test has been performed in order to conform the pesticidal activity and residues formation on soil and crop product. Field test 1000 sq. feet of the farming land has been chosen for the application of bio pesticide. This paddy fields are located in Ponmonn meindhanallur near by Papanasam taluk, Thanjavur. The field has been divided into 6 parts according to the table 4. In each part different types of pesticides been sprayed after the sowing of the crop. This is done to show the efficiency of the pesticide as well as the residue formation on the crop. Results and discussion The biopesticide that has been sprayed shown the pest control equivalent to the synthetic pesticide, it has reduced the pests within 6 days from the date of application of biopesticide to the field. After harvested the paddy, the paddy seeds and soil from the different treatment area were collected and analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to verify the presence of pesticidal residue. FTIR results shows the pesticidal residues such as heavy metals and other toxic groups are presented only in the synthetic pesticide, synthetic pesticide applied paddy seeds and soil in which the synthetic pesticide were sprayed. The FTIR spectrum of others only shown the normal standard peaks of their own property that is associated with the sample collected. Conclusion Hence, the combination of neem leaf extract, custard apple extract, Pungan oil has been shown high mortality rate of the insects. The different proportion of these extract when applied to the plants has been showing insecticidal property. As the delta region of Tamilnadu are blessed with abundant neem, Pungan, custard apple tree, the proposed bio pesticide can produce in cost effective manner in the field level itself. And it is being the non-toxic, eco-friendly, easily available pesticide. The pesticidal residue will not be retained and transmitted to soil, human being, animals.

Key Words: Biopesticide, Custard apple seed extract, Neem Leaf Extract and pungan oil

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 205 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi

ABSTRACTS – POSTER PRESENTATIONS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 50 Mazhilam (Mimusops elengi) as an Agro forestry model with experiences from AFAQAL, Veterinary College and Research Institute, (TANUVAS), Namakkal S.Senthilkumar, A.Natarajan, R.Kavitha, M.Mathaiyan, S.R.Janani and G.Tharani Animal Feed Analytical and Quality Assurance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Agro forestry is a land use of system in which woody perennials (tree, shrubs, etc) are grown in association with herbaceous plants or livestock, in spatial arrangement, a rotation or both, there are usually both ecological and economical interactions between the trees and other components of the system (Lungren, 1982). It plays a major role for preventing massive soil erosion and helps to maintain the nature of ecosystem. At present, agro forestry meets half of the demand of fuel wood, 2/3 of small timber, 70 – 80 % plywood, 60 % raw material for paper pulp and 9 – 11 % of green fodder requirement of livestock (Dhyani, 2018). Many researches were carried out in India, however there is a scarcity of literature available for laboratory based agro forestry model. The present model was established in Animal Feed Analytical and Quality Assurance Laboratory (AFAQAL), Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal. AFAQAL, currently doing several analyses related to animal feed and feed ingredients. An initiation was made to establish a mazhilam park at the backside (plain region) of the laboratory in order to address/alleviate the pollution due to the continuous usage of graded chemicals and corrosive materials for the analysis of feed ingredients and analyze the proximate principles. Materials and Methods Namakkal is situated between 11°00’ to 12°00’ North latitudes and 77° 40’ to 78° 05 East longitudes. It has an average elevation of 218 meters (715 feet) from the sea level.

A model of mazhilam (Mimusops elengi) grown tree plant was established on June 2019, in which 34 saplings were planted (5x7 rows) over an area of around 15,000 square feet. The saplings were planted with a plant to plant spacing of 20 feet. Drip irrigation was established which has potential to save water and nutrients by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of the plants from above the soil surface. Farm yard manure, goat manure, vermi-compost, neem cake and trace minerals were provided to each plant and maintained properly. Weeding was done once in 60 days at regular interval. At the end of 7th month the plant growth parameters were recorded. The leaves were collected and air dried, then it was grounded to fine powder and stored in air tight container for further usage. The proximate parameters (%) of the M. elengi such as moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash and gross energy (kcal/kg) were determined using standard methods of AOAC (2019). The data were analyzed by standard statistical methods given by Snedecor and Cochran (1994). Results and Discussion The mean of plant height, canopy, trunk height, crown height and crown diameter were 122.59 ± 7.31, 62.82 ± 2.50, 24.00 ± 3.07, and 98.32 ± 7.38 and 182.15 ± 6.57 cm, respectively.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 209 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

The proximate principles of Mimusops elengi (DM basis, n=4) such as moisture (%), crude protein (%), crude fibre (%), ether extract (%), total ash (%), acid insoluble ash (%), calcium (%), phosphorus(%), NFE (%) and GE (kcal/kg) were 58.78± 0.12, 12.69 ± 0.09,15.58 ± 0.10, 4.36 ± 0.11, 6.32 ± 0.09,0.12 ± 0.01, 1.38 ± 0.03, 0.34 ± 0.02, 61.06 ± 0.05 and 1843 ± 5.31, respectively. It belongs to the Kingdom Plantae, Family Sapotaceae. It is also called as evergreen tree generally grows up to 16 meters in height rarely reaching 18 meters. It is also called as bullet tree because of its fruits that are bullet shaped. Leaves contain sterols, reducing sugars and tannins. Root contains steroidal spinasterol and taraxerol and flowers contain D-mannitol, beta-sitosterol-D-glycoside. Seeds contain mimusopsic acids (happy botanist, 2016). The leaves contain 12 per cent crude protein which is a good protein source for cattle and goats. Suhadiyah et al. (2013) reported that Mimusops elengi trees are potentially bioremedial agent for lead pollution. Sasmita Das and Pramila Prasad (2012), Mimusops elengi and other species are effective dust capturing plants, may help to reduce the pollution around the planted areas. Conclusion It can be concluded that Mimusops elengi, nutrient rich fodder which is been used as fodder for small ruminants. It also acts as anefficient biological filter removing significant amount of particulates from the atmosphere and prove not only as cost-effective technology and also alleviate the pollution/dust from the atmosphere which helps to maintain the nature of the atmosphere leads to green belt development. References Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 20th edition, 2019. Dhyani, 2018. Agroforestry Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change in Rainfed Areas, ICAR - Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India. p. 224. http://www.happybotanist.com Lundgren B. 1982. Introduction (editorial), Agroforestry Systems 1: 1-12 Sasmita Das and Pramila Prasad. 2012. Particulate Matter Capturing Ability of Some Plant Species: Implication for phytoremediation of particulate pollution around Rourkela steel plant, Rourkela, India. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology. 11(4) 657-665. Snedecor C W, W G Cochran. 1994. Statistical methods 6th edn. Iowa State Univ. Press Anes, USA. Suhadiyah, Djamal Sanusi, Samuel Paembonan, Roland A. Barkey. 2013. Lead Accummulation potential by leaves with abundant trichomes (MuntingiaCalabura L.) and rare trichomes (Mimusopselengi L.) In Makassar, Indonesia. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research. 2(3):70-75.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 210 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 59 Traditional silvipastoral farming system to conserve biodiversity : Farmer participatory approach – A case study V.S. Mynavathi1, C. Jayanthi2 and D. Ravisankar3 1 Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University 2 Professor, Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 3 Teaching Assistant, AICRP on IFS, Tapioca and Castor Research Station, Yethapur, TNAU Introduction Agriculture is the human enterprise that is most vulnerable to climate change. Agricultural lands are believed to be a major potential sink and could absorb large quantities of Carbon if trees are reintroduced to these systems. Thus, the importance of agroforestry as a land-use system is receiving wider recognition not only in terms of agricultural sustainability but also in issues related to climate change. Agroforestry systems are a better environmental conservation option because of the secondary benefitsand for maintaining aboveground and below-ground biodiversity. Agroforestry and livestock based integrated farming system could be an ideal option for sustaining the farm productivity and family income and nutritional security of the small and marginal farmers. Materials and methods On farm field experiments were conducted in the farmers field to optimize and stabilize the crop - livestock silvipastoral farming system in dry land areas of Western zone of Tamil Nadu with the objectives to document the existing farming system, to develop the optimal farm plan for silvipastoral farming system and to assess the carrying capacity of grazing land. Survey was carried out to characterize the prevailing farming systems of the dry land areas of Western zone of Tamil Nadu. Thirty sites were surveyed in Tamil Nadu to identify and quantify the composition and diversity of the natural plant species. Results and Discussion Information collected from primary and secondary sources indicated that, farming was the primary occupation of all farmers. About 73% of the farmers owned pasture land and about 77% of the farmers were having sheep than other livestock like cattle, goat, buffalo and poultry. The main farming system of the zone is silvipasture system locally called “Korangadu”, typically consists of a mixture of Cenchrus grass and tree Acacia leucophloea. The predominant annual crops grown by both small and large farmers were fodder sorghum, groundnut, pulses and horse gram. Fodder sorghum was grown during monsoon period and used as hay during off season for cattle. Red loamy soil predominates and it contains bunker gravel, which is rich in calcium and phosphorus. This is the best soil for rearing livestock. Existing silvipastoral system was not able to provide nutritious and off season fodder to livestock and also the paddock was not rotated for grazing in regular basis, leading to soil fertility deterioration. The experimental results revealed that, among the different silvipastoral systems, rotational grazing of 39 numbers of sheep per ha of silvipasture land with Cenchrus setigerus+ Stylosanthes hamata & fodder sorghum + Pillipesara system could be adopted.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 211 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

There were about forty natural plant species were found in fields. Identifying a number of species will provide continuous vegetative cover and conserve the native species. The species observed were Cenchrus ciliaris, Cynodon dactylon, Phaseolus trilobus, Crotalaria globosa, Setaria verticulata, Aervato mentosa, Chloris barbata, Celosia argentea, Trachys muricata, Chrysopogon species, Merremia species, Phyllanthus maderapatensis, Abutilon indicum, Aervalanata, Boerhaavia diffusa, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Corchorus olitorius, Leucas aspera, Parthenium hysterophorus, Tridax procumbens, Vigna trilobata, Achyranthus aspera, Phyllanthus amarus. Among these Celosia argentea, Parthenium hysterophorus, Leucas aspera are invasive weeds of concern to the farmers. Some of the species viz.,Cenchrus ciliaris, wild naripayaru and Cardiospermum halicacabum are grazed by the livestock. Livestock cause weed invasion by grazing and trampling native plants, clearing vegetation and destroying the soil crust. Livestock preferentially graze native plant species over weed species. Degradation in biodiversity, including the reduction in the ‘species specific’ grazing lands due to its conversion for commercial purposes, is taking the local livestock breeds towards extinction. Most of the valuable domesticated species have originated from dryland ecosystems. Conclusion It is concluded that rotational grazing of 39 numbers of sheep per ha of silvipasture land with Cenchrus setigerus+ Stylosanthes hamata & fodder sorghum + Pillipesara system would imply relatively less pressure on land that would indicate the sustainability of grazing land. Maintaining the natural plant species viz., Cenchrusciliaris, Cardiospermum halicacabum and Indigo feraenneaphylla with inclusion of legume in the existing silvipasture system could improve the biodiversity of the grazing lands.

Paper ID: 67 Diagnostic survey of existing Agroforestry systems in North Eastern agroclimatic zone of Tamil Nadu V.S.Mynavathi, S.Gunasekeran, R. Murugeswari, P. Anuradha and C.Valli Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Survey aims to bridge the gap between the researcher and farmer, enabling the farmer to introduce a change in farming for improved production and optimum utilization of resources. It also aims at increasing income and employment from small holdings by integrating tree components and recycling crop residues within the farm itself. It enables researchers to undertake more relevant research. However, the problems faced by the farmers vary from region to region due to changes in both environmental parameters (climate, soil, local needs) and socio-economic factors (income levels, credit flow, market demand, price structure, input availability).

A survey is a useful tool to define the resource base of farmers and constraints. This describes a existing Agroforestry system of North Eastern Agroclimatic zone of Tamil Nadu. The objectives were to document the

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 212 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 existing agroforestry system and practices being adopted by the farmers, to identify technological interventions and to improve the existing Agroforestry systems. Materials and Methods To characterize the existing agroforestry system atNorth Eastern Agroclimatic zone of Tamil Nadu, a survey was carried out during 2016-17 using a structured questionnaire. Relevant information pertaining to predominant agroforestry model, agricultural component, fodder component, tree species and livestock owned by the farmers were collected from primary (farmer) as well as secondary (district) sources. The survey was done by randomly selecting 5 blocks in each district, covering 10 villages from each block and 5 farmers from each village. Thus, a total of 250 farmers were selected from each district. The selected farmers were interviewed personally and information was sought on different aspects of agroforestry systems and livestock integration viz., family details, employment, farm enterprises practised, farm resources (land, irrigation, human, livestock, machinery etc.), input use, cost and income in different enterprises and constraints in farming. Secondary statistics were collected from the district level office on the local population, cropping pattern followed, area, production and productivity of individual crops. The total sample of 50 farmers from each district were post stratified into different categories/ agroforestry systems. Results and Discussion Information collected through primary and secondary sources indicated that farming is the primary occupation of all farmers. The average size of land holding is small. About 40% of the farmers own less than 5 ha land area and 24% and 28% of the farmers are big and marginal farmers respectively. Of these, 20% of the farmers owned pasture lands and about 77% of the farmers are having sheep than other livestock like cattle, goat, buffalo and poultry. Crop-livestock integration is a major feature of the farmers in this zone.

In North Eastern Agroclimatic zone of Tamil Nadu, no major agroforestry systems are owned by the farmers. Most of the farmers have either homestead garden or hortipasture model or cultivate trees (Fodder/ Fruit/ Wood) as live fences.

Few of the farmers have block plantation of Teak (22.6%) or Casuarina (9.4%). Nearly 47.16 % of the farmers cultivate Paddy, 20.75% of the farmers cultivate Ground nut, 18.86% of the farmers cultivate pulses, 15.09% of the farmers cultivate Banana, 11.32 % of the farmers cultivate Vegetables. And about 40.5%of the farmers cultivate hybrid grasses for their livestock and 35.25% of the farmers cultivate fodder sorghum for their livestock. Leguminous fodder is cultivated only by 6.8% of the farmers. Majority of the livestock farmers own Cattle (60%) followed by Poultry (30%) and followed by Goat (28%). Conclusion From the study it is concluded that, In North Eastern Agroclimatic zone of Tamil Nadu, no major agroforestry systems are owned by the farmers. Most of the farmers have either homestead garden or hortipasture model or cultivate trees (Fodder/ Fruit/ Wood) as live fences. Majority of the farmers of North Eastern Agroclimatic zone of Tamil Nadu are not having pasture lands for rearing livestock. Hence, proper utilization of wasteland/ community land through silvipasture based agroforestry models would satisfy the nutritional requirement of livestock.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 213 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 89 Recycling of animal house (piggery) waste as a source of nutrient for hortipasture system V.S. Mynavathi, Pasupathi, Karu.,Ramachandran.M, Valli.C and D.Balasubramanyam Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Kattupakkam, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction The present pig population in India is 10.29 million heads (19th Livestock Census, 2012) with 0.18 million heads in Tamil Nadu. About 15,000 litres of water is being used for daily farm operations viz., cleaning the animals and sheds. There is a urgent need among piggery farmers to address the issue of solid and liquid waste generated in the farm. Pig manure is a valuable source of nutrient for crops and organic matter for soil. Soil fertility and soil structure are strengthened through organic farming by recycling the waste generated through pig farming. Establishment of hortipasture model will pave the way for effective use of waste water recycling for establishing hortipasture model.

Species of Stylosanthes have shows promise as a fodder, in agroforestry, silvipasture and hortipastoral systems to provide additional forage, enrich soil nutrients and stabilize soil to arrest land degradation. With this background, Psidium guajava based hortipasture system was established with the understorey of Stylosanthes hamata to study the effect of piggery waste on biomass yield of Stylosanthes hamata under Psidium guajava based hortipasture. Materials and methods The experiment was conducted at the piggery unit of Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam. The soil samples were collected at a depth of 15cm for analysis before the field was prepared. The tillage operations were performed in the field and beds were formed. InitiallyPsidium guajava trees were planted at a spacing of 3 m x 3 m. Plots were separated for the application manure. Two treatments consisted of swine manure (liquid and solid) and without swine manure. Swine manure was incorporated as basal application. Seeds of Stylosanthes hamata was sown as the understorey of Psidium guajava.

Fodder was harvested at different places of one square meter area in each experimental plot and the weight of fresh fodder biomass was measured using digital electronic weighing balance and sampling for estimation of moisture was done (AOAC, 2000) on the experimental plots itself. Results and Discussion The biomass yield of Stylosanthes hamata increased significantly due to the application of swine manure in Psidium guajava based hortipasture system. The nutrient content of swine manure was analysed and it is 0.5, 0.5 and 0.4 % of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium, respectively. Swine manure contains 4.5% solids. The biomass yield (MT/ha) of Stylosanthes hamata with swine manure (liquid and solid) and without swine manure in Psidium guajava based hortipasture system is presented in Table 1.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 214 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Table 1 The biomass yield (MT/ha) of Stylosanthes hamata with swine manure (liquid and solid) and without swine manure in Psidium guajava based hortipasture system Stylosanthes hamata Stylosanthes hamata Harvest with swine manure without swine manure 1 26.23 18.4 2 16.45 14.5 Total biomass yield (MT/ha) 42.77 32.9 Proximate composition (% DMB) of Stylosanthes hamata with swine manure (liquid and solid) and without swine manure in Psidium guajava based hortipasture system is presented in Table 2. Table 2. Proximate composition (% DMB) of Stylosanthes hamata with swine manure (liquid and solid) and without swine manure in Psidium guajava based hortipasture system Stylosanthes hamata with Stylosanthes hamata without Nutrient swine manure swine manure Moisture 81.17 81.12 Crude protein 14.05 13.29 Crude fibre 26.36 18.26 Ether extract 4.90 4.54 Total ash 8.42 9.03 NFE 46.27 54.88

Swine manure application increased the yield of Stylosanthus hamata in Psidium guajava based hortipasture system. Swine manure contains 77% faeces and 23%urine on dry basis. The pH of pig manure is 7.5. Application of swine manure slightly increased the biomass yield of Stylosanthus hamata and also fruiting of Psidium guajava in the hortipasture system. The Stylosanthes hamata samples were analysed for proximate composition showed that, swine manure application slightly increased the crude protein and crude fibre composition of fodders. Hence, swine manure can be effectively recycled to the fodder crops and fruit trees in the system without any deleterious effect. Same findings were reported by Awosika et al., 2014. Conclusion From the result of the study, it can be concluded that swine manure can be used as a source of plant nutrients including Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium. It can be used to replace much of the chemical fertiliser required to fertilise fodder crops and fruit trees in the system without any deleterious effect and produce very substantial reductions in fertiliser costs. References AOAC 2000. Official and Tentative Methods of Analysis,(12th Ed.) Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C., 1094p. O. E. Awosika, M. A. Awodun and S. O. Ojeniyi. 2014 Comparative Effect of Pig Manure and NPK Fertilizer on Agronomic Performance of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 4(11): 1330-1338.

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THEME 4

AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE

KEYNOTE ADDRESS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

IMPORTANCE OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN CARBON SEQUESTRATION Dr. A. K. Handa, Dr. S.B. Chavan, Dr. Chhavi Sirohi* and Dr. R.H. Rizvi Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi-284003 *Department of Forestry, CCSHAU, Hisar – 125 004

Agroforestry has a long tradition in the Indian subcontinent. The socio-religious fabric of the people of the subcontinent is interwoven to a very great extent with raising, caring for and respecting trees. Trees are integrated extensively in the crop- and livestock-production systems of the region according to the agroclimatic and other local conditions. The aim of agroforestry is to optimize the positive interactions between components in order to achieve a more productive, sustainable and/or diversified (in relation to the land users’ need) output from-the land than is possible with other forms of land use. Agroforestry as a discipline has the potential for taking a leading and catalytic role in this process of change, because of its inherent integrative and multidisciplinary nature, its optimization rather than component-maximization aims, and because of the great interest shown in it today (Lundgren, 1987). Agroforestry research in India was initiated more than hundred years ago with trials on tree-crop interactions in the tea estates, studies on silvopastoralism, intercropping experiments in plantation crops and successional studies in the ravines. Diagnostic survey and appraisal, initiated in early eighties under the AICRP on Agroforestry, revealed that agroforestry practices abound in the country. There exists considerable variability in the nature and arrangement of the components and their ecological and socio-economic conditions under which such systems are practiced. Major practices include multifunctional improved fallows, home gardens, plantation crop-based mixed species production systems, alley cropping, woodlots, orchards, windbreaks, live fences, shifting cultivation and taungya. However, recent times agroforestry for livelihood and environmental security is becoming a very popular slogan worldwide because the different extreme catastrophic scenarios such as flood, drought, heat & cold wave and global warming forcing us to adopt woody perennial systems to sustain the farm production and livelihood. It plays a crucial role in almost all terrestrial ecosystems. They provide a wide range of products and services to rural and urban people. As natural vegetation is cleared for agriculture, trees are integrated into productive landscapes – the practice known as agroforestry (Garrity et al., 2006). The immense potential of agroforestry has helped to improve the livelihoods of the rural farmers. The trees on farmland are an age-old traditional farming system and particularly plays pivotal role wherever people depend on fragile ecosystems for survival and sustenance. Agroforestry has the immense capacity to provide sustainable agricultural benefits. Approximately 1.2 billion people of the world is practicing agroforestry one or other way (World Bank, 2004). Dixon (1995) stated that the area suitable worldwide for agroforestry is 585–1215 million hectares, whereas Nair et al. (2009) estimated the agroforestry area of 823 m ha. Remote sensing data show that in 2010, 43% of all agricultural land globally had at least 10% tree cover and that this has increased by 2% over the previous ten years (Zomer et al., 2016). In India, so many estimates have reported varying figures on agroforestry area by Zomer et al. (2007), Dhyani et al. (2014); FSI (2013) and Rizvi et al. (2014). Chavan et al. (2015) documented the agroforestry area based on data from CAFRI, Jhansi and Bhuvan LISS III, was 13.75 m ha. However, Forest Survey of India estimated the same as 11.54 m ha, which is 3.39% of the geographical area of the country.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 221 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

India currently ranks fifth in carbon emissions in the world, behind only the United States, China, Russia and Japan and currently account for about 4.2% of the world’s total fossil fuel-related CO2 emissions. In the past decade alone, India’s carbon emissions have increased by about 60% and are about nine times higher than they were forty years ago. Much of this increase is due to India’s increasing utilization of its coal resources for power generation. Emission from coal made up 69% of the total emission in 2002 followed by petroleum at 27%. Carbon emissions are forecast to grow by about 3.3% annually through 2020, which would cause India to displace Japan as forth-greatest carbon emitter by 2010 (TERI, 2001). Originally CO2 has been believed to be the main pollutant but the list of pollutant now include gases such as halocarbons methane, nitrous oxide and ozone as well aerosols. Aerosols are of two types, suspended such as black carbon and reflective such as sulphate and nitrates. Black carbon (BC) emissions are a product of incomplete combustion from coal, diesel oil bio fuels and biomass; these are particularly very large in China and India.

The idea about mitigating carbon sequestration through forest conservation and management was discussed as early as in the 1970s. But it was only in 1992, that several countries agreed to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), with the major objectives of developing national inventories of greenhouse gas emission and sinks, and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases (FAO, 2001). At its third meeting in 1997 in Kyoto (Japan) the participating countries, including the US agreed for the Kyoto Protocol, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5% or more below 1990 levels by 2012. The protocol provides a mechanism by which a country that emits carbon in excess of agreed-upon limits can purchase carbon offsets from a country or region that manages carbon sinks. Initially there was no agreement as whether forests could be considered as carbon sinks, but the potential role of forest conservation and management to decrease greenhouse gases in the atmosphere was soon recognized. Globally, forests contain more than half of all terrestrial carbon, and account for about 80% of the carbon exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Forest ecosystems are estimated to absorb up to 3 Pg (3 billion tonnes) of carbon annually. In recent years, however, a significant portion of that has been returned through deforestation and forest fires. For example, tropical deforestation in the 1980s is estimated to have accounted for up to a quarter of all carbon emission from human activities (FAO, 2003). Decrease in deforestation helps to preserve current carbon reservoir and afforestation helps holding carbon for longer time. During the decade 1981-90, 9 land-use changes in the tropics accounted for CO2 emission of about 1.6 G t per year (G t =10 t) on the other hand, terrestrial vegetation assimilated approximately 1.8 G t of carbon per year during the same period. In sum, the carbon balance shows that in the 1980s the terrestrial vegetation in the tropics acted as a net sink of carbon (Bhadwal and Singh, 2002).

Only limited attempts were made to model crop productivity in response to climate change in India (Rao et al., 1995; Gadgil, 1995). But it is expected that agricultural crop production might be significantly affected by the predicted changes in climate and atmospheric CO2. The probable effect of higher CO2 concentration in atmosphere may increase plant photosynthesis and result in higher crop yield (Kimball, 1983) and also increase in net primary production in tropical forest ecosystems (Mingkul and Woodard, 1998). However, a rise in temperature may reduce crop yields by hastening plant development by modifying water and nutrient budgets and by increasing plant stress (Long, 1991). The net effect of increased CO2 and climate change on crop yield, thus depend on local conditions. During warmer summer air temperature might be beneficial to crop production in the temperate latitudes, where the length of the growing season and frost-free period would

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 222 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 increase, warmer temperatures exert negative effects on crop maturity in those regions where temperature and water stress limit crop production. Therefore, vast areas of the arid and semi-arid regions of India, where agriculture is mostly rainfed will have probably, strongly adverse effect of global warming. Lal et al. (2001) projected that 5 to 25% decline in winter rainfall and 10 to 15% increase in monsoon rainfall over India during the 2080s, which is significant and may lead to droughts during the dry months and more intense rainfall spell during the wet season. Large increase in grain sterility of cereal and legume crops caused by climate change raises an alarming food security issue, increasing the world’s challenge to feed itself in the coming decades. The extent of the sterility threat to root and tuber crops, pasture and tree species is unknown. If rates of rice yield decrease due to thermal stress are broadly validated and assuming the range in temperature increase in the latest IPCC data (0.14-0.580C per decade), yield of tropical grain crop could decrease by 5-11% by the year 2020 and by 11-46% by 2050 (CGIAR and Inter Centre Working Group on Climate Change, 2004). AGROFORESTRY AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION Agroforestry is a viable alternative to prevent and mitigate climate change. Agroforestry was recognized by IPCC as having high potential for sequestering C as part of climate change mitigation strategies (Watson et al., 2000). It can increase and stabilize agricultural yields and reduce soil erosion (Prinsley,1990). The biomass can provide fuelwood, foods, basic construction materials, shade, medicines, etc., and thereby decreases pressure on natural forests. Further more, it may allow land to be taken out of fallow rotation in shifting cultivation systems; for example, one hectare of land sustainable managed with agroforestry could replace 5- 10 ha of land under shifting rotation slash and burn (Trexler, 1993). Agroforestry in urban areas can provide local biomass and help the public to recognize the usefulness of tree planting. In the U.S. and Europe alone, 50 M t C yr-1 could be absorbed by urban tree planting (Kulp, 1990). Indirect effects, such as substitution for fossil fuels, could prevent the release of 17 M t C yr-1 worldwide (Evans, 1992). Agroforestry is ideal option to increase productivity of wastelands, increase tree cover out side the forest, and reduce human pressure on forests under different agro-ecological regions of India. An IPCC special report (IPCC, 2000) indicates that conversion of unproductive croplands and grasslands to agroforestry have the best potential to soak up atmospheric C. In agroforestry, soil restoration process involves recovery of organic based nutrients cycle through replenishment of soil organic matters, about half of which is carbon. CONSERVATION OF EXISTING CARBON POOL Soil carbon and carbon pool in terrestrial vegetation In India, 107.43 million ha lands, once biologically productive have been rendered unproductive due to several degradation processes (MOA, 1994). These soils are characterized by low soil organic carbon (SOC), low soil quality, and low biomass productivity. Restoration of these soils is a high priority for economic and environmental reasons. Environmentally, restoration of biological productivity of these soils will improve water quality by reducing transport of sediments and sediment – borne pollutants, and mitigate green house effects by C immobilization in the biomass and sequestration in the soil. The technological options for biotic and soil C sequestration include afforestation of marginal soils, restoration of degraded ecosystems, establishment of bio-energy plantations with a large potential for biomass production, establishing perennials with a deep and prolific root system, growing species with high cellulose and other resistant materials, and developing land use systems characterized by a high NPP. Similarly, strategies for soil C sequestration include

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 223 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 adoption of conservation tillage and mulch-farming techniques, maintenance of soil fertility, soil and water conservation, adoption of complex rotations. Increasing SOC content at 0.01% per year to 1 m depth (for a bulk density of 1.5 Mg m-3), restoration of 1 x 109 ha of soil in the tropics has a potential to sequester C at the rate of 1.5 Pg yr-1 (Lal and Kimble, 2000) and greenhouse effect mitigation. Bhattacharya et al. (2006) has recently worked out about 10 Pg SOC stock in 0-30 cm soil depth in arid tropics of India. They observed that the soils in these areas revisited after 25-30 years indicate an overall increasing trend in SOC and the soils respond to controlled management level and are not depleted in SOC.

The main goal of management of C emission avoidance is to conserve existing C pool in forest vegetation through options such as controlling deforestation or logging, protecting forest in reserves, changing harvesting regimes and controlling other anthropogenic disturbance such as fire and pest outbreaks. Unfortunately, most forest soils are not suitable for profitable agriculture and quickly become unproductive. The felling of trees for commercial and domestic wood products is mostly unregulated and beyond the forests’ ability to replenish itself. Similarly, the grazing of livestock in forested areas is often beyond their carrying capacity. Going by the potential for economic exploitation, it would appear that 90% of the forests are performing the critical functions of protecting fragile watersheds and are not fit for commercial exploitation (Dhyani et al., 2006). Due to shift in the National Forest Policy of India harvesting from forests has now practically been banned with social benefits mainly flowing from the protective and environmental functions of the forest apart from meeting the subsistence needs of the communities living close to the forests. AGROFORESTRY FOR INCREASING THE SIZE OF EXISTING CARBON POOL The most if not all agroforestry systems have the potential to sequester carbon. With adequate management of trees under agroforestry systems, a significant fraction of the atmospheric C could be captured and stored in plant biomass and in soils. The average C storage by agroforestry practices has been estimated as 9, 21, 50 and 63 Mg C ha-1 in semi-arid, sub-humid, humid and temperate regions. For small holder agroforestry systems in the tropics, potential carbon sequestration ranges from 1.5 to 3.5 Mg C ha-1 (Montagnini and Nair, 2004). In agroforestry systems C sequestration is a dynamic process and can be divided into two phases. At establishment, many systems are likely to be source of GHGs (loss of C and N from vegetation and soil). Then follow a quick accumulation phase and a maturation period when tonnes of C are stored in the boles, stems, roots of trees and in the soil. At the end of the rotation period, when the trees are harvested and land returned to cropping (sequential system), part of the C would be released back to the atmosphere (Dixon et al., 1994). Therefore, effective sequestration can only be considered if there is a positive net C balance from an initial stock after a few decades (Felter et al., 2001).

Carbon storage in plant biomass is only feasible in the perennial agroforestry systems (perennial–crop combinations, agroforests, wind-breaks, boundary plantations etc.), which allow full tree growth and where the woody component represents an important part of the biomass. One comparative advantage of these systems is that sequestration does not have to end at wood harvest. C storage can continue way beyond if boles stem or branches are processed in any form of long lasting products (Roy, 1999). For the estimation of these effects, a decomposition rate of wood products of between 1 and 2% has been suggested for the tropics (Findlay, 1985; Roy 1999). Alternatively the wood can serve as fuel, in which case an important part of the plant-stored C returns to the atmosphere.

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Agroforestry trees improve land cover in agricultural fields in addition to providing C inputs (root biomass, litter and prunings) to the soil. This has often reduced soil erosion, which is a crucial process in the soil C dynamics. But, one must be aware of the fact that soils have a finite sink capacity of 0.4 – 0.6 Pg C yr-1 over 50-1000 years (Paustian et al., 2000; Ingram and Fernandes, 2001). In above ground and soil C together, 1.1 – 2.2 Pg C could be sequestered annually over 50 years, which, as estimate suggest, would offset about 10-15% of the current annual C emissions (Dixon, 1995). Looking at this contribution, it becomes clear that agroforestry alone cannot solve the current climatic problems, but can only be one among a range of strategies. However, the implementation of agroforestry could be justified for many other reasons. First, increasing soil C greatly benefits agricultural productivity and sustainability. Second, given the improbability of obtaining any single mitigating method, adding modest contributions together appear to be a more realistic way of achieving CO2 reduction targets (Paustain et al., 1997). Third, the financial cost of C sequestration through agroforestry appears to be much lower (approx. $1.69/ Mg C, median $13/ Mg C) than through other

CO2 mitigating options. Economic analysis showed that these costs could be easily offset by the monetary benefits from agroforestry products and trading in C credits.

Carbon sequestration by AFS is a win-win strategy. It mitigates climate change by offsetting anthropogenic emissions; improves the environment, especially the quality of natural waters; enhances soil quality; improves agronomic productivity; and advances food security. It is the low-hanging fruit and a bridge to the future, until carbon-neutral fuel sources and low-carbon economy take effect. The triple imperatives of increasing productivity, reducing emissions, and enhancing resilience to climate change call for alternative approaches to practicing agriculture. Agroforestry systems (AFS) seeks to increase productivity in an environmentally and socially sustainable way, strengthen farmers’ resilience to climatic vulnerability, and reduce systems contribution to climate change by reducing GHG emissions and increasing above- and below ground carbon storage. Since it is well known that terrestrial ecosystems are important global carbon sinks and the size of this sink depends on the cropland of the world, the most feasible and cost-effective approach to carbon sequestration is in restoring the massive sink in woody biomass and soils. Carbon sequestration in different agroforestry systems occurs both belowground, in the form of enhancement of soil carbon plus root biomass and aboveground as carbon stored in standing biomass. There are five carbon pools in AFS and its consist of aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, litter, dead wood and Soil (Table 1). Table 1 Carbon Pools in agroforestry Pools Descriptions Living Above- All biomass of living vegetation, both woody and herbaceous, above the soil biomass ground including stems, stumps, branches, bark, seeds, and foliage. biomass Note: In cases where forest under story is a relatively small component of the above-ground biomass carbon pool, it is acceptable for the methodologies and associated data used in some tiers to exclude it, provided the tiers are used in a consistent manner throughout the inventory time series. Below- All biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than (suggested) 2mm diameter are ground often excluded because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from biomass soil organic matter or litter.

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Dead Deadwood Includes all non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter, either Organic standing, lying on the ground, or in the soil. Dead wood includes wood lying Matter on the surface, dead roots, and stumps, larger than or equal to 10 cm in diameter (or the diameter specified by the country). Litter Includes all non-living biomass with a size greater than the limit for soil organic matter (suggested 2 mm) and less than the minimum diameter chosen for deadwood (e.g. 10 cm), lying dead, in various states of decomposition above or within the mineral or organic soil. This includes the litter layer as usually defined in soil typologies. Live fine roots above the mineral or organic soil (of less than the minimum diameter limit chosen for below-ground biomass) are included in litter where they cannot be distinguished from it empirically. Soils Soil organic Includes organic carbon in mineral soils to a specified depth chosen by the matter1 country and applied consistently through the time series2. Live and dead fine roots within the soil (of less than the suggested diameter limit for belowground biomass) are included with soil organic matter where they cannot be distinguished from it empirically. 1Includes organic material (living and non-living) within the soil matrix, operationally defined as a specific size fraction (e.g. all matter passing through a 2 mm sieve). Soil C stocks estimates may also include soil inorganic C if using a Tier 3 method. CO2 emissions from liming and urea applications to soils are estimated as fluxes using Tier 1 or 2 methods. 2Carbon stocks in organic soils are not explicitly computed using Tier 1 or 2 methods, (which estimate only annual C flux from organic soils), but C stocks in organic soils can be estimated in a Tier 3 method. Definition of organic soils for classification purposes is provided in Chapter 3.

(Source: IPCC Good practice Guidelines, Vol. 4) PRESENT STATUS OF CARBON STOCKING IN DIFFERENT AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM In India, evidence is now emerging that agroforestry system are promising land use system to increase and conserve aboveground and soil C stock to mitigate climate change. The average potential of agroforestry has been estimated to be 25 tonnes C/ha over 96 m ha (Sathaye and Ravindranath, 1998). In this way the total potential of agroforestry in India to store C is about 2400 million tonnes. In another estimate, the area under agroforestry in world is 8.2% of total reported geographical area (305.6 m ha) and it contribute 19.3% of total C stock under different land uses (2755.5 m t C) (Table 2 & 3).Although there is variation in the estimation of area under agroforestry and C stock made by scientist involve in this area but there is good indication of agroforestry for gaining popularity for mitigating climate change because desired tree cover can only be achieved by including tree in farm field/bunds.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 226 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Table 2. Potential carbon1 storage for agroforestry systems in different eco-regions of the world (Adapted: Dixon et al., 1993, Krankina and Dixon, 1994 and Winjum et al., 1992) Carbon storage Region Eco region Agroforestry systems (MgCha-1) Africa Humid tropical high agrosilviculture 29-53 South America Humid tropical low Dry 30-102 lowlands 39-195 Southeast Asia Humid tropical dry lowlands 22-228 68-81 Australia Humid tropical low silvopastoral 28-51 North America Humid tropical high 133-154 Humid tropical low dry 104-198 lowlands 90-175 Northern Asia Humid tropical low 15-18 aCarbon storage values were standardize to 50 year rotation Table 3. Table Area, biomass and carbon stock in trees under different land uses Area Biomass Carbon Land-use classes (m hectare) (m tonnes) (m tonnes) Forests 69.70 2,398.46 1,085.16 Cultivated land 140.88 A) Irrigated Pure cropping area with scattered trees on 56.4 280 140 bunds/fields Agroforestry 7.0 420 210 Total (A) 63.4 700 350 B) Rainfed areas Pure cropping area with scattered trees on 64.5 967.5 483.8 bunds/fields Agroforestry 13.0 520 260 Total (B) 77.5 1487.5 743.8 C) Fallow & Wasteland Fallow/culturable wastes /pastures/groves 50.0 800 400

Agroforestry 5.0 125 62.5 Total (C) 55 925 462.5 D) Unfit for vegetation 40 Total (A+B+C+D) 305.60 5510.96 2755.5

(Source: NRCAF, 2006)

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According to the recent projections, in India the area under agroforestry will increase substantially in the near future (NRCAF, 2006). Undoubtedly, this will have a great impact on the flux and long term storage of C as the inclusion of trees in the agricultural landscape often improves the productivity of system while providing opportunities to create C sinks (Winjum et al., 1992; Dixon et al., 1993; Krankina and Dixon, 1994; Dixon, 1995).

The amount of C sequestered largely depends on the agroforestry system being practiced. Other factors influencing C storage in agroforestry systems include tree species, system management, environment and socio-economic aspects. The carbon storage potential of agroforestry systems in different regions of the world varies from 12 to 228 Mg C ha-1 .

In an agrisilvicultural system in the arid region of India, eight-year study indicated soil organic carbon content (SOC) decreased with time in control plot with a loss of SOC by 56%. However, integration of trees allowed a loss of SOC only by 3.2% in Emblica officinalis, 22% in Hardwickia binata, and 35.5% in Colospermum mopane plots, indicating greater sequestration of C in E. officinalis plot and least in C. mopane plots. The study suggests that agroforestry is an important strategy to sequester C not only in the form of biomass but also in soil and may therefore help to maintain soil productivity (Singh, 2005). The range of sequestration was 5 (C. mopane) to 13 Mg ha-1(E. officinalis).In India, a number of studies have indicated that the tree component in agroforestry has a capacity for biomass production at least as great as that of natural vegetation. It is possible to design agri-silvicultural systems in which the organic matter loss under the crop component is matched by a gain under the tree component. Das and Itnal (1994) reported that organic C content was about double in agri-horticultural and agroforestry systems as compared to sole cropping. Similarly, alley cropping is a promising agroforestry technology for humid and sub-humid tropics. The hedges (mostly legumes) are pruned periodically during the crop-growth and provide biomass which when added to soil acts as mulch and provides nutrients to soil. The lopping is also used as forage. Lal (1989) observed changes in SOC and nutrient status under different management system. He found that over a period of six years (12 cropping seasons), the relative rates of decline in the status of nitrogen and organic C was much less under alley cropping of Leucaena and Gliricidia as compared to normal arable crops. In high rainfall coastal areas the beneficial interactions of mixed cropping and mixed farming components on soil fertility have been reported in Sri Lanka in terms of soil physical, chemical and biological properties.

The impact of agroforestry systems on soil fertility has also been shown by workers from other coconut growing areas in terms of higher organic matter content, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potash in the top soil, and improved microbial activities in the system (Varghese et al., 1978; Bavappa et al., 1986; Liyanage, 1994; Dagar, 1995 a,b). Quantity of litter fall, its chemical composition, nutrient addition and change in chemical composition of soil were studied by Singh et al. (1989) under agroforestry systems involving Populus deltoides and Eucalyptus hybrid tree with intercrops of aromatic grasses Cymbopogon martinii and C. flexuosus in the tarai tract of Kumaon hills. On an average, dry litter production of P. deltoides was 5 kg tree-1yr-1where as of E. hybrid 1.5 kg tree-1yr-1. Under the canopies of these two trees SOC was enhanced by 33 to 83% and available nitrogen by 38.1 to 68.9% over control in 0-15 cm soil layer. There was significantly higher fertility build up under P. deltoides than E. hybrid.

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In agrisilviculture system at semi-arid regions of U.P., Dalbergia sissoo at age of 11years was able to accumulate biomass 48 to 52 t ha-1 which corresponds to 24 to 26 t C ha-1. In another study at the same place C dynamics was studied by Ram Newaj et al. (2006) under agrisilviculture involving three pruning regimes and two crop sequences (Table 3). C accumulation in tree biomass was 23.61 to 34.49 t C ha-1, respectively in different pruning regimes in blackgram-mustard crop sequence. C accumulation in herbaceous layer ranged from 0.28 to 0.56 t C ha-1, respectively in different pruning regimes under blackgram-mustard crop sequence. Carbon content in tree and crop was slightly higher in greengram-wheat crop sequence. Dry matter production in agroforestry system of mandarin grown in association with Albizia and mixed species was studied in Mamlay watershed in the south district of Sikkim in the eastern Himalaya by Sharma et al. (1995). Data show that Albizia, mandarin and crop accumulated 13879 kg biomass ha-1 in watershed area and in this way the system can store 6939 t C ha-1 in tree and crop biomass.

Kaur et al. (2002) studied the C storage in 6 years old silvo-pastoral systems on a sodic soil in northwestern India. The total C storage in trees + Desmostachya systems ranged from 6.80 to 18.55 t C ha-1 and 1.5 to 12.3 t C ha-1 in the case of Dalbergia sissoo + Sporobolous marginatus and Prosopis juliflora + S. marginatus. Acacia nilotica could not survive along with Sporobolous under sodic conditions of the soil due the adverse effect of water logging and frost.

Adoption of silvipastoral system in degraded land in semiarid regions of UP, India was able to accumulate biomass 18.91 to 22.25 t ha-1 in natural pasture and 32.20 to 35.01 t biomass ha-1 in established pasture. The C storage in the system ranged from 1.89 to 3.45 t C ha-1 in silvipasture and 3.94 t C ha-1 in pure pasture (Rai et al., 2001). In another study, biomass production from natural pasture was 2.1 to 3.6 t ha-1 and from established/improved pasture was 2.0 to10.4 t ha-1 under silvipasture in different years. It indicates that 1.8 to 3.5 times increase in biomass due to adoption of silvipasture system in degraded lands (Rai, 1999).

Different agroforestry systems sequestering varied amount of carbon based on type of system, species composition, soil and climate. In this way, the total potential of agroforestry in India to store carbon is about 2400 million tons. Carbon sinks potential of different agroforestry systems in India are shown in Table 4. Due to this innumerable benefits and potential of agroforestry, PKR Nair quoted that agroforestry is like “low hanging fruits” because of its mitigation potential of climate change and low sequestrating cost. Table-4 Reported carbon sequestration potential (Mg C ha-1yr-1) of various agroforestry systems in India

No. of CSP Agroforestry Age Location Tree species tree per References System (year) (Mg C hectare ha-1yr-1) Uttarakhand Agrisilviculture D. hamiltonii 1000 7 15.91 Kaushal et al., 2014 Himachal Agrihorticulture Fruit trees 69 - 12.15 Goswami Pradesh et al., 2014

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Khammam, Agrisilviculture L. leucocephala 4444 4 14.42 Prasad et al., Andhra Pradesh 2012 10000 4 15.51 Uttarakhand Agrisilviculture P. deltoids 500 8 12.02 Singh and Lodhiyal, 2009 SBS Nagar, Agrisilviculture P. deltoids 740 7 9.4 Chauhan Punjab et al. 2010 Dehradun, Silviculture E. tereticornis 2500 3.5 4.4 Dhyani et al. 1996 Uttarakhand 2777* 2.5 5.9 Kurukkhetra, Silvipasture A. nilotica 1250 7 2.81 Kaur et al. Haryana 2002 D. sissoo 1250 7 5.37 P. juliflora 1250 7 6.5 Chandigarh Agrisilviculture L. leucocephala 10666 6 10.48 Mittal and Singh 1989 Tripura Silviculture T. grandis 444 20 3.32 Negi et al. 1990 G. arborea 452 20 3.95 Tarai central Silviculture T. grandis 570 10 3.74 Negi et al. devision 1995 500 20 2.25 Uttarakhand 494 30 2.87 Jhansi, Agrisilviculture A. procera 312 7 3.7 Ramnewaj et al. 2008 Uttar Pradesh Jhansi, Agrisilviculture A. pendula 1666 5.3 0.43 Rai et al. 2002 Uttar Pradesh Jhansi, Silviculture A. procera 312 10 1.79 Rai et al. 2000 Uttar Pradesh A. amara 312 10 1 A. pendula 312 10 0.95 D. sissoo 312 10 2.55 D. cinerea 312 10 1.05 E. officinalis 312 10 1.55 H. binata 312 10 0.58 M. azaderach 312 10 0.49

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Hydarabad, Silviculture L. leucocephala 2500 9 10.32 Rao et al. 2000 Andhra Pradesh E. camaldulensis 2500 9 8.01 D. sissoo 2500 9 11.47 A. lebbeck 625 9 0.62

A. albida 1111 9 0.82 A. tortilis 1111 9 0.39 A. auriculiformis 2500 9 8.64 Hydarabad, Agrisilviculture L. leucocephala 11111 4 2.77 Rao et al. 1991 Andhra Pradesh 6666 4 1.9

Raipur, Agrisilviculture G. arborea 592 5 3.23 Swami and Chhattisgarh Puri 2005 Coimbatore, Agrisilviculture C. equisetifolia 833 4 1.57 Viswanath Tamilnadu et al. 2004

Kerala Home garden Mixed tree spp. 667 71 1.6 Saha et al. 2009 Future Thrust There are large area of degraded lands are available for re-vegetation and restoration of these lands must be given a high priority for economic and environmental reasons. To mitigate climate change, there should be policy reforms such as to encourage environmental sustainability (including the establishment of environmental guidelines), improve infrastructure and planning related to carbon sequestration research, long term monitoring and large financial commitment. With the introduction of carbon trading, agroforestry systems may become more attractive. In agroforestry, research addressing both biophysical and socio- economic issues of carbon sequestration is needed. The main challenge remains how to make the farmers adopt the agroforestry to meet their demand of fodder, fuel, food grain and enter into carbon market. References Albrecht, A. and Kandji, S.T. 2003. Carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 99:15-27. AICRPAF, 2006. All India Coordinated Research Project on Agroforestry, Report, NRCAF, Jhansi. Bavappa, K.V, Kailasam, C., Khader, K.B.A., Biddappa, C.C., Khan, H.H., Kasthuri, Bai, K.V., Ramadasan, A., Sundararaju, P., Bopaiah, B.M., Thomas, G.V., Misra, L.P., Balasimha, D., Bhat, N.T. and Bhat, K.S. 1986. Coconut and arecanut based high density multispecies cropping systems. Journal of Plantation Crops 14 (2): 74-87. Bhadwal, S. and Singh, R. 2002. Carbon sequestration estimates for forestry options under different land –use scenario in India. Current Science 83 (11): 1380-1386.

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atmospheric CO2 concentration: Has its importance been underestimated? Plant Cell and Environment 14 (8):729-739. Lundgren, B.O. 1987. Institutional aspects of agroforestry research and development. Steppler, H.A and P.K.R. Nair (Eds):Agroforestry a decade of development. International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya.

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Mingkui, C. and Woodard, F. I. 1998. Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change. Nature 367:133-138, 393:249-252. Ministry of Agriculture, 1994. Draft Report of Land Degradation in India, Soil and Water Conservation Division, department of Agriculture and Cooperation, MOA, New Delhi. Montagnini, F. and Nair, P.K.R. 2004. Carbon sequestration: an underexploited environmental benefit of agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems 61: 281-295. Nair, P.K.R., Kumar, B.M. and Nair,V.D. (2009). Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. Journal of plant nutrition and soil science,172(1): 10–23. NRCAF, 2005. Annual Report, NRCAF, Jhansi NRCAF, 2006. Perspective Plan – Vision 2025, NRCAF, Jhansi, U.P. Paustian, K., Andren, O., Janzen, H.H., Lal Smith, P., Tian, G., Tiessen, H., Van Noordwijk, M., Woomer, P.L.

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Paustian, K., Six, J., Elliott E.T., Hunt H.W. 2000. Management options for reducing CO2 emissions from agricultural soils. Biogeochemistry 48: 147-163. Prasad, JVNS, Srinivas K, Rao CS, Ramesh C, Venkatravamma K. and B. Venkateswarlu. Biomass productivity and carbon stocks of farm forestry and agroforestry systems of leucaena and eucalyptus in Andhra Pradesh, India. Current Scienc 103(5): 536-540. Prinsley, R.T. 1990. Agroforestry for Sustainable Production: Economic Implications. Commonwealth Science Council, London. Rai, P. 1999. Growing greener and increasing the production of wastelands. Wastelands News XIV: 49-50. Rai AK, Solanki KR, Rai P. 2002. Performance of Anogeissus pendula genotypes under agrisilviculture system. Indian J of Agroforestry 4(1):71-77. Rai, P., Yadav, R.S., Solanki, K.R. and Rao, G.R. and Rajendra Singh. 2001. Growth and pruned biomass production of multipurpose tree species in silvipastoral system on degared lands in semiarid region of Uttar Pradesh, India. Forest Tree and Livelihood 11: 347-364. Ram Newaj, Shanker, A.K. and Yadav, R.S. 2006. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Albiziaprocera based agroforestry system. Annual Report of ICAR ad-hoc Scheme, NRCAF, Jhansi (unpublished data). Rao, D.G., Katyal, J.C., Sinha, S.K. and Srinivas, K. 1995. Impacts of climate change on sorghum productivity in India: simulation study. In: Climate Change and Agriculture: Analysis of Potential International Aspects, pp.325-337. Americal Society of Agronomy, Specual Publication 59, Madison, WI, USA. Rao, LGG, Joseph B, Sreemannarayana B. 2000. Growth and biomass production of some important multipurpose tree species on rainfed sandy loam soils. Indian Forester 126(7):772-81. Rao, MR, Ong CK, Pathak P, Sharma MM. 1991. Productivity of annual cropping and agroforestry systems on a shallow Alfisol in semi-arid India. AgroforSyst 15:51-63 Rizvi, R. H., Dhyani, S. K., Ram Newaj, Karmakar, P. S. and Saxena, A. (2014). Mapping agroforestry area in India through remotesensing and preliminary estimates. Indian Farm., 63(11), 62–64.

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Roy, C. 1999. Options techniques et socio-economiques des emissions de CO2 et d’augmentation des stocks de carbone. CR Acad Agric. France 85:311-320. Schroeder, P. 1994. Carbon storage benefits of agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems 27:89-97. Sharma, R., Sharma, E. and Purohit, A.N. 1995. Dry matter production and nutrient cycling in agroforestry system of mandarin grown in association with Albizia and mixed tree spcies. Agroforestry Systems 29:165-179. Singh, G. 2005. Carbon sequestration under an agrisilvicultural system in the arid region. Indian Forester 131(4): 543-552. Singh, K., Chauhan, H.S., Rajput, D.K. and Singh, D.V. 1989. Report of a 60 month study on litter production, changes in soil chemical properties and productivity under poplar (P. deltoides) and Eucalyptus (E. hybrid) interplanted with aromatic grasses. Agroforestry Systems 9: 37-45. Swamy, S.L., Puri, S. and Singh, A.K. 2003. Growth, biomass, carbon storage and nutrient distribution in Gmelina arboreaRoxb. Stands on red lateritic soils in central India. Bioresource Technology 90 :109-126. TERI, 2001. Teri Eenergy Data and Directory Year Book 2000/2001. Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi 110 003. Trexler, M.C. 1993. Mitigating Global Warming Through Forestry: A Partial Literature Review. Report to GTZ for Enquette Commission, German UNFCCC, 2006. http://unfccc.int Registered CDM projects Varghese, P.T., Nelliat, E.V. and Balakrishnan, T. 1978. Beneficial interactions of coconut cacao combination. Proceedings PLACROSYM – 1, Indian Soc. Plant Crops, Kasargod, pp. 383-392. Watson, R.T., Noble, I.R., Bolin, B., Ravindranath, N.H., Verardo, D.J. and Dokken, D.J. (eds.) 2000. Land Use, Land Use Changes and Forestry:A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, NY. Winjum, J.K., Dixon, R.K., Schroeder, P.E. 1992. Estimating the global potential of forest and agroforest management practices to sequester carbon. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 64: 213-228. World Bank. Sustaining forests: a development strategy. ISBN 0-8213-5755-7 (The World Bank, Wash., D.C., 2004). Zomer RJ, Bossio, Deborah A, Trabucco, Antonio, Yuanjie, Li, Gupta, Diwan C., andSingh VP 2007. Trees and Water: Smallholder Agroforestry on Irrigated Lands in Northern India. International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka (Series: IWMI Research Reports, no. 122). Zomer, R.J., Neufeldt, H., Xu, J., Ahrends, A., Bossio, D., Trabucco, A. and Wang, M. (2016). Global Tree Cover and Biomass Carbon on Agricultural Land: The contribution of agroforestry to global and national carbon budgets. Scientific reports, 6: 29987.

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ECO FRIENDLY AND MODERN METHODS OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RECYCLING FOR PRODUCING ORGANIC MANURE TO ESTABLISH AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM Dr. D. Balasubramanyam Professor and Head Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Agroforestry system is an effective way to utilize the available land area for enhancing the productivity to meet out the increasing fodder demand. Animal agriculture is important to global food, nutrition and economic security. In many countries, domestic animal agriculture consists of mainly ruminants, non-ruminant and aquatic animals. Animal agriculture plays a critical role in the economic and social lives of the farmers through its contribution to nutritious food supply, job creation, income generation , household earnings, asset saving, economic output, agricultural diversification, animal traction, soil fertility and transportation. Meeting the food needs of the growing world population which is estimated to be over 9 billion by 2050 is one of the greatest challenges facing agriculture. Increasing food production is not as straight forward as simply increasing production capacity. There are constraints such as land and water use, environmental impact on animal agriculture. Hence, animal agriculture must be carried out in a way that does not jeopardize the future use of natural resources while attempting to meet the food needs of man and animals.

Animals are raised primarily for food and non-food purposes such as companions, leather and even manure in some production systems. Animal waste includes left-over feed, wash water, hatchery wastes, abattoir wastes and manure. Manure from animal production often has external contributor such as beddings, urine, wash water, spilled feed and water. Prior to the introduction of inorganic fertilizers, animal manure played the central role in enhancing soil fertility. In spite of the role of inorganic fertilizers in agricultural production, manure remains an important fertilizer resource especially in areas where inorganic fertilizers are not readily available or accessible to farmers.

The intensification of animal operations has led to the production of a considerable amount of manure concentrated in a particular location in excess of the need and may become a liability. The estimated total manure nitrogen production increased to the tune of 83.6 per cent from 1860 to 2014 .

Intensive animal production, therefore, can be significantly problematic with respect to waste storage and removal. Air and water pollution associated with animal manure has been at the centre of several regulatory discussions across the world. Animal manure contains a wide range of micro-organisms which could be a source of hazards to humans and animals. These micro-organisms can cause food contaminations and epidemics and therefore dangerous to public health. In fact, several food borne illnesses around the world have been linked directly or indirectly to manure contamination. Therefore, if manure management practices and strategies are advocated, handling and challenges associated with manure would have been limited (Palaniappan and Annadurai, 2010).

It is critical that manure management plans form an integral part of the animal production strategy. Many manure management strategies and technologies are applicable to a wide range of production environment

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 236 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 and scales. The adoption of sustainable manure management technologies holds a lot of direct and indirect benefits to the society. These include contributions to a clean environment, pollution reduction, job creation and the protection of biodiversity. Effective waste utilization is need of the hour to satisfy the health concerned organic food consumers on one side and prevent the environmental pollution on the other hand. Animal Manure Management Practices and Strategies Waste management or Waste disposal is all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling etc. some of the eco-friendly management of waste disposal includes composting, vermicomposting and biogas production. Characteristics of Animal Manure Manure contains many useful and recyclable components. The physical and chemical characteristics of animal manure will impact its potential use particularly as a fertilizer and the ease with which it would be handled. Animal manure can be categorized based on their consistency or moisture content into liquid manure (up to 5% solids), slurry and semi-solid manure (between 5 and 25% solids) and solid manure (more than 25% solids). The general characteristics of manure generated from typical animal production operations are presented. In view of high variability in consistency, physical structure and chemical composition of animal manure from one location to the other, preference should be given to locally derived manure characteristics. Beneficial uses of animal manure in a nutshell Manure Beneficial uses Advantages component Compost, fertilizer, biomass conversion Cost savings on fertilizer and income Nutrients (animal feed, soil amendments, fertilizer, generation from sales of manure etc.) Organic Improves soil structure and water holding Soil amendments/structuring matter capacity; impacts on crop yield Savings on cost of bedding materials, e.g., Solids Bedding up to $50/cow/year Supplementary energy for farm use; Energy Biogas, bio-oil, and syngas reduced reliance on fossil fuels; income generation from sales of energy Fiber Peat substitute, paper, and building

Composting Composting is the natural process of ‘rotting’ or decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms under controlled conditions. Raw organic materials such as crop residues, animal wastes, food garbage, some municipal wastes and suitable industrial wastes, enhance their suitability for application to the soil as a fertilizing resource, after having undergone composting.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 237 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

A mass of rotted organic matter made from waste is called compost. The compost made from farm waste like sugarcane trash, paddy straw, weeds and other plants and other waste is called farm compost. The average nutrient contents of farm compost are 0.5 per cent N, 0.15 per cent P2O5and 0.5 per cent K2O. The nutrient value of farm compost can be increased by application of superphosphate or rock phosphate at 10 to 15 kg/t of raw material at the initial stage of filling the compost pit. The compost made from town refuses like night soil, street sweepings and dustbin refuse is called town compost. It contains 1.4 per cent N, 1.00 per cent P2O5 and 1.4 per cent K2O. Farm compost is made by placing farm wastes in trenches of suitable size, say, 4.5 m to 5.0 m long, 1.5m to 2.0 m wide and 1.0 m to 2.0 m deep. Farm waste is placed in the trenches layer by layer. Each layer is well moistened by sprinkling cow dung slurry or water. Trenches are filled up to a height of 0.5 m above the ground. The compost is ready for application within five to six months. Composting is essentially a microbiological decomposition of organic residues collected from rural area (rural compost) or urban area (urban compost). Need of composting  The rejected biological materials contain complex chemical compounds such as lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, polysaccharides, proteins, lipids etc.  These complex materials cannot be used as such as resource materials.  The complex materials should be converted into simple inorganic element as available nutrient.  The material put into soil without conversion will undergo conversion inside the soil.  Conversion process takes away all energy and available nutrients from the soil affecting the crop.  Hence, conversion period is mandatory. Advantages of Composting  Volume reduction of waste.  Final weight of compost is very less.  Composting temperature kill pathogen, weed seeds and seeds.  Matured compost comes into equilibrium with the soil.  During composting number of wastes from several sources are blended together.  Excellent soil conditioner  Saleable product  Improves manure handling  Reduces the risk of pollution  Pathogen reduction  Additional revenue.  Suppress plant diseases and pests.  Reduce or eliminate the need for chemical fertilizers.  Promote higher yields of agricultural crops.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 238 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

 Facilitate reforestation, wetlands restoration, and habitat revitalization efforts by amending contaminated, compacted, and marginal soils.  Cost-effectively remediate soils contaminated by hazardous waste.  Remove solids, oil, grease, and heavy metals from storm water runoff.  Capture and destroy 99.6 percent of industrial volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) in contaminated air.  Provide cost savings of at least 50 percent over conventional soil, water, and air pollution remediation technologies, where applicable. Methods of composting Coimbatore method Composting is done in pits of different sizes depending on the waste material available. A layer of waste materials is first laid in the pit. It is moistened with a suspension of 5-10 kg cow dung in 2.5 to 5.0 litre of water and 0.5 to 1.0 kg fine bone meal sprinkled over it uniformly. Similar layers are laid one over the other till the material rises 0.75 m above the ground level. Finally it is plastered with wet mud and left undisturbed for 8 to 10 weeks. Plaster is then removed, material moistened with water, given a turning and made into a rectangular heap under a shade. It is left undisturbed till its use. Indore method Organic wastes are spread in the cattle shed to serve as bedding. Urine soaked material along with dung is removed every day and formed into a layer of about 15 cm thick at suitable sites. Urine soaked earth, scraped from cattle sheds is mixed with water and sprinkled over the layer of wastes twice or thrice a day. Layering process continued for about a fortnight. A thin layer of well decomposed compost is sprinkled over top and the heap given a turning and reformed. Old compost acts as inoculum for decomposing the material. The heap is left undisturbed for about a month. Then it is thoroughly moistened and given a turning. The compost is ready for application after thirty days. Bangalore method Dry waste material of 25 cm thick is spread in a pit and a thick suspension of cow dung in water is sprinkled over for moistening. A thin layer of dry waste is laid over the moistened layer. The pit is filled alternately with dry layers of material and cow dung suspension till it rises 0.5 m above ground level. It is left exposed without covering for 15 days and given a turning, plastered with wet mud and left undisturbed for about 5 months or till required. In Coimbatore method, there is anaerobic decomposition to start with, following by aerobic fermentation. It is the reverse in Bangalore method. The Bangalore compost is not so thoroughly decomposed compared to Indore and Coimbatore method of compost. Compost is a rich source of organic matter. Soil organic matter plays an important role in sustaining soil fertility, further in sustainable agricultural production. In addition to this, it improves the physico-chemical and biological properties of the soil, which keep the soil i. More resistant to stresses such as drought, diseases and toxicity; ii. Improved uptake of plant nutrients by crop iii. Active nutrient cycling capacity because of vigorous microbial activity.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 239 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

These advantages manifest themselves in reduced cropping risks, higher yields and lower outlays on inorganic fertilizers for farmers. Quantity of dung and urine voided per day Urine Animal Quantity of dung (kg) per day (ml / kg live wt) Horse 3-18 9-18 Cattle 17-45 18-30 Buffaloes 20-45 25-40 Sheep and goats 10-40 1-2.5 Pigs 5-30 3-5 Poultry - 2.5-3.5

Nutritive value of animal solid and liquid excreta Dung (mg/g) Urine (%) Animal N P K N P K Cattle 20-45 4-10 7-25 1.21 0.01 1.35 Sheep and 20-45 4-11 20-29 1.47 0.05 1.96 goat Pig 20-45 6-12 15-48 0.38 0.1 0.99 Poultry 28-62 9-26 8-29 - - -

Disadvantages of Using Composts Agricultural use of composts remains low for several reasons:  Compost weight is bulkier which makes them expensive to transport.  The nutrient value of compost is low compared with that of chemical fertilizers, and the rate of nutrient release is slow so that it cannot usually meet the nutrient requirement of crops in a short time, thus resulting in some nutrient deficiency  The nutrient composition of compost is highly variable compared to chemical fertilizers.  Famers might have concerns regarding potential levels of heavy metals and other possible contaminants in compost, particularly mixed municipal solid wastes. Potential for contamination becomes an important issue when compost is used on food crops.  Long-term and/or heavy application of composts to agricultural soils has been found to increase the salt, nutrient, or heavy metal and may adversely affect plant growth, soil organisms and water quality content.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 240 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Compost Enrichment Farm compost is poor in Phosphorus content (0.4-0.8 percent). Addition of Phosphorus makes the compost more balanced, and supplies nutrient to micro-organisms for their multiplication and faster decomposition. The addition of Phosphorus also reduces Nitrogen losses. Compost can be enriched by  Application of superphosphate bonemeal or phosphate rock: 1 kg of superphosphate or bonemeal is applied over each layer of animal dung. Low-grade phosphate rock can also be used for this purpose.  Animal bones can be broken into small pieces, boiled with wood ash or lime water and drained, and the residue applied to the pits. Even the addition of raw bones, broken into small pieces and added to the pit, improves the nutrient value of compost significantly.  Wood ash waste to increase the Potassium content of compost.  The quality of compost can be further improved by the secondary inoculation of Azotobacter, Azospirillum lipoferum, and Azospirillum brasilence (N-fixers); and Bacillus megaterium or Pseudomonas sp. (P solubilizers) (IARI, 1989). These organisms, in the form of culture broth or water suspension of biofertilizer products, can be sprinkled when the decomposing material is turned after one month. As a result of this inoculation, the N content of straw compost can be increased by 2 percent. Socio economic Benefits of Composting  Fetches higher prices for organically grown crops.  Offers environmental benefits from reduced landfill and combustion use.  Generate employment for rural people.  Produces marketable products and a less-cost alternative to standard landfill cover, artificial soil amendments, and conventional bioremediation techniques.  Improves soil fertility significantly and reduce the cost of production by reducing the need for water, pesticides, fungicides and herbicides.  Used as an alternative to natural topsoil in new construction, landscape renovations, and container gardens. Using composts in these types of applications is not only less expensive than purchasing topsoil, but it can also often produce better results when establishing a healthy vegetative cover.  Used as mulch for trees, orchards, landscapes, lawns, gardens, and as an excellent potting mix. Compost mulch conserves water and stabilizes soil temperatures.  It keeps plants healthy by controlling weeds, providing a slow release of nutrients, and preventing soil loss through erosion. Vermicompost  The process of composting organic wastes using earthworms is called ‘vermicomposting’. Earthworms ingest organic matter and excrete valuable‘vermicompost’.  Vermicomposting is a simple biotechnological process of composting, in which certain species of earthworms are used to enhance the process of waste conversion and produce a better end product

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 241 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Importance of vermicompost  Vermicompost is rich in organic carbon, which plays a key role in soil fertility, and contains all essential plant nutrients in appropriate proportions.  The use of vermicompost not only increases the rate of water intake into soil but also improves the soil’s ability to hold water.  Vermicompost plays a major role in improving growth and yield of different field crops, vegetables, flower and fruit crops.  Vermicomposting converts household waste into compost within 30 days, reduces the C:N ratio and retains more N than the traditional methods of preparing composts  Its enhances colour, smell, taste, flavour and keeping quality of flowers, fruits, vegetables and food grains and helps the farmers to sell their products at a higher price in the market.  Vermicompost provides livelihood support to the unemployed in rural areas.  Vermicomposting prevents environmental pollution and helps in keeping the surroundings clean and free of garbage Nutrient Content of vermicompost Organic carbon - 20-25% Nitrogen - 1.5-2.0% Phosphorus - 0.5-1.5% Potassium - 0.5-1.0% Calcium - 0.4-0.8% Magnesium - 0.3-0.6% Sulphur - 100-500 ppm Iron - 6.7-9.3 ppm Copper - 2.0-9.5 ppm Zinc - 5.7-11.5 ppm Methods of Vermicomposting 1. Pit Method Pits made below the ground level with 1 m deep and 1.5 m wide which is used for vermicomposting 2. Heap method The waste material is spread and heaped on a polythene sheet placed on the ground and then covered with cattle dung. 3. Tanks method Tanks made up of different materials such as normal bricks, hollow bricks, asbestos sheets and locally available rocks were evaluated for vermicompost preparation. The dimension of tanks should be 1.0 m width, 3.0 m length and 0.7 m height.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 242 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

4. Cement ring method Vermicompost can also be prepared above the ground by using cement rings. The size of the cement ring should be 90 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height. 5. Commercial model method The commercial model for vermicomposting developed by ICRISAT consists of four chambers enclosed by a wall (1.5 m width, 4.5 m length and 0.9 m height). The walls are made up of different materials such as normal bricks, hollow bricks, shabaz stones, asbestos sheets and locally available rocks. Vermicompost can be used for all crops. For general field crops: Around 2–3 t / ha of vermicompost is used by mixing with seed at the time of sowing or by row application. Precautions need to be followed in vermicompost preparation  The African species of earthworms, Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugenae are ideal for the preparation of vermicompost.  Only plant-based materials such as grass, leaves or vegetable peelings and cowdung should be utilized in preparing vermicompost.  Materials of animal origin such as eggshells, meat, bone etc are not suitable for preparing vermicompost.  Gliricidia leafs and tobacco leaves are not suitable for rearing earthworms. Scope of Vermicompost In rural areas, agriculture, animal husbandry and related activities generate large quantities of organic wastes. Considerable quantities of tender twigs, dry leaves, grass, weeds, etc., are also available. These organic wastes contain organic carbon and plant nutrients in appreciable amounts. Organic wastes are safer and more useful when composted and applied, rather than when they are directly applied Bio Gas Production Anaerobic Digestion Anaerobic digestion of manure is the processing of manure to produce energy, mainly biogas. Anaerobic digestion of manure can be made more efficient through the use of co-products such as water hyacinth, corn silage etc. Methane yield differs from various animal manure types. Manure from cattle, pig, poultry and sheep yields biogas of 200-300, 250-500, 310 and 300-400 m3 biogas/tonnes of dry matter respectively . Biogas from manure digester can be used for cooking instead of the direct burning of biomass. It can also be used to generate electricity. The composition of biogas produced for bio-digester is 50-70% methane, 30-45% carbon dioxide, 0-3% nitrogen, 0-3% oxygen, 0-3% hydrogen and the heating value of the gas ranges from 18 to 25 MJ/m3. The biogas market may currently not well developed in several countries of the world but it holds great potentials if rightly channeled to meet some of the national energy targets. Importance of Bio Gas Production India is one among the leading countries in the world to take advantage of biogas technology. The results of initial trials of biogas bottling plants in India, demonstrated that the biogas can be pure up to 98 % methane

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 243 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 content. The pure biogas can be successfully filled into CNG cylinders to use as vehicular fuel. The bottled biogas was found to replace crude oil, hence, having a bright future.

One of the renewable energy sources is biogas. These gases derived from a wide range of organic wastes such as biomass waste, human waste, animal waste through the process of anaerobic digestion and it can be used as energy. Advantages  Production of biogas from animal manure, especially cow is very potential  Energy derived from it is very environmentally friendly since in addition to utilizing the waste from livestock  Left over from the process (biogas slurry) can be used as organic fertilizer that is rich in the elements required by plants.  The uses of biogas also can reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases and other emissions. The objective of this research was to study the effect of the composition of manure, rumen, and water in biogas production (Ginting, 2007). Factors affecting the production of biogas  Condition of the digester, pH, nutrients, temperature, the ratio C / N, and starter . The condition in the anaerobic digester must be kept in equilibrium and dynamic.  The degree of acidity is maintained in the range of 6.6 to 7.6 for bacteria methanogenic can only work in above range of pH .  Adequate levels of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus must be added in the system to ensure the availability of nutrients for bacterial growth.  The optimum temperature needed microorganisms to break down the material is 30-38°C for mesophilic and 49- 57°C for thermophilic.  The optimum ratio of C/N used in the process of biogas production is 25-30. Starter is very important part that supporting the production of biogas. It is used to accelerate the reform process of organic materials (Khasristya,2004).  The results indicate that the variable A (manure and water) 1:3 ratio and the variable B (manure and rumen) with 1:2 ratio produced the highest volume of biogas compared to other ratios. Generally the addition of water and rumen can increase the production of biogas since both raw materials supporting the two important stage in the biogas production (hydrolisis and acetogenesis) in certain levels. Integration of waste treatment with algal cultivation The carbon dioxide is a major component in the product gases from anaerobic digestion (Vijay, 2011) and thermo-chemical conversion processes from livestock waste (Cantrell et al. 2008) which can be used for production of algal biomass. Algae can utilize carbon dioxide ten times more efficiently than terrestrial plants and can generate algal biomass and intracellular oil (Miao and Wu 2006). The algae cultivation has several

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 244 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 benefits, i.e., rapid generation rates with biomass harvesting up to 50 metric tons acre−1 year−1 (Demirbas 2001). The accumulation of large amounts of fatty acids and hydrocarbons as well as the ability to play a role in waste treatment. These algal products can be processed into many value-added products including bio-oil. So it is a most promising non-crop-based raw material for bio-fuel production. The algal biomass productivity of 6.83 g m−2 d−1 was observed in pond fed with biogas slurry contained 200 g m−3 of total nitrogen and 2.5 g m−3 of total dissolved phosphorus (Chen et al. 2012). Profitable manure management by livestock fish integration Slurry mixed water is very hazardous if not handled properly; however, simultaneously it is source of nutrients that can be recycled through integrating farming. Traditional practices of recycling effluent through agriculture, horticulture and aquaculture have been in use in several countries (Ghosh et al. 1999). Advantages Integration of fish with livestock farming is the best method for recycling of organic wastes. Cattle manure has been used extensively in India as a source of manure in carp polyculture (Sinha et al. 2005).

Manure is normally applied at 5,000–10,000 kg ha−1 year−1, in low productive ponds but can be used as high as 25 tons ha−1 year−1 (Lazcano et al., 2008). Socio economic Importance Livestock Research Station, Navsari (Gujarat) is utilizing the wallowing pond made for buffaloes for fresh water aquaculture with fish yield of 5 t ha−1 without any supplementary feeding (Anonymous, 1998). The said pond was manured by dung and urine of buffaloes excreted during wallowing in summer months where as in winter months the slurry produced during washing of livestock sheds was directly drained into the said pond.

The pond water is periodically pumped to irrigate the fodder farm with good result. The fish–pig integration is practiced in China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Hungary and some other European countries (Kumar and Sierp, 2003).

The N and P loadings of 4 kg ha−1 d−1 and 2 kg ha−1 d−1, respectively, were defined as optimal for Tilapia monocultures in a series of experiment using both organic and inorganic fertilizers at the Asian Institute of Technology and other research stations.

The yield up to 4–5 tonnes ha−1 of 200–250 g fish yield in around 6 months is possible if 1 fish m−2 is stocked. Higher stocking densities (up to 5 fish m−2) can increase net fish yields further. If smaller fish are acceptable and multiple stocking and harvest are practiced, net extrapolated yields of 12 tonnes ha−1 year−1 are possible (Knud Hansen 1998). The various poultry waste-fed aquaculture were tried at Japan with good fish yield (Little and Satapornvanit 1996). They got highest dry matter yield with highest feed conversion efficiency in egg laying duck-based aquaculture.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 245 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Conclusion Livestock waste can be recycled by many modern ways in order to combat rising energy prices, sustainable agricultural and reduce the environmental threats from traditional livestock waste management practices. The algae cultivation in waste water is good option to recycle the carbon dioxide a potent green house gas; moreover, algal biomass can be converted into many value-added products like bio-oil.

The dead animals and birds can be successfully composted to make nutrient-rich compost. The composting of pig carcasses may be carried out in bins built from treated wood, concrete or bales of hay, over a concrete floor.

High-moisture organic waste can be composted using low-moisture bulking agents such as straw, sawdust, peat, peanut shells, rice hull, etc. Vermicomposting is not only a powerful method of recycling the organic waste but it has potentiality for employment generation especially in rural areas. However, the better substrate in shorter period can be obtained from combined process of composting and vermicomposting. Integrated fish farming in wallowing pond or poultry or duck waste-fed aquaculture is a very promising enterprise that can provide additional income to farmers. Effective recycling of resources is the only option for sustainable agriculture, organic farming and to improve the productivity. References Anonymous (1998) AGRESCO report of livestock research station. Gujarat Agricultural University, Navsari Cantrell KB, Ducey T, Ro KS, Hunt PG (2008) Livestock waste-to-bioenergy generation opportunities. Biores Technol 99:7941–7953 Chen R, Li R, Deitz L, Yan Liu Y, Stevenson RJ, Liao W (2012) Freshwater algal cultivation with animal waste for nutrient removal and biomass production. Biomass Bioenergy 39:128–138 Demirbas A (2001) Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals. Energ Conv Man 42:1357–1378. Ghosh M, Chattopadhyay GN, Baral K, Munsi PS (1999) Possibility of using vermicompost for reconciling sustainability with productivity. In: Ghosh DC (ed) In: Proceedings sem. agrotechnology and environment. Visva-Bharati Univ, India, pp 64–68. Ginting N (2007) Penuntun Praktikum Teknologi Pengolahan Limbah Peternakan. Departemen Peternakan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Khasristya A (2004) Rancang Bangun dan Uji Kinerja Biodigester Plastik Polyethilene Skala Kecil (Studi Kasus Ds. Cidatar Kec. Cisurupan, Kab. garut), Tugas Akhir, Fakultas Pertanian, UNPAD, Indonesia. Knud Hansen C (1998) Pond fertilization ecological approach and practical application. Pond Dynamics/ Aquaculture CRSP, Corvallis 125 pp Kumar M S, Sierp M. (2003) Integrated Wastewater Treatment and Aquaculture Production: A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. RIRDC Publication No 03/026 RIRDC Project No SAR-16A. http://www.rirdc.gov.au Lazcano C, Gómez-Brandón M, Domínguez J (2008) Comparison of the effectiveness of composting and vermicomposting for the biological stabilization of cattle manure. Chemosphere 72:1013–1019

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 246 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Little DC, Satapornvanit K (1996) Poultry and fish production-a framework for their integration in Asia. In C. Dalibard, R. Sansoucy and A. Speedy, (eds.) In: Proceedings of the second FAO electronic conference on tropical feeds. Available at http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/FRG/abstract/little2.txt. Miao X, Wu Q (2006) Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil. Biores Technol 97:841–846. Palaniappan SP, Annadurai K (2010) Organic farming: theory and practices. Scientific publishers, (India), Jodhpur, p 97. Rupani PF, Ibrahim MH, Ismail SA (2013) Vermicomposting biotechnology: recycling of palm oil mill wastes into valuable products. Intern J Recycl Org Waste Agricul 2:10 Sinha PS, Nagina R, Singh BD, Griyaghey UP, Saratchandra B, Sinha BRRP (2005) Studies on the vermiculture technique and efficacy of vermicompost in substituting NPK and FYM requirements of Morus Alba L Indian. J Agric Res 39(4):235–241 Vijay VK (2011) Biogas enrichment and bottling technology for vehicular use. Biogas forum 1(1):12–15. Yadav RC (2012) Innovative application of scientific fact for nutrient recovery from waste water streams for sustainable agriculture and protection of environment: a review. Hydrol Curr Res 3:142. http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 247 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

RECENT CONCEPTS IN NUTRITIVE EVALUATION OF FODDER OBTAINED FROM AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS Dr. V. Balakrishnan Former Professor and Head Department of Animal Nutrition Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

Fodder analysis is important for nutritionally characterizing forages and highlighting the supplemental nutrients needed, such that rations can be effectively formulated to optimize animal production. Although livestock performance is the best index of feed quality, it is too costly and labor intensive. Therefore, animal performance is generally estimated from less animal-based techniques that measure related parameters such as feed composition, digestibility, degradation, fermentation and passage.

An efficient laboratory method should be reproducible and should correlate well with actually measured in vivo parameters. In vitro methods have the advantage not only of being less expensive and less time- consuming, but they allow one to maintain experimental conditions more precisely than do in vivo trials. Three major biological digestion techniques are currently available to determine the nutritive value of ruminant feeds:

1) Digestion with rumen microorganisms as in Tilley and Terry (1963) or using a gas method (Menke et al., 1979 ), 2) in situ incubation of samples in nylon bags in the rumen (Mehrez and Orskov., 1977) or in vitro incubation of samples in nylon bags in the semi continuous culture as in RUSITEC (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977) and 3) cell-free fungal cellulase (De Boever et al., 1986). These biological methods are more meaningful since microorganisms and enzymes are more sensitive to factors influencing the rate and extent of digestion than are chemical methods (Van Soest, 1994). 1) Digestion with rumen microorganisms as in Tilley and Terry (1963) or using a gas method (Menke et al., 1979 ) The rumen fluid-pepsin method of (Tilley and Terry, 1963) is one of the most useful methods for predicting digestibility in vivo (Clancy and Wilson, 1966; De Boever et al., 1988). Unlike other techniques, which only attempt to simulate ruminal digestion, the technique and its’ variants also mimic gastric digestion and therefore accurately predict the in vivo digestibility of many forages (Tilley and Terry, 1963; De Boever et al., 1988). The method was initially calibrated using samples of grass, clover and lucerne. The following regression equation was obtained:

In vivo digestibility = 0.99 x in vitro digestibility -1.01

The method was standardised using two feeds of high and low digestibility. Due to variations between runs, it was recommended that similar feeds should be compared within the same run.

There are also a range of regression equations relating in vitro and in vivo digestibility in use so that in vivo digestibilities can be predicted. For example, the expression below is used for grass products and whole- crop cereals in Denmark:

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 248 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

In vivo digestibility (%) = 4.10 + 0.959 x in vitro digestibility (%)

Variations in the regressions may relate to differences between the feeds evaluated, differences between laboratories and random differences between different studies.

This method has been widely adopted due to its relative simplicity and the usefulness of the data provided. The main drawback of the technique is its’ reliance on rumen fluid which is typically sourced from fistulated animals. It is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain the licenses required to surgically prepare such animals and they are expensive to keep and must be concealed from the public in some countries. The results from the technique are also affected by variability in the quality of the rumen fluid which can be due to processing, host animal diet and species, time of collection and the extent to which anaerobic conditions and optimal pH and temperature are maintained (Tilley and Terry, 1963; Clancy and Wilson, 1966).

Yet another In vitro system has been developed to estimate fermentation kinetics in rumen fluid, which is called as gas production technique. With this technique the degradation of organic matter and degradation of protein over time can be studied. The gas measuring technique has been widely used for evaluation of nutritive value of feeds. More recently, the increased interest in the efficient utilisation of roughage diets has led to an increase in the use of this technique due to the advantage in studying fermentation kinetics. Gas measurement provides a useful data on digestion kinetics of both soluble and insoluble fractions of feedstuffs

The in vitro gas method based on syringes (Menke et al., 1979; Blümmel et al., 1997) appears to be the most suitable for use in developing countries. Other in vitro methods such as Tilley and Terry and nylon bag methods are based on gravimetric measurements which follow disappearance of the substrate (the components which may or may not necessarily contribute to fermentation), whereas gas measurement focuses on the appearances of fermentation products (soluble but not fermentable products do not contribute to gas production). In the gas method, kinetics of fermentation can be studied on a single sample and therefore a relatively small amount of sample is required or a larger number of samples can be evaluated at a time.

The in vitro rumen fermentation method in which gas production and microbial mass production are concomitantly measured has several major advantages: i) it has the potential for screening a large number of feed resources, for example in breeding programmes for the development of varieties and cultivars of good nutritional value, ii) it could also be of great value in the development of supplementation strategies using locally available conventional and unconventional feed constituents to achieving maximum microbial efficiency in the rumen; iii) it has an important role to play in the study of rumen modulators for increasing efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and decreasing emission of methane, an environmental polluting gas, and iv) it provides a better insight into nutrient-antinutrient and antinutrient-antinutrient interactions, and into the roles of various nutrients (by changing the composition of the incubation medium) with respect to production of fermentative gases, SCFA and microbial mass.

Adesogan (2005) has tablated the effect of several factors that affects the accuracy of in vitro fermentation gas production techniques. In addition to these factors, the results obtained vary with the type of system used whether closed or opened and the source, activity and consistency of the rumen fluid used (Schofield, 2000).

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Table1. Factors affecting the accuracy of in vitro fermentation gas production techniques Adesogan (2005). Factor Effect Reference Sample form Wilting increases fermentation rate and freeze drying Sanderson et al.(1997) milling increases gas production relative to chopped/ unchopped fresh forage. Oven-drying Eliminates volatile constituents from fermented substrates Deaville and samples thus reducing the indirect gas produced from their reaction Givens(1998) with the buffer. Buffer High phosphate buffers reduce gas production by utilizing Schofield (2000) composition protons that would have been used for CO2 production. RF inoculum to When greater than 1:2 blanks no longer truly represent the Cone et al. (1997) buffer ratio contribution of the inoculum to gas production. Size of liquid gas Determines the potential for gas supersaturation and Theodorou et al.(1998) interface solubilisation, which reduces , gas production. Prevailing pH Decreases gas production if below optimal for cellulolytic Russell and and temperature bacteria growth. Dombrowski (1980) Atmospheric Determines actual gas volumes. Yet it is often omitted Williams, (2000) pressure such that it is difficult to compare results from different labs.

Stirring Reduces CO2 supersaturation which causes erroneous Pell and Schofield volume / pressure readings. (1993)

2) in situ incubation of samples in nylon bags in the rumen (Mehrez and Orskov., 1977) or in vitro incubation of samples in nylon bags in the semi continuous culture as in RUSITEC (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977) The estimation of feed protein degradation in the rumen remains an essential ruminant research topic. For optimal supply of absorbed nutrients to the cow, the degradation of protein should match that of carbohydrates. A shortage of degradable protein might impair fermentation of fibre in the rumen and reduce intake, whereas an excess of rumen degradable protein gives rise to significant ammonia formation and ultimately excretion of urea in urine.

In feed evaluation systems, usually nylon bag data (in sacco technique) are applied to calculate rumen degradable and bypass protein. In the in sacco method these nutrients are diluted in the rumen after getting released from the nylon bag and therefore do not affect rumen fermentation appreciably. Orskov (1989) asserts that most analytical approaches to estimating the feeding value of forages are of little value. He has recently suggested an approach to estimating the feeding value of forages by using the characteristics of the time course of solubilisation of forage dry matter from nylon bags held in a functional rumen of an animal. Using feed ground to a standard size and incubated in the rumen in standardised nylon bags, the disappearance of dry matter with time is established.

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Czerkawski and Breckenridge (1977) described RUSITEC apparatus and a methodology for the long- term simulation of rumen fermentation. This method allows a detailed study of the long term dynamics of fermentation to be undertaken, unlike the end point methods described above or the essentially batch fermentations described earlier. However, it is very demanding in equipment and labour and so is generally of use in specific detailed research investigations rather than for routine feed evaluation.

Parameters from the nylon bag technique have been correlated with in vivo digestibility, dry matter intake, digestible dry matter intake and growth rate. It is noteworthy that techniques which might initially have been regarded as useful in producing predictions of digestibility (or rumen degradability) have increasingly been explored as predictors of intake and performance as described below. 0rskov and Ryle (1990) proposed a single index figure generated from nylon bag technique parameters aimed at integrating degradation rates and extents for ranking feeds and predicting minimum feed quality for animals to meet maintenance requirements.

There have been several investigations on the use of the nylon bag method to predict in vivo parameters such as digestibility and DMI. The literature is reviewed separately for different types of feeds, selected prediction equations are given in Table 2. Table 2 Correlations between nylon bag dry matter disappearances and in vivo parameters In vivo Feed Correlation equation Correlation Source parameter Orskov et.al., Straw DMI (kg/day) =-1.56+0.59a+0.0658b+56.4c (r=0.88) 1988 Digestible DMI Orskov et.al., Straw =-2.576+0.0554a+0.0640b+37.7c (r=0.95) (kg/day) 1988 Growth rate (g/ Orskov et.al., Straw =-1.267+0.0671a+0.0126b+17.03c (r=0.95) day) 1988 Hays and DMI (g DM per Chermiti =29.2+1.23a-0.0006ADF (R2 =0.83) straw kg M 0.75 et.al., 1996 Nsalclai and Roughages DMD (g/day) =376+0.41A+0.039B+6.44c+2Ol (R2 =0.19) Umunma (1995) Khazwal et.al. Hay Intake 13.4+0.58(a+b)+200.2c (R2 =0.772) (1995) Khazwal et.al. Hay DMD =10.9+0.71(a+b)-82.6c (R2 =0.749) (1995) Graminaceo Khazwal et.al. Intake =-11.0+0.60(a+b)+563c (r=0.834) us hays (1995) Graminaceo Khazwal et.al. DMD =174+5.0(a+b)-922c (r=0.775) us hays (1995)

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Khazwal et.al. All hays Intake =13.5-0.31(a+b)+328c+0.066CP (r=0.862) (1995) Khazwal et.al. All hays DMD =140+6.43(a+b)+175c-0.37CP (r=0.775) (1995) Carro et.al. hays DMI =21.3+0.0733a+138c (R2 =0.897) (1991) Tropical Shem et.al. DMI (kg/day) =-8.286+0.266A+0.102B+17.696c (r=0.90) Browses (1995) Tropical Digestible DMI Shem et.al. =-7.609+0.219A+0.080B+24.191c (r=0.93) Browses (kg/day) (1995) Tropical Growth rate DMI Shem et.al. =-0.649+0.017A+0.006B+3.87c (r=0.93) Browses (g/day) (1995) Forage Shem et.al. DMD (g/day) =473-0.032A-0.075B+3118c-11.09L (R2 =0.81) legumes (1995)

Some of the problems of the technique stem from the methods currently used to characterize incubated substrates. Noziere and Michalet-Doreau (2000) suggested that sample particle sizes should be stated instead of their grinding screen size because ground particles contain an array of particle sizes that differ in chemical composition and rate and extent of degradability. In addition, the technique may not adequately account for effects of supplementation or antinutritive factors in feeds and it is not appropriate for characterizing soluble and small particulate feeds or single -celled proteins (Orskov et al., 2000; Noziere and Michalet-Doreau, 2000). Although there is widespread use of first order exponential models for characterizing degradability profiles, most of such models erroneously assume that a discrete lag phase occurs before the onset of degradation (Sauvant, 1997) and poorly describe the N degradability profiles of feeds high in soluble N (Givens, 1994). There has also been relatively little validation of the in situ degradability measurements with in vivo data, such that it is difficult to accept or refute the accuracy of the protein fractions derived from the technique (Beever, 2000). Attempts to characterize the degradability of starch and NDF with the technique have yielded variable and sometimes conflicting results (Beever, 2000).

The shortcomings of the in situ degradability technique highlighted above reflect the need for caution in interpreting the results. However, the technique has advanced our knowledge of protein metabolism in ruminants significantly. In the absence of a valid alternative, it will continue to be a valuable tool for assessing the kinetic parameters of feed degradation. Adesogan (2005) has tablated the effect of several factors that affects the accuracy of in situ degradability technique.

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Table 3. Factors affecting the accuracy of in situ rumen degradability techniques. Factors Effect Reference Oven drying Reduces nitrogen degradability and solubility. (Lopez, et al., 1995) Freeze drying Enhance particulate losses but it is better than other drying (Lopez, et method for silage. al., 1995; VikeMo,1989) Grinding / pre Underestimate the lag phase and over estimate the degradation Noziere and wetting sample rates due to increased microbial colonization. Michalet Doreau (2000) Particle size The lag phase is prolonged with larger particles. Emmanuele and Staples,(1988) Washing Machine washing overestimates solubles and particulate losses Cockburn , et al., procedure but is less subjective than hand washing. (1993) Particulate Overestimate rumen solubles and the extent of degradation but Emmanuele and losses can underestimate degradation rates if the particles lost would Staples,(1988) have degraded rapidly. Incubation Reverse sequence incubation can reduce degradation rates due to Nocek (1985) sequence interruptions and differences in rumen environment of samples incubated for different periods. Incubation site Substrate incubation in the dorsal rumen sac underestimates Stewart (1979) degradability due to lower colonization rates than those in the ventral sac. Bag pore size If <15 µm can reduce degradation by restricting microbial Huntington and colonization and diversity and trapping fermentation gases. Givens (1995) If > 40 µm, causes losses of insoluble / undegradable particles. Bag weave type Unlike mulltifilamentous cloth, the pores of monofilamentous Marinucci et al., cloth are prone to stress induced distortion that can enhance (1992) particulate losses. Microbial Underestimates N degradation in low N feeds Removal methods Olubobokun et contamination of can be expensive, laborious or inaccurate. al.,(1990) residues

3) cell-free fungal cellulase (De Boever et al, 1986). Due to the cost and undesirability of keeping rumen fistulated animals, and the variability in activity of rumen fluid, attempts have been made to develop purely enzymic digestibility assays. Fungal neutral cellulase is available commercially and has been used with some success to mimic the action of rumen microbes in degrading fibre, although the properties of different enzymic preparations can vary considerably. Jones and Hayward (1975) described a method which involved the pretreatment of herbage with acid pepsin then treatment with a range of cellulase preparations. Acid pepsin pretreatment was found to increase the correlation

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 253 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 between neutral cellulose digestibility (NCD) and in vivo digestibility in sheep compared with treatment with neutral cellulase alone or neutral cellulase followed by acid pepsin. This was perhaps surprising as it is a reversal of the physiological sequence. A cellulase preparation from Trichoderma viride was found to have sufficient and appropriate activity for degrading herbage fibre.

The pepsin-cellulase method required separate prediction equations for grasses and legumes (Terry et at, 1978), although (with modification) cellulase techniques can be as accurate as Tilley and Terry in predictingin vivo digestibility (Dowman and Collins, 1982). The numeric values of the in vitro digestibilities are less close to the in vivo values than is achieved by the Tilley and Terry method (Omed et al., 1989), which make them less readily interpretable. Furthermore, only methods which use microbes will be useful for investigating interactions between feeds when the interactions are related to stimulation or inhibition of microbial growth.

Some of these factors have led to differences between in vitro and in vivo digestion residues and cause poor predictions of in vivo digestibility. Existing in vitro techniques can be used to predict in vivo digestibility, intake and animal performance with varying degrees of success. It may be concluded that the reliability of the in vitro assay can be improved when calibrated against in vivo data from several laboratories.

Hence, in vitro studies need to be used as screening test to evaluate fodder obtained from Agroforestry system. Since Nutritional value or quality of fodder obtained from Agroforestry system is a concept that encompasses many indicators, including chemical composition, digestibility, consumption, energy and protein value, the promising fodder verities that are short listed need to evaluated for their palatability to proceed further.

Palatability, as a property and ability of the feed to excite the animal appetite is measured by a test of consumption, in which the animals can choose among more feeds. Cafeteria model palatability test is carried out by providing weighed browse foliages placed in each of the partitions of the pen. Additional browse material was added as necessary every 30 min until evening. The feed refusals were collected and weighed, and the intakes of browse foliages during the day should be determined. Each day, the positions of the foliages in the feed trough partitions must be rotated. Thus, the order and proportion of preference should be determined to formulate the feeding regimen.

Thus identified palatable foliages / pods should be included in the diet to test their efficacyin promoting productive performance of animal. References Adesogan.A.T. 2005. What are feeds worth?: A critical evaluation of selected nutritive value methods. Proceedings of the 2005 Florida Ruminant Nutrition Conference, Gainesville, FL, pp 33-47. Beever, D.E. and Mould, F.L. 2000. Forage evaluation for efficient ruminant livestock production. In: D.I. Givens, E. Owen, R.F.E. Axford and H.M. Omed (Editors), Forage Evaluation in Ruminant Nutrition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp. 15-42. Blummel, M., H.P.S.Makkar and K.Becker, 1997. In vitro gas production: a technique revised. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 77:24-34.

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Chermiti A, Nefzaoui A, TellerE, Vanbelle M, Ferchichi and Rokbani N 1996. Prediction of the voluntary intake of low quality roughages by sheep from chemical composition and ruminal degradation characteristics. Anim. Sci. 62: 57 -62. Clancy, M.J. and Wilson, R.K. 1966. Development and application of a new chemical method for predicting the digestibility and intake of herbage samples. Proceedings of the Xth International Grassland Congress, Helsinki, pp. 445-453. Cockburn, J.E., Dhanoa, M.S., France, J. and Lopez, S. 1993. Overestimation of solubility when using dacron bag methodology. Proceedings of the 1993 Annual Meeting of the British Society of Animal Science, Scarborough, p 188. Cone, J.W., Van Gelder, A.H. and Driehuis, F. 1997. Description of gas production profiles with a three-phasic model. Animal Feed Science and technology, 66: 31-45. Czerkawski, J.W. and Grace Breckenridge, 1977. Design and development of a long term rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). Br. J. Nutr., 38:371. Deaville, E.R. and Givens, D.I. 1998. Investigation of direct gas production from silage fermentation acids. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science Annual Meeting, Scarborough, p 64. De Boever, J.L., Cottyn, B.G., Buysse, F.X., Wainman, F.W. &Vanacker, J.M. 1986. The use of an enzymatic technique to predict digestibility, metabolisable and net energy of compound feedstuffs for ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 14: 203-214. Dowman, M.G. and Collins, F.C. 1982. The use of enzymes to predict the digestibility of animal feeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 33: 689-696. Emmanuele, S.M. and Staples, C.R. 1988. Effect of forage particle size on in situ digestion kinetics. Journal of Dairy Science, 71: 1947-1954. Givens, D.I., 1994. Assessment of forage quality with particular reference to protein. Proceedings of the conference on ‘Metabolisable protein and forage evaluation’. Society of Chemical Industry, London. Huntington, J.A. and Givens, D.I. 1995. The in situ technique for studying the rumen degradation of feeds: A review of the procedure. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews (Series B), 65: 65-93. JONES, D. I. H. and HAYWARD, M. V. (1975) The effect of pepsin pre-treatment of herbage on the prediction of dry matter digestibility from solubility in fungal cellulase solutions. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 26: 711 – 718. Khazaal K, Dentinho M T, Ribeiro J M and Orskov (1995) Prediction of apparent digestibility and voluntary intake of hays fed to sheep: comparison between using fibre components, in vitro digestibility or characteristics of gas production or nylon bag degradation. Anim. Sci. 61:527-538. Lopez, S., Hovell, F.D.D., Manyuchi, B. and Smart, I. 1995. Comparison of sample preparation methods for the determination of the rumen degradation characteristics of fresh and ensiled forages by the nylon bag technique. AnimalScience, 60: 439-450. Menke, K. H., Raab, L., Salewski, A., Steingass, H., Fritz, D. & Schneider, W. 1979. The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.), 92: 217-222. Mehrez A Z, 0rskov E R and McDonald I (1977) Rates of rumen fermentation in relation to ammonia concentration. Br. J. Nutr. 38: 437 -443.

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Nsahlai I V, Siaw DE K A and Osuji P 0 (1994) The relationship between gas production and chemical composition of23 browses of the genus Sesbania. J. Sci. Food Agric. 65: 13-20. Nocek, J.E. 1985. Evaluation of specific variables affectingin situ estimates of ruminal dry matter and protein digestion. Journal of Animal Science, 60: 1347-1358. Noziere, P. and Michalet-Doreau, B. 2000. In sacco methods. In: J.P.F. D’Mello (Editors), Farm animal metabolism and nutrition. CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 233-254. Olubobokun, J.A., Craig, W.M. and Pond, K.R. 1990. Effects of mastication and microbial contamination on ruminal in situ forage disappearance. Journal of Animal Science, 68: 3371. Sauvant, D. 1997. Rumen mathematical modeling. In: P.N. Hobson and C.S. Stewart (Editors), The rumen microbial ecosystem. Blackie Academic & Professional, London, pp. 685-708. Shem MN, 0rskov E R and Kimambo AE (1995) Prediction of voluntary dry-matter intake, digestible dry- matter intake and growth rate of cattle from the degradation characteristics of tropical foods. Animal Science6 0:65-74. Stewart, C.S. 1979. Problems in the assessment of fibre digestion in the rumen. In: E. Grossbard (Editor), Straw decay and its effect on disposal and utilisation. John Wiley and Sons, UK, pp. 315-319. Ørskov, E.R. (1989) Recent Advances in evaluation of roughages as feeds for ruminants Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia 1989 p102-108 Ørskov, E.R., Reid, G.W., and Kay, M. (1988) Prediction of intake by cattle from degradation characteristics of roughages, Animal Production 46 1. 29-34. 0rskov E R and Ryle M (1990) Energy nutrition in ruminants. Elsevier Scientific PublishersL td, Essex.U K. 149pp. Pell, A.N. and Schofield, P. 1993. Computerized monitoring of gas production to measure forage digestionin vitro. Journal of Dairy Science, 76: 1063-1073. Russell, J.B. and Dombrowski, D.B. 1980. Effect of pH on the efficiency of growth by pure cultures of rumen bacteria in continuous culture. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 39: 604-610. Sanderson, R., Lister, S., A, S. and Dhanoa, M. 1997. Effect of particle size on in vitro fermentation of silages differing in dry matter content. Proceedings of British Society of Animal Science Annual Meeting, Scarborough, p 197. Schofield, P. 2000. Gas production methods. In: J.P.F. D’Mello (Editors), Farm animal metabolism and nutrition. CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 209- 232. Terry, R.A., Mondell, D.C. and Osbourn, D.F. 1978. Comparison of two in vitro procedures using rumen liquor-pepsin or pepsin-cellulase for prediction of forage digestibility. Journal of the British Grassland Society, 33: 13-18. Theodorou, M.K., Lowman, R.S., Davies, Z.S., Cuddeford, D. and Owen, E. 1998. Principles of techniques that rely on gas measurement in ruminant nutrition. In: In vitro techniques for measuring nutrient supply to ruminants, British Society of Animal Science Occassional Publication No. 22, Reading; pp 55-63. Tilley, J.M.A. and R.A.Terry, 1963. A two stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Br. Grassl. Sco., 18:104-111. Van Soest, P.J. 1994. Nutritional ecology of ruminants. 2nd edition. Cornell University Press. Vik-Mo, L. 1989. Degradability of forages in sacco. I. Grass crops and silages after oven and freeze drying. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 39: 43-52.

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National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 01 Carbon storage through traditional agroforestry system along altitudes in Tehri district in Uttarakhand, North-Western Himalaya, India K. K. Vikrant*1, D.S.Chauhan2, R.H.Rizvi3 1 Department of Forestry, Roorkee Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand 2Department of Forestry & NR, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand 3Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh Introduction The third IPCC Assessment Report on climate change (IPCC 2000) contains an endorsement of the potential for agroforestry to contribute to increase in carbon stock in agriculture land use option to prevent and mitigate climate change effect (Dhyani et al. 2009). But there is still paucity of quantitative data on agroforestry systems in Garhwal Himalaya. The objective of this study was to compare the carbon stock in living biomass and soil (0–10, 10–20, 20–30 cm in depth) between altitudes and system in Tehri district, Uttarakhand. The system compared was: Agrihortisilviculture system (Trees, crops and fruits), Agrihorticulture system (Trees and Fruits) and Agrisilviculture system (Trees and crops.). Materials and methods The present study was undertaken in the Tehri Garhwal district of the Uttarakhand state lies in the Northern region of India. 1350 sample plot were selected in three altitudes. Three altitudes were: Lower (286- 1200m), Middle (1200-2000m) and Upper (2000-2800m). Tree biomass was estimated by Non-destructive method and crop biomass was estimated by destructive method. Soil organic carbon was determine by (Walky and Black 1934) method.

Different agroforestry system of Garhwal Himalaya Results and Discussion Results showed that Biomass Carbon stock (286-1200m) was maximum in the lower altitude compared to the middle and upper altitudes and in the agrihortisilviculture system was maximum biomass carbon compare than other system. While Soil organic carbon was maximum in the upper altitude (2000-2800m) compared to middle and lower altitudes. In agrihorticulture system, soil organic carbon was maximum compared to other systems, While TTB, TB and TC showed non significant differences between altitudes and system,

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SOC, TTB, TB and TC showed significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) with altitude and system. CB showed non- significant difference with altitude and system (Table 1). Table 1 Analysis of variance for SOC, TTB, CB, TB, and TBC by altitudes, system and the interaction of both variables of Tehri district, Uttarakhand Source Stock DF Type III SS Mean square F Pr>F Altitude SOC 2 3714.79 1857.395 25.209 0.000 TTB 2 182.066 91.033 25.817 0.000 CB 2 0.451 0.226 2.696 0.069 TB 2 198.887 99.443 27.047 0.000 TBC 2 40.275 20.137 27.047 0.000 System SOC 2 5179.652 2589.826 35.150 0.000 TTB 2 117.697 58.848 16.689 0.000 CB 2 0.451 0.226 2.696 0.069 TB 2 165.417 82.708 22.495 0.000 TC 2 33.497 16.788 22.495 0.000

System x Altitudes SOC 4 4712.158 1178.039 15.989 0.000 TTB 4 16.887 4.222 1.197 0.312 CB 4 2.321 0.580 6.934 0.000 TB 4 25.577 6394 1.739 0.142 TBC 4 5.179 1.295 1.739 0.142

Significance at the level of probability of 5 % (P≤ 0.05)

Fig : Total carbon storage in different agroforestry system along altitudes

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 260 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Conclusion This study showed that land use changes and land management have direct influence on soil organic carbon accumulation. In agroforestry systems, particularly agrihorticulture and agrihortisilviculture land use systems are playing an important role in the biodiversity conservation, soil enrichment, carbon storage and improving the economic status of the farmers in Tehri district of Uttarakhand. Therefore, understanding and implementation of carbon sequestration will help to maintain climate change mitigation from agroforestry.

Paper ID : 03 Effect of AM-5 a polyphenolic compound isolated from Aegle marmelos on in vitro gas and methane production of cereal straw based diets Sultan Singh, B K Bhadoria and Arpana Singh ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute Jhansi-284003, India Introduction Enteric methane a potent GHG produced from ruminal digestion and metabolism of feeds/diets consumed and its production varies with nature and concentrations of chemical entities of feeds/diets and their digestibility. It not only has harming effect but also causes dietary energy loss between 2-15% depending on nature of diet. A number of dietary strategies that alter rumen fermentation have been exploited to inhibit the methane emission but did not prove applicable and economical in farm conditions. In recent past research efforts have been intensified to plant extracts and natural plant compounds as alternatives to inhibit CH4 emission (Soliva et al. 2008, Delgado et al. 2010). In present study AM-5 polyphenolic compound isolated from Aegle marmelos was evaluated for its efficacy to inhibit in vitro methane production from fermentation of cereal straws-berseem-concentrate mixture based diets. Materials and methods Two diets consisted of wheat straw-berseem-concentrate (WS-berseem-CM) and oat straw-berseem- concentrate (OS-berseem-CM) in 50:25:25 ratios were used as substrate for in vitro studies. Polyphenolic compound AM-5 isolated from Aegle marmelosusing extraction and isolation techniqueswas supplemented at 0 (T0), 0.2 (T1), 0.6 (T2) and 1.0% (T3) level to tested diets. AM-5 supplemented diets were incubated for 24h in fluid rumen collected before feeding from adult male sheep (n=4 maintained on grass hay-barley grain diet). Pressure transducer technique (Theodorou et al. 1994) was used to measure in vitro gas and methane in gas was measured by gas chromatography (Nucon 5765) using FID. Results and discussion Inclusion of compound AM-5 reduced (P<0.05) in vitro methane production (ml/g and ml/g DDM) from 41.78 and 72.01 (T0 control) to 31.52 and 54.42 (T3-1.0% level) from incubation of WS-berseem-concentrate and OS-berseem-concentrate diets, respectively without reducing their DM degradability. Similarly addition of AM-5 to OS-berseem-concentrate diet resulted in reduced (P<0.05) in vitro methane production from 25.51 and 42.03 (T0) to 20.74 ml/g and 33.91ml/g DDM (T3) without inhibiting DM degradability. Total gas and

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 261 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 methane production (ml/g) was relatively higher from WS-berseem-CM than OS-berseem-CM diet and this may be due to relatively higher structural carbohydrates in former than later diet. Conclusion Inclusion of Polyphenolic compound AM-5 isolated from Aegle marmelos to cereal straw-berseem- concentrate diets at 1.0% inhibit in vitro methane production by 21-25% without reducing digestibility.

Key words:AM-5, Diets, Gas and Methane, Polyphenolic compound References Delgado, D. C., Galindo, I., Gonzaler, R., Savon, L., Scull, I., Gonzalez, N. and Marrero, Y. 2010. In: Sustainable Improvement of Animal Production and Health (Ed. Odongo, N. E., Garcia, M. and Viljeon, G. J.), FAO publication, pp: 49-54. Soliva, C.R., Zeleke, A.B., Clement, C., Hess, H.D., Fievez, V., Kreuzer,M., 2008. Animal Feed Science and Technology 147, 53–71. Theodorou, M.K., Williams, A.B., Dhanoa, M.S., Mcallan, A.B. and France, J. 1994. Animal Feed Science and Technology 48, 185–197.

Paper ID: 05 Ideal Indigenous Multipurpose Trees (IMTs) – Solution for Ravine Rehabilitation, Resilience and Repository of Carbon stock production through agroforestry systems S.Kala, A.K.Parandiyal, H.R.Meena, B.L.Mina, I.Rashmi, S.Reeja and R.K.Singh Scientist (Forestry), ICAR- Indian Institute of Soil & Water Conservation, Research Centre, Kota- 324002, Rajasthan, India. Introduction Among the various forms of land degradation by water, ravines are the worst manifestation of land degradation by water. The land degradation due to ravines is a major problem along several river systems in the alluvial zones in India. These are the system of gullies running almost parallel to each other and draining in to a river after a short distance with the development of deep gorges. These may extend upto 2 - 3 km. in to the tablelands and vast areas go out of cultivation due to the process of degradation. A wide range of indigenous multipurpose trees (IMTs) species are available for use in degraded land rehabilitation for providing a diversity, flexibility and resilience to develop sustainable systems under changing climate scenario. Evidence is emerging that plantation forestry are promising management practices to increase aboveground and soil C stocks and reduce soil degradation, as well as to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Selection of high productive native species with high carbon sequestration potential becomes more important in this context for utilization of these degraded areas. Materials and methods The present study is being carried out in the existing plantations at Research Farm, ICAR- Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation (Formerly, CSWCRTI), Research Centre, Kota (Rajasthan) during 2011-

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 262 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

16. Two systems selected from existing hortipastoral systems namely Beal + Dhaman (Aegle marmelos + Cenchrusciliaris) and Amla + Dhaman (Emblica officinalis + Cenchrus ciliaris) and two silvipastoral systems namely Desi babool + Dhaman (Acacia nilotica + Cenchrus ciliaris) and Karanj + Dhaman (Pongamiap innata + Cenchrus ciliaris) were studied. All qualitative and quantative traits of plants and soils were observed at regular intervals for assessment and selection of potential species using standard analytical procedures and methods under different land uses. Results and discussion Litter decomposition rate and pattern among various landuse systems were observed and the highest litter production has been observed in Accacia nilotica(6.23 Mg ha-1)followed by Aegle marmelos (5.66 Mg ha-1), while the lowest litter production has been observed in Azadirachta indica(1.95 Mg ha-1). Similarly, litter decomposition rate observed in A.nilotica (195 days) followed by E.officnalis (205 days) compare to other species. Acacia nilotica followed by Aegle marmelos based land use system has proved higher carbon sequestrations in terms litter accumulation, litter decomposition and soil fertility build up which were significantly higher than other tree based systems in Chambal ravines. Total biomass production and carbon stock was higher in Acacia nilotica followed by Aegle marmelos. Total CO2 sequestration in Acacia nilotica estimated which has value of 2827.90 t/ha, it was found higher compared to Azadirachta indica which has value of 1707.68 t/ha. The total SOC stored in soil was found higher in A.nilotica and least in Pongammiap innata i.e., 18.92 t C/ha and 5.07 t C/ha, respectively. The highest amount of Soil carbon and CO2 sequestration was about 18.92 t c/ha to 2827.90 t CO2 /ha respectively. This result represents the carbon stock and CO2 presented in above ground, below ground, litter and soil organic matter.

Fig.1. carbon stock production (t/ha) by different tree based systems in Chambal ravines Conclusion The most suitable scientific land use for these medium and deep ravine lands is placing these under permanent vegetation through successful tree farming system by selecting desirable indigenous Multipurpose Tree Species (IMTs). It is concluded from study that Acacia nilotica followed by Aegle marmelos based

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 263 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 land use system has proved higher carbon sequestrations in terms total biomass production, carbon stock, litter accumulation, litter decomposition and soil fertility build up which were significantly higher than other tree based systems in Chambal ravines. A.nilotica and Aegle marmelos are highly resilient tree species provides a substantial role in carbon sequestration and it could be effective solution for ravine rehabilitation and repository of carbon stock production through agroforestry systems.

Key words: Carbon stock, Chambal ravines, Biomass, Litter and Ecosystem benefits. References Somasundaram, J. A. K. Parandiyal, Pramod Jha, B.L Lakaria, R. K. Singh, B. L. Mina, S. Kala and Shakir Ali (2018) Ravines: Prospective Zone for Carbon Sequestration. In: Dagar J., Singh A. (eds) Ravine Lands: Greening for Livelihood and Environmental Security. Springer, Singapore.

Paper ID: 14 Assessment of Agrobiodiversity and Carbon Sequestration potential under existing Agroforestry systems of India Arvind Bijalwan1 and Anup Prakash Upadhyay2 1College of Forestry, VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 2Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, MP Introduction The study on “Assessment of Agrobiodiversity and Carbon Sequestration potential in Agroforestry systems along altitude and aspects of Western Himalaya, India with special reference to Combating Climate Change” was carried out in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh during 2016 to 2019. Materials and Methods Four districts were studied comprising two districts in Uttarakhand (Tehri Garhwal and Uttarkashi) and two districts in Himachal Pradesh (Shimla and Solan) with six study sites/villages in each district along varying altitudinal ranges of 1000 to 1500m, 1500 to 2000m and 2000 to 2500 m asl. covering northern and southern aspects. The survey of the study area was carried out on elevation, aspects, agroforestry systems, agroforestry combinations, tree-crop diversity, agro-biodiversity, climate, demography, trees and agricultural crops etc. to identify the topography, land use pattern of existing agroforestry systems for in-depth study. Results and discussion The results on present study revealed that the presence of agroforestry within different cropping system is predominantly adopted by marginal farmers (89%). The agrobiodiversity (number of crops) recorded to be higher (54) in Uttarakhand compared to Himachal Pradesh (30). The rate of species diversity (number of crops and tree species) decreases with increase in the altitude. In lower altitude average number of 16 forest tree species, 13 horticultural tree species and 41 crops recorded on agroforestry systems however this number goes down to 9 forest trees, 6 horticultural trees and 14 for crops in the higher elevation. The aspects also played

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 264 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 important role in tree-crop diversity, it was recorded higher in the northern aspect and lower in the southern aspect. The agroforestry systems recorded in the study sites were agrisilvihorticulture (ASH), agrisilviculture (AS), agrihorticulture (AH), silvipasture (SP) and hortisilviculture (HS) etc, out of these the predominant systems were ASH (43%), AS (31%), AH (17%) and rest of the systems confined to 9% only. The tree crop diversity was more in ASH and lower in AH system. In Uttarakhand the prevalence of traditional agricultural crops was higher, however in Himachal Pradesh the farmers practicing more in cash crops. The tree diversity of Multi-Purpose Trees (MPTs) played important role for supplementing the fodder (39%), fuel (23%), fruits and fibers which are deliberately retained by the farmers on their field under different agroforestry systems.

The study exhibited that the trees present in these existing agroforestry systems have enormous potential for carbon sequestration. In these agroforestry systems, the more amount of carbon was estimated in lower elevation (1000-1500m) compared to middle (1500-2000) and higher elevation (2000-2500m), moreover the northern aspect acquired high quantity of biomass and carbon compared to southern aspect. The carbon sequestration potential in agroforestry trees recorded in the present study ranged from 11.24 to 28.63 Mg/ ha. The average maximum carbon (27.31 Mg/ha) recoded in 1000-1500m followed by 18.42 Mg/ha in 1500- 2000m and lowest 11.16 Mg/ha in 2000-2500m elevation. The carbon sequestration potential was higher in ASH (29.68 Mg/ha) system followed by AS (21.35 Mg/ha) and least in AH (13.42 Mg/ha) system. The study recorded that carbon storage in the agroforestry systems significantly influenced by elevation, aspect and type of agroforestry systems. The carbon sequestration potential is not very good in these systems due to under stocking and improper trees management (particularly forest trees); Also, the wood is harvested from the trees on agricultural field for their own purpose. Conclusion The combined results of this study developing a good package of practices for sustainable management of agroforestry farm for this region. The study indicated that the existing agroforestry systems helped tremendously to the marginal farmers (89%) by catering their daily domestic needs viz. food, fodder, fuel wood, fruit, fibre, timber and other non-timber produces. This study gives an estimated idea about the presence of agro-biodiversity, tree diversity, carbon sequestration potential combating to climate change and livelihood support from agroforestry in the region. Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the Director, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, India; farmers of study sites, staff and officers of Uttarakhand and HP Forest Department and International Papers, Hyderabad via IP-IIFM Paul Brown Centre of Excellence for providing the financial assistant to conduct this study vide RAC project No. IIFM/AB/Ext./Res/Proj./2016/03.

Keywords: Agroforestry, Agrobiodiversity, Agrisilvihorticulture, Agrihorticulture, Agrisilviculture, Carbon Sequestration, Aspect

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 265 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 33 Effect of plant metabolite through Moringa oleifera on methane mitigation by invitro gas production technique (IVGPT) for dairy cattle A. Bharathidhasan Associate Professor and Head,Veterinary University Training and Research Centre, Vellore Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Introduction Methane is one of the major end product of anaerobic fermentation in rumen and represents a loss of 8–12 % feed energy. Dietary modifications can help to mitigate methane emissions from ruminants. The plant metabolite like tannins have the capacity to form complexes mainly with proteins due to the presence of a large number of phenolic hydroxyl groups and have been found to be toxic for some of the rumen microbes, especially ciliate protozoa, fiber degrading bacteria and methanogenic archaea, and as a result methanogenesis in the rumen can also be reduced. The earlier studies also reported a reduction in methane emissions when supplementing plant metabolites containing saponin (Bharathidhasan et al., 2013), standard tannin (Bharathidhasan et al., 2014) and tannin supplemented through Acacia nilotica plant extract (Bharathidhasan et al., 2017). Hence the present study was carried out to study the effect of tannin and through Moringa oleifera in paddy straw based complete diet on methane mitigation in dairy cattle by IVGPT. Materialsand Methods The IVGPT was carried out as per the Menke and Steingass (1988) to study the effect of plant metabolites through M. oleifera on reduction of methanogenesis in paddy straw based complete diet. The M.oleifera was added at five levels in paddy straw based complete diet along with rumen inoculums to study the rumen methanogenesis and rumen fermentation characteristics by in vitro. Methane concentration was determined using Gas Chromatography. Resultsand Discussion There was a highly significant (p<0.01) reduction in total gas production in allM.oleifera supplemented groups than control. The lowest level at T3 of M. oleifera was reduced the maximum extent by 13.09 % than control. Table 1 Effect of tannin through supplementation of Moringa oleifera on total gas (ml), methane (ml), percentage of methane on total gas production, IVTDMD, methane (ml) per 100 mg of truly digested substrate and pH (Mean# ± S.E) by IVGPT in forage paddy straw based complete diet. Treatment Inclusion Total Methane Percentage IVTDMDNS Methane pH NS level of gas (ml) of methane (ml) per Tannin (%) (ml) on Total gas 100 mg through production of truly Moringa digested oleifera substrate

35.38 ± 7.25 ± 20.51 ± 53.25 ± 3.86 ± 6.85 ± 1 0 (Control) 0.55 c 0.12 c 0.45 b 0.48 0.10 c 0.03

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 266 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

0.3 33.25 ± 6.50 ± 19.55 ± 53.53 ± 3.48 ± 6.83 ± 2 0.32 b 0.04 b 0.14 b 0.41 0.03 b 0.05 3 0.6 32.15 ± 6.13 ± 19.06 ± 53.13 ± 3.25 ± 6.78 ± 0.24 b 0.21 b 0.67 b 0.28 0.10 b 0.03 4 0.9 30.75 ± 5.28 ± 17.13 ± 53.15 ± 2.81 ± 6.80 ± 0.48a 0.26 a 0.65 a 0.70 0.15 a 0.04 5 1.2 30.90 ± 5.33 ± 17.23 ± 52.95 ± 2.82 ± 6.78 ± 0.26a 0.18 a 0.51 a 0.54 0.10 a 0.03

#Mean of six observations; NS Not significant, Means bearing different superscripts in the same column differ significantly (p<0.01)

A highly significant (p<0.01) reduction of methane was observed in all M.oleifera added groups than control. The minimum level at 0.9 % contained M.oleifera was reduced the methane by 27.17 % when compared to control. The percentage of methane on total gas production was also significantly (p<0.01) decreased in all M.oleifera added groups than control. 0.9 % tannin in M.oleifera was the minimum dose reduced the maximum percentage of methane on total gas production by 16.48 % than control. The methane (ml) per 100 mg of truly digested substrate was significantly (p<0.01) decreased by 9.84 %, 15.80 %, 27.20 %, 26.24 % in 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 % tannin in M.oleifera supplemented groups when compared to control. Similarly Tavendale et al. (2005) also reported that the methane was decreased in Lotus pedunculatus than Medicago sativa due to the presence of condensed tannin at the level of 10.7 % in Lotus pedunculatus and 0.02 % in Medicago sativa, respectively. Bharathidhasan et al. (2013; 2014; 2017) also observed that the addition of standard tannin and tannin supplemented through Acacia nilotica plant extract reduced the methane emission significantly (p<0.01) than control. The non significant change in pH and IVTDMD was observed among the treatment groups.

Keywords: Tannin, Moringa oleifera, methane, dairy cattle References Bharathidhasan,A., Viswanathan,K., Balakrishnan, V., Valli, C., Ramesh, S. and Senthilkumar, S.M.A.2013. Effects of purified saponin on rumen methanogenesis and rumen fermentation characteristics studied using in vitro gas production technique, Inter. J. Vet. Sci., 2(2), 44-49. Bharathidhasan, A., K.Viswanathan, V.Balakrishnan, C.Valli, R.Karunakaran and S.Ezhilvalavan, 2014. Effect of standard tannin on rumen methane emission by in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT),” In: Global Animal Nutrition Conference (GLANCE 2014) on Climate Resilient Livestock Feeding Systems for Global Food Security at Bengaluru, pp.304, 19-21,April 2014. A.Bharathidhasan and R.Karunakaran, “Influence of Acacia nilotica plant extract on methane mitigation,” In: National Seminar on Improvement of Small Ruminant Production System for Livelihood Security Orgaised by ISSGP at ICAR-CSWRI, Avikaagar, Rajasthan, pp.162, 9-10 March 2017. Menke, K.H. and Steingass, H.1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitrogas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development, (28) 7–55.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 267 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 43 Intensive fodder cultivation through silvipasture model of agroforestry for sustainable livestock production M. Manobhavan, C. Nithya, S. Meenakshi Sundaram and A. V. Omprakash Livestock Farm Complex, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai - 600 051. Introduction Livestock farming has remained as an integral component of Indian culture and livelihood. It plays a pivotal role in the rural economy. Increase in the number of animals has not always been accompanied by an improved availability of livestock feed resources. Non availability of feed and fodder for livestock could be a serious limitation to livestock production (Kaasschieter et al., 1992). Farmers with small holdings show little interest in planting pasture and cultivated fodders. In India, the area under fodder cultivation is limited to about 4% of the cropping area. So, there is need to cultivate the fodder in an intensive manner to feed the livestock. In these circumstances, a 10 cent silvipasture agroforestry model fodder plot was designed for sustainable livestock production. Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out in fodder farm of livestock farm complex, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai-51. A 10 cent land was prepared as per standard agronomical practices for fodder cultivation. High biomass yielding grass fodder like Cumbu Napier grass variety Co (BN)5 was planted in 04 cents area. Cereals like fodder maize and fodder sorghum were cultivated each in 01 cent and 02 cents area. Annual legumes like fodder cowpea and perennial legumes like fodder Desmanthusvirgatus were cultivated in 1.5 cents area each. Bordering these fodders in 10 cents tree fodders like Sesbania grandiflora and Leucaena leucocephala were cultivated as boundary plantation. Standard agronomical managemental practices were adopted during the study. The yield of fodders was recorded at proper harvesting period. Results and Discussion The total fodder yield in six months study period in 10 cent silvipasture agroforestry model was tabulated as below (Table.1) Table 1: Biomass yield of fodders in 10 cent silvipasture model fodder plot Total yield in 6 month Crude protein Total Digestible SI.No Type of fodders (kgs) yield (kg) Nutrient (Kg) 1 Hybrid Napier Co(BN)5 3280 ± 75.41 344.40 ± 1.47 1807.30 ± 1.90 2 Fodder cow pea 490 ± 11.56 808.5 ± 1.90 307.39 ± 1.79 3 Desmanthusvirgatus 215 ± 5.78 40.72 ± 2.02 129.34 ± 1.87 4 Fodder maize 160 ± 5.78 17.37 ± 1.73 99.70 ± 2.13 5 Fodder sorghum-CoFS31 678 ± 7.22 55.79 ± 2.25 383.58 ± 2.25 Sesbania grandiflora and 57.20 ± 2.03 140.25 ± 2.61 6 220 ± 5.78 Leucaena leucocephala Total biomass yield 5043 ± 111.27 604.67 ± 1.66 2846.46 ± 12.19

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 268 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

This model is helpful to maximize the forage production in limited space and time. Tree fodders provide feed for animals during lean periods. This 10 cent silvipasture agroforestry model can meet the fodder requirement of one dairy animal or five goats in small holdings throughout the year. Conclusion It could be concluded that intensification of fodder cultivation in 10 cent silvipasture agroforestry model, can provide yearround fodder production for sustainable livestock production. References Handbook of Animal Husbandry, 4th edition, 2011. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. Kaasschieter, G.A., de Jong, R., Schiere, J.B. and Zwart, D. 1992. Towards a sustainable livestock production in developing countries and the importance of animal health strategy therein. Veterinary Quarterly. 14(2):66-75.

Paper ID: 71 In vitro evaluation of tree leaf meal incorporated extruded feed for small ruminants Anuradha.P, Murugesweri. R, Mynavathi.V.S and C.Valli Institute of Animal Nutrition, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kattupakkam Introduction In Tamil Nadu, fodder scarcity is the main problem limiting the livestock production particularly during summer season. Due to shrinkage of cultivable land, drought, low rainfall and harsh weather condition, fodder cultivation is adversely affected leading to non availability of green and dry fodders to the livestock. Agroforestry, as a natural resource management system, solves the problem of fodder shortage. Tree fodder obtained from agro forestry models are rich in protein and other nutrients, hence possess high feeding value in ruminants. Therefore, supplementation of tree leaves helps in reduction of feed cost of the farmer on protein supplements. Among tree fodder Gliricidia sepium is a leguminous and fast growing tree receiving much attention for use as a multipurpose tree species providing protein rich fodder for animals and as a manure to improve soil fertility. Total mixed ration (TMR) is a quantitative mixture of all feed ingredients, and fed as a sole source of nutrients. Feed in the form of TMR stabilizes the rumen fermentation and increases nutrient utilization and production performance of animals. Extruded feed is one form of TMR, can be prepared by mixing all feed ingredients together. Hence the present study was conducted with the objective to prepare Gliricidia leaf meal incorporated extruded feed for small ruminants and evaluate its fermentation studies in the laboratory. Materials and Methods A total mixed ration with the following ingredient composition was formulated for goats based on the nutrient requirement for maintenance purpose and presented in table 1. Gliricidia sepiumleaves was collected from silvipasture model, shade dried and ground through hammer mill to prepare Tree leaf meal.Other fodders such as Cumbu Napier hybrid fodder, Desmanthus and Fodder sorghum (CoFS 29) are also shade dried and

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 269 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 ground to make coarse powder. The extruded feed was prepared with incorporation Gliricidia leaf meal with other feed ingredients using single screw extruder. Table 1. Ingredient composition and nutritive value of total mixed ration T2 Gliricidia leaf T1Control diet in Ingredients Control diet meal incorporated extruded form extruded feed Cumbu Napier hybrid fodder 40 40 Desmanthus virigatus 20 20 Adult goat Concentrate feed 40 40 Fodder sorghum (CoFS 29) -- -- 10 Gliricidia leaf meal -- -- 40 Maize -- -- 25 DORB -- -- 22 Mineral mixture -- -- 2 Salt -- -- 1 Total 100 100 100 Nutritive Value (calculated) TDN (%) 62 62 DCP (%) 10.22 10.56

Proximate analysis of the samples was performed according to AOAC (2012). Proximate principles were expressed as per cent on dry matter basis.

The In vitro dry matter degradability was determined according to Tilley and Terry (1963). The rumen liquor was collected from six goats immediately prior to slaughter and brought to the laboratory by maintaining under anaerobic condition. It was filtered through four layers of muslin cloth under continuous flushing of carbon dioxide and stored in thermos container saturated with carbon dioxide at 39°C. The accurately weighed samples were subjected to invitro degradability studies by incubating in 50ml buffered rumen fluid in 100ml container in an incubator. Four blank containing rumen buffer alone were included for each incubation period (12 and 24hours). After incubation the residue was filtered and dried overnight at 100o C and the dry weight of the residue was taken. The in vitro dry matter degradability of samples was calculated using the following formula and expressed as percentage on dry matter basis.

DMD =Sample dry matter – (undigested dry matter residue – Dry matter blank) Sample dry matter

The data obtained on various parameters were analysed statistically by SPSS (Statistics 20).

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 270 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Results and Discussion The proximate composition (%DMB) of experimental diet is presented in table 2. Table 2. The Proximate composition(%DMB) of experimental diet Parameters Control Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Moisture 10.58b ± 0.05 7.80a ± 0.08 7.99a ± 0.02 Crude Protein 10.32ab ± 0.01 10.30a ± 0.02 10.36c ± 0.00 Ether extract 2.38b ± 0.20 1.29a ± 0.21 2.46b ± 0.05 Crude fibre 20.60ab ± 0.36 21.37b ± 0.06 19.55a ± 0.64 Total ash 11.34a ± 0.22 12.41b ± 0.13 11.47a ± 0.25 NFENS 55.33 ± 0.18 54.61 ± 0.14 56.13 ± 0.87

*Mean of three samples NS No significant variation (p<0.05)exists between treatments Means bearing different alphabetical superscripts within rows differ significantly (p<0.05)

The results of the in vitro dry matter degradability of the experimental diet is presented in table 3. Table 3. In vitro dry matter degradability (Mean*±SE) on dry matter basis of the experimental ration Incubation hours Treatments 12NS 24 Control 24.87 ± 2.09 41.68a± 0.65 Treatment 1 26.35 ± 1.28 45.57ab± 1.44 Treatment 2 29.35 ± 2.15 49.78b± 2.10

*Mean of five samples NS No significant variation (p<0.05) exists between treatments Means bearing different alphabetical superscripts within rows differ significantly (p<0.05)

The dry matter degradability for all treatments increased with increase in the incubation hours. The dry matter degradability was significantly (p<0.05) higher in treatment 2 group compared to control group. However, it was not significant (p<0.05) statistically at 12 hrs of incubation among all treatment groups. Significantly highest dry matter degradability at 24 hours was observed when Gliricidia leaf meal was incorporated in extruded feed. Conclusion Tree fodder from various agroforestry models are the best alternate fodder sources for livestock. Conservation of tree fodder in form of extruded TMR is a promising option to meet fodder requirement of livestock during scarcity period.

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Paper ID: 77 Resource use efficiency in intensified fodder production system C. Vennila and C.Nithya Department of Agronomy, Madras Veterinary College, Faculty of Basic Sciences,Chennai Introduction In India, integrated farming system is the major form of agricultural system being practiced in small and marginal holding that contributes for 70% of total land holdings. The major source of feed for livestock is the crop residues, obtained mostly from the agricultural crops. Ever increasing human population and changes in dietary habits associated with urbanization and higher incomes has led to change in cropping pattern, which in turn reflected on non availability / reduced availability of crop residues for feeding livestock sector. This has led to shortage of availability of feed resources. The grazing area also shows a declining trend which provides a sizeable quantity of feed source. Further, the cultivated fodder is estimated only to about 8.3 million ha and almost remains static, which is far less for feeding the available livestock population of our country. Hence, it is essential to intensify production with better scientific management to feed the dairy animals in small holders farming to meet the green fodder requirement with an understanding of the resource use efficiency of the intensified green fodder production system. Materials and methods The farmers with small or marginal holdings usually possess 2 to 4 numbers of milch animals. Based on the techniques being followed in integrated farming system, it is essential to allocate ten percentage of land area under fodder cultivation to meet the requirement of fodder present in the farm holdings. For an acre area of land holdings, 10 cents of land area should be allocated for cultivation of grasses, cereals and legumes to meet the requirement of fodder as well as to have a balanced feed ration. Based on the yield of various crops, water availability and nutrient potential a model has been established for garden land condition. The model consists of Perennial grass Co CN 4 (high bio mass yielder) or Co 5 planted in 4 cents area, perennial cereal (fodder sorghum) in 2 cents area, annual maize in 1n cent for two seasons and one season with cowpea, perennial legumes (desmanthus) in 3 cents area. The boundaries around 10 cents area is planted with tree fodder which could provide the green fodder during lean reason i.e post monsoon season. Water use efficiency and partial factor productivity was calculated (Yadav, 2003). Results and discussion The bio mass yield, water use efficiency and partial factor productivity of the intensified cropping system are presented in the table below. The total green fodder yield per annum is 9960 kg. The water use efficiency and partial factor productivity of the system was found higher for the system. The water use efficiency and partial factor productivity indicates the capability of the fodder crops for higher utilization of resources that is directly measured by biomass (Mamo et al., 2003). Further, the bund crops i.e tree fodders has an advantage for utilization of available resources and maximizing productivity of the unit land area. The crops associated with tree crops in the bunds helps in the availability of different nutrients and hence favours soil fertility in the intensified system of green fodder production (Lee et al., 1992).

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Table 1. Intensified fodder production system on the yield and resource use efficiency of fodder crops

Water Water use PFP ( kg biomass Yield -1 Fodder crops requirement efficiency (kg kg nutrient) (kg/year) (mm) ha.mm-1) N P K Grass (Cumbu Napier grass Var. 16 350 2333 7000 7000 5600 Co CN 4/CO 5) Cereals Maize (Two crops) 320 5.2 133 667 3333 2000 Sorghum 960 1.2 295 2133 7385 4800 Legumes Cowpea 120 1 120 1200 3000 1500 Desmanthus 960 9 107 8000 1778 2667 Tree fodders (Sesbania grandiflora / 2000 - - - - - Leuceana leucocephala)

Total 9960 32.4 - - - -

Conclusion The fodder from intensified small holders farming system could meet balanced feed ration for a milch cow throughout the year with better utilization of resources and without affecting soil fertility. References Mamo, M., G.L. Malzer, D.J. Mulla, D.R. Huggins and J. Strock. 2003. Spatial and temporal variation in economically optimal nitrogen rate for corn. Agronomy J. 95: 958-964. Sae-Lee, S., P.Vityakon and B. Prachaiyo. 1992. Effects of trees on paddy bund on soil fertility and rice growth in north east Thailand. Agroforestry systems, 18, 213-213. Yadav, R.L. 2003. Assessing on-farm efficiency and economics of fertilizer N, P and K in rice wheat systems of India. Field Crops Research 18: 39-51.

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Paper ID: 80 Evaluation of agroforestry byproducts as source of tannin for leguminous silage production Thirumeignanam, D1., Chellapandian, M.2, Arulnathan, N1. 1Assistant professor, 2Professor and Head, Department of Animal Nutrition Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli TamilNadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai Introduction Tannins have natural binding capacity with proteins and form tannin-protein complexes at ruminal pH and dissociate at abomasal acidic pH and make the protein available for further utilization. Agro-forestry byproducts /Unconventional feeds have more tannins naturally. Leguminous fodders are rich in rumen degradable proteins. If leguminous fodder silage could be prepared combining with naturally tannin containing agro-forestry byproducts, the protein utilization will be maximized by increasing UDP. Moreover, scientific experiments have proved that tannins can also reduce methane production in ruminants. Hence, the available agroforestry by products were analyzed for total tannins and its fractions and the characteristics of leguminous silage prepared by including highly tanniferous feed at different levels were studied. Materials and methods The total phenolics and tannin fractions, were estimated in Acacia nilotica pods, tamarind seeds, Prosopis juliflora pods and leguminous fodder hedge lucerne (Makkar et al.,1993). The tannin rich Acacia nilotica pods was selected as tannins source for hedge lucerne silage preparation., In vitro plastic bottle silages were prepared in triplicates by adding Acacia nilotica pods at the rate of tannin equivalent to 0 (control), 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 % (w/w) with fixed quantity of leguminous hedge lucerne forage and preserved for 45 days period. These substrates were evaluated for silage characteristics and proximate composition (AOAC, 1990). Results and Discussion Total phenolics (46.46 %), Non-tannin phenolics (30.44 %), total tannins (16.02 %) and hydrolysable tannins (10.01 %)contents were found to be highest in Acacia nilotica pods. The condensed tannin was found higher (1.75 %) in hedge lucerne fodder. Hence, tannin rich Acacia nilotica pod was selected as tannin source for hedge lucerne silage preparation. The dry matter content of hedge lucerne fodder was 32.11 % during ensiling. The NFE (Soluble carbohydrate) content was found higher (75.93) in Acacia nilotica pods.

After ensiling, the DM content of hedge lucerne was increased (P<0.01) from 28.48 to 36.41 % at 5 % Acacia tannins. The CP content significantly (P<0.01) reduced from 27.78 to 24.43 % by addition of acacia tannin. The pH reduced (P<0.01) from 5.70 to 4.74 by addition of Acacia tannin significantly at 5 % tannin level due to high soluble carbohydrate in pods. The ammonia nitrogen concentration was reduced (P<0.01) from 14.62 to 6.62 (mg/dl) in silage at 2 to 5 % tannins, greatly at 5 % tannins due to reduction of proteolysis by tanniferous feed. The total volatile fatty acids concentration also increased from 1.19 to 1.84 mM/g significantly (P<0.01) in treatment groups compared to control.

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Conclusion From these results, it could be concluded that tannin rich Acacia nilotica pods may beselected as tannins source for hedge lucerne silage preparation. These results also indicated that supplementation of graded level of tannin equivalent (up to 5%) Acacia pods could reduce protein degradation during ensiling and improve the quality of leguminous hedge lucerne silage.

Key words: Acacia nilotica pods, Hedge lucerne, Tannins, Silage Quality References Bunglavan, S.J and Dutta, N. 2013. Use of Tannins as Organic Protectants of Proteins in Digestion of Ruminants. Journal of Livestock Science, 4:67-77

Paper ID: 102 Evaluating the potential of oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) tree leaves in enteric methane mitigation by in vitro gas production technique K. Rajkumar*, R. Bhar, A. Kannan, R.V. Jadhav *Assistant Professor, TANUVAS Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh-176061 Introduction In the process of assimilating nutrition from feedstuffs animal produces cosmic quantities of Green house gas (GHG). Ruminant production faces indocile challenges and must reduce GHG emission while responding to the significant demand of livestock products. Methane is most crucial GHG as it has soaring global warming potential, short half-life and loss of gross energy which otherwise can be diverted for animal production. There is an opportunity to reduce methane emissions by supplementing livestock feed with tannins or tannin-containing feeds. Oaks (Quercus spp.) are the dominant, climax tree species of the moist temperate forests whose leaf contain tannin (Feeny and Bostock, 1968). Materials and Methods A study was conducted to evaluate the potentiality of oak leaves in enteric methane reduction through in vitro gas production in combination with oat fodder. The fresh mature oak (Q. leucotrichophora) leaves were manually lopped from the nearby forest area and the chemical composition of the oak leaves and oat fodder were determined by the method of AOAC (2000). Polyphenol profile of oak leaves was estimated by the method of Makkar (2003). Five different diets were prepared mixing oat fodder with chopped oak leaves in the ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100,and evaluated through Hohenheim in vitro gas production technique (Menke et al., 1979) with 200 mg substrate and 30ml of buffered rumen liquor. Five different diets were prepared mixing oat fodder with chopped oak leaves in the ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100,and evaluated through Hohenheim in vitro gas production technique (Menke et al., 1979) with 200 mg substrate and 30 ml of buffered rumen liquor.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 275 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Results and Discussion The DM, EE, TA, CF, NDF, ADF, Ca and P in oat fodder were 14.02, 14.72, 3.77, 11.61, 23.60, 61.52, 35.03, 0.48 and 0.36 per cent respectively. Also, the DM, EE, TA, CF, NDF, ADF, Ca and P in chopped Oak leaves were 57.72, 10.89, 4.31, 4.41, 24.36, 69.28, 55.78, 2.78 and 0.17 per cent respectively. The total tannin, condensed tannin and hydrolysable tannin content present in the chopped oak leaves were 5.75, 1.19 and 4.56 per cent respectively. There was significant (p<0.001) decrease in the total gas, methane production as the ratio of oak leaves in the diet (Table). The organic matter digestibility, Ammonia nitrogen production and metabolisable energy also reduced as the composition of Oak increased in the diet. It is concluded that tannin rich tree fodders like Oak leaves not only substitutes conventional green fodder during scarcity but also have great potential in mitigating in vitro methane production of the diet. A comprehensive animal trial has to be undertaken to evaluate the sustainability of oak leaves supplementation to mitigate rumen methanogenesis.

Keywords: Enteric methane emission, Tannin, Quercus leucotrichophora References Feeny, P.P. and Bostock, H., 1968. Seasonal changes in the tannin content of oak leaves. Phytochemistry, 7(5), pp.871-880. Makkar, H.P.S. 2003. Quantification of Tannins in Tree and Shrub Foliage.A Laboratory Manual.International Academic Energy Agency, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,Netherlands. Menke, K. H., Raab, L., Salewski, A., Steingass, H., Fritz, D. and Schneider,W., 1979. The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Journal of Agricultural Science, 93: 217-222. Van Soest,P.J., Robertson,J.B. and Lewis, B. A.1991.Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre and non-starch polysaccharide s in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74:3853-3597. Table: In vitro fermentation parameters in different combination of Oat fodder and chopped Oak leaves In vitro Values Diets Gas/24 h NH3-N Methane OMD ME (ml) (mg/30ml) (ml/200mg) % (MJ/kg DM) Oat (100%) 60.82a ± 43.50a ± 0.65 6.98a ± 0.07 17.09a ± 0.12 8.66a ± 0.12 0.73 Oat (75%) + Oak (25%) 57.52b ± 40.75b ± 0.14 5.67b ± 0.09 14.39b ± 0.05 8.48a ± 0.08 0.44 Oat (50%) + Oak (50%) 51.03c ± 33.50c ± 0.20 5.66b ± 0.12 13.95c ± 0.05 7.44b ± 0.07 0.56 Oat (25%) + Oak (75%) 44.92d ± 24.88d ± 0.43 4.87c ± 0.10 12.23d ± 0.07 6.40c ± 0.08 0.76 Oak (100%) 36.81e ± 19.88e ± 0.43 3.94d ± 0.05 11.54e ± 0.07 5.46d ± 0.07 0.91 P significance p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001

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National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 35 Effect of Jack fruit trees fodder as border rows on intensive cultivation of Cumbu Napier Hybrid Grass M.Suganthi, Pasupathi, Karu., A. Elango, V.S.Mynavathi and D.Balasubramanyam Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Agriculture and animal husbandry are a twin eyes of Indian Economy. There is a huge demand for green fodder. Country faces nearly 60% deficit in green fodder. Tree fodder is an important component of green fodder and can be obtained through agroforestry system. Border row agroforestry system is recommended in the intensive fodder production system. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) is a tree belonging to the family Moraceae and is widely distributed in tropical countries. Jack fruit leaves are good source of feed for small ruminants. Jack fruit leaves have been used traditionally by farmers as animal feed which is the conventional protein-rich (8.43 % ) concentrates (Keir et al., 1997). Jackfruit trees are effective border trees which helps to increase the availability of tree fodder to the small ruminants especially during summer months. In intensive cultivation system of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass jack fruit trees can be effectively maintained as border rows. Hence the present study focused on the effect of border row Jack fruit tree on the yield of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass. Materials and Methods Twenty Jack fruit trees were maintained as border rows of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass in one acre of land at Post graduate institute of animal sciences. The trees were pruned at regular interval of three months. Cumbu Napier hybrid grass was cultivated as per cultivation techniques of Crop Production Guide. The yield of grass in border row system and without border row system was compared. The yield of jack fruit tree fodder was also taken in to account for comparison. Result and Discussion The plant height and yield of treatment and control did not vary significantly. The average yield obtained in Cumbu Napier hybrid grass was 80.9 tonnes in the border row of jack fruit trees. The average yield in control (without border row of jack fruit) was 78.5 tonnes. The tree fodder yield obtained from the border rows of jack fruit was 16.5 tonnes per year apart from the fruit yield of two tonnes. The results indicated that the border rows of jack fruit would not affect the yield of main crop of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass if pruning is done at regular intervals. Apart from getting regular yield of CN hybrid grass the extra yield of tree fodder yield can also be obtained in border row system of Jackfruit. Conclusion The yield of main crop of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass was not affected by border rows of jack fruit if pruning is practiced at regular intervals.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 279 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Key words: Cumbu Napier hybrid grass, Jack fruit, Border plantation, Agroforestry References Keir B, Dinh Van Bien, Preston T R and Ørskov E R. 1997. Nutritive value of leaves from tropical trees and shrubs Intake; growth and digestibility studies with goat, Livestock Research for Rural Development G. Vijayakumar, C. Babu, K. Velayudham and T.S. Raveendran. 2009. A High Yielding Cumbu Napier Hybrid Grass CO (CN) 4..Madras Agric. J., 96 (7-12): 291-292. S.S. Kadam, Ashok Kumar and Mohd. Arif, 2017.Hybrid Napier for Round the Year Quality Fodder Supply to the Dairy Industry- A Review.Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(10): 4778-4783.

Paper ID: 40 Influence of Coconut border rows on yield of Cumbu Napier Hybrid Grass M.Suganthi, Pasupathi, Karu, C.Nithya, A.Elango and D.Balasubramanyam Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Diversification of agriculture paves way for conservation of biodiversity rather than intensification of agriculture. Crop failure risk may be minimized by inclusion of various cropping systems especially agro forestry land use systems. The potentially higher productivity could be due to capture of more growth resources like light, water or due to improved soil fertility. Trees help in nutrient pumping from lower strata to the crop root zone (Rajkumar et.al., 2016). The intensive fodder production system along with border row of horticulture crops such as coconut is recommended in irrigated cropping system. Coconut trees are widely distributed in tropical countries.BorkarPrema (2015) mentioned that, in India, most of the people treat coconut tree as a “Kalpavruksha” or tree of life. Straight growth of coconut trees would not interfere with the yield of fodder crops. Coconut trees are effective border trees which helps to increase moisture use efficiency especially during hot summer. In intensive cultivation system of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass coconut trees can be effectively maintained as border rows. Hence the present study focussed on the effect of coconut trees on the yield of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass. Materials and Methods Seven years old Coconut trees were maintained as two borders of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass in the field of Post graduate institute of Animal Sciences. Cumbu Napier hybrid grass was cultivated as per cultivation techniques of Crop Production Guide. The yield of CN hybrid grass in border row system and without border row system was compared. Result and Discussion The plant height and yield of treatment and control was varying significantly. The average yield obtained in Cumbu Napier hybrid grass was 72.6 ± 0.32 tonnes in the border row of seven year old coconut trees. The average yield in control (without border row of coconut tree) was 80.8± 0.14 tonnes. The results indicated that

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 280 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 the border rows of coconut tree would affect the yield of main crop of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass because of shading effect. This could be due to the fact that, the crown covers about five to six feet in field and created shading effect. Hence the yield of the crop was affected significantly. Conclusion The yield of main crop of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass was affected by border rows of coconut trees.

Key words:Cumbu Napier hybrid grass, age old coconut tree, coconut border row system References Borkar, Prema. (2015). Study on Modeling and Forecasting of Coconut Production in India. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 33 (2), 1765-1769. Rajkumar, Joseph and V.Krishnakumar. (2016). Good Agricultural Practices in Coconut Cultivation. Indian Coconut Journal, June, 13-15. cotton seed cake in west Cameroon. In: Proceedings of XIX International Grassland Congress , Brasil.pp.713-714. Pamo,T.E.,G.DAssontia and C.Njehoya. 2001. Comparative growth performance of West African dwarf goat supplemented with Calliandracalothyrsus, Leucanaleucocephala or cotton seed cake in west Cameroon. In: Proceedings of XIX International Grassland Congress , Brasil.pp.713-714. G. Vijayakumar, C. Babu, K. Velayudham and T.S. Raveendran. 2009. A High Yielding Cumbu Napier Hybrid Grass CO (CN) 4. Madras Agric. J., 96 (7-12): 291-292.

Paper ID: 41 Yield of Cumbu Napier Hybrid Grass Understory of Cocos nucifera Trees in initial stage of establishment M.Suganthi, Pasupathi, Karu, T.Ananthi, K.Nalini, A.Elango, S.T.Selvan and D.Balasubramanyam Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem could be achieved through diversification of agriculture rather than intensification. Profitable agriculture could be achieved through diversified farming system involving crops, fruit trees, agroforestry, animal husbandry and farm mechanization. Growing agricultural crops includes fodder crops are highly economical and liable to minimize the risk occurring with sole cropping and without animal husbandry. Trees help in nutrient pumping from lower strata to the crop root zone (Kenneth et.al, 1999). The potentially higher productivity could be due to capture of more growth resources like light, water or due to improved soil fertility (Pamoet.al., 2001). Trees help in nutrient pumping from lower strata to the crop root zone (Kenneth et.al, 1999). Border row horticulture system is recommended in

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 281 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 the intensive fodder production system. Coconut trees are widely distributed in tropical countries. Straight growth of coconut trees would not interfere with the yield of fodder crops. Coconut trees are effective border trees which helps to increase moisture use efficiency especially during hot summer. In order to enhance the milk production and to meet the demand of green fodder, cows should be fed with nutritious green fodder like Cumbu Napier Hybrid grass throughout the year (Vijayakumar et.al., 2009). In intensive cultivation system of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass coconut trees can be effectively maintained as border rows. Hence the present study is focusing on the effect of border row as coconut on the yield of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass in the initial stage of establishment. Materials and Methods Coconut trees were maintained as two borders of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass in the field of PGRIAS. Cumbu Napier hybrid grass was cultivated as per cultivation techniques of Crop Production Guide. Ten coconut trees were maintained to border one acre of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass land of one acre. The yield of CN hybrid grass in border row system and without border row system was compared. The yield of green fodder was compared during the initial stage of three to four years old coconut trees Result and Discussion The plant height and yield of treatment and control was not varying significantly. The average yield obtained in Cumbu Napier hybrid grass was 83.6 ± 0.68 tonnes in the border row of coconut trees. The average yield in control (without border row of coconut tree) was 81.8± 0.30 tonnes. The results indicated that the border rows of coconut tree would not affect the yield of main crop of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass during the initial stage of coconut crop. Coconut trees are non branching type and there is no shade effect during the initial stage of three to four years. This could be the reason for the same yield of both the control as well as in border rows of coconut at initial stage of three to four years. Conclusion The yield of main crop of Cumbu Napier hybrid grass was not affected by border rows of coconut trees during the initial stage of three to four years.

Key words: Cumbu Napier hybrid grass, coconut tree, Border plantation, Agri horti system References Kenneth.R.Tourjee, M.Shopland, Michele Warmard.1999. Agroforestry, Horticulture and the Evolution of cropping systems Hort.Science Journal. 34 (1) pp: 1-3 Pamo,T.E.,G.DAssontia and C.Njehoya. 2001. Comparative growth performance of West African dwarf goat supplemented with Calliandracalothyrsus, Leucanaleucocephala or cotton seed cake in west Cameroon. In: Proceedings of XIX International Grassland Congress , Brasil.pp.713-714. Cotton seed cake in west Cameroon. In: Proceedings of XIX International Grassland Congress , Brasil. pp.713-714. Pamo,T.E.,G.DAssontia and C.Njehoya. 2001. Comparative growth performance of West African dwarf goat supplemented with Calliandracalothyrsus, Leucanaleucocephala or cotton seed cake in

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 282 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

west Cameroon. In: Proceedings of XIX International Grassland Congress , Brasil.pp.713-714. G. Vijayakumar, C. Babu, K. Velayudham and T.S. Raveendran. 2009. A High Yielding Cumbu Napier Hybrid Grass CO (CN) 4. Madras Agric. J., 96 (7-12): 291-292.

Paper ID: 47 Qualitative phytochemical screening of some Tree leaves available in Tamil Nadu R.Kavitha, C.Valli, R,Karunakaran, K.Vijayarani, R.Amutha and T.R.Gopala Krishna Murthy Department of Animal Nutrition, Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Chennai Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Phytochemicals are naturally present in the plants and shows biologically significance by playing an essential role in the plants to defend themselves against various pathogenic microbes by showing the antimicrobial activity by inhibition or killing mechanisms. Phytochemical screening refers to the extraction, screening and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants. Some of the bioactive substances that can be derived from plants are flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannin, antioxidants and phenolic compounds. These phytochemicals are responsible for the various medicinal properties of the plants. A study was framed to screen various tree leaves viz.,Azadirachta indica(Neem),Millettia pinnata(Pungan), Mimusops elengi(Maghilam), Moringa oleifera (Moringa) and Sesbania grandiflora (Agathi) for the presence of phytochemicals. Materials and methods Six samples of each of the tree leaves were collected from different districts of Tamil Nadu. The collected samples were suitably cleaned from extraneous matter, shade dried for 72 hours and ground to pass through 1 mm sieve using a Willey mill. The ground samples were stored in air tight containers for further analysis. Aqueous and Ethanol extracts were prepared as per the procedure of Tiwari et al., (2011). The extract obtained was used for qualitative phytochemical assay as per the method of Harborne (1998) at laboratory of Ethno Veterinary Herbal Research Centre for Poultry, Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, VCRI, Namakkal. Table : 1 Qualitative phytochemical assay of different tree leaves in aqueous extract

Sesbania Name of the Azadirachta indica Millettia pinnata Mimusops elengi Moringa oleifera grandiflora test (Neem) (Pungan) (Maghilam) (Moringa) (Agathi)

Alkaloids - - _ - + Glycosides - - - - ++ Cardiac - - - - - Glycosides Phenols - +++ - - Tannins - - - - -

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 283 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

P hlobatannins - - - - Hydrolysable - - - - - tannins

Flavonoids - - +++ - - Terpenoids - - ++ - ++++ Saponins ++++ ++ ++ ++++ ++++ Amino acids - - + - - and Proteins

Carbohydrates - - - - ++++ Volatile oil - - - - - Vitamin C - - - - -

+ Positive ++ Strong positive- Negative Table : 2 Qualitative phytochemical assay of different tree leaves in ethanol extract

Sesbania Name of the Azadirachtaindica Millettiapinnata Mimusopselengi Moringa oleifera grandiflora test (Neem) (Pungan) (Maghilam) (Moringa) (Agathi) Alkaloids +++ - ++ ++ ++ Glycosides + - - - - Cardiac - - - - - Glycosides Phenols - ++++++ +++ - - Tannins + - - - - P hlobatannins - - - - - Hydrolysable - - +++++ - - tannins Flavonoids + - +++ ++ - Terpenoids -++++ - +++ ++ +++ Saponins - ++ - - +++ Amino acids - - - - +++ and Proteins Carbohydrates - - - - - Volatile oil - - - - - Vitamin C - - - - -

+ Positive ++ Strong positive- Negative

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 284 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Results and Discussion Results of qualitative phytochemical assay of aqueous and ethanol extract from tree leaves is presented respectively in table 1 and table 2. + sign indicates positive for the particular active component. ++ sign indicates strongly positive for the particular test, - sign indicates negative for the particular test. In aqueous extracts Azadirachta indica (Neem) was positive for the presence of saponin. Ramadas and Subramanian (2018) also reported presence of saponin in aqueous extract. The ethanol extract of Azardirchtaindica showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, soponins, tanins phenolic compounds and reducing sugar. In Millettiapinnata (Pungam) was positive for saponin in aqueous extract and positive for phenol and saponin in ethanol extract.Gami et al. (2012) in Mimusops elengi (Maghilam) reported phenols, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids and terpinoids in both aqueous and ethanolic extracts. In Moringa oleifera (Moringa) the study showed the presence of saponin in aqueous extract and alkaloid, flavonoid and terpinoid in ethanol extract. Sesbania grandiflora (Agathi) was found to contain alkaloid, terpinoid, saponin and carbohydrate in aqueous and ethanol extracts. Maliga et al. (2014) also reported positive results for the above said parameters in her study. Conclusion It is concluded that, various plant metabolites are present in various tree leaves analysed. Further studies are needed to quantify the phytochemicals. References Gami Bharat, Smita Pathak, and Mino Parabia (2012) Ethinobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological review of mimusopselengilinn. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.: 2(9); 743-748 Harborne A.J. (1998) Phytochemical Methods A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. Malliga Elangovan ,M..S. Dhanarajan A. Rajalakshmi, A.Jayachitra, Pardhasaradhi Mathi, Narasimhar Bhogireddy (2014). Analysis of Phytochemicals, Antibacterial and Antioxidant activities of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaf extract- an in vitro study.International journal of drug development and research. October - December 2014 Vol. 6 Issue 4 ISSN 0975-9344 Ramadass N, Subramanian (2018) Study of phytochemical screening of neem (Azadirachtaindica) International Journal of Zoology Studies Volume3; Issue1; January2018; PageNo.209-212 Rahul Deo Yadav, S. K. Jain , Shashi Alok , Deepak Kailasiya , Vinod Kr. Kanaujia and Simranjit Kaur (2011) Study on phytochemical investigation of pongamiapinnata linn. Leaves. International Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences And Research http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.2(8).2073-79 Tiwari prashant,riteshjain, kuldeepkumar,rajnikantpanikand pratapkumarsahu (2011). A evaluation of atimicrobial activities of root extract of Calendula officialis Pharmacology online 2: 886-892 (2011)

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 285 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi

THEME 5

AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT

KEYNOTE ADDRESS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

BACKYARD POULTRY AND SMALL RUMINANT REARING THROUGH AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS AND ITS IMPACT ON ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL YOUTH AND WOMEN Dr. M. Babu Retired Director Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai

Agroforestry is a land use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland. This intentional combination of agriculture and forestry has varied benefits, including increased biodiversity and reduced erosion. It is a flexible concept, involving both small and large-sized land holdings.

Agroforestry is a land-use system in which trees or shrubs are grown in association with agricultural crops, pastures or livestock. ... Hence agroforestry is a much wider concept than tree planting. Agroforestry systems often involve management of trees and shrubs and utilization of their products to complement each other.

Agroforestry is the management and integration of trees, crops and/or livestock on the same plot of land and can be an integral component of productive agriculture.

PK Nair is a Distinguished Professor at the University of Florida, USA. Hailed as the “Father of Modern Agroforestry,” he has made outstanding contributions to the development of the science and practice of agroforestry worldwide during the past four decades.

Agroforestry systems perform better than monocultures both economically and ecologically. They help landowners to diversify their income, improve soil and water quality, moderate microclimate, and reduce erosion. It also helps to improve habitats for wildlife, lower prevalence of pests and beautify the landscape. Concept Agroforestry, social forestry, community forestry, village forestry and farm forestry are all terms used to describe tree growing that is undertaken mainly outside gazetted forest areas. These terms are often used to describe very similar activities, but in theory they have slightly different meanings.

Agroforestry is the term most often used in the extension context in Kenya. This integration of trees and shrubs in the land-use system can be either a spatial arrangement, e.g. trees growing in a field at the same time as the crop, or in a time sequence, e.g. shrubs grown on a fallow for restoration of soil fertility.

The trees in an agroforestry system are not necessarily planted. Instead natural regeneration of trees may be protected, or mature trees may be deliberately left in the fields or pastures. Hence agroforestry is a much wider concept than tree planting.

Agroforestry systems often involve management of trees and shrubs and utilization of their products. The trees and shrubs will have an impact on the other components in the land-use system. Hence, agroforestry systems are normally characterized by ecological and economic interactions between woody perennials and crops or livestock.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 291 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Woody perennials are sometimes referred to as multipurpose trees and shrubs or MPTS. Almost all trees and shrubs can be said to be MPTS, but the concept was introduced to distinguish the multiple role often played by trees and shrubs in an agroforestry system from the single purpose of wood production in pure forest plantations. Tree growing in such forest areas normally aims at meeting demands for wood for industrial purposes, and is often called industrial forestry.

Social forestry is a slightly wider concept as it includes tree growing for ornamental purposes in urban areas and in avenues. Farm forestry can be regarded as almost synonymous to agroforestry, but it may also include large-scale forest production on private farms, an activity that would fall outside the definition of agroforestry. Finally, the term community forestry has been used to stress the involvement of people in tree-growing efforts, although people are, of course, much involved in all agroforestry activity. In many countries the concept of community forestry has now been replaced by those of farm forestry or agroforestry. This change is the result of the de-emphasis of communal efforts which have often proven less fruitful than was predicted some years ago. What has been said here about community forestry largely applies to village forestry as well.

Three main types of agroforestry systems:  Agrisilvicultural systems are a combination of crops and trees, such as alley cropping or homegardens.  Silvopastoral systems combine forestry and grazing of domesticated animals on pastures, rangelands or on-farm.  The three elements, namely trees, animals and crops, can be integrated in what are called agrosylvopastoral systems and are illustrated by homegardens involving animals as well as scattered trees on croplands used for grazing after harvests. The Benefits of Agroforestry Over the past two decades, a number of studies have been carried out analysing the viability of agroforestry. The combined research has highlighted that agroforestry can reap substantial benefits both economically and environmentally, producing more output and proving to be more sustainable than forestry or agricultural monocultures. Agroforestry systems have already been adopted in many parts of the world.

According to the Agroforestry Research Trust, agroforestry systems can include the following benefits: 1. They can control runoff and soil erosion, thereby reducing losses of water, soil material, organic matter and nutrients. 2. They can maintain soil organic matter and biological activity at levels satisfactory for soil fertility. This depends on an adequate proportion of trees in the system- normally at least 20% crown cover of trees to maintain organic matter over systems as a whole. 3. They can maintain more favourable soil physical properties than agriculture, through organic matter maintenance and the effects of tree roots. 4. They can lead to more closed nutrient cycling than agriculture and hence to more efficient use of nutrients. This is true to an impressive degree for forest garden/farming systems.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 292 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

5. They can check the development of soil toxicities, or reduce exiting toxicities-both soil acidification and salinization can be checked and trees can be employed in the reclamation of polluted soils. 6. They utilize solar energy more efficiently than monocultural systems different height plants, leaf shapes and alignments all contribute. 7. They can lead to reduced insect pests and associated diseases. 8. They can be employed to reclaim eroded and degraded land. 9. Agro forestry can augment soil water availability to land use systems. In dry regions, though, competition between trees and crops is a major problem. 10. Nitrogen-fixing trees and shrubs can substantiallyincrease nitrogen inputs to agro forestry systems. 11. Trees can probably increase nutrient inputs to agro forestry systems by retrieval from lower soil horizons and weathering rock. 12. The decomposition of tree and pruning can substantially contribute to maintenance of soil fertility. The addition of high-quality tree prunings leads to large increase in crop yields. 13. The release of nutrients from the decomposition of tree residues can be synchronized with the requirements for nutrient uptake of associated crops. While different trees and crops will all have different requirement, and there will always be some imbalance, the addition of high quality prunings to the soil at the time of crop planting usually leads to a good degree of synchrony between nutrient release and demand. 14. In the maintenance of soil fertility under agro forestry, the role of roots is at least as important as that of above-ground biomass. 15. Agro forestry can provide a more diverse farm economy and stimulate the whole rural economy, leading to more stable farms and communities. Economics risks are reduced when systems produce multiple products. As well as building on practices used in forestry and agriculture, agroforestry also works towards land protection and conservation through more effective protection of stock, control of soil erosion, salinity and water tables and a higher quality control of timber.

A denser, more-dependable tree covering can provide shelter to livestock during the warmer months allowing the animals can conserve energy. That same tree covering helps block out wind, helping to boost water retention levels that can help produce a more robust crop yield. Research findings of Agroforestry in Australia Salinity and water table control Salinity is mainly caused by rising water tables. Trees help to lower water tables, acting as pumps to take up water from the soil and then evaporating it to the atmosphere. Soil erosion control Soil erosion or loss results from the action of wind and water on unprotected soils. The forest canopy, roots and leaf litter all have a role in controlling soil erosion.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 293 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Water logging Through water removal, established trees can substantially reduce water logging in their immediate area, which may result in improved land uses, e.g. pasture or crop. Agroforestry can have immense benefits for the environment and the farmer. For farmers, the ability to maintain some sort of control over land and production in the face of climate change means agrofrestry could hold huge promise for the agricultural sector. On an environmental level, agroforestry’s ability to help prevent soil erosion while simultaneously aiding water retention and promoting soil fertility could help provide a solution for areas where rainfal is irregular or might become irregular due to climate change while dense plantations of trees would also help absorb CO2 and regulate local temperature.

AF in TANUVAS 1. Scheme on AF systems in problematic soils with livestock and poultry integration Key observations  5 yr scheme-Rs.70 lakh-Perambalur & Ariyalur dist.  In Pvt. And Institutional problem soil  Diff.AF models/system established  >145000 saplings planted, >55% germination, replanting done in most cases  200 hectares, >200 fields of beneficiaries.  Sheep, goat, desi chicken, turkey, guinea fowls integrated  Soil organic Carbon level increased  Fruit tress started yielding from 2nd year onwards  Increased sheep,goat, turkey, chicken, guinea fowls fetched good returns. 2. Homestead AF systems in farmers home cum agri.land with livestock integration 3. Efficient soil, water and nutrient use system in farmers field integrating livestock to improve soil organic carbon, reduce dependence NPK and increase productivity in all.  Only crops, fodder and livestock  Soil organic carbon level increased  Productivity per unit soil, water and livestock increased Backyard poultry with AF system Backyard poultry includes Desi chicken, turkey, guinea fowl, geese, pigeons and lovebirds. These are reared as homestead unit with low productivity, but with zero investment. Rearing a few fruit trees, shrubs, herbs would be beneficial in providing nutrient rich feed for them. TANUVAS experience showed improved body weight, egg number, number of chicks hatched, their survival rate. The rural household got more returns. Greens, azolla, amla, guava for chicken, turkey, guinea fowl, geese. A few birds to a few dozens are reared in backyard. Managed mostly by rural women and by rural youth to some extent. Rural youth interested in rearing Aseel for sports purpose. Some youth rear Pigeons, formed

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 294 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 association and conduct/participate in Yearly Pigeon race between Tiruchy and Hyderabad and Madras and Hyderabad. Rural women with enthusiasm rears desi chicken and earns about Rs.12000 per annum through selling eggs and desi chicken from a base stock of about 8 Hens and a Cock. Managed with scavenging in backyard, garden with herbs, shrubs and Azolla by some. Home grown grains, greens, kitchen leftover were the feed offered. Though the exact contribution by the herbs, shrubs, fruits from backyard can not be measured, the overall observation is positive, encouraging through more eggs, more chicks,more weight, less rearing period and increased profit. These claim by the concerned rural women is true. While many rural women engaged in rearing poultry their back yard admit that Guinea fowl raises alarm when some new people enters the premises. Rearing about half dozen turkey in the backyard with fruit trees, greens for 5 to 6 months from june – july, selling them during festive occasion viz. Chrithmas, New Year has fetched premium price ranging from Rs.500 to 1000 each turkey depending upon their body weight ranging from 3 to 6 kg. Small ruminants with AF system Interested rural women always rear a few goat along with native chicken. These resource poor women with very low or zero input system rear the goats. They take their goat along with them while they go for daily work. The goats are allowed for grazing during the time of their work, return home in the evening. The kids they produce are reared and male kids are sold when they are about 10 to 12 kg body weight, which they attain in about 7 to 8 month of age. The rural women get 8 kids from 10 Doe every year, of which 4 may be male and would fetch about Rs.20000(Rs.5000 each). Female kids are usually retained for further rearing, increasing the flock size year after year and thus returns too. Growing perennial fodder, legumes and tree fodder either in their back yard, land or both provides nutritious feed, improving productivity, healthy kids and their survival, rapid body weight gain. Many attempted to rear Jamnapari, Tellicherry breeds but with limited success. Native goats proved to be satisfactory under the management of our resource poor rural women. Barring few rural youth either alone or as joint partners rearing pigeons, Aseel for sports, goat rearing lies only with our rural women. Fruit trees, Acacia sp., Inga dulci, greens, perennial fodder, legumes, neem, agathi for goat. The impact of native chicken and goat rearing by rural women, rural youth with agroforestry system is really measurable and it is a fact; extending the impact to such a level of entrepreneurship development would take time but hopefully possible.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 295 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 296 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Source www. Agroforestry worldwide

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 297 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

ROLE OF CONSORTIUM IN PROMOTION AND PRACTICE OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS Dr. K.T. Parthiban Dean (Forestry), Forest College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641 301 Introduction Agroforestry is an age old practice as an important form of subsistence farming. In the recent past Agroforestry is valued as a commercial and profitable land use system across the world. Approximately, 1.2 billion people (20 percent of the world’s population) depend directly on agroforestry products and services in rural and urban areas of developing countries. Agroforestry systems are superior to other land uses at the global, regional, watershed and farm scales since they optimize tradeoffs between increased food production, poverty alleviation and environmental conservation. The current area under agroforestry is of the order of 400 Mha, of which 300 Mha are “arable lands” and 100 Mha are “forest lands”. It is estimated that an additional 630 Mha of croplands and grasslands could be converted into agroforestry, primarily in the tropics (IPCC, 1996b). FAO has also emphasized that agroforestry must be integrated in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to broaden the scope of agroforestry.

Forests in India have played a significant role in meeting the domestic and industrial wood requirements till the recent past. However owing to policy and legal implications, there has been a paradigm shift in the forest management strategy of the country with more emphasis on conservation oriented management which resulted in restricted supply of wood from natural forests (Parthiban et al., 2014). India being one of the major consumers of wood and wood products in the Asia Pacific region, it is estimated that the country would need 152 million m3 of wood by 2020. (FAO, 2009). This demand has been estimated for 12 organized wood based industries and does not include the fuelwood demand of the country which is also on the rise. Increasing wood demand coupled with changes in land use pattern have necessitated significant interest towards agroforestry, a landuse system which is being practised across the country in various forms since time immemorial.

Recognizing the growing importance of agroforestry, the Indian Government directed the wood based industries to generate their own raw material in the National Forest Policy of 1988 (Anon, 1988). However, policy directives were not taken seriously by many wood based industries barring a few exceptions. Growing demand for wood and wood products, increasing interest in agroforestry and legal issues in wood supply from Government owned forests ushered in a total mismatch between demand and supply of wood and wood products (Parthiban and Cinthia, 2017).

Though agroforestry is recognized as a potential land use system to address the issues of growing demand for wood and wood products, it has also witnessed several constraints from the entire Production to Consumption System (PCS). These issues are not resolved systematically for want of suitable institutional mechanism to address the constraints in each and every stage of PCS. Under such circumstances, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) conceived an institutional mechanism, called “Consortium of Industrial Agroforestry” (CIAF), which is first of its kind in the India and addresses the issues related to production, processing and consumption system in Agroforestry. This manuscript discusses the genesis, organizational

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 298 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 structure, activities and achievements of CIAF which could act as a model for promotion and practice of Multifunctional Agroforestry System not only within the Country but also to the rest of the World. Agroforestry – Issues and constraints Agroforestry is plagued with a wide range of issues which extend from production to consumption which was also acknowledged in the National Agroforestry Policy 2014. Various constraints faced by tree growing farmers and the consuming industries are identified as production, processing and marketing oriented issues and problems. Need for consortium of industrial agroforestry National Forest Policy of 1988 directed wood based industries to generate their own raw material resources rather than depending on the forest department for their wood requirements. However, the policy guidelines were not taken seriously by most of the wood based industries except a few paper industries. Subsequently, Government of India announced an exclusive Agroforestry policy in 2014, which identified ten strategies to promote agroforestry in the country. To address all the issues envisaged in the National policies, TNAU pioneered by establishing a “CONSORTIUM OF INDUSTRIAL AGROFORESTRY” on 21st March 2015 which has successfully linked various stakeholders in the Industrial Agroforestry value chain and has been carrying out multifarious activities. Aims and activities of the consortium The consortium aims to create sustainable and value added agroforestry initiatives with the following objectives:  Network and establish linkages with all stakeholders to augment the Production to Consumption System (PCS) in Industrial Agroforestry.  Promote effective collaboration among public agencies, private industries and organizations engaged in Industrial Agroforestry.  Develop suitable research and development mechanism for industrial agroforestry in consultation with the consortium partners.  Ensure self reliance in raw material supply and augment associated socio-economic and environmental issues.  Formulate and recommend policy guidelines for promotion of Industrial Agroforestry. Major achievements of the consortium CIAF primarily aims to resolve the issues in production to consumption system in agroforestry through systematic Research and Development mechanism. This approach has made several stakeholders across the country enroll as members of the consortium whose present strength is 250.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 299 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Composition and structure of ciaf

a. Development of organized agroforestry plantations The Consortium has played a vital role in promotion and establishment of organized Agroforestry plantations through contract farming. The successful promotion of pulpwood, plywood, dendropower, match wood and timber based contract farming system has facilitated establishment of organized and improved plantations of various industrial wood species deploying Casuarina, Eucalyptus, Ailanthus, Melia, Kadam, Teak, Mahogany, Toona etc., These organized plantations is established @ over 25,000 acres per annum in the recent past. During the period between 2008 and 2016 an area of over 75,000 ha have been established and generated over 5 lakh tones of wood to the industries. b. Consortia mode clonal production centre The CIAF has created 12 decentralized institutions viz. nurseries and clonal production centres who mass multiply over 18 million plants annually which ensures availability of quality planting material in a decentralized manner as envisaged in National Agroforestry policy and contribute towards agroforestry promotion and development. c. Organized plantation developers One of the major problems faced by farmers and tree growers is the shortage of labour coupled with timely plantation establishment. This practical constraint was resolved by organizing capacity building programmes to the consortium members on modern plantation development technologies which ultimately helped them evolve as an organized plantation developers across Tamil Nadu. Eleven such plantation developers groomed by CIAF have been responsible for establishing over 5000 acres of agroforestry plantations annually. Plantation developers of the consortium ensure availability of skilled labour for manual planting as well as machines for mechanized planting which has created significant positive impact among farmers/tree growers of Tamil Nadu, India

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 300 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 d. Felling institutions Yet another major problem faced by farmers and tree growers include harvesting, transportation and marketing of farm grown trees. In most cases, particularly in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, harvesting of trees for multifarious uses was restricted to a specific group of communities who usually practised manual felling with axe. Manual felling results in considerable quantum of wood wastage leading to respective loss of due economic returns coupled with the absence of decentralization of felling institutions which hindered the expansion of forestry/agroforestry plantations. To resolve this issue and to reduce logging related wood loss, the consortium conceived the idea of creating felling institutions from among its members. These felling institutions were provided with necessary capacity building regarding the principles and practices of modern logging techniques including hands on training in the operation of the latest machineries available. Besides improving the harvest efficiency and reduction of human drudgery, these institutions have also enabled decentralized availability of felling groups which harvest over 0.1million tonnes of industrial wood per annum. Many of these groups also undertake transportation and marketing of harvested wood thereby providing the farmers with economic returns at the farm itself. e. Marketing institutions Success of agroforestry has been widely questioned for lack of marketing facilities which is cited to be the key reason. To overcome this constraint, the CIAF has identified 35 potential wood based industries and has created market base for a wide range of farm grown trees. These industries are linked in the consortium and facilitate the marketing issues in tree cultivation. The industries included are timber, Pulp and paper, Plywood, Matchwood, Packing cases, Dendropower, Biofuel, Agarbathis, Value addition units etc., f. Price supportive system Unlike agriculture and horticulture, there has been a lack of price supportive mechanism for farm grown trees. Till the recent past, wood based industries seldom indicated the price of wood (species wise) and hence tree growing farmers were never aware of the pricing pattern for wood growing in their farmlands. Surveys conducted by the consortium indicated the absence of a price supportive mechanism which was a major hindrance hampering the expansion of agroforestry in India. This issue was earnestly addressed by establishing a price support system in the “organized contract farming mode” for farm grown trees. Wood price for various industrial wood species has been fixed based on mutual consultations besides taking a cue from the prevailing local wood market prices. Post adoption of price supportive system in Tamil Nadu, India, studies conducted by CIAF and wood based industries have indicated quantum increase in area under tree husbandry through agroforestry. g. Value addition technologies CIAF is also keen on creating a viable system for enhancing value addition of plantation and industrial wood residues. It is estimated that from 1 ha of organized Casuarina plantation, around 5 tonnes of plantation residues are produced. In Eucalyptus, for every ton of wood harvested, nearly 200 - 300 kg of wood bark residue is produced. In timber, plywood and matchwood industries, over 30-40% of the wood received by the industries is pronounced as waste in the form of sawdust, chips, wood shavings etc. which has good potential for value addition.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 301 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

These residues are value added in the form of briquettes, pellets, charcoal and activated carbon by the small and medium scale member industries of the consortium and there by addresses the value addition issues. h. Tree insurance The CIAF has linked with one of the public sector insurance companies viz. United India Insurance, the second largest general insurance company in India. Based on mutual consultations and brainstorming, the consortium conceived and developed an “Insurance mechanism” for seven important and widely grown trees in agroforestry. This insurance scheme provides the farmers, tree growers and captive plantation owners with the much needed relief against the risks faced by them against possible losses due to biotic and abiotic factors. i. Research and development The CIAF also conducts a wide range of research initiatives to resolve the issues in Production to Consumption System. One of the major research initiatives is to inventorize and domesticate new tree species amenable for agroforestry. The consortium has prioritized 30 tree species suitable for agroforestry and efforts are being taken to develop High Yielding Short Rotation clones/varieties (HYSR), designing Multi Functional Agroforestry Models (MFAM) and ensure adoption of new, emerging technologies by the farmers and stakeholders. Conclusion The Consortium of Industrial Agroforestry – an Institution was created with the purpose of identifying the constraints and harnessing the potential in agroforestry sector. This consortium aims to resolve the issues through strong Research and Development programme coupled with timely dissemination of improvements realised to the tree growing farmers. Various issues viz. availability of quality planting material, organized plantation development, issues related to supply chain process, value addition possibilities are addressed through the consortium which has propelled this institution to play a significant role in agroforestry promotion in Tamil Nadu, India. Linkage of various stakeholders in one platform through the consortium besides ensuring a strong Public Private Partnership mode of operation (PPP) has resulted in increasing the Trees Outside Forests (TOF) in India through organized agroforestry besides successfully meet the domestic and industrial wood requirements. Consortium mode agroforestry promotion is a model approach for adoption across the world to create self reliance in raw material security besides catering to the needs of climate change. References FAO., 2009, India Forestry Outlook Study, Working Paper No. APFSOS II/WP/2009/06. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi. IPCC., 1996, Climate change impacts on forests. In: Climate Change 1995 [ed. Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, 879. Parthiban, K.T., 2016, Industrial Agroforestry: A successful value chain model in Tamil Nadu, India. In: Agroforestry Research Developments, Nova Science Publishers Inc. New York, , 523-537. Parthiban, K.T. and C.Cinthia Fernandaz, C., 2017, Industrial Agroforestry – Status and Developments in Tamil Nadu, Indian Journal of Agroforestry 19 (1): 1-11.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 302 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

SCOPE OF TOTAL MIXED RATION USING CROP RESIDUES AND/OR TREE FODDER FOR EFFICIENT RUMINANT PRODUCTION Dr. L. Radhakrishnan Professor and Head, Central Feed Technology Unit, Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

Livestock plays a major role in the natural resource based livelihood for the vast majority of the resource poor farmers in rural parts of India. Apart from the hostile climate in India, the country has a large human and livestock population which exert pressure on land and resources. This, coupled with degraded unmanaged pasture lands, results in shortage of feeds and fodder thereby affecting the animal productivity due to the inadequate availability of nutrients. Rearing of animals in India forms an integral part of rural economy. The country’s livestock population comprises of 302.79 million bovines, 74.26 million sheep, 148.88 million goats (20thLivestock Census, 2019) producing 187.75 million tons of milk and 8.11 million tons of meat (Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics, 2019). Livestock sector contributes significantly to agriculture GDP and provides livelihood to 70% rural families. However, 70 - 80% of the total livestock produce in India is contributed by the under privileged families of landless, marginal and small farmers. Feed Resources Scenario Fibrous crop residues are the major roughage source for ruminant feeding in India. The straw: grain ratio varies from 1:1 to 1:3 in different crops. The bulk of roughages in tropical countries like India are agro- industrial byproducts including crop residues, which generally are poor in nutritional value. Srivastava (2019) reported that the area under fodder crops in India is 8.5 – 9.0 million hectares and accounts for only about 4.6 per cent of the total cultivated area and also projected dry fodder, green fodder and concentrate demand for 2020 as 468, 213 and 81 million tons on dry matter basis whereas the availability is 417, 138 and 44 million tons leaving a shortfall of 11, 35 and 45 per cent respectively.

In Tamil Nadu, fodder is cultivated in around 0.17 million hectare which is only 1.23% of the gross cultivated area of the state. An estimate prepared by Central Feed Technology Unit, TANUVAS, reveals that the requirement for the green fodder, dry fodder and concentrate for 2020 in the state of Tamil Nadu is projected at 940.56, 155.98 and 123.75 lakh metric tons and the deficit is projected at 56.34, 14.78 and 42.87 per cent for ruminants respectively.

Thus, the growing feed and fodder shortage further complicates the ruminant feeding scenario. Therefore, most of the resource poor farmers, that constitute majority of the livestock farmers, are unable to afford and feed good quality feed and fodder to their animals leading to sub optimal performance of livestock.. Hence, there is vast scope to increase the usage of top feeds in the diet of ruminants and improve their productivity. Need for Total Mixed Rations Improving the management of crop residues as animal feed and restricting their wastage through burning, is a priority area for animal nutritionists. The feed management should include the use of specially designed bailers for the collection of residual straw from the field after using combine-harvester and the use of the processing technologies for the commercial manufacture of balanced animal feed based on crop residues.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 303 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

In this respect, the technology of densified Complete Feed Block or Total Mixed Rations, a revolutionary approach provides an excellent opportunity to remove regional disparities in feed availability and supply balanced feed to the dairy and other livestock farmers on a large scale. Further, the Total Mixed Ration Feed Block Technology may also provide help in disaster management for emergency situations that arise due to natural calamities such as floods, droughts etc. Total Mixed Rations It is a good concept of mixture of chopped roughages including fodder and concentrate mixture. Total Mixed Ration is an ideal concept of feeding ruminant livestock particularly to dairy animals in which the concentrate, both green and dry roughages were pooled together and properly mixed in such a way that every bite consumed by the animal is the same, complete and nutritionally balanced (Amaral-Phillips et al., 2002; Jim Linn, 2016). It is different from the conventional feeding system where roughage will be made available throughout the day and concentrate feed will be offered before/after milking. While feeding roughage and concentrate during different times of a day affect the molarity of different volatile fatty acids produced inside the rumen and thereby the pH get varied. But in Total Mixed Ration feeding, the pH difference will be minimized and hence the production potential of the animal will be enhanced. In preparation of Total Mixed Ration, the roughage components (both green and dry) will be chopped and mixed thoroughly. This will minimize the energy waste for chewing. Ingredients required for Densified TMR blocks Straw based densified TMR has two major components and one minor component. The major components are roughage and concentrate, added in different ratios, depending upon the level of production, stage of lactation and the physiological state of the animal. The third component is micronutrients and feed additives.

The roughage part is generally the crop residues like wheat and paddy straw, sorghum stover and sugarcane tops. In hilly areas, even the non-conventional roughage source like properly dried forest grasses and tree leaves can be used instead of crop residues. Sugarcane bagasse can be used economically as an alternative source of roughage to replace 30% of wheat straw in feed block, without any adverse effect on the growth rate of crossbred calves. A number of trials have also been conducted in the arid regions of India, where the roughage part of the block constituted tree leaves or gram straw. Dried berseem, groundnut haulm or gram straw can also be used as a part replacement for wheat straw in complete feeds (Walli, 2011).

The second major component of the densified feed block is the concentrate mixture. The proportion of the straw and concentrate in the block varies with the type of animal to which it is to be fed. For the survival ration of the animals, to be used during natural calamities and disasters, the straw component could be as high as 85% and molasses, minerals and salt form the rest 15%. For animals yielding up to 5-10 kg milk, the proportion of straw should be reduced to 60%, for 10-15 kg milk yield, the straw should be 50% and for 15-20 kg milk, the straw component should be 40%. Similar variation can be expected in the crude protein (7-14%) and total digestible nutrients (45 - 65%) content. A superior quality feed block of 14 kg is sufficient to produce 20 kg of milk/day. Above 20 kg yield, the additional quantity of block has to be fed @ 2 kg for every 5 kg increase in milk yield. The ingredients of the concentrate mixture are : oil cake / meals as protein source,

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 304 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 molasses, grains, cereal by products as energy sources and supplements such as bypass protein or bypass fat, also enhance the direct supply of amino acids and fatty acids to the host animal (Walli, 2011).

The third component, the additives, provides strategic and catalytic supplements, such as micronutrients, vitamins, minerals, bentonite (binder), probiotics, antioxidants, antitoxins, herbal extracts etc. The role of these additive(s) in the feed block is to enhance the productive and reproductive efficiency of the animal besides providing immuno-protective ability. the value addition of the feed blocks can be a continuous research process which should be driven by economic and environmental sustainability of the technology. Binding of roughages and concentrates The making of feed blocks requires proper processing and can be manufactured on a large scale using hydraulic press. The process of densification physically attaches concentrate particulate matter to fibrous straw particles with the help of a binder, so much so that there is hardly any opportunity for the animal to select the feed components. This not only brings uniformity to the feed, but also increases the palatability of the straw based feed and minimizes the feed wastage. The process of densification may also slightly improve the digestibility of straw, as each straw particle has the concentrate component attached to it through binders, which facilitates the cellulolytic microbes to grow faster and enhance fiber degrading activity in rumen.

This feeding system allows the synchronized supply of nutrients to rumen microbes including rumen anaerobic fungi, for their enhanced growth. Ensuring the synergy between the nutrient demand of rumen microbes and the release of adequate level of these nutrients for their optimal growth is the hall mark of straw based densified complete feeds. The uniform composition of the feed also ensures steady supply of nutrients to microbes, which brings stability in the rumen system for optimal microbial fermentation. This also results in uniform supply of precursors for milk and muscle (meat) synthesis, and consequently their enhanced production of uniform quality. Methods of feeding TMR  Total Mixed Ration can be prepared daily on need basis for which chopping and mixing machineries are available  In TMR/complete feed blocks, the ingredients are proportionately mixed as required and added with binder (molasses) and pressed under hydraulic press (3000-4000 PSI) Types of Mixers to prepare Total Mixed Rations  Mobile mixer wherein the mixer can be mounted on a truck frame or pulled by a tractor  Stationary mixer which are placed in a covered room where all the ingredients to be added are mixed and offered to the animals  Mixers can also be classified (Amaral-Phillipset al., 2002) based on the structure as Horizontal mixer Vertical auger or screw Reel Tumbling action within a drum and / or with chain and paddles

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 305 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Types of Total Mixed Rations / Complete Feed Blocks  Straw based densified TMR feed block (Sarkeret al., 2016)  Silage based / green fodder based TMR feed blocks  Agro-industrial byproduct viz., fruits and vegetable based complete feed blocks  Cheese whey based complete feed blocks  Agro-forestry based complete feed block / TMR Advantages of Total Mixed Rations (Murray Snowdon, 1991)  Improves the production (Growth/milk) potential.  Milk fat depression and digestive upsets are minimized  Improves the Reproduction potential and overall health  Decrease the feed as well as labour cost Disadvantages of Total Mixed Rations  Economically suitable for large scale dairy units because of the initial investment on equipments  Grouping of animal according to their production potential / physiological stages is important in order to formulate a ration Need for Agro forestry based Total Mixed Rations The traditional system of feeding is to allow the animal to graze in common land / forests and supplement them in the evening with whatever agricultural byproducts available in their household. Green fodder is essential for the ruminant animals to attain sexual maturity and improve the reproductive efficiency. Due to urbanization and industrialization and exorbitant increase in human population, the land area availability for grazing of livestock is shrinking considerably. On the other hand, indiscriminate use of fertilizers and pesticides to increase the agricultural productivity indirectly reduces soil fertility. Unfortunately, the vagaries of weather also affect the rainfall and thereby the pasture lands for grazing get diminished. Hence, there is less possibility of green and legume fodder being cultivated for feeding animals. Hence, alternatively, green fodder availability could be improved by introducing agro forestry into agricultural land as boundary or as border plantation.

In Tamil Nadu, the major fodder crops cultivated includes Cumbu Napier hybrid grass, Guinea grass, Multi cut fodder sorghum, Lucerne and fodder cowpea as intercrop. Apart from fodder crops, annual crops of sorghum, maize and pearl millet are also cultivated for fodder usage. The yield from fodder crops i.e the major crops of cumbu Napier hybrid grass, Guinea grass, Multi cut fodder sorghum and Lucerne is calculated as 275.3 Lakh tonnes/year. However, from the annual fodder crops, the green fodder obtained is around 398.65 t/year. The yield from pasture lands, yearly crops like sugar cane, tapioca, weeds or bushes from fallow lands, cultivable wastelands accounts to about 15 lakh tons/year. Hence the total quantity of available green fodder in our State is 413.65 lakh tons/year. It was found that, the majority of the farmers in Tamil Nadu (except in the districts like Namakkal, Salem, Erode, Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri, Dindigul) concentrate more on food grain production. Hence, generally Tamil Nadu is a fodder deficit state with the deficient percentage varying between 30 -40 % and it is projected to rise as high as 60% by 2033.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 306 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Hence, there is an immediate need to introduce forestry component into the agricultural land so as to maximize the production per unit area since there is no other alternative system to improve the productivity of land. Tree fodder is ideally suited which can be incorporated into many agro forestry models. The fodder trees that are commonly available in many parts of the country are Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala), Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), Sesbania grandiflora (Sesbania), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Babool (Acacia nilotica). These trees and shrubs are best utilized by the ruminants particularly goats. However, unlike crop residues, which are available in plenty after harvesting the crop, the tree fodder has less biomass yield. Thus the energy rich and nitrogen poor crop residues and energy poor and nitrogen rich tree fodder could be blended in complete feed formulations to sustain optimal production in ruminants. Most common agroforestry models suitable for Tamil Nadu  Silvi- pastoral model  Horti - pasture model  Horti - Silvi-Pasture model  Agri - silvipasuture model  Multi-tier system model Tree species and Fodder varieties suitable for various agro climatic zones of Tamil Nadu

Agroclimatic Zone Tree Species Fodder variety North Eastern Zone Gliricidia sepium Sorghum bicolor Leucaena leucocephala Stylosanthes hamata Moringa oleifera Crotolaria juncea Mangifera indica Bajra Napier hybrid Cocus nucifera Psidium guajava Sesbania grandiflora North Western Zone Leucaena leucocephala Dolichos biflorus Moringa oleifera Cenchrus ciliaris Megathyrsus maximus Western Zone Sesbania grandiflora Stylosanthes hamata Mangifera indica Bajra Napier hybrid Cocus nucifera Desmanthus virgatus Hilly Zone Acacia melanoxylan Pennisetum clandestinum Chamaecytisus palmensis Sorghum bicolor Trifolium alexandrinum Southern Zone Leucaena leucocephala Cenchrus ciliaris Mangifera indica Stylosanthes hamata Desmanthus virgatus Megathyrsus maximus

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 307 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Cauvery Delta zone Cocus nucifera Sorghum bicolor Leucaena leucocephala Stylosanthes scabra Gliricidia sepium High Rainfall Zone Azadirachta indica Stylosanthes hamata Leucaena leucocephala Paddy Gliricidia sepium (Valli et al., 2015) Brief Research Work Done On Densified TMR Various studies reveal significant improvement in nutrient utilization , N retention and animal performance in terms of growth, health and production without affecting the feed intake. The overall efficiency of nutrient utilization was better in the animals fed feed block, which is an economically attractive feature of feeding densified TMR.

A series of separate growth trials either in combination with one tree fodder and one crop residue; or two tree fodder and one crop residue; one tree fodder and two crop residues as roughage sources in complete rations were conducted at Institute of Animal Nutrition with complete feeds fed to lambs revealing higher growth (ADG) over control rations. In a growth trial conducted for 182 days in lambs fed with complete feeds comprising one tree fodder and one crop residue in experimental rations and the control ration containing Co FS hay (T1); Neem : Groundnut haulms (25:75) hay (T2); Subabul : Groundnut haulms (25:75) hay (T3); Gliricidia: Groundnut haulms (25:75) hay (T4) as roughage source with various levels of maize, ground nut oilcake, de oiled rice bran, mineral mixture (1.5%) and common salt (0.5%) revealed that the average daily gain was 58.45±1.46 and statistically significant (P<0.01) compared to other combinations and control ration. Similar trend was observed in dry matter intake (Anonymous, 2005). Further, separate growth studies conducted in lambs for 182 days with complete feeds incorporated with either one tree fodder and two crop residues or two tree fodder and one crop residue also showed significantly higher average daily gain compared to control rations. In another growth study where Subabul and Glyricidia were included at 1:1 ratio in complete rations and studied in goats, there was a reduction in feed cost by nearly 7 rupees per kg live weight gain though the ADG were comparable in both the control and treatment groups. Thus, it is imperative that inclusion of tree fodders in complete ration will sustain or improve the growth performance

Recently, bypass protein and bypass fat supplements and non ionic surfactants as feed additive have been added to the feed blocks to enhance their nutritional value for feeding high yielding cows and buffaloes. The spores of anaerobic rumen fungi (Orpinomyces and Piromyces spp.).isolated from wild blue bull, have also been incorporated in wheat straw based densified feed block, which resulted in significant increase in growth rate and milk yield of buffaloes. Conclusion The technology of total mixed ration needs to be continuously refined to accommodate the needs of the Indian farmers so that the new technology will enable the farmer to assimilate the changes as well as enable to utilize the crop residues as well as tree fodder in a fruitful manner. This technology will be very useful to

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 308 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 farmers in regions where there is severe shortage of green fodder as well as in areas lacking in pasture lands. Since the concept of total mixed rations involves balanced feeding of nutrients to animals, it also removes regional disparities in availability of feeds. References Amaral-Phillips, D.M., Bicudo, J.R. and Turner, L.W. 2002. Feeding Your Dairy Cows a Total Mixed Ration: Getting Started. In: Cooperative extension service, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky. Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics, 2019. Published by Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying, Government of India. Anonymous. 2005. Developing strategies for better utilization of tree fodders for small ruminants. Jim Linn, 2016. Feeding Total Mixed Rations, Dairy Extension, University of Minnesota Extension. Livestock census (2019).Dept. of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Murray Snowdon, 1991. Total Mixed rations for Dairy Cattle. Livestock Nutrition, 91 (3): 1-4. Sarker, N.R., Yeasmin,D., Tabassum, F. and Habib, M.A. 2016. Feeding effect of straw based total Mixed Ration (TMR) on milk yield, milk composition and rumen parameters in Red Chittagong cows. Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka. Srivastava, A.K., 2019. Strategy Paper.Livestock Development in India.Published by Trust for Advancement of Agricultural Sciences, (TASS), PUSA campus, New Delhi- 110012 Valli, C., Murugan, M., Gunasekaran, S., Mynavathi, V.S., Pasupathi, Karu.,Murugeswari, R. and Babu, M.2015. Agroforestry models in Tamil Nadu for livestock integration. In: Handbook on Agroforestry models in Tamil Nadu for livestock integration. ISBN No.: 978-81-924045-5-4. Walli, T.K., 2011. Technology of Straw Based Densified TMR blocks for efficient ruminant production in tropics A chapter in Animal Nutrition Advancements in Feeds and Feeding of livestock PP 389- 402

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 309 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi

ABSTRACTS – ORAL PRESENTATIONS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 06 Scope for Integration of Cassia auriculata – An Imperative Climate Resilient Legume plant with Multiple Benefits under Semi-arid regions S.Kala1, H.R.Meena, I.Rashmi, A.K.Singh, S.ReejaV.Subbulakshmi and R.K.Singh 1Scientist (Forestry), ICAR- Indian Institute of Soil & Water Conservation, Research Centre, Kota-324002, Rajasthan, India. Introduction Many times, research focus given to either trees nor grasses, multipurpose shrubs are a long-neglected life form in the forest or woodland ecosystem, but it provides many economic and environmental benefits to human and animal society. The Cassia auriculataflower (fresh petals /dried form)was traditionally used by anti-diabetic tea in India, China, Srilanka and other Asian countries. Decoction of leaves, flower and seed is known to mediate antidiabetic effect (Alagesaboopathi, 2009). In recent years, attractive herbal products developed form C. auriculata leaves and flowers were available for sale in Indian as well as foreign markets. Dry flower powder is also having high market value as an important ingredient in many cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations. In India, C. auriculataoccurs as a widely adapted and well distributed species under arid and semiarid conditions (Singh et al., 2014). The promising genotypes once identified and it can be adopted for successful cultivation to develop sustainable livelihood system. It can also easy fit into afforestation, agro-forestry and soil reclamation programmes as a legume plant with desirable traits in these arid and semi-arid regions. Materials and methods Basic survey, collection and assemblage were made on several place of Rajasthan and assembled genotypes were numbered from CA-1 to CA-30 (ie. CA means Cassia auriculata). The study was conducted at the nursery area at ICAR-IISWC-Research Centre, Kota Rajasthan during 2016-2019. The field progeny evaluation trial was conducted in a completely randomized block design with five replications, each containing 45 seedlings. Basic plant growth and yield traits were observed at regular intervals for characterization with respect high yielding stress tolerant genotypes under semi-arid condition using standard analytical procedures and methods. Resultsand Discussion The performances of assembled genotypes of C.auriculata were shown spectacular morphological variation during field survey and selection. The progenies of assembled genotypes were showing considerable variation in plant growth and yield performance viz., plant height (avg. mean range varies from 1.16 m to 2.15 m), collar diameter (avg. mean range varies from 18.15 mm to 28.25 mm), no. of stems /plant (avg. mean range varies from 5 to 12) and Avg. flower yield/plant (range varies from 368 g to 740 g) under progeny evaluation trial. The assessment of temperature stress on various physiological and biochemical attributes in different progenies of Cassia auriculata were tested for genotype performance evaluation. The following genotype viz., CA-4, CA-3 and CA-1 considered as elite genotypes in terms of plant growth, yield, physiological and biochemical observations pertaining to stress tolerance compare to other genotypes. Shilpi Rijhwani et al., (2015) also reported that on basis of efflux of biomolecules and proline content in heat and drought tolerances,

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 313 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

C. auriculatamay thus be regarded as the most drought tolerant species than cassia species. Thus, it can be utilized for afforestation and eco-restoration operations in the drylands. This wonderful native plant has many medicinal and commercial uses which can be utilized after value addition. It can also fit into afforestation, agro-forestry and soil reclamation programmes as a legume crop. So, popularization of identified superior genotypes among the commercial growers is highly benefited to farming community to meet the demand of flower production. Conclusion The CA-4 recorded significantly maximum value for important plant growth, yield and plant physiological and biochemical observations viz., plant height, collar diameter, no. of stems, flower yield, pod yield compare to other genotypes. The identified genotype and their popularization among the commercial growers are highly benefited to farming community to meet the demand of flower production. The existing substantial amount of variability and diversity in identified genotypes can be utilized for commercial cultivation, hybridization, genetic resource conservation and further genetic improvement programme of this species.

Keywords: Cassia auriculata, Flower yield, Diatea, Legume Plant, Utilization, Agroforestry systems. References Alagesaboopathi, C. (2009). Ethnomedicinal plants and their utilization by villagers in Kumargiri hills of Salem district of Tamil Nadu, India. Afr J Trad. 6 (3): 222-227. Shilpi Rijhwani (2015): Heat and Drought adaptability in Genus Cassia L. in Rajasthan. International Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences, 4: 152-159.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 314 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 21 Impact of agroforestry based farming system on livelihood sustainability – A case study C.CinthiaFernandaz, K.T.Parthiban, K. Ramah and R. Jude Sudhagar Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

Introduction In India, trees are considered as an integral part of our culture. From ancient period we are dwelling in forest and have a complete harmony with nature. Gradually because of increasing population there occurred huge demand for fuel, fodder and timber. To carry out the demand the production of these products have to be carried outside of forest as well. After the implementation of Forest conservation Act 1980, the Indian forest is closed for commercial exploitation.

India is one of the developing countries where the demand for wood for industrial wood requirements will be 152 million m3 by the year of 2020. In Tamil Nadu the demand for pulpwood is about 10 lakhs per annum, for timber 2-5 lakhs tonnes, for plywood 5 lakhs tonnes, matchwood 3-5 lakh tonnes and for biomass power industries 10 - 15 lakhs per annum. The National Agriculture Policy,(2000) states “Agriculture has become a relatively unrewarding profession due to generally unfavourable price regime and low value addition, causing abandoning of farming and increasing migration from rural areas”.

Hence Agroforestry which plays a major role for production of wood from both short and long rotation species. Agroforestry is a land-use system in which trees or shrubs are grown in association with agricultural crops, pastures or livestock. This integration of trees and shrubs in the land-use system can be either a spatial arrangement, e.g. trees growing in a field at the same time as the crop, or in a time sequence, e.g. shrubs grown on a fallow for restoration of soil fertility. Higher production in Agroforestry is due to tree species with greater efficiency in production, which will improves the soil structure and soil fertility, reduces soil erosion, improves the nutrient cycling and create a better environment and nutrient supplement for field crops.

Materials and Methods As a case study approach the success story of a farmer in Pugalur Village of Mettupalayam was documented.

Results and Discussion This success story of a farmer in Pugalur Village of Mettupalayam witnesses the impact of Agroforestry as a land use system with integration of poultry, livestock and fisheries components in an integrated manner to reap the fullest potential of the system. Converted from a regular banana grower in the area due to labour shortage and water scarcity he has shifted to tree based Agroforestry system. He could witness a hike of 30 percent increase from the regular agriculture based crop production system due to regular and sustainable income.

Conclusion: Tree based Agroforestry system. provides regular and sustainable income. Key words :Impact, farming system, socio economic, productivity, IntergratedFarmingSystem

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 315 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 28 Agroforestry business incubator for entreprenuerial development K.T.Parthiban* I. Sekar** and C.CinthiaFernandaz*** *Dean (Forestry), Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam ** Professor and Head Department of Agroforestry Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam ***Assistant Professor (Agrl. Extension), Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam

India is one of the major consumers of wood in the Asia Pacific Region, although the country produces several tropical hardwood species domestically to meet the growing wood demand. The forest business incubator strategy is designed to cater the managerial and financial needs of forest business operation by prioritizing industry based agroforestry as a major thematic area and mandated production, processing and consumption led business operation. It has identified the following business and support services in order to strengthen the existing entrepreneurs and to create new startup business enterprise. The wood based industries has been linked for skill development, mentoring support along with facilitating market support system to the entrepreneurs. This business incubator has mandated to involve various stakeholders like individuals, student entrepreneurs, startups, entrepreneurs with new idea and innovations, individuals seeking business opportunities and wood based industries.

The institute is also involved in developing new technologies which are at various stages of development which includes, wood antiques from new and alternate genetic resources, Tall seedling production technology, Tree burlapping technology, Seed cube technology for large scale Afforestation and reforestation programme and Cocoon craft technology. The business incubator is acting as a skill development institution for the graduating students, potential farmers, individuals with or without technology, startups, existing business establishment and wood based industries. The business incubator is mandated to create 10-15 successful business entrepreneurs per annum deploying forestry based innovations and technologies. The scientist involved in forestry research could use the facility for technology validation and commercialization. The graduating students from across disciplines will have a profound utility in order to become successful entrepreneurs. Above all the farmers and others who are looking for self employment opportunities will find this incubator as an excellent platform. However the incubator will have to go a long way to identify incubatees, develop and transfer new technologies, supporting the incubatees for all managerial and financial resources which demand concrete effort by both government and participating private sector institution, organizations and individuals. Need For Business Incubator Forestry has been practiced as a livelihood system but not as a business enterprise. Under such circumstances, the forest business incubator established at Forest College and Research Institute is a timely intervention which is involved in creation of skilled entrepreneurs and new startups towards creating forestry and agroforestry as a business enterprise besides resolving the problems and constraints from the entire production to consumption system in forestry and agroforestry development

The following Agroforestry based technologies were found potential for development of entrepreneurship among the stake holders

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 316 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

 Mini Clonal Technology,  Forest biomass value addition through briquette/ pelleting technology,  Precision plantation development technology,  Wood seasoning technology,  Forest biomass based activated charcoal/carbon generation Key words: Agroforestry Business Incubator, entrepreneurial development, linkages, capacity development, afforestation, Agroforestry based industries, commercialization and incubates

Paper ID: 31 Study on development of underutilized tamarind seed kernel powder incorporated cookies Vimalarani M and Nisha P. R Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kattupakkam, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L) is a long lived and beautiful fruiting tree, growing up to 30 meters tall with a dense, spreading crown. The tree has fragrant flowers and feathery foliage that is usually evergreen but becomes deciduous in drier regions. The seedpod of the tamarind is widely used for food in the tropics (Kaur and Kaur, 2006). The tree also yields a number of other edible uses, as well as having a wide range of medicinal applications and other uses. Tamarind seed based products are gaining more importance especially in textiles and pharmaceutical industry due to its binding effect (Barwick, 2004). The objective of this study is to develop cookies incorporated tamarind seed kernel to reduce the cost of production and to increase the nutrient content of the cookies. Materials and Methods The tamarind seed kernel incorporated cookies were developed at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kattupakkam with following ingredients and method of preparation. Table-1 Method of preparation of cookies Ingredients Control (Nor- Tamarind Kernel Pow- mal cookies) der incorporated cookies Wheat flour(g) 100 85 Tamarind kernel powder - 15 (g) Sugar (g) 30 30 Fat (g) 70 70

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 317 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Baking powder (g) 2 2 Venilla essence (ml) 2 2 Figure-1 Wheat flour, Baking powder, and Tamarind kernel powder

Sieve all the above ingredients twice Mix with creamed fat and powdered sugar + vanilla essence Knead to soft dough Spread into uniform thickness Mould to desired shape and bake at 200 °C for 10-15 minutes Cooling, packing and storing

Preparation of seed kernel powder It is prepared by decorticating seed and pulverized the white kernel portion into seed kernel powder. The decorticated seed is ground in the pulverizing machine into required mesh size to obtain a yield of 50-60 per cent. The prepared powder may get deteriorated in normal room temperature. So, it should be packed tightly in cleaned container and stored in dry place.

The consumer acceptability of developed tamarind seed kernel incorporated cookies was evaluated for organoleptic quality attributes by ranking the responses using a 9 point ranking test method and conducted shelf life study inorder to market the product. Training programmes were organized to demonstrate tamarind products among farm women and SHG women. Results and discussion Results on sensory evaluation revealed that the product was highly acceptable and recorded highest sensory score in overall acceptability (8.8) against the control (8.6). The cost analysis also showed that 15% replacement can save upto Rs.7/- for a one kg of the raw ingredients. Difference in weight of the cookies was also noted that increased 55g cookies prepared using tamarind seed kernel powder. The can be stored upto one month in food grade pouches and air tight containers without any deterioration. Conclusion Underutilized tamarind seed can be properly used for the preparation of any food items in the highly acceptable way. KVK also conducting training programmes on demonstration of tamarind products to farmers and SHGs to learn about new products and can use as medicine and food at household level. Further can produce and market the products as an enterprise for income generation. References Kaur G. Nagpal A and Kaur B (2006) Tamarind, date of India, Science Tech Entrepreneur. National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board, New Delhi, http://www.worldagroforestry.org/ Barwick. M.( 2004) Publisher Thames & Hudson, London Year 2004 ISBN 0-500-51181-0

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 318 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 39 Evaluation of Silvipasture and Hortipasture based Agroforestry system K. Ramah1, K. Sivakumar2, R. Judesudhagar3, K.T. Parthiban4 and C. Cinthia Fernandaz5 1Assistant Professor (Agronomy), Forest College & Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam 2Assistant Professor (SS&AC), TNAU, Coimbatore , 3Associate Professor (Forestry), TNAU, Kudimiyanmalai 4Dean (Forestry), Forest College & Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam 5Assistant Professor (Agrl. Extension), FC &RI, Mettupalayam Introduction Rainfed agro-ecosystem has a distinct place in Indian Agriculture, occupying 67% of the cultivated area, contributing 44% of the food grains and supporting 40% of the human and 65% of the livestock population (Venkateswarlu, 2005). The farming systems in rainfed areas are quite diverse with a variety of crops, cropping systems, agroforestry, horticulture and livestock production. Similarly, horticulture and small ruminant (sheep and goat) production systems play a vital role in sustenance of livelihoods of rural poor of rainfed agroecosystem (Pasha 2000) in arid and semi-arid regions, where crop production is a risk-prone enterprise due to uncertain rainfall and frequent draughts. Moreover, small ruminants are primarily maintained on natural pasturelands/waste lands with in situ grazing and the productivity is constrained by the low quality of native grasses as well as the shortage of good quality forage, especially during the dry season. Hence, it is suggested to develop silvopastoral/hortipastoral systems/models by introducing pasture and foliage component under trees so as to provide nutritious green forage and foliage (Pathak and Roy 1994) to small ruminants for getting higher production from unit of land in rainfed areas. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Papers Limited (TNPL), Mondipatty, Trichy district during 2016 to 2018 to evaluate the system productivity and profitability under Silvipasture and Hortipasture based Integrated Farming System under All India Coordinated Research Project on Agroforestry (AICRP on AF). The tree components involved in Silvipasture were Kadamba (Neolamarckia cadamba), Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) and Agathi (Sesbania grandiflora) and the fruit trees involved in Hortipasture were Amla (BSR1), Moringa (PKM1) and Custard Apple (APK1). Fodder crops include Cenchrus glacus and Stylosanthus scabra which were raised as intercrops under both the models. These models were established in an area of 1 ha each. Results The data obtained on the yield and economics of Silvipasture system and Hortipasture system are presented in Table 1 & 2 respectively. In Silvipasture system, among the tree species, the green fodder yield obtained from Subabul was found to be higher followed by Agathi and Kadam. Regarding the income from tree species, Kadam (Plywood) recorded higher income of Rs. 39,525 (104 trees). The income obtained from Kadam + Fodder crops was found to be Rs. 60,244 which was higher among the tree species. In Hortipasture system, the income obtained from fruit yield of Moringa (46 trees) was found to be Rs. 42,550 which was higher followed by Amla. The income obtained from Moringa + Fodder crops was found to be Rs. 63,542 which was higher among the fruit trees.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 319 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

The total income obtained from Sivipasture system was found to be Rs. 2,44,426 from an area of 1 ha after 3 years of planting. However the total income obtained from Hortipasture was found to be Rs. 2,62,055 which was higher than Silvipasture system. Also the yield and income from fruit trees was found to be continuous. Conclusion Hortipasture system was found to be beneficial which has recorded higher productivity and income when compared to Silvipasture system. Table 1. Income from Silvipasture system on 3 years after planting (1 ha)

Tree species Fodder crops Total Fodder Fodder Income Silvipasture Fodder Income Income Income yield yield from Yield from tree from in Rs. (Cenchrus) (Stylo) Fodder kg/plot fodder Rs trees Rs kg/plot kg/plot crops Rs Kadam + 842 1264 39525 5268 - 5268 51324 Cenchrus Kadam + Cenchrus + 801 1201 33541 4251 6800 11051 Stylo 60244 Subabul+ 1238 1856 20792 5684 - 5684 Cenchrus 34018 Subabul+ Cenchrus + 1113 1669 4601 7200 11801 Stylo 17365 46236 Agathi+ 1050 1576 7337 4868 - 4868 18648 Cenchrus Agathi+ Cenchrus + 894 1342 6364 3751 7500 11251 33957 Stylo 2,44,426

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 320 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Table 2. Income from Hortipasture system on 3 years after planting (1 ha)

Fruit trees Fodder crops Total Fodder Income Hortipasture Income Fodder Income Fruit Yield yield from from yield Sty- in Rs. /plot Cenchrus Fodder fruits Rs. lo kg/plot kg/plot crops Rs. Moringa + 8510 Nos. 42550 4768 0 9535 52085 Cenchrus Moringa 8188 Nos. 40940 4551 5400 22602 63542 Cenchrus + Stylo Custard apple + 184 kg 7360 5084 0 10169 17529 Cenchrus Custard apple + 165.6 kg 6624 4251 4500 19752 26376 Cenchrus + Stylo Amla + Cenchrus 690 kg 41400 4901 0 9802 51202 Amla + Cenchrus 552 kg 33120 4601 3600 18202 51322 + Stylo 2,62,055

Paper ID: 81 Exploring the Possibilities of Doubling Farmers Income by Integrating Different Agro Forestry models with Small Ruminant Production N.Arulnathan, M.Chellapandian and D.Thirumeignanam Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Sheep and goat farming is a promising livelihood activity for many farmers in Tamil Nadu. According to latest livestock census(2011)small ruminant population is highly concentrated in southern districts of Tamil Nadu. These areas are also significantly the native tract for many of sheep and goat breeds of Tamil Nadu. Effective utilization of available land for successful agriculture and livestock farming is highly essential. Since sheep and goat farming is now becoming a successful enterprise, it is necessary for the research to be oriented towards providing possible ways to enhance or double the farmers income by effective utilization of available resources. Hence, a study was carried out with the objective of exploring the possibilities of doubling the farmers’ income by integrating different agro forestry models with small ruminant production.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 321 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Materials and Methods Three types of agro-forestry models were established viz. Silvipature (Type I), Hortipasture (Type II) and Hortisilvipasture (Type III) each model with an area of one acre of land in the farmers field.

Agroforestry Fodder Trees Fodder crops Hortitrees Model (Grass and legumes) Silvipasture Gliricida& Guinea grass, Cenchrus ciliaris - Leuceana leucocephala Stylosanthes hamata and Stylosan- thes scabra Horti pasture Guinea grass, Cenchrus ciliaris Mango Stylosanthes hamata and Stylosan- thes scabra Hortisilvi pas- Gliricida & Guinea grass, Cenchrus ciliaris Mango ture Leuceana leucocephala Stylosanthes hamata and Stylosan- thes scabra

The fodder tree saplings were planted at a space rate of *’ X8’. Understorey pasture grass was established at a seed rate of Cenchrus ciliaris (2kg), Guinea grass (0.5 kg) and Stylosanthes hamata (1.5 kg) and Stylosanthes scabra (1.5 kg). The horti-plants saplings were planted at a spacing about 25’X 25’. The economics of the models under irrigated condition were studied for cost of establishment, expected income on integration with small ruminant component and additional income through horti-plants. Results and Discussion The total expenditure for establishing Silvipasture, Hortipasture and Hortisilvipasture types of agroforestry models in one acre of land were Rs.14,364, Rs.16,460 and Rs.18260 respectively. The establishment cost included land cleaning, land leveling, bund formation, ploughing, pit digging, production of fodder seedlings, basal manure and seed cost of grasses and legumes. Based on the biomass yield and anticipated integration with small ruminant component (16-20 sheep), the expected income in the three models were Rs.36,000/-Rs.32,400/- and Rs.28,800/- respectively for type I, II and III. The expected additional income from the horti plants from the fourth year was Rs. 18,000/- for type II and type III models. Hence it was observed that for effective utilization of available lands, establishment of horti-pasture and horti-silvi-pasture along with sheep production provided additional income Ramana et al.( 2000). Conclusion Establishment of horti-pasture and horti-silvi-pasture by effective utilization of available lands along with sheep production provided additional incomes in turn increased the socio-economic status of the farming community.

Key words: Agroforestry systems, Small Ruminant Integration, Cost economics References D.B.V.Ramana (2018).Agroforestry Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change in Rainfed Areas, ICAR - Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India. p. 200

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 322 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID : 83 Conserved tree fodder products during fodder scarcity in livestock rearing and to promote entrepreneurship among the farmers S.Gunasekaran*1, V.S.Mynavathi1, C.Valli1, Karu. Pasupathi2 and D. Balasubramanyam2 1AICRP on Agroforestry, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Kattupakkam 2Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai. Introduction Livestock rearing plays a significant role in increasing the economy of India. Globalization has increased the demand for livestock products worldwide. Due to fodder scarcity, supply of quality animal products faces a great challenge. Tree leaves, a good source of fodder for livestock is rich in crude protein and calcium. Fodder trees can be integrated in agroforestry models as boundary plantation or among fodder crops / commercial crops. The surplus tree leaves can be converted into conserved form for long term use as tree leaf meal and silage to feed during fodder scarcity. Studies were conducted to assess the tree leaf meal and tree fodder silage for its potential as conserved fodder tree products and could be used to increase the revenue among the farmers to promote entrepreneurship development. Materials and methods Surplus tree fodders are available after the onset of monsoon rains. The abundant tree fodders are pollarded, sundried and grinded for inclusion as tree leaf meal in the concentrate feed of livestock. A feeding trial with different levels of Gliricidia sepium leaf meal (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 per cent) incorporated in the concentrate feed of Japanese quail’s was conducted for a period of six weeks. An another feeding trial with Gliricidia sepium leaf meal at 15 per cent inclusion level in the concentrate feed of swine was also conducted for a period of ninety days to assess the feed intake/ palatability. To assess the quality of silage for tree fodder conservation was studied with Gliricidia sepium tree fodder (30% inclusion level) with Bajra Napier hybrid grass (70 % inclusion level).

A survey was also conducted in nine blocks of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu to identify the common tree fodders for livestock feeding among the farmers and to promote the conservation of tree fodders for entrepreneurship development. Results and discussion Inclusion of Gliricidia sepium leaf meal in their ration up to 1% level resulted in no significant changes in the weight gain of Japanese quail’s. Gunasekaran et al. (2016) has reported that tree leaf meal (Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidiasepium-1:1 ratio) based concentrate feed in Kanni goats resulted in 17% decrease in the feed cost compared to conventional concentrate feed. In the trial conducted in swine, inclusion of Gliricidia sepium leaf meal at 15.5% has decreased the live weight gain. Malynicz (1974) reported that swine diets containing Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal at 100 g/kg, grow significantly faster than control animals but live weight gain declined progressively with higher inclusions. Hence, reduction in the inclusion of tree

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 323 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 leaf meal in swine ration can be beneficial. The pH and ammoniacal nitrogen (ppm) of silage at inclusion level of Gliricidia sepium (30 %)and Bajra Napier hybrid grass (70 %) was 5.29± 0.01 and 2.36 ± 0.03 respectively. Phiri et al. (2007) reported a slightly lower pH of 4.66 and higher ammoniacal nitrogen 6.49 ppm for Leucaena leucocephala and maize based silage. Hence the inclusion of Gliricidia sepium (30 %) and Bajra Napier hybrid grass (70 %) maintains the fermentative quality of silage.

The predominant tree fodders utilized by farmers in the Kancheepuram district are Inga dulce (37.56 %), Leucaena leucocephala (15.54 %) and Azadirachta indica (7.51%). The slow growing tree like Inga dulce, medium growing trees like Azadirachta indica, Moringa oliefera and fast growing tree like Leucaena leucocephala, Sesbania grandiflora, Gliricidia sepium, Lannea coromandelicia are available commonly. Hence, the common tree fodders could be exploited as tree leaf meal and tree fodder silage for promoting the enterpreneurship development. Conclusion It is concluded that the surplus tree leaves could be converted into tree leaf meal or tree fodder silage for feeding livestock to minimize fodder scarcity and to promote entrepreneurship to increase the revenue. References Gunasekaran S., Bandeswaran C. and Valli C, 2016. Tree leaf meal from fodder trees in silvipasture and their potential to support growth in young ruminants, Journal for Basic Appl. Research, 2(2): 86-89. Malynicz, G. 1974. The effect of adding Leucaena leucocephala meal to commercial rations for growing pigs. Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal 25: 12–14 Phiri M.S., Ngongoni N.T., Maasdorp B.V., Titterton M., Mupangwa J.F., Sebata A. Ensiling characteristics and feeding value of silage made from browse tree legume-maize mixtures Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, vol. 7, No. 3, 2007, pp. 149-156

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 324 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi ABSTRACTS – POSTER PRESENTATIONS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID : 29 Study on development and evaluation of tamarind products to increase the livelihood of the farm women Vimalarani M and Nisha P. R Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kattupakkam,Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Tamarind pulp concentrate is widely used in Indian and Middle Eastern cooking. Tamarind may also be used as a base for delicious raw or cooked chutneys, its fruity acidity combining well with sugar, chilli and other flavours. (Kaur et al., 2006). The most outstanding characteristic of tamarind is its most acidic nature with total acidity range varying from 12.2 to 23.8 per cent as tartaric acid. However, it is good source of vitamin B (El-Siddig et al., 2006). Inorder to increase the shelf life of tamarind and to increase the price for growers a study was conducted to develop three different products from tamarind in Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kattupakkam. Materials and Methods Tamarind tree produces such as leaves, raw tamarind and fruit were collected from Chengelpet tribal area in order to develop three different products and other ingredients for processing were procured from local market. Product development Table1. Processing of Tamarind products Product Process details I-Tamarind Fresh tamarind leaves-dried-addition of dried curry leaves+redchillies+Bengal gram leaves powder dhall+black gram dhal+asofoetida+salt-roast all the ingredients and powder it-store in food grade pouches II-Raw tamarind Raw tamarind cleaned-ground into paste-ginger ground into paste-heat pickle gingelly oil-add ground pastes+salt+chillypowder+asofoetida+cumin seed powder+mustardpowder+class II preservatives III-Fruit paste Tamarind fruit pulp+cook in water-take puree-heat till get paste-add 2% salt-store in glass bottles

Sensory evaluation, shelf life study and Technology transformation and marketing of the product The consumer acceptability of developedtamarind products were evaluated for organoleptic quality attributes by ranking the responses using a 9 point ranking test method. The experiment was conducted for a period of six months. Training programmes were organized to demonstrate tamarind products among farm women and SHG women. Technologies such as production, packaging, labeling, licencing and marketing of the product were transformed to the trainees.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 327 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Results and Discussion Results on sensory evaluation revealed that the products were highly acceptable and recorded highest sensory scores (7.8, 8.0 and 7.6) for tamarind leaves powder, raw tamarind pickle and tamarind paste. Three different products were stored at room temperature of 300 – 320 C from 1month to 6 months. The developed tamarind products were in good condition even after 6 months and there was no change in colour, flavor and texture. Storage study showed that the pickle and paste stored in both food grade pouches and glass bottles could be stored up to ten months. Tamarind leaves powder stored in food grade pouches can stored up to six months. Conclusion Training programmes on demonstration of tamarind products helped tribal farm women and SHG women. Feedback of the farmers and SHG showed that the products were new, tasty and easy to prepare and market. Developed products are also sold at the KVK Rural mart with FSSAI licence and with proper labeling. Now a day people are inclined to instant preparation, the convenience in use of tamarind pulp and other products in their food preparation.

Key words: Tamarind leaves, raw tamarind, tamarind pulp References Kaur G. Nagpal A and Kaur B (2006) Tamarind, date of India, Science Tech Entrepreneur. National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board, New Delhi, El-Siddig, K. ;Gunasena, H.P.M. ; Prasad, B.A. ; Pushpakumara, D.K.N.P. ; Ramana, K.V.R. ; Vijayanand, P. ; Williams, J.T., (2006) Tamarind, Tamarindusindica. Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops, Southampton, UK

Paper ID :64 Development of mango seed kernel incorporated wheat flour to increase the nutritional quality Vimalarani M and Nisha P. R Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kattupakkam,Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Mangoes provide with various nutrients and antioxidants to our body. Not only the fruit pulp provides nutrients but other parts that the seed within the mango fruit are also loaded with a lot of benefits (Fowomola,2010). The seed is one of the biggest ones among the fruit seeds. Compared to most of the nuts and grains, mango kernel has high concentration of phytochemicals and hence much high therapeutic value. Mango kernel is an excellent health and preventive foodInorder to utilize the mango seed kernel as food a study was conducted to develop chapathi flour incorporated with mango seed kernel powder (Cristian etal,2016).

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 328 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Materials and Methods Processing of mango kernel and Product development Mango seeds were washed thoroughly and dried in hot air at 600 c for 7 hours. Seed kernel was separated from stone manually and separated kernel was cleaned in water and blanched for 5 minutes. Dried in hot air oven at 500 c for 3 hours and dried kernel can be stored in air tight containers. Details of product development is given in table 1 Table1. Percentage incorporation of mango kernel Product Percentage incorporation I Wheat + Mango seed kernel (10%) -Cleaned soft wheat added with mango kernel- groundChapathi flour II Wheat + Mango seed kernel (15%)-Cleaned soft wheat added with mango kernel -ground Chapathi flour III Wheat + Mango seed kernel (20%)-Cleaned soft wheat added with mango kernel-ground Chapathi flour

Shelf life study of the product The consumer acceptability of developed Mango seed kernel incorporated wheat flour was evaluated for organoleptic quality attributes by ranking the responses using a 9 point ranking test method and conducted shelf life study inorder to market the product. Results and discussion Nutrient content of the mango seed kernel powder (100g) is given in table 2. One kg of wheat flour incorporated with mango seed kernel contains 19.63g protein and all the other nutrients were highly increased. Table 2 - Nutrient Composition of Mango Kernel Flour and wheat flour(100g) Nutrient Mango seed kernel Wheat flour Moisture (%) 7.05 12.2 Protein (g) 7.53 12.1 Fat (g) 11.45 1.7 Crude fibre (%) 2.20 1.9 Carbohydrate (g) 69.77 69.4 Energy (k.cal) 421 341 Calcium (mg) 170.00 48 Magnesium (mg) 210.00 132 Sodium (mg) 2.90 20.0 Potassium (mg) 368.00 435 Iron (mg) 12.40 4.9 Copper (mg) 8.60 0.51 Zinc (mg) 5.60 3.5

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 329 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Sensory evaluation revealed that the chapathi prepared from mango seed kernel incorporated wheat flour were highly acceptable and recorded highest sensory scores (8.8, 7.8 and 7.6) for Product-I, II and III. Three combination products were stored at room temperature of 300 – 320 C from 1month to 6 months. The developed wheat flour was in good condition even after 6 months and there was no change in colour, flavor and taste. (Yatnatti et al., 2014). Conclusion Mango seeds, which are often discarded after consumption of the fleshy part, are actually loaded with huge beneficial nutrients. Mango kernel is an excellent health and preventive food. Thus, Wheat flour developed using underutilized mango seed kernel increased the wide range of nutrients apart from taste and further increase the nutritional security.

Key words: Mango seed kernel, wheat, nutrients References MA Fowomola. African Journal of Food Science, for nutrients of mango seed. 2010; 4:472-478. Shilpa Yatnatti, D Vijayalakshmi, R Chandru. Processing and Nutritive Value of Mango Seed Kernel Flour Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science. 2014; 2(3):170-175 Cristian Torres-Le on, Romeo Rojas, Juan C. ContrerasEsquivel, Liliana Serna-Cock, Ruth E et al. Aguilar Mango seed: Functional and nutritional properties. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2016; 55:109e117

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 330 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi STUDENT SESSION KEYNOTE ADDRESS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

TOP FOLIAGES FROM TREE AND SHRUBS AS RUMEN MODULATOR FOR ECO- FRIENDLY RUMINANT PRODUCTION Dr. Sultan Singh and Dr. B.K. Bhadoria Plant Animal Relationship Division ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research institute, Jhansi 284003 UP India

Feeding of tree and shrub foliages to ruminants has been practiced traditionally as multipurpose resources in many parts of world (Smith 1992). Leaves and other plant parts constitute cheaper and affordable supplements for ruminants of resource poor livestock keepers in several regions of the world (Yisehak et al. 2012; Yisehak and Janssens 2013). Tree leaves constitute a low-cost protein and minerals supplement to poor-quality roughages based diets efficient utilization in the tropics, particularly during the prolonged feed scarcity periods (Pamo et al. 2007; Patra 2010). Worldwide information is available on the nutritive value of top foliages in respect of chemical composition, digestibility , mineral contents anti-nutritional factors, fermentation, gas and methane production potential and as supplement of poor quality roughages-grasses, straws, stovers etc. These nutritional attributes of tree foliages varies with variety, maturity stage, season and fertilization, environment and location/region etc. Supplementation of leaves of trees and shrubs invariably alleviates nitrogen, sulphur and other mineral deficiencies, thus increasing microbial activity in rumen. Additionally they often contain variable amounts of certain plant secondary compounds which usually exert both positive and adverse (if in excess) effect on animal performance. These secondary compounds present in top feeds have been exploited in livestock diet to manipulate the rumen eco system to increase dietary nutrients availability to animals. This includes their use as source of protein to optimise dietary energy and protein ratio to meet rumen microbe’s need for their proliferation and protection and for defaunation and anti methanogenic action to provide extra nutrients to animals for their higher productivity. Piluzza et al. (2014) observed that feeding of locally available native plants might have several potential benefits for ruminant livestock nutrition, ruminal digestion and fermentation (Patra and Saxena 2011) as well as methane production (Woodward et al. 2001; Puchala et al. 2005; Abberton et al. 2008). In the recent time research on nature and structure of polypheolic compounds isolated from foliages of trees and shrubs for enteric methane inhibition properties is underway. The role of these feed resources in ruminant nutrition has not been truly defined and is likely to vary depending on their use either as strategic supplements or total feeds or as source of secondary metabolites/isolated compounds in feed industry. Trees and shrubs foliages and their extracts rich in plant secondary metabolites/polyphenols seems to play a substantial role in eco-friendly ruminant production by following means through nutrients supply and modification of the rumen function for efficient nutrients utilization.  Cheaper source of nutrients  Sources of bypass protein and protein protection  Effect on rumen microbes  Effect on rumen enzymes  Methane mitigation Trees and shrubs as cheaper sources of nutrients Most of the tree foliage contains crude protein (CP) more than 70 g/kg dry mater which is ample to meet the animal’s maintenance requirement. Average CP contents of nine tree leaves were 14.47% which

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 333 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 ranged between 8.35 (Madhuca longifolia) to 23.95% (Moringa oleifera Singh et al. 2019). Nag et al (2017) reported mean CP contents of 20.91 and 16.07% for eight legume trees/shrubs foliages and six non-legume tree foliages, respectively from South India region. Datt et al (2008) reported CP contents between 101 to 233 g/kg dry matter in the leaves of twelve multipurpose tree species of subtropical humid climate of India. It is evident from tdCP contents of tree/shrub foliages (Table 1) that top foliages can meet the maintenance to medium-high production requirement of ruminants.

Top foliages are also good source of energy and often better than crop residues and straws but comparable to energy sources. The energy value in terms of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and metabolisable energy varied from 57.54 to 80.18 % and 2.08 to 2.90 K cal/g, respectively (Table 1) in top foliages from trees and shrubs. Top feeds are relatively low in (NDF, ADF and cellulose) but higher in lignin contents than the crop residues, straws and stovers. In spite of the higher lignin contents the digestibility of top feeds is more than grasses, straws and stovers. Tree foliages with higher CP and more dry matter digestibility make them a good supplement to poor quality feed resources. Digestible energy of a feed is the indicator of its energy availability for animal use. Mean DE, ME and TDN contents of top foliages were 3.08 Kcal/g, 2.52 Kcal/g and 69.63% which varied (P<0.05) from 2.54-3.59 Kcal/g, 2.09-2.91 Kcal/g and 57.56-80.18%, respectively (Table 1). Yisehak and Janssens et al. (2013) reported DE, ME, TDN and DCP contents of leaves from 50 indigenous tree and shrubs in range of 6-17 MJ/Kg DM,5-15 MJ/Kg DM, 33.2-79.01% and 6-22%, respectively.

Micro-minerals are needed in small quantity in the animal diets but are essential elements for supporting wide range of synthesis in animal body important for maintenance of health, fertility, growth and production (NRC, 1989). For animal production purposes, the mineral contents of leaves from multipurpose tree species and shrubs are superior compare to tropical grasses and other cereal crop residues (cereal straws, stovers). The concentration of minerals in foliages of trees and shrubs varies depending on agronomic, environment and geographical factors. Most of top feeds provide adequate minerals to livestock when fed in high amounts but where dry feeds deficient in minerals are the basal diet and tree foliage makes up to 20–30% of the total dry matter intake animals are likely to require mineral supplementation. Top feeds contain both micro and macro minerals which invariably are in adequate concentration to meet the maintenance requirement. Supplementation of poor feed resources with critical nutrients through top foliages balance the diets for energy, protein and minerals to improve rumen fermentation leading to higher microbial protein synthesis, organic matter digestibility and increase in efficiency of growth and milk production. Mineral contents of trees and shrubs foliages has been reported by several workers (Nag et al. 2017; Sahoo et al 2016; Datt et al. 2008; Singh et al. 2005a; Singh et al. 2005b) Table 1. Protein and energy contents of tree/shrub leaves (Singh et al. 2019) DE ME TDN NE NE NE tdCP tdNFC Tree leaves L M G Kcal/g Kcal/g % Kcal/g Kcal/g Kcal/g % % Aegle marmelos 3.54g 2.91g 80.18g 1.84g 2.20g 1.32g 9.64c 44.00d Securnegavirosa 3.40f 2.79f 77.10f 1.77f 2.11f 1.23f 9.02b 48.18e

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 334 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Jatropha curcas 3.08d 2.53d 69.85d 1.59d 1.90d 1.02d 8.75b 36.70c Pithecellobium dulce 2.86c 2.35c 64.86c 1.47c 1.75c 0.87c 13.99e 27.58a Madhucalongifolia 2.65b 2.18b 60.17b 1.36b 1.62b 0.74b 6.09a 30.55b Bauhiniavariegata 3.18e 2.60e 65.10c 1.48c 1.77c 0.87c 9.47c 28.06a Casia fistula 3.59g 2.90g 57.56a 1.29a 1.54a 0.66a 10.12d 28.31a Cnidoscolusaconitifolius 2.88c 2.37c 71.93e 1.63e 1.97e 1.09e 20.22g 37.40c Moringa oleifera 2.54a 2.09a 79.91g 1.83 2.20g 1.31g 21.46h 30.70b Mean 3.08 2.52 69.63 1.58 1.89 1.01 12.08 34.61

Sources of bypass proteins and Protein protection

In ruminants, most proteins are rapidly solubilized and release 56-65% N in the rumen during mastication; consequently large losses of N (25-35%) occur as ammonia absorbed from rumen. Screening of tree foliage by Cornel Net Carbohydrate and Protein (CNCP) system indicated that mean contents of slowly and un-degradable protein (B2+B3+C) contents are more than 75% (Table 2) which indicates that leaves from trees and shrubs are good source of bypass protein. In most top feeds protein is bind with the tannins and its degradation/solubility in the rumen depends on the contents and chemical nature of tannin present. Top feeds processing like wilting, pelleting and drying also influence their bypass protein/protected protein value. During wilting browning reaction in the presence of reducing sugars in the top feeds also influence their bypass protein value. Leucaena leaf protein (after drying) has some properties of both escape protein and fermentable N. Excess protein degradation in rumen results in inefficient utilization of ammonia (N retention) by rumen microbes leads to excretion of N rich waste. Tannins present in the top feeds inhibit the protein degradability by binding with dietary proteins and provide the optimum production of ammonia for efficient utilization of good quality protein at lower level of digestive system for higher animal productivity. A possible explanation is that the binding of tannins to proteins under anaerobic conditions in the rumen are weaker than protein and tannins together under the aerobic conditions of drying. Effect of different levels of tannins (0-8%) from Acacia catechu as protein binding agent was studied with different protein sources in terms of ammonia production (Gupta et al. 2011) and these workers observed that in vitro ammonia production from oil cakes-Acacia catechu pellets reduced significantly (P<0.05) which indicates reduced solubility of protein from the tested oil cakes. Table 2. Protein fractions (% CP) of top foliages (Singh et al. 2019)

Top foliages NDIP NPN SP PA PB1 PB2 PB3 Pc Aegle marmelos 28.78a 75.65c 9.39d 12.10c 9.65b 49.48d 10.62a 18.14c Securnega virosa 34.62c 87.66e 9.47d 14.02e 2.75a 48.00d 19.19c 15.43b Jatropha curcas 37.91c 85.67de 9.29cd 13.71de 2.59a 45.80cd 12.87ab 25.04de Pithecellobium dulce 31.8a 83.77d 13.45e 13.40d 4.70a 50.06d 15.58bc 16.25bc Madhuca longifolia 60.32f 76.73c 6.74a 15.48f 3.76a 20.45b 19.47c 40.86g Bauhiniavariegata 29.05a 16.91b 8.75b 11.23b 16.22c 43.57c 19.19c 9.78a

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 335 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Casia fistula 53.77d 10.97a 8.97c 9.80 a 18.41d 18.0ab 30.7 e 23.06d Cnidoscolusaconitifolius 56.8ef 10.97a 16.44g 10.97b 16.04c 16.20ab 30.39e 26.40ef Moringa oleifera 60.32f 11.92a 15.92f 11.90c 21.60e 13.25a 25.19d 28.05f Mean 42.69 53.36 10.91 12.51 10.66 33.85 20.39 22.59

Effect on rumen microbes Plant secondary metabolites (tannins, saponins, phenols etc) present in tree leaves and shrubs have been demonstrated to inhibit the growth of rumen microbes particularly the bacteria and fungi. Methanogenic bacteria produce methane rapidly (about 500 times their own cell volume/minute) and contribute very little (2-3%) of total bacterial population in rumen. Methanogens remain attached to protozoa pellicle and exhibit an ecto-symbiotic relationship, utilizing hydrogen to convert into methane. It has been estimated that the methanogens associated with the ciliate protozoa are responsible for 9 to 37% of the methane production in the rumen. Appropriately inhibition of rumen methanogenic bacteria and protozoa population through the inclusion of tree laves/shrubs or their secondary metabolite rich extract seems to one of the feeding strategy to mitigate the methane production from ruminants. This approach has successfully demonstrated where plant secondary metabolites from trees and shrubs correlated with reduction of methanogenic bacteria and protozoa (Beauchemin et al. 2008 Kamra et al. 2008; Patra et al. 2006, 2008; Kamra et al. 2012). Navas-Camacho et al. (1993) reported that Enterolobium cyclocarpum reduced total protozoa population in the rumen. Plant secondary metabolites (PSM) have been suggested as effective alternatives to antibiotics to suppress rumen methanogenesis through their anti-microbial activity (Jayanegara et al., 2009). Delgado et al (2012) reported that inclusion of Samanea saman, Albizia lebbeck and Tithoniadi versifolia at 30% level to Cynodon grass reduced (P<0.05) the rumen protozoa and methanogens. In vivo studies with Yucca shidigera in heifers and Sesbania sesban in sheep have shown decrease in protozoa activity. Delgado et al. (2010) screened eight tropical plants for their defaunation and anti mehanogenic properties. These workers reported that inclusion of 15 % Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium, 20 % Sapindus and Arachis as well as 40 % Stizobolium atterium negatively affected the protozoal population. Effect on rumen enzymes The rumen microbial enzymes are a qualitative and quantitative reflection of rumen microbes involved in feeds digestion. The glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) enzymes participate in transamination reactions during feed protein metabolism, while glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is associated with the ammonia utilisation. Initial studies with browse plants extracts on rumen enzymes was carried out in vitro (Kumar and Singh 1984; Makkar et al. 1988) and very frugal in vivo studies have been carried out (Wina et al. 2006; Raghuvansi et al. 2007). Singh and Kundu (2010) assess the supplementary effect of tropical browse species leaves on activities of GOT, GPT and GDH and cellulase enzymes in sheep and goat rumen. Supplementation of browse leaves (Hardwikia binta-HB, Leucaena leucocephala-LL, significantly (P<0.05) affect the specific activity of GDH enzyme in bacteria fraction of rumen liquor in sheep and goats fed Dichanthium annulatum-DA, while GDH activity was similar in protozoa fraction of rumen liquor of sheep and goats on all (DA) grass–browse-supplemented diets except DA–HB (42.8 units/mg protein), where activity was significantly (P<0.05) low. Specific activities of GOT

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 336 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 and GPT enzymes in both bacteria and protozoa fractions of rumen liquor differ significantly (P<0.05) due to supplementation of browse leaves to DA grass. Browse leaves significantly (P<0.05) affect the cellulase enzyme activity in rumen liquor, being highest on DA–LL (193.4) and lowest on DA–HB diet (144.8 μg sugar/mg protein). Higher activity of GOT, GPT and GDH in goat than sheep may be due to goat’s ability to economise the N requirement through better urea recycling efficiency (Silanikove 2000). Methane mitigation Methane is produced as a result of fermentation of feedstuffs in the rumen and its production is influenced both by animal species and dietary composition. About 6 to 12% of dietary gross energy is lost as a result of methane production. The phyto-constituents such as saponins, phenolics, terpenoids, tannins, phenolic glycosides, alkaloids, essential oils etc. have the potentiality to modify rumen fermentation process (Salem et al. 2014a, c). Studies on screening tree leaves and plant extracts have become an important research area for researches worldwide in order to develop alternative feed additive to manipulate rumen ecology for reduced GHG emissions during rumen fermentation (Makkar and Becker 1995; Soliva et al. 2008; (Benchaar et al. 2008; Delgado et al. 2010; Cedillo et al. 2014; Kholif et al. 2015; Elahi et al. 2016). In a study carried out by Carulla et al. (2005) with sheep found that the addition of Acacia mearnsiiwith condensed tannins to diets of Loliumperennereduced the methane emissions by 13%. Delgado et al. (2010) reported that inclusion of 25 % Spindussaponaria, Morus alba andTrichenteradiversifoliawithPennisetum purpureum pasture grass reduced the methane production significantly. Jayanegera et al. (2009) assess the impact of tannins and phenols from 17 plant species on in vitro methane inhibition and found that out of these plants leaves of Rheum undulatum, Vaccinium vitisidea, Bergenia classifolia, Rhustyphinaand Pettiphyllumpeltatum have more than 25 % potential to decrease methane emission from enteric fermentation. Studies carried at Indian Grassland and fodder Research Institute isolated polyphenolic compounds from different tree foliages and evaluated their efficacy to inhibit the methane production from dry, green roughages and dietary regimens. Inclusion of a compound AM-5 isolated from Bale (Aegle marmelos) had no effect on the in vitro gas production (ml/g) from napier grass and berseem but reduced in vitro methane production from 50.11 to 45.61 in napier grass and 29.69 to 22.29 ml/g DDM in berseem at 1.0 % level of inclusion without affecting the dry matter digestibility. Addition of polymeric polyphenol compound (isolated from Bale) reduced the in vitro methane production from 72.10 to 54.42 and 42.03 to 33.91ml/g DDM from incubation of wheat straw -berseem-concentrate mixture and oat straw-berseem-concentrate mixture diets, respectively without affecting diets digestibility. Polyphenol compound isolated from Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) leaves on addition at 1.5 % level to wheat straw-berseem-concentrate; oat straw-berseem-concentrate and sorghum stover-berseem-concentrate mixture diet reduced in vitro methane production from 25.6 to 10.22, 40.70 to 22.40 and 22.39 to 7.23 ml/g DDM, respectively. Feeding rye grass hay and pellets (lucerne with 0.30 and 60 % Corylus avellana leaves) to sheep reduced methane emission and urinary nitrogen excretion by 25 to 33% and 33 to 72%, respectively Wang et al. 2018).

It is pertinent to emphasise here that chemical structure (make up) of polyphenols play an important role for their specific action as inconsistencies among studies in response to use of PSC containing forages (plant sources) or supplementing PSC extracts to diets are attributed to the differences in chemical structures and concentrations of PSC and type of diets ( Min et al. 2003; Waghorn et al. 2008). Butler and Rogler (1992)

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 337 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 observed that low molecular weight CT oligomers are more reactive and have high protein precipitating capacity than high molecular weight polymeric tannins. Jayanegara et al. 2009a found that NTP ability to reduce methane was related to their chemical structure as phenols with two or more hydroxyl groups seemed to have higher efficiency than those containing only one. Hatew et al. 2014 demonstrated diversity of CTs structures affects rumen in vitro methane production in sainfoin accessions. PD: PC ratio is important and negatively associated with methane production. Recently the effect of tannin structure and molecular weight on rumen function (fermentation and microbes) has been reported by Aboagye and Beauchemin (2019). They mentioned in their review that tannin structure and molecular weight influences rumen fermentation, methane production and nitrogen excretion in ruminants. Low molecular weight tannins, hydrolysable tannins reduces enteric CH4 emission without depressing digestibility, and effects were due to the Gallic acid- GA subunit or its metabolites. At ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi polyphenolic compounds (structure is not known) isolated from tree foliage found promising to mitigate the in vitro methane production from dry and green fodders and total mixed rations. Further studies should focus to establish relationship between chemical structure of plant secondary metabolites/polyphenolics and their effect on rumen metabolism and microflora. Conclusions The use of top feeds as dietary component is a well accepted and widely followed primitive practice globally including India. Top feeds have assumed importance only in areas where grazing and browse is available or followed and in cropping areas where green fodder is available from cultivated crops top feeds use in animal feeding is limited. Top feed supplementation to basal roughage diets has substantial role in stimulating rumen fermentative digestion and forage utilization efficiency. Recent studies with use of polyphenolic compounds isolated from top feeds top has shown potential to inhibit the in vitro methane production from dry roughages, green fodders and diets fed to ruminants. Efficacy of top foliages particularly from trees/shrubs to mitigate GHG (enteric methane and N2O) production can be a good strategy at small scale farmer and grazing condition for environment friendly ruminant production. References Abberton M T, Marshal A H, Humphreys M W, Macduff J H, Collins R P and Marley C L. 2008. Genetic improvement of forage species to reduce the environmental impact of temperate livestock grazing systems. Advances in Agronomy 98: 311-55. Aboagye I A and Beauchemin K A. 2019. Review Potential of Molecular Weight and Structure of Tannins to Reduce Methane Emissions from Ruminants: A Review. Animals 9: 856; doi:10.3390/ani9110856. Beauchemin K A, Kreuzer M, O’Mara F, McAllister T A. 2008. Nutritional management for enteric methane abatement: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48: 21–27. Benchaar C, McAllister T A and Chouinard P Y. 2008. Digestion, ruminal fermentation, ciliate protozoal populations, and milk production from dairy cows fed cinnamaldehyde, quebracho condensed tannin, or Yucca schidigerasaponin extracts. Journal of Dairy Science91: 4765-4777. Butler L G, Rogler J C. 1992. Biochemical mechanisms of the antinutritional effects of tannins. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health I. Chapter 23, pp 298–304 ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 506.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 338 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

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Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 339 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

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Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 340 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

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Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 341 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

HOMEGARDENS AS A SUSTAINABLE LAND USE PRACTICE: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES Dr. T.K. Kunhamu Associate Director of Research (Forestry), Professor & Head, Dept. of Silviculture & Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala Introduction Homegardens are multi-species, multi-tier agroforestry production systems often in small parcels of land surrounding homesteads that integrate tree-crop-animal components and largely confined to humid tropics. By definition they are ‘intimate, multi-story combinations of various trees and crops, sometimes in association with domestic animals, around homesteads’ (Kumar and Nair, 2004). They are space constrained subsistence farming systems running on traditional low input technologies while maintaining multiple outputs often meeting the livelihood and nutritional security of millions of people in the tropics. These homegardens maintain the biological diversity of native and exotic as well as managed or wild species, and play an important role in improving the quality of life and the economic and social welfare of people. Physiognomicalyhomegardens resemble evergreen forests by virtue of the assemblage of diverse tree and crops arranged in multi-tiered- intimate-interlocked fashion (Ewel, 999). Hence, they are often described as most natural production systems which are ecologically and economically sound and socially acceptable. It evolved through generations of gradual intensification of cropping in response to increasing human pressure and the corresponding shortage of arable lands (Kumar and Nair, 2004). These systems have probably evolved over centuries of cultural and biological transformations and through generations of innovation and experimentation (Wiersum, 2006).

A typical homegarden is primarily a multiple output production system that spin around the homestead where selected trees, shrubs and herbs are grown for edible products and cash income, as well as for a variety of outputs that have both production and service values including aesthetic and ecological benefits. Homegarden products are directly linked with the livelihood security of the farmers who are primarily at subsistence level (Nair, 2001). Traditionally, the homegardens mainly served to produce vegetables, fruits and other crops, which supplemented the staple food crops produced on open croplands Apart from the enumerable direct benefits that meets the basic human needs, homegardens deliver considerable ecosystem services that are assumed to be the key drivers of their sustainability. The biophysical advantages like efficient nutrient cycling, maintenance of biological diversity, and multiple products economic value, socio-cultural and socio-political advantages are the other traits that make homegardens important. Among all, the higher resilience of homegardens in combating and adapting to the changing climate thought sequestering carbon in soil and woody biomass is of utmost importance. Interestingly the traditional homegardens were the only landuse types that could survive the heavy floods that shattered Kerala during 2018.

However, these fascinating systems while following sub-optimal management strategies still remain largely unexplored in terms of their productivity and sustainability and the scientific underpinnings of mystery of its sustenance over 1000s of generations. Today the studies on homegardens takes larger shifts on account of their perceived role in climate mitigation through their carbon sink functions and the low C footprints of the homegarden products.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 342 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Distribution Globally homegardens are found scattered with in the warm humid tropics. Historically, their origin dates back to human settled agriculture, proceeding the era of shifting cultivation. From these pre-historic and probably scattered origins, homegardens has gradually spread to many humid regions in South- and Southeast Asia including Java (Indonesia), the Philippines, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India and Bangladesh. Randhawa (1980) reports that many travellers in the early 14th century describes the homegardens in Kerala, India with coconut (Cocos nucifera), black pepper (Piper nigrum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and pulses (grain legumes). Nair and Kumar (2006) well described the distribution of homegardens. According to them the largest stretches of homegardens are found to be in the humid high rainfall regions 40o N and 30o S of equator. However, South- and Southeast Asia, the Pacific islands, East- and West Africa, and Mesoamerica are the regions where largest concentrations of homegardens can be found (High and Shackleton, 2000; Nair and Kumar, 2006; Montagnini, 2006). Prominent among them are the Javanese homegardens in Indonesia and the Kerala homegardens of India. Homegardens vary in their local vocabulary. For instance, the Javanese homegardens are known as Talun-Kebun and ‘pekarangans’, Kerala homegardens as ‘purayidakrishi’ while that found in the Mt. Kilimanjaro in East Africa often described as Chaggahomegardens with coffee and banana integrated with multipurpose trees, Enset coffee homegardens in Ethiopia (Abebe, et al, 2006). Despite the presence, information on the area under homestead farming in different regions is by far limited. Nair and Kumar, (2006) describes homegardening as the prominent land use in tropical countries such as Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Philippines. They provide conservative estimates that suggest 5.13 million ha of land under pekarangans in Indonesia, 0.54 million ha under homesteads in Bangladesh, 1.05 million ha in Sri Lanka, and 1.44 million ha in Kerala, India. Prominent regions in the Africa were homesteads practices are prevalent include Sudan, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania etc while Peruvian Amazon homegardens, Brazilian, Mexican, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaraguan and Costaricanhomegardens are the potential homegarden regions in the Latin America. Tree-crop diversity Homegardens are one among the many agroforestry approaches that are common to many ecological regions, but the nature of components that constitute the systems may vary depending upon site-specific factors (Nair, 1991). Homegardens are intimate assemblage of tree-crop-livestock in variable spatial and temporal sequence. The key factor that distinguishes homegarden from other agricultural land use systems is the high species diversity (Swift and Anderson 1993; Kumar et al. 1994; Abebe et al. 2006). They are often christened as the epitome of biodiversity (Kumar and Nair, 2004). Livelihood conditions are important factor influencing the structure and composition of homegardens. Homegardens scattered in different parts of the world are found to be agro-ecologically diverse in terms of composition and arrangement of various components. However, there exists remarkable similarity in the functional space occupied by various components. The species diversity is strongly influenced by functional priorities evolved through generations. Also, it is often dictated by the agroecological adaptability. Homegarden component diversity may be affected geographic conditions as well. Compared to lowlands, homegardens in highland areas have lower plant diversity and simpler species composition (Karyono, 1990). Similarly, diversity is more in wetter areas compared to arid and semi-arid regions. Various cultures also influence the structure and composition of

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 343 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 homegardens. For e.g. Abdoellah (1990) reported that vegetables and ornamentals were often more common in Sundanese homegardens. The diversity and density of woody species may decline with increasing age of crop fields, while diversity of woody species increase with increasing age and size of homegardens (Tolera, et al., 2008).

There are considerable differences in the species diversity with homegarden types. For instance, Javanese homegardens are rich in diversity as compared to those found in other regions. Studies on diversity of arboreal taxa in different homegardens clearly demonstrate their variation. For instance, Kumar et al. (1994) reported 127 tree taxa in the homegardens of Kerala, India. Among them coconut and arecanut were the most prominent. Ailanthus triphysa, Mangifera indica, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Tamarindus spp, Erythrina indica, Macaranga peltata, Thespesia populnea, Gliricidia sepium were the other preferred tree species in Kerala homesteads. They also observed that the species diversity and size of homegardens strike an inverse trend. However, such patterns are not true for many homegarden types. For instance, the Brazilian homegardens show higher species diversity associated with larges homesteads (Albuquerqu, et al. 2005). They reported a total of 54 woody species distributed among 46 genera and 23 families. A. squamosa, P. juliflora, P. guajava were the most abundant tree species. Reports also suggest species number and structural complexity is greater in humid areas than arid (Azudia and Leiva, 2004). Much higher tree species diversity has been observed from elsewhere (301 trees and shrubs from Mayan homegardens of Yucatan, Mexico (Rico- Gray et al., 1991), 168 and 179 species from Peruvian Amazon (Padoch and de Jong, 1991) and West Javan homegardens (Soemarwoto, 1987) respectively. Studies in the south-central highlands of Ethiopia compared the tree species diversity among homesteads, cropped lands and natural forests and observed that the highest number of woody species (64) was recorded in homegardens, followed by crop fields (32) and the lowest number (31) in remnant natural forest (Tolera, et al., 2008).

It is observable that the functional priority often changes with regional preferences. E.g., homegardens in Peruvian Amazon regions consists more of fruit trees such as Mangifera indica L., Eryngium foetidum L., Syzygium sp., Cocos nucifera L., Persea americana Mill, Citrus sinensis, Anacardium occidentale L., Artocarpus altilis, Annona squamosa, Spondias purpurea L., Cedrelaodorata L, Theobroma cacao (Perrault- Archambault and Coomes, 2008). Gebauer (2005) from central Sudan also reported on the preference for fruit trees. As per their report, the five most common fruit trees were lime (Citrus aurantifolia), guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi). In general, plant species composition within the homegardens is the result of continuous selection in which the family usually favors the planting of fruit trees with high productivity (Caballero, 1992).

Agricultural crop diversity also varies considerably among homegardens. Prominent understorey crops in the Kerala homegardens include vegetables such as brinjal, ladies finger, cow pea, ash guard, bitter guard, snake guard, black pepper, tuber crops such as colocasia, elephant food yam, diascoria. Banana is the common intercrop in homegardens throughout Kerala. Cassava, papaya, fodder grasses, pineapple, Curcuma longa, C. aromatic, Zingiber officinale, are the other common intercrops (Kumar and Nair, 2004).

Socioeconomic status and livelihood conditions may impact the species composition in the homegardens. For instance, the farmers at the subsistence level make use of the limited land for production of essential staple

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 344 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 foods rather than supplementary crop production. Contrary to this well off people living in urbanized areas and having access to non-farm incomes may no longer maintain homegarden as part of their farming system, rather aesthetic considerations dominate their retention. Thus, not only the overall livelihood conditions, but also specific socioeconomic variables such as access to land or off-farm labor opportunities impact the homegarden structure and composition (Wiersum, 2006). Structural attributes Despite the limitation in management area, the high diversity in the tree-crop and animal components in the homegardens is often coupled with their characteristic structural arrangement (Nair, 1993). The layered canopy stratification and admixture of compatible species often mimicking evergreen forests, is the most conspicuous characteristics of all homegardens. They are carefully structured systems with every component having a specific place and function. The gradient of light and relative humidity creates different spatial niche enabling various species groups to exploit them. The stratification is often dictated by the life history of the different species. In general, all homegardens consist of an herbaceous layer near the ground, a tree layer at upper levels, and intermediate layers in between. The lower layer can usually be partitioned into two, with the lowermost dominated by different vegetable and medicinal plants and second layer being composed of food plants such as cassava, banana, papaya, yam etc. However there can be changes in the vertical stratification and composition of components for different homegarden types.

Typical Kerala homegardens show 3-4 strata with ground layer consisting of herbaceous food crops, forage, medicinal and other crops while fruit trees and spice crops dominate the middle storey (Nair, 1993; Kumar and Nair, 2004). The upper canopies constitute mostly tall trees/palms such as coconut, teak, mahogany, and other fast growing multi-purpose trees. Michon (1983) reported typical Javanese home garden occupy 4-5 strata. Lowest strata constituting less than 1m height contained 14% of total canopy volume, 2nd layer 1-2 m (9%), 3rd layer 2-5m (25%), 4th layer 5-10 m (36%) and 5th>10 m (16%). Herbaceous species form the layer near the ground. The upper layers are occupied by trees, while intermediate layer in between shared by medium sized trees, mostly fruit and medicinal trees. Quiet often, the lower layer may be partitioned to less than 1 m– dominated by vegetables and medicinal plants, while second layer constitute food plant such as cassava, banana, papaya, yam and so on. The intermediate layers of 3-10 m height are dominated by various fruit trees- this layer is not structurally static- always dynamic. The upper tree layer divided to two viz. emergent fully grown timber and fruit trees occupying the uppermost layer (25 m height), medium sized trees of 10-20 m occupying the next lower layer.

Homegardens in high humid, rainfall areas constitute more number of canopy stratification with more species diversity. For instance, the homegardens in the Andaman islands, India maintain 5 characteristic strata (Pandey, et al, 2006). The top storey (15-20 m) was occupied by coconut whereas fourth storey (10-15 m) by arecanut and jackfruit. The third storey was dominated by trees like mango, cashew nut and tamarind (5-10 m). Second storey (2-5 m) however, was abundant with spice trees particularly nutmeg, cinnamon and clove. Fruit trees were closer to the house. Clove was found in both second as well as in third storey. Species that require specific niche like cinnamon, requiring high humidity, was grown mostly under the arecanut and occasionally under coconut. Similarly, banana usually grown in open receiving good water and sunlight usually were water of house drained. short height annual crops like Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinalis,

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 345 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Manihot esculenta, Ammorphophalluscamp anulatus, grasses and pineapple (Ananascomosus) occupied the first storey (< 2 m). Functional attributes The list of direct benefits accrued from homegardens are large that include food, fuel, fodder, fruits, timber, pulp, green manure etc. Food production function is recognized as the most important one from homegardens especially at subsistence level. Various food products include edible fruits, nuts, grain, rhizomes and tubers, leaves, flowers to name a few. Homegardening being an agricultural practice at low or moderate input level, the produce are ecologically safe and hence contribute to the social health and hygiene.

Fruit and other food trees constitute predominant component of all homegardens (Nair, 1993). Mango, guava, papaya, rambutan, mangosteen and other food producing trees such as Moringa oleifera and Sesbania grandiflora, spice crops such as cinnamon, clove, nutmeg dominate the Asian homegardens. Torquebiau (1992) in a review observed that dietary supplies from homegardens accounted for 3% to 44% of the total calorie and 4% to 32% of the protein intake. Homegardens function as a buffer source of food ensuring food security during the lean seasons. The homegardens are also significant sources of minerals and nutrients (Asfaw and Woldu 1997). Nutritional security is another area where homegardens considerably contribute. Year round availability of many high nutritional value crops takes care of the nutritive requirements (proteins, vitamins, and minerals) of the family. Studies revealed that families involved in year-round production and consumption of vitamin rich fruits and vegetables, alleviated deficiencies of iodine, vitamin A and iron (Molina et al. 1993) and made children of garden owners less prone to xerophthalmia (Shankar et al. 1998).

In addition, homegardens provide enumerable products and services which are closely linked with the household needs of the farmer. For instance, they are potential source of wood and small timber for meeting the farmer requirements. Kumar et al. (1994) observed that the average standing stock of commercial timber in the Kerala, India homegardens has been estimated to range from 6.6 to 50.8 m3 ha-1. Homegardens are also good source of non timber products such as bamboo. Studies on the standing stock of thorny bamboo (Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss) in the homegardens in three districts of Kerala, India suggest substantial stocking to the tune of 28,659 Mg (Thrissur), 124, 389 Mg (Palakkad), and 86, 267 Mg (Malappuram) on dry weight basis (Kumar et al, 2005; Kumar, 2008). Also, tropical homegardens function as predominant supplier of biofuels for rural households (Krishnankutty, 1990; Wickramasinghe, 1996; Levasseur and Olivier, 2000; Shanavas and Kumar, 2003; Kumar and Nair, 2004). For example, reports suggest about 51% to 90% of the domestic fuelwood needs in south and Southeast Asia is met from homegardens (Krishnankutty, 1990; Torquebiau, 1992). Ecosystem services Agroecosystem that remains relatively unexplored from an ecosystem service perspective is homegardens. They provide a large set of ecosystem services, cultural services being the category most valued. The quality and magnitude of ecosystem services provided by homegardens differ from those provided by other types of agroecosystems (Calvet-Mir et al., 2012). Major ecological functions rendered by homegardens include maintenance of soil fertility, regulation of pests and pathogens, wildlife protection, clean water supply, carbon

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 346 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 sequestration, maintenance of rural landscapes and rural lifestyles, and maintenance of recreational areas for ecotourism (Sandhu et al., 2010; Swinton et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2007).

Traditional agriculture practices such as homegardens are characterized by maintenance of high agrobiodiversity (Altieri, 1999; Jackson et al., 2007) which ensures coupling of agricultural productivity with the delivery of the other adaptable services that biodiversity provides. For instance, maintenance of agro biodiversity in homesteads leads to enhancement in agroecosystems’ resilience to ecosystem changes mooted by demographic pressure (Jackson et al., 2007; Pascual et al., 2010). Homesteads essentially a low input agro ecosystem rely primarily on site-specific biological, edaphic, and climatic conditions there by reducing dependence on heavy inputs such as machinery, phytochemicals and power thereby reducing related hardships in terms of soil compaction, water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions etc (Altieri, 1999).

Biophysical interactions triggered by trees provide substantial ecosystem services. Trees with their deep root system act as nutrient pumps and the fine roots dynamics contribute substantially to enrich the carbon content and nutrient status of the soil. The multilayered canopy stratification and the high litter production from the trees cover the soil and protect from insulation. The tree cover moderates the extremes of climate and biophysical extremes. Yet another environmental function rendered by homegardens is their carbon sink properties and in so doing take part in climate change mitigation. Homegardens are unique in that they address all the three mechanisms that qualify agroforestry as GHG reduction strategy viz. carbon sequestration, carbon substitution and carbon conservation (Montagnini and Nair, 2004; Kumar, 2006). The trees and other perennial components in the homegardens sequester substantial amount of CO2. On a comparative scale homegardens sequester C much better than intensively managed crop lands (Nair et al. 2009). For example, cropped land after slash and burn showed CS values 39 to 52 Mg C ha-1(Sanchez, 2000)while Indonesian homegardens, Sumatra sequester much higher to the tune of 55.8 to 162.7 Mg C ha-1 (Roshetko et al., 2002). Aboveground carbon stocks of trees (>20cm girth at breast height) in the homegardens of selected 28 panchayaths of central Kerala, India were 24.32 Mg ha-1 (Kumar, 2011).Homegardens also stands out as a promising example of climate change resilient landuse practice. The vast species diversity especially woody perennials in the traditional homegardens of the Kerala helped in combating the devastating floods that lashed the state in the last two years. Management characteristics As always, homegardens are less intensely managed systems. Scientific management of these traditional systems poses serious limits on account of intertwined nature of various components in time and space. The understorey space utilization for intercropping depends entirely on the tree density and light availability. A legitimate approach is to manipulate the tree environment rather than the tree itself. Hence practices such as branch pruning for improving understorey light conditions are a common management practice in homesteads. For instance, branch pruning of taller trees such as teak (Tectonagrandis), Terminalia paniculata, Sweiteniam acrophylla is a common practice in homegardens of Kerala. Other conventional practices such as weeding, fertilization, crop density regulation are also in vogue in the various parts of the tropics. There has been renewed interest on tree husbandry in view of their economic stability and market demands. Especially the recent trends suggest tree based cash crops such as rubber and nutmeg rigorously managed in homegardens. Coconut is the most popular among the trees followed by arecanut and spices in high rainfall coastal regions

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 347 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 like Kerala and the intensive management practices that include fertilization, use of plant protection chemicals, systematic weeding and management of interspaces in between the palms for intercropping etc are limited to such economically important crops only (Peyre et al, 2006). Levels of management are again strongly influenced by the land size and socio-economic adaptability. A clear gradient in management intensity exist among homegardens in Kerala (Peyre et al., 2006). For example, the small sized gardens are characterized by low to medium management with a concentration on internal inputs and with random arrangement of trees while the medium to big sized homegarden are subject to a more intensive management with use of both internal and external inputs such as chemical fertilizers, insecticides and purchased seedlings (Peyre et al, 2006).

The type and intensity of management again may vary with objectives. The coffee-banana dominated Chaggahomegardens in Tanzania follow time bound management practices for productivity enhancement. Various operations include opening up the canopy to ensure better fruiting of the coffee, spacing out the banana stools, and manuring the different crops (Fernandes et al, 1985). As evident from the homegardens in Kerala, the management capabilities and preferences of the owner decide the number of banana clumps and coffee bushes in the Chagga gardens. Fernandes et al. (1985) reported that the range of banana clumps per homegarden varies from 200 to 800 (330 to 1,200 per ha) and coffee trees from 300 to 1,000 (500 to 1,400 per ha). The management strategies followed in Javanese homegardens also vary with the system followed. The popular Javanese Pekarangan system is a mixture of annual crops, perennial crops, and animals on the land surrounding a house where as Kebun-Talun system is more production oriented and permits clearing the trees to cultivate field crops on a rotational basis. The Kebun phase confines to the crop cultivation with high economic value gradually merge with kebun-campuranphase where annuals are mixed with half grown perennials, period of low economic but high ecological value. The final phase (Talun) after the harvesting of the annuals is dominated by perennials of commercial value. The Kebun-talun will be converted to Pekarangan system when the house is developed upon it (Christanty et al., 1985). Shifting trends and emerging challenges in Homegardening Despite the manifold virtues as a promising land use system with potential to support livelihood security of millions of people in the tropics, homegardens are undergoing massive transformation that wear down their intrinsic characteristics. Fast changing agriculture scenario and the high market-orientation, due to government policies and demographic pressures; do exert considerable pressures on homegardens (Fox, et al, 2017; Kumar and Nair, 2004). Urbanization and associated socioeconomic polarization has influenced the homegardens quiet a lot. Commercialization has resulted in drastic reduction in the structure and functions of homegardens world over. Indonesian ‘pekarangan’ (Abdoellah 1990; Abdoellah et al. 2001), Kerala homesteads (Kumar and Nair, 2004; Fox et al, 2017) are some of the examples for this. In Kerala, the multi species structure of homegardens are shifting to cash crops based monocultures such as rubber and coconut, inflicting serious drain in plant diversity. Population pressure on the land and associated fragmentation, high cost of land, alternative options of land use are potential threats to retaining homegardens in the tropics. Homegardens are assumed to be the last refuge of many local varieties of crop/tree species. Urbanization and land fragmentation has exhausted many of these natural varieties. Report from West Java, Indonesia, suggests a loss of 27 varieties of mango during a 60-year period (Soemarwoto, 1987) while Chagga homegardens of Tanzania experienced decline in diversity due to fragmentation (Rugalema, et al., 1994).

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 348 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Socio-economic transformation triggered by globalization and market driven lifestyle has prompted people to do away with traditional agricultural practices which are ‘labour intensive and time consuming’. The shift towards development oriented non-agricultural land use practices has started manifesting its far reaching consequences in all spectrum of human life such as escalated rates of landslides, soil and water conservation, poor drainage, massive soil erosion and associated loss of soil fertility. Need of the hour is to hold lessons from the advantages of homesteads as invaluable sustainable farming system that integrates diverse crop forms to meet the multitude of benefits to mankind. Conclusions Homegardens are unique traditional multistrata land use systems that integrate various life forms and practiced within the small land parcels surrounding the home. They are ecologically sound, economically viable, socially acceptable and culturally pragmatic systems that touch upon the livelihood security of millions people in the tropics. The favorable biophysical environment promotes high level of association and comlementarity among the various components that guarantee sustainability of homegardens. The high floristic diversity attached to these systems has evolved through preferential selection followed over generations. Apart from the multitude of direct benefits, the array of ecosystems services rendered by the homegardens distinguishes them as robust land use system. The enormous potential of homegardens as carbon sinks qualify them as promising example of climate change resilient agriculture and mitigation strategy. Despite all these multifarious advantages, homegardens are yet to receive recognition that they deserve neither at the policy level nor at scientific front. Moreover, this time-tested agrarian tradition appears to fade out under the pressure of urbanization and globalization. Influx of monoculture, land fragmentation, alternative market avenue for homegarden products and fast changing socio-economic and cultural equations have put serious threats on the future of these wonderful systems. References Abdoellah, O.S. 1990. Homegardens in West Java and their future development. pp. 69–79. In: Landauer K. and Brazil M. (eds), Tropical Homegardens, United Nations University Press, Tokyo. Abdoellah, O.S., Takeuchi K., Perikesit G.B. and Hadikusumah H.Y. 2001. Structure and function of homegarden revisited. pp. 167–185. In: Proc. First Seminar toward Harmonisation between Development and Environmental Conservation in Biological Production. JSPS-DGHE Core University Program in Applied Biosciences. The University of Tokyo, Tokyo. Abebe, T., Wiersum, K.F., Bongers, F. and F. Sterck. 2006. Diversity and dynamics in homegardens of southern Ethiopia. In: Kumar B.M. and Nair P.K.R. (eds), Tropical homegardens: A time-tested example of sustainable agroforestry. pp 123–142. Springer Science, Dordrecht. Altieri, M.A., 1999. The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 74, 19–31. Azurdia, C., and Leiva, J.M. 2004. Home Gardens and Agrobiodiversity, P.B. Eyzaguirre and Linares O.F., (Eds), Smithsonian Books, Washington, 168 Asfaw, Z. and Woldu, Z. 1997. Crop associations of homegardens in Welayta and Gurage in southern Ethiopia. Sinet (an Ethiopian J Sci) 20: 73–90.

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Caballero, K. 1992. Mayan homegardens: past, present and future. Etnóecolgica 1: 35–54. Calvet-Mir. L, Gómez-Baggethun, E. and Reyes-García, V. 2012. Beyond food production: Ecosystem services provided by home gardens. A case study in VallFosca, Catalan Pyrenees, Northeastern Spain. Ecological Economics. Volume 74, February 2012, Pages 153–160. Christanty L., Abdoellah O.L., Marten G.G. and Iskandar J. 1986. Traditional agroforestry in West Java: the Pekaranagan (homegarden) and Kebun-Talun (annual-perennial rotation) cropping systems. pp. 132– 158. In: Marten G.G. (ed.), Traditional Agriculture in South East Asia. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. Ewel, J.J. 1999. Natural systems as models for the design of sustainable systems of land use. Agroforest Syst 45: 1–21. Fernandes, E. C. M., Oktingati, A. and J. Maghembe. 1985. The Chagga home gardens: A multi-storeyedagro- forestry cropping system on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Northern Tanzania. Food and Nutrition Bulletin Volume 07, Number 3, 1985 (UNU, 1985, 87 p.) Fox, T.A., Rhemtulla, J.M.,Ramankutty, N., Lesk, C., Coyle, T. and Kunhamu, T.K. 2017. Agricultural land- use change in Kerala, India: Perspectives from above and below the canopy. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 245, 1-10 doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.05.002. Gebauer, J. 2005. Plant Species Diversity of Home Gardens in El Obeid, Central Sudan. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics 106 (2): 97–103. High, C. and Shackleton C.M. 2000. The comparative value of wild and domestic plants in homegardens of a South African rural village. Agroforest Syst 48: 141–156. Jackson, L.E., Pascual, U., Hodgkin, T., 2007. Utilizing and conserving agrobiodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 121, 196–210. Karyono 1990. Homegardens in Java; their structure and function. pp. 138–146. In: Landauer K. and Brazil M. (eds), Tropical Homegardens, United Nations University Press, Tokyo. Krishnankutty, C.N. 1990. Demand and supply of wood in Kerala and their future trends. Research Report 67. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, 66 pp. Kumar, B.M., George S.J. and Chinnamani S. 1994. Diversity, structure and standing stock of wood in the homegardens of Kerala in peninsular India. Agroforest Syst 25: 243–262. Kumar, B.M. and Nair, P.K.R. 2004. The enigma of tropical homegardens. 2004. Agroforestry Systems. 61: 135–152. Kumar, B.M., Sudheesh, K.G., Rajesh, G., 2005. Standing stock of thorny bamboo [Bambusabambos (L.) Voss] in the homegardens of Thrissur, Kerala. J. Trop. Agric. 43, 61–66. Kumar, B.M. 2006. Carbon sequestration potential of tropical homegardens. In: Kumar B.M. and. Nair P.K.R.(eds). Tropical Homegardens: A Time-Tested Example of Sustainable Agroforestry. Springer. The Netherlands pp. 185-204. Kumar, B.M. 2008. Assessment of standing stock of thorny bamboo [Bambusabambos (L.) Voss] in the homegardens of Palakkad and Malappuram districts in Kerala. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 46 (1-2): 32–37.

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Kumar, B.M. 2011. Species richness and aboveground carbon stocks in the homegardens of central Kerala, India. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 140: 430–440. Levasseur, V. and Olivier A. 2000. The farming system and traditional agroforestry systems in the Maya community of San Jose, Belize. Agroforest Syst 49: 275–288. Michon, G., Bompard J., Hecketsweiler P. and Ducatillion C. 1983. Tropical forest architectural analysis applied to agroforests in the humid tropics, the example of traditional village agroforestry in West Java. Agroforest Syst 1: 117–129. Molina, M.R., Noguera A., Dary O., Chew F., Valverde C. 1993. Principal micronutrient deficiencies in Central America. Food Nutr Agric 7: 26–33. Montagnini, 2006. Homegardens of mesoamerica: biodiversity, food security, and nutrient management. In: Kumar B.M. and Nair P.K.R. (eds), Tropicalhomegardens: A time-tested example of sustainable agroforestry, pp 61 – 84, Springer Science, Dordrecht. Montagnini, F. and Nair, P.K.R. 2004. Carbon sequestration: an underexploited environmental benefit of agroforestry systems. Agroforest Syst. 61: 281 – 295. Nair, P.K.R., 1991. State-of-art of agroforestry systems. Forest Ecology and Management 45(1-4): 5–29. Nair, P.K.R. 1993. An Introduction to Agroforestry. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 499 pp. Nair, P.K.R. 2001. Do tropical homegardens elude science, or is it the other way around? Agroforest Syst. 53: 239–245. Nair, P.K.R. and Kumar B.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Kumar B.M. and Nair P.K.R. (eds), Tropical homegardens: A time-tested example of sustainable agroforestry, pp 1 – 10, Springer Science, Dordrecht. Nair, P.K.R., Kumar, B.M. and Vimala D. N. 2009. Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 172: 10–23. Padoch, C. and de Jong W. 1991. The housegardens of Santa Rosa: diversity and variability in an Amazonian agricultural system. Econ Bot 45: 166–175. Pandey, C.B., Lata, K., Venkatesh and R.P.Medhi. 2006. Diversity and species structure of home gardens in South Andaman. Tropical Ecology 47(2): 251-258. Pascual, U., Muradian, R., Rodríguez, L.C., Duraiappah, A., 2010. Exploring the links between equity and efficiency in payments for environmental services: A conceptual approach. Ecological Economics 69, 1237–1244 Perrault-Archambault, M. and Coomes, O.T. 2008. Distribution of Agrobiodiversity in Home Gardens along the Corrientes River, Peruvian Amazon. Economic Botany, 62(2):109–126. Peyre, A., Guidal, A., Wiersum, K.F. and F. Bongers. 2006. Homegarden dynamics in Kerala, India. In: Kumar B.M. and Nair P.K.R. (eds), Tropical homegardens: A time-tested example of sustainable agroforestry. 87–103 Randhawa, M.S. 1980. The history of Indian agriculture. Vol. 2, pp 414 – 415. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.

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Rico-Gray V., Chemas A. and Mandujano S. 1991. Use of tropical deciduous forest species by the Yucatan Maya. Agroforest Syst. 14: 149–161. Roshetko M., Delaney M., Hairiah K. and Purnomosidhi P. 2002. Carbon stocks in Indonesian homegarden systems: Can smallholder systems be targeted for increased carbon storage? Amer J Altern Agric 17: 125–137 Rugalema, G.H., Johnsen, F.H., Rugambisa, J., 1994a. The homegarden agroforest system to Bukoba district, North-Western Tanzania.2. Constraints to farm productivity. Agroforestry Systems 26, 205–214. Sanchez, P.A. 2000. Linking climate change research with food security and poverty reduction in the tropics. Agric Ecosyst Environ 82: 371 – 383. Sandhu, H.S., Wratten, S.D., Cullen, R., 2010. Organic agriculture and ecosystem services. Environmental Science & Policy 13, 1–7 Shanavas, A. and Kumar B.M. 2003. Fuelwood characteristics of tree species in the homegardens of Kerala, India. Agroforest Syst 58:11–24. Shankar, A.V., Gittelsohn J., Pradhan E.K., Dhungel C. and West K.P. Jr. 1998. Homegardening and access to animals in households with xerophthalmic children in rural Nepal. Food Nut Bull 19: 34–41. Soemarwoto, O. 1987. Homegardens: A traditional agroforestry system with a promising future. In: Steppler H.A. and Nair P.K.R. (eds), Agroforestry: A Decade of Development, ICRAF, Nairobi. pp. 157–170. Swift, MJ, Anderson, JM. 1993. Biodiversity and ecosystem function in agricultural systems.. In: Schulze E-D, Mooney HA, eds. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Funciotn. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Pp 15-41 Swinton, S.M., Lupi, F., Robertson, G.P., Hamilton, S.K., 2007. Ecosystem services and agriculture: Cultivating agricultural ecosystems for diverse benefits. Ecological Economics 64, 245–252. Tolera, M, Asfaw, Z., Lemenih, M and Karltun, E. 2008. Woody species diversity in a changing landscape in the south-central highlands of Ethiopia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 128: 52–58. Torquebiau, E. 1992. Are tropical agroforestry homegardens sustainable? Agric Ecosyst Environ 41: 189–207 Wickramasinghe, A. 1996. The non forest wood fuel resources of Sri Lanka. Wood Energy News 11: 14–18. Wiersum, K.F. 2006. Diversity and change in homegarden cultivation in Indonesia. In: Kumar B.M. and Nair P.K.R. (eds), Tropical homegardens: A time-tested example of sustainable agroforestry. pp 13 – 24. Springer Science, Dordrecht. Zhang, W., Ricketts, T.H., Kremen, C., Carney, K., Swinton, S.M., 2007. Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture. Ecological Economics. 64, 253–260.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 352 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi ABSTRACTS – ORAL PRESENTATIONS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 02 Butterfly diversity in Multifunctional Agroforestry system Keerthika A1and K.T.Parthiban2 1Ph.D. scholar, Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu 2 Dean (Forestry), Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu Introduction Butterflies play an important role in agroforestry landscapes mainly for performing essential ecosystem services viz, pollination, nutrient cycling, and maintaining prey–predatory relationships. They are also sensitive to light, temperature, humidity and vary from habitat to habitat. Despite these importance, diversity, ecology and functional role of butterfly in agroforestry system has been poorly reported. Materials and methods The study on butterfly diversity was conducted in a circular multifunctional agroforestry system with different tree components at Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamlil Nadu. This circular multifunctional agroforestry model has been established in 0.75 acre land with twenty four (24) different tree species and eight (08) intercrops arranged in four distinct quadrats of equal size (Q1 = Flower, Q2= Vegetables,

Q3 = Curry leaf and Q4= Fodder). The butterflies were observed and counted by pollard walk method in all the four quadrants during October – December, 2019. Results and discussion A total of eighteen (18) different butterflies were recorded with maximum number of butterflies belonging to Nymphalidae followed by Papilionidae and Pieridae families. Sharma and Sharma, 2017 also reported highest Nymphalidae butterflies in Gir, Gujarat. In the present study, species richness (S) was found maximum in Q1 (S= 17) followed by Q2 (S= 15), Q3 (S=11) and Q4 (S=9). However, Shannon-Weiner biodiversity index was highest in Q1 (H=2.36) followed by Q3 (H=1.98) during 9.00 A.M. to 10.00 A.M. Similar type of species richness and diversity were reported in agroforestry plantations of coffee (H= 3.051, S= 45) in Odisha (Mahata et al., 2018). Among all the observed butterflies observed,Papiliodemoleus (Lemon butterfly) was dominant species in the entire quadrant with highest relative abundance in Q2 (70.1%). Out of the 18 butterflies, two butterflies [Danaid egg fly -Hypolimnas misippus(Linnaeus, 1764) and Common crow -Euploea core (Cramer, 1780)] belongs to Schedule II and IV of Wildlife Protection Act (WPA). Conclusion It is concluded that, among the four quadrats, quadrat with flower (Q1) and quadrat with vegetable (Q2) are more effective in maintaining butterfly diversity as compared to curry leaf and fodder block. Since butterflies act as umbrella species; recording this type of butterfly diversity will set new management goals for managing agroforestry plantations.

Key words: Shannon Diversity, Butterflies, Multifunctional Agroforestry, species diversity

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 355 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

References MahataA, K T Samal and S K Palita (2018).Butterfly diversity in agroforestry plantations of Eastern Ghats of southern Odisha, India. Agroforestry systems 93:1423-143. Sharma M and N Sharma (2017). Suitability of Butterflies as Indicators of Ecosystem Condition: A Comparison of Butterfly Diversity across four habitats in Gir Wildlife Sanctuary. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 4(3): 43-53 List of butterflies from Multifunctional Agroforestry system IUCN/ Name of S.No Scientific name Family Host Plant WPA butterfly Status 1. Lime Papiliodemoleus (Linnaeus, Papilionidae Bael, Lemon, Bhendi, NE/C Butterfly 1758) Brinjal, Guinea grass, Mud pudding 2. Common Euremahecabe (Linnaeus, Pieridae Lemon, soil NE/C grass yellow 1758) 3. Great orange Hebomoiaglaucippe Pieridae Jasminium NE tip (Linnaeus, 1758) grandiflorum flowers, mud puddling 4. Danaid egg Hypolimnas misippus Nymphalidae Jasminium flowers, NE/R fly (Linnaeus, 1764) soil Sch II 5. Common Euploea core (Cramer, 1780) Nymphalidae Terminalia arjuna, LC Sch crow soil IV 6. Common Papiliopolytes (Linnaeus, Papilionidae Terminalia arjuna NE/C mormon 1758) 7. Common Delias eucharis (Drury, Pieridae Soil (Mud pudding) R jazbel 1773) 8. Chocolate Junoniaiphita (Cramer, 1779) Nymphalidae Soil NE phansy 9. Fourring Ypthimahuebneri (Kirby, Nymphalidae Jasminium NE butterfly 1871) grandiflorum 10. Lemon Catopsilia Pomona Pieridae Mud pudding NE/C emigrant (Fabricius,1775) 11. Banded Papiliocrino (Fabricius, Nymphalidae Mud pudding R peacock 1792) 12. Tawny Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus, Nymphalidae Guinea grass/ NE/C coaster 1758) Desmanthus 13. Striped tiger Danaus genutia (Cramer, Nymphalidae - NE 1779) 14. Plain tiger Danaus chrysippus(Linnaeus, Nymphalidae Guinea grass NE/C 1758)

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 356 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

15. Crimson rose Pachliopta hector(Linnaeus, Papilionidae - U 1758) 16. Common gull Ceporanerissa(Fabricius, Pieridae Soil, mud pudding NE/C 1775) 17. Great egg fly Hypolimnas bolina Nymphalidae Jasminium NE (Linnaeus, 1758) grandiflorum 18. Common Phalanta phalantha(Drury, Nymphalidae Bhendi NE/C Leopard 1773)

Conclusions Based on field experiment conducted on effect of different doses of Nitrogen, phosphorus, and Sulphur on growth of Soybean under Jatropha based agroforestry system concluded that the treatment T9 (100% N + 100% P + 50% S) was found superior among the all treatment for growth. Germination % 96.86 and plant height 84.22

Keywords: Soybean, Jatropha, Sulphur, Nitrogen and Phosphorus References Abd El-Rheem., Sahar M., (2015) Effect of phosphorus and potassium fertilization on growth and yield of corn plants under different natural soil. Scientia Agriculturae 9 (2): 70-75 Basavaraja K., Srikantaiah M., Prasanna K.S., Lakshmipathi R.N., (2014) Growth and dry matter production of soybean as influenced by beneficial microorganisms under field conditions. Current Agriculture Research Journal 2(1): 6367. Geetha G.P., Radder B.M., (2015) Effect of phosphorus cured with FYM and application of biofertilizers on productivity of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill.) and phosphorus transformation in soil. Karnataka Journal of Agriculture Sciences; 28(3):414-415. Aggrwal, V. and Nayyar, V.K. (1997). Effect of organic amendment on adsorption and desorption of sulphate sulphur in different soils. Indian Journal of Agriculture Research 67: 124-125.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 357 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 09 Effect of different levels of phosphorus and sulphur on growth and yield of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) under teak (Tectona grandis) based agroforestry system Bodiga Divya College of Forestry, & Department of Silviculture & Agroforestry SHUATS, Prayagraj, U.P Introduction When two or more plants species grow together on the same land management until, one component may influence the performance of the others components as well as the system as a whole (Nair,1993). Mustard( Brassica juncea) is a herbaceous annual plant. The plant shorter in height (45-150cm) then mustard (Rai) . The roots are more are less confined to surface layers with an extensive lateral spread. Materials and methods The study was carried out in field experiments were conducted at experimental field of Forestry Nursery in college of Forestry, Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, SHUATS, Allahabad, during the Rabi season with experiment laid out in randomized block design(3*3) with three levels of Phosphorus (0 kg ha-1), (30 kg ha-1) and (60 kg ha-1) and three levels of Sulphur(20kg ha-1), (40kg ha-1) and (60kg ha-1). The materials and methods is adopted in the present experiment with site location, soil properties, climate condition. The forest nursery field located at 250 57’ N latitude, 870 19’ E longitude and at on altitude of 98m above mean sea level. The climate is sub tropical to tropical with cold winter and hot dry summer. Results and Discussion In pre–harvest and post–harvest , the different parameters of mustard crop was observed in plant growth during Rabi season under Teak based Agroforestry system . The data presented in Table no.1 we observed that -1 -1 -1 the treatment T8 P60 kg/ha + S60 kg/ha highest and the T0 17.56 cm P0 (control)+ S20 kg/ha lowest under Teak based Agroforestry system, respectively. The result obtained was found Significant throughout the study at 60 , 90 , 120 DAS (Mohiuddin et al.,2011 , Karthikeyan and Shukla 2008 and Verma et al., 2012). On -1 the basis of this trail it has been founded that the highest growth and yield have been seen in T8 (P60 kg/ha + -1 S60 kg/ha ) found superior in all other treatments. Table No.1. Effect of different treatments on growth and yield of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) under teak (Tectona grandis) based agroforestry system

Plant Number Number of Number Length Test Seed Treatments height(cm) of leaves branches of Siliqua of Siliqua weight yield No per plant per plant plant-1 plant-1 (cm) (g) (q/ha)

T0 156.99 9.98 17.56 163.78 2.90 3.71 9.53

T1 159.72 13.17 18.11 199.78 3.31 4.32 12.70

T2 160.26 13.61 18.45 242.12 3.50 4.46 14.95

T3 160.51 13.88 19.45 283.12 3.78 4.76 17.28

T4 164.80 13.91 19.67 284.45 3.98 5.06 18.00

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 358 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

T5 166.32 15.45 20.67 346.12 4.00 5.46 20.38

T6 167.44 15.61 21.56 360.78 4.15 5.54 20.55

T7 168.44 15.91 21.78 362.97 4.25 5.66 21.18

T8 168.61 16.83 22.89 365.16 4.50 6.03 23.38 F-test S S S S S S S S. Em. (±) 0.875 0.479 0.472 1.397 0.387 0.159 0.558 C.D. at 1.855 1.016 1.001 2.963 0.820 0.33 1.183 Conclusion

On the basis of trail, it has been founded that the highest growth and yield have been seen in T8 (P60 kg/ -1 -1 ha + S60 kg/ha ) founds superior in all other treatments. However, since this is based on Field experiment, further trials may be needed to substantiate the results.

Key words : Phosphorus , Sulphur , Teak , mustard crop. References Mercer, D.E. 2004. Adoption of Agroforestry innovation in the Tropics: A review Agroforestry systems., pp. 311-317. Nair,P.K.R. (1993).An introduction to Agroforestry. Kluwer Academic Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF. Singh, S. and Singh, V. (2007).Effect of sources and levels of sulphur on yield, quality and nutrient uptake by linseed (Linumusitatissimum).Indian Journal of Agronomy52 (2): 158-159. Paper ID: 13 Yield performance of Mustard Varieties under Mango based Agri-horticulture Practice of Agroforestry Ajay Kumar Shah, Kailash Kumar, Anil kumarkori, Rahul Dongre Department of forestry, College of agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur Introduction Agri-horticulture land use is an important component of agroforestry. Agroforestry is a land use system that involves deliberate retention, introduction, or incorporation of trees or other woody perennials in crop/ animal production fields to benefit from the resultant ecological and economic interactions (Nair, 1992). Mango is the most important horticulture fruit crops of the tropics and subtropics (Chaudhri, 1976). Material & Methods A field experiment was conducted at research farm of College of Agriculture Jabalpur J.N.K.V.V (M.P) on 2017-18 to study on two system (Agri-horticulture and Sole horticulture) were taken under Sole– horticulture tree plantation Mango crop and another Agri-horticulture Mango + Mustard varieties (Pusa Bold,Urvashi,NRCDR-2,Arpan,JM-3).This one-year-old plantation experiment material using of five treatment and six replication. Randomised block design (RBD)used for statistical analysis, and spacing between tree-to-tree 5 m under mustard variety row-to-row distance was 30 cm.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 359 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Research & Discussion It was found that significantly highest population was observed in variety Urvashi (34.67) andwas at par with NRCDR-2 (37.67) and Arpan (35.44) while variety Pusa Bold (26.67) and JM-3(27.22) had lowest population. The variety in plant population may be due to seed vigour and genetically characteristics. Arpan recorded significantly highest seed yield (955.28 Kg ha-1) was at par with JM-3 (914.63 Kg ha-1). However, variety Urvashi (680.89 Kg ha-1) recorded significantly lowest seed yield. The grain yield of pure crop (without tree) was higher as compared to treatment, (Dhar et al., 2004). Harvest index was significantly higher in Arpan (13.61) was at par with JM-3 (13.45) while variety NRCDR-2 (9.80), Pusa Bold (10.63) and Urvashi (10.61) had lowest harvesting index. The lower harvesting index in the mustard or lentil plants grown with intercropping especially single row system can be explained for deficiency of available solar radiation throughout the canopy and the results are supported well by the findings of Tsubo et al., (2001). Conclusion Through the research it was found that the highest yielding variety was Arpan fallowed by JM-3.

Key words: Agri-horticultre, Pusa Bold,JM-3, NRCDR-2, Arpan. References Nair PKR. 1992. Classification of agroforestry systemsAgroforestry System, 3(2):97-128. Chaudhri SA. 1976. Mangiferaindica-Mango. In: Garner RJ, Chaudhri SE and the staff of the Commonwealth Bureau of Horticulture and Plantation Crops. The propagation of tropical fruit tree, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux England,403-474. Dar A, Newaj R, Bhargava MK and Yadav RS. 2004. Effect of management practices on growth of white siris (Aibiziaprocera), grain yield of intercrops, weed population and soil fertility changes in agrisilviculture system in semi-arid India. Agroforestry Systems 56: 7-63 Tsubo MS, Walker and Mukhala E. 2001. Comparisons of radiation use efficiency of mono-inter-cropping systems with different row orientations. Field Crops Res., 71: 17-29

Paper ID: 15 Insect-pest and their effect at different pruning intensity under Dalbergia sissoo + Mustard based Agroforestry System Kailash Kumar and R. Bajpai Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur Introduction In agroforestry systems trees and crops are attacked by insect and pest at all stages of their growth just like other annual and perennial crops. Insects may attack one or more species within a system and across systems in the landscape, so pest management strategies should depend on the nature of the insect and magnitude of its damage (Rao et al., 2000). Insect pests are the most important group of organisms causing injury to plants

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 360 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 in agroforestry systems. Therefore, the management of insect pests in these systems is crucial to sustained production (Prinsley R.T.,1991). Material and Methods To know the distribution and association of various insect-pest in Jabalpur at research farm JNKVV, Jabalpur, M.P. on Dalbergiasissoo + Mustard based Agroforestry Systemwas surveyed at weekly interval and the observation were noted for the incidence of major insect-pests and minor pests from each replication where each replication consisting of 16 trees. Ten randomly selected branches in each plant were observed for major and minor pest. To study the pattern of infestation and intensity of damage, ten trees were randomly selected per replication and from which five branches were randomly selected at lower and upper canopy levels. Results and Discussion Dalbergia sissoo : Six-spotted zigzag ladybird Cheilomenessex maculata average mean population of six- spotted zigzag ladybird in all treatments at different pruning intensities was 6.11, 5.33, 4.6, 3.9, and 2.2, in 0%, 25%, 50%,75%, and open condition respectively. Illeiscincta average mean population of illeiscincta in all treatments at different pruning Intensities was 2.6, 2.1, 1.9, 1.5, and 1.3 in 0%, 25%, 50%,75%, and open condition respectively.

Mustard Brassica juncea (L.) : Mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi average mean population of L. erysimi in all treatments at different pruning intensities was 7.8, 7.2, 6.5, 5.8 and 4.9 in 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and open condition respectively. Honey bee Apis indica average mean population of A. indica in all treatments at different pruning intensities was 6.0, 4.8, 4.4, 3.9 and 3.7, in 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and open condition respectively. Conclusion The number of insects varied from block to block due to shade of tree component. The number of insects in open was less because of more sunlight as compare to the block of 75%, 50%, 25% and no pruned tree agrisilviculture system respectively. Maximum mean population of insect-pest was found under no pruned tree in agrisilviculture system.

Key words: Insect-pest, infestation, agroforestry systems, Pruning intensity References Prinsley RT. 1991. Australian agroforestry: setting the scene for future research. Canberra: RIRDC, insect- pest in agroforestry ICRAF, page no. 2. Rao M. R., Singh. M. P. and Day R. 2000. Insect-pest problems in tropical agroforestry systems: Contributory factors and strategies for management Agroforestry Systems, Volume 50, Issue 3, pp 243–277.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 361 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 18 Effect of Various levels of Sulphur, Nitrogen and Phosphorus on growth of Soybean under Jatropha based agroforestry Rohit Gowtham Paruchuri and Neelam Khare College of Forestry & Department of Silviculture & Agroforestry, SHUATS, Prayagraj, UP Introduction Soybean is a well known oilseed as well as pulses crop which is grown in various countries. Soybean, besides having excellent nutritional quality, contributes the highest to world oil production. Through, there has been a prodigious increase in the acreage (1.5 to 6.3 m.ha) as well as production (1.0 to 6.1 ml) of soybean during last one and half decade, even then. The share of India in world soybean production is significantly (nearly 3.8%) attributed to low productivity. Phosphorus, an important constituent of biochemical products in plant itself, plays a key role in balance nutrition of the crop and affects productivity of soybean. Nutrient interaction is one of the components of balanced nutrition. Soybean has a relatively high nitrogen requirement especially at later growing stages (Wantanabe et al., 1983) and it has relatively higher phosphorus requirement which helps to stimulate root development (Patel et al 1992). Nitrogen and phosphorus are, however, considered necessary for grain yield of soybean (Galarao 1992). The good yield of soybean can be achieved by balanced and adequate supply of phosphate, sulphur and other deficient, nutrients. Agroforestry is primarily a system where agriculture and forestry are practiced either simultaneously or separately on some unit of the land has affinities with “taungya” system of regenerating forest which in Burmese means cultivation of trees and crop. Agroforestry makes use of the complimentarily relationship between trees and crops, so that the availability of resources can be effectively utilized. The potential benefit of growing trees in combination with annual and perennial crops is to maintain the productivity and fertility. Jatropha curcas L. has various socio-economic benefits which makes it more economical when cultivated on commercial scale. To use land continuously for crop cultivation, incorporating Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a member of Leguminaceae family, rich in nutrients, and it is regarded as a nutrient storage.

Materials and Methods The field experiment was conducted at Forest Nursery, college of Forestry, Allahabad, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Allahabad during the period of 2017-18. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eleven treatments combination with different ratios of the nutrient sources were urea, Nitrogen, phosphorus, and Sulphur. The recommended dose of 20:80:40 kg N: P: S ha-1. As per the treatments and recommended dose of nitrogen was applied basally through urea. Weeding, gap filling, thinning, irrigation and pesticide application were done and when necessary. Phosphorous @ 80 kg

P2O5 ha-1 through Single super phosphate (SSP) and elemental Sulphur @ 40 kg/ha was applied basally to all the treatments. The plants selected for growth studies were also utilized for recording the growth parameters such as plant height and yield components such as number of pods per plant, number of seeds for pod and seed yield per plant. Grain yield and straw yield altogether were considered as biological yield. Results and Discussion The growth parameters like germination, plant height, No. of Branches and Dry weight fresh weight, pod length were affected significantly by different levels of fertilizers. T9 (100% N + 100% P + 50% S),

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 362 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 recorded the maximum germination (i.e. 96.86%) The maximum plant height (84.5 cm), was observed in T9 (100% N + 100% P + 50% S), followed by T3 (50% N + 100% P + 100% S) was (84.22 cm). The plant height was increased by applying different levels of fertilizers. The maximum Number of branches /plant (13.55), was observed in T9 (100% N + 100% P + 50% S), which was significantly superior to rest of the treatments, followed by T3 (50% N + 100% P + 100% S) was (13.26), while the minimum Number of branches /plant (11.73), were recorded in T0 control. The balanced nutrient application made higher nutrient available to plants resulted into more growth. The maximum dry weight (g) (46.47), was observed in T9 (100% N + 100% P + 50% S), which was significantly superior to rest of the treatments, followed by T3 (50% N + 100% P + 100% S) was (46.18), while the minimum dry weight (g) (28.52), were recorded in T0 control. Among the all treatments the maximum fresh weight (g) (186.42), was observed in T9 (100% N + 100% P + 50% S). The below table showed that treatment T 9 (100% N + 100% P + 50% S) recorded the maximum pod length (i.e. 8.35), followed by (8.06) observed under treatments T3 (50% N + 100% P + 100% S), Higher availability of essential nutrients particularly nitrogen increased the plant height (cm), Dry weight (g), fresh weight and number of branching per plant.

Table 1: Effect of various levels of sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorous on Pre-harvest observation of soybean under Jatropha based agroforestry

Number of Fresh pod Germination Plant height Dry weight Treatments branches / weight length (%) (cm) (g) plant (gm) (cm)

T0 78.52 79.76 11.73 28.52 123.04 4.40

T1 85.19 82.96 11.86 32.78 144.54 5.80

T2 88.52 83.09 11.93 35.25 152.85 6.33

T3 95.48 84.22 13.26 46.18 186.13 8.06

T4 91.79 83.16 13.00 35.52 162.88 6.80

T5 88.02 82.91 11.43 35.02 152.45 6.27

T6 95.19 83.42 12.06 42.32 175.52 7.20

T7 91.45 82.93 12.93 35.07 162.52 6.53

T8 88.36 82.88 11.23 34.99 152.38 6.11

T9 96.86 84.22 13.55 46.47 186.42 8.35

T10 90.69 82.39 12.43 34.33 162.23 6.01 F- test S S S S S S S. Ed. (±) 0.533 1.212 0.533 0.499 3.402 0.747 C. D. (P = 0.05) 1.100 2.502 1.1 1.031 7.021 1.742

*T0: Without fertilizer T1: 100% N + 100% P + 100% S , T2: 75% N + 100% P + 100%S T3 : 50%N + 100% P + 100% S, T4

: 25% N + 100% P + 100% S T5: 100% N + 75% P + 100% S, T6 : 100% N + 50% P +100% S, T7: 100% N + 25% P + 100% S, T8:

100 % N + 100% P + 75% S, T9: 100% N + 100% P + 50% S, T10: 100%N + 100% P + 25% S

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 363 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 44 Management of mulberry (Morus indica L.) and subabul (Leucaena leucocephala Lam.) under coconut based fodder production system Reshma M. Raj*1., Asha. K. Raj1 and Kunhamu T.K.1 1Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur,Kerala – 680 656 Introduction Dairy farming is an integral part of rural livelihood. Even though it is having high prospects in Kerala, it is highly uneconomical due to major constraints like high cost of feed and scarcity of quality fodder that offset farmers profit to a considerable extent. Cultivating good quality fodder ensures sustainable and profitable milk production and helps in maintaining the health of animal. Among various fodder sources, fodder trees with nutritive foliage are good sources, especially during lean period as a supplement to roughages and partial substitute to concentrates. Among various fodder trees, mulberry and subabul used as a promising species by virtue of its nutritive foliage with high crude protein content, higher biomass yield, ability to withstand severe pruning, good coppicing ability that suit well to humid tropics of Kerala. Materials and Methods A field study was conducted to assess the forage yield changes from subabul and mulberry fodder banks intercropped in coconut garden, with different stand densities (49,382; 37,037 and 27,777 plants ha-1) and harvest intervals (8, 12 and 16 weeks), in all possible combinations with split plot design replicated thrice. Results and Discussion The result revealed that the subabul yielded slightly more dry fodder (10.28 Mg ha-1yr-1) than mulberry (9.91 Mg ha-1yr-1) but the difference was non-significant. Comparing the effect of plant densities, dry fodder yield increased significantly with increasing tree density, with the maximum (12.48 Mg ha-1yr-1) at the highest density of 49382 plants ha-1. Pruning frequency also had a significant influence on net dry fodder yield. The maximum yield was obtained from medium interval of 12 weeks (10.66 Mg ha-1yr-1) and was on par with that of longer interval of 16 weeks (10.23 Mg ha-1yr -1), but significantly superior to the yield (9.41 Mg ha-1yr-1) at shorter interval of 8 weeks. Conclusion Establishment and proper management of tree fodders in coconut garden and feeding mixed fodders offers a cheap source of quality forage to Kerala farmers against the highly expensive concentrate feeds.

Key words : Subabul, mulberry, plant density, harvest interval, fodder yield

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 364 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 79 Analysis of Agroforestry Practices using IoT and Various Computing Technologies to Improve Farming Ms. S.Nandhini, Research Scholar, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Dr. K.Ashokkumar, Associate Professor, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Mr. N.Bharathi Raja, Research Schalar, Hindustan Institute of Technology & Science Introduction Agriculture, with its allied sectors is unarguably the most necessary support provider in this nation, Plenty of these practices cannot be done in the urban areas and hence are practiced inside the massive rural areas. Replacing human labour with machines may be a growing trend across multiple industries, and agriculture should not be an exception. Smart Farming could be a explained as a farming method which works on the thought process of a fashionable technology to increase the yield of the amount and quality of agricultural merchandise. IoT-based smart farming, a system solely made for the observation of crops in the field with the assistance of sensors and automating the irrigation system in accordance to our needs.

Fig. 1 Materials and methods Sensors and their application in the device i. Soil moisture sensor: It is used to measure the volumetric water content of soil. Dry soil will return the signal faster than wet soil. ii. Humidity sensor: For Humidity and temperature we can use a DH11 sensor. It generates calibrated digital output, DH11 sensor is highly reliable and is long-time stable. iii. PH sensor: The pH of soil is an important factor in determining which plants will grow because it controls which nutrients are available for the plants to use. Electrochemical sensors can be used for detecting the PH of soil.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 365 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

iv. Light Sensor: LDR (Light Dependent Resister) can be used to measure the intensity of light. v. Spoiled crop detection sensor: Acoustic Sensors measure the changes in noise level. vi. Fertility sensor: This sensor will help us in detecting the fertility of soil. vii. Climate sensor: the climate sensor can be used for detection of current climatic conditions. Data analysis Data Analysis is the process of inspecting and modelling data in order to gain useful and actionable information. The data will be analysed to predict the kind of crop being grown in any given field, the kind of crop that should be grown in any given field, the fertiliser requirements according to area and season etc.

IOT and computing technologies The Internet of Things is the network of physical devices and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators and connectivity that enables these devices to exchange data. Multiple WSNs will be used to collect data from farms. If a service requires Cloud, Edge or Fog resources that can make device use of high-speed computing in the cloud and a single point of operation integration on the object side, it will be able to quickly increase in the process of collaboration, the required data will be moved back and forth between Cloud and Fog, speeding up the cloud computing integration schedule.

Cloud Computingis the provision of computer or IT infrastructure through the Internet. The Cloud will be fed information via the ‘collector’ and will act as the central processing and storage hub for the entire network.

Edge computing provides services for low latency, efficient bandwidth and resilient end users. Using this service, users get a latency benefit for those who are away from the data centers. It also provides extended capabilities to deploy application in the edge networks of traditional data centers.

In order to decrease the latency in aiding the real time decisions based on the data produced, it is essential to bring the data processing closer to the source of its production. This can be addressed by adopting the Fog based models. An IoT-Fog based farm management system can be more competent in terms of optimal bandwidth utilization and low latency for real time decision making.

Smart farming also offers a number of other benefits, such as:Reducing fuel consumption and reducing emissions of carbon dioxide. Through maximizing the use of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing nitrous oxide emitted from soil. Reducing pesticide use by defining criteria for fertilizer and pest control. Eliminating loss of nutrients by control and soil health management.

Conclusion Precision agriculture has grown to meet increasing worldwide demand for food using technologies that make it simpler and cheaper to collect and apply data, adapt to changing environmental conditions, and use resources most efficiently. In this paper, we are proposing an idea which will bring advancement in the agricultural sector and make it more convenient for farmers. Our device will be facilitating farmers with basic requirements of checking the soil and getting all the analysis. The IOT based system and benefit of the computing technologies are hassle free and efficient to provide smart farming platform.Hence, these technologies combined can bring a huge revolution in agricultural field from providing information and growth in economic conditions and thereby contributing to the GDP of the country.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 366 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi ABSTRACTS – POSTER PRESENTATIONS

National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 08 Biodiversity studies in agroforestry systems Manguluri Gayathri College of Forestry & Department of Silviculture & Agroforestry SHUATS, Prayagraj, UP Introduction Adoption of AF as a measure for BD conservation has received increased attention during the last two decades. Agroforestry has been identified as a tool to preserve rich species diversity around the world because AF plays five major roles in BD conservation. These include: (1) agroforestry provides habitat for species that can tolerate a certain level of disturbance; (2) agroforestry helps preserve germplasm of sensitive species; (3) agroforestry helps reduce the rates of conversion of natural habitat by providing a more productive, sustainable alternative to traditional agricultural systems that may involve clearing natural habitats; (4) agroforestry provides connectivity by creating corridors between habitat remnants which may support the integrity of these remnants and the conservation of area sensitive floral and faunal species; and (5) agroforestry helps conserve biological diversity by providing other ecosystem services such as erosion control and water recharge, thereby preventing the degradation and loss of surrounding habitat.

Fig.No.1:- Final ecosystem services from agroforestry systems

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 369 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Likewise, AF can be used as a tool in conjunction with appropriate conservation practices to buffer BD loss because some AF practices have 50–80% of the diversity of comparable natural forests and this can contribute to further preservation of BD. Materials and Methods A literature search was conducted on the Google Scholar, Science.gov (USA), and Science Direct, using ‘agroforestry biodiversity’ as keywords for three time periods. The Google Scholar showed a marked increase in publications from ~33 during 1991–2000 to over 110 after 2000. Science.gov showed over 110 publications during the entire search period. The number of publications found using Science Direct was <5 during the two initial search periods. During the 2011–2019 period, the search located 17 publications. We have used selected publications from these search activities and other related articles to develop the review. Conclusions Among the conclusions that we can draw from these papers are that traditional, often complex agroforestry systems are more supportive of biodiversity than mono-crop systems, although even they are no substitutes for natural habitat on whose proximity they may often depend for high levels of wild biodiversity. The relationship between forests, agroforestry and wild biodiversity can be made most productive through applying adaptive management approaches that recognize local knowledge and practice and incorporate ongoing research and monitoring in order to feed information back into the management system, with farmers and local populations included as active participants. Maintaining diversity in approaches to management of agroforestry systems, along with a pragmatic, undogmatic view on natural resource management, will provide the widest range of options for adapting to changing economic, social, and climatic conditions. Keywords: - Biodiversity, Agroforestry, faunal diversity, floral diversity, soil health

Paper ID: 16 Yield, Quality and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Grass based Fodder Production Systems in the Humid Tropics of Kerala Usha C Thomas and Mubeena, P AICRP on Forage Crops& Utilization, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India-695 522 Introduction Livestock production is the backbone of Indian agriculture and plays a key role in providing employment especially in rural areas, but the fodder supply situation in India is extremely precarious and the gap is very wide. Thus there is tremendous pressure of livestock on available feed and fodder, as land available for fodder production has been decreasing. Presently, it is estimated that only 4.4% of the total cropped area is devoted to fodder production. Feed and fodder cost constitute about 60-70 per cent of cost of milk production, thus cultivated fodder has an important role in meeting the nutrition requirement of livestock in our country and is most economical as compared to concentrates.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 370 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Dairy production is an important subsidiary and complimentary farming activity widely adopted in Kerala especially as a part of homestead farming system. The livestock census data from 1996 to 2007 showed a drastic reduction in population from 3.4 million to 1.74 million (GOK, 2011). The major factor attributed to the drastic decline in cattle population include scarcity of cheap and quality fodder, rapid increase in the price of feed and feed ingredients, diminishing grazing land and urbanization. Among these, availability of cheap and quality feed is a major issue. Availability of land for fodder cultivation is very low due to fragmentation and shift in cropping pattern from food crops to cash crops. It is estimated that the present fodder availability in Kerala from all sources together is only 5.1 million tonnes where the total requirement is 23.2 million tonnes (Anita et al., 2011)

Inclusion of fodder legumes in the fodder production system is the most efficient way to increase herbage production and quality (Muinga et al., 1992) and the most economic feed supplement than the commercial concentrates (Njarui et al., 2004).Legume in fodder grass production system would not only provide a nitrogen source to promote grass growth but enhance the quality of feed. Legumes benefit grasses by contributing nitrogen is contributed to the soil through atmospheric fixation, decay of dead root nodules or mineralization of shed leaves. The animal performance in terms of milk production has shown a drastic improvement due to the inclusion of napier grass based diet, since it has high nutrient contents (Muinga et al., 1992). Thus, combining grasses with legumes capable of improving protein content of the overall ration clearly has nutritional and financial potential. Grass legume mixtures yielded as much or more dry matter than grasses alone and showed better seasonal distribution of forage production than grasses alone and were superior to grasses in forage quality during summer (Sharma, 2013). Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted at AICRP on Forage Crops and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala during June 2016 to 2019 to find out the yield, quality and carbon sequestration potential of grass based fodder production system in the humid tropics of Kerala. The experiment was laid out in RBD with three replications, comprising of eight treatments. The soil of the experimental site was sandy clay loam which belongs to the order oxisols, Vellayani series. The soil in the experimental site was strongly acidic ( pH 4.8), EC-normal and medium in organic carbon, available phosphorus and available potassium. Treatments comprises T1- BajraNapier(BN) hybrid sole, T2-Guinea Grass sole, T3-BN hybrid paired row+ fodder cowpea, T4-BN hybrid paired row+desmanthes, T5-BN hybrid+ Agase, T6-Guinea

Grass+ fodder cowpea, T7- Guinea Grass+ desmanthes and T8- Guinea Grass + Agase. Data generated from the experiment were subjected to statistical analysis by applying ANOVA for RBD and significance was tested by ‘F’ test (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967). Results and Discussion Green fodder and dry fodder yield The result of the experiment revealed that, highest total green fodder yield of 2117.56 q/ha and dry fodder yield of 518.0 q/ha were recorded by grass legume mixture of hybrid napier cv. Suguna (paired row) with fodder cowpea (T3) in first year. There was a drastic decline in total yield in the following year. 18.1% decrease (1734.606 q/ha) in green fodder yield and 17.9% decrease (427.540 q/ha) in dry fodder yield were

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 371 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 observed in second year. In third year, grass legume mixture of hybrid napier cv. Suguna (paired row) with fodder cowpea has recorded highest total green fodder yield(2082.68 q/ha) and dry fodder yield(520.54 q/ ha), followed by BN hybrid+ Agase (2034.22 q/ha and 503.87 q/ha respectively). Guinea Grass+ desmanthes st (T7) has recorded lowest yield in 1 year, whereas the following two years,guinea grass sole had recorded the lowest yield.The pooled data over three year’s period showed that , grass legume mixture of hybrid napier cv. Suguna (paired row) with fodder cowpea has recorded the highest green fodder yield of 2036.78 q/ha and dry fodder yield of 503.29 q/ha which was significantly superior over rest of the forage cropping systems (Table 1).This result was in orthodoxy with the result of Paris et al.(1993), who reported that cultivation of cowpea with fodder sorghum in 1:1 to 3: 1 ratio increased both, green fodder yield and dry fodder yield due to spatial arrangements by harnessing increased solar radiation. Intercropping of fodder cowpea in fodder sorghum increased the number of tillers, green fodder and dry fodder yield of sorghum (Ibrahim, 1994). Fodder quality Fodder plays a major role in developing sustainable agricultural production systems and economics of milk production is heavily dependent on the quantity of nutritious forage fed to milch animals. With feeding of better quality forage, predominantly leguminous fodder, feeding of concentrate can be reduced significantly. Protein being the most demanded ingredient of ruminant feed, required substantially for milk or meat production as well as for reproduction. If feed crude protein is below 6-7%, the microbial activity in the rumen is depressed due to lack of nitrogen (Arshad et al., 2018).The experimental result recorded that sole hybrid napierhas produced highest crude protein yieldin all the three year(38.40q/ha, 38.603q/ha and 49.30 q/ha respectively)compared with all other treatments. The pooled data of three years, intercropping of BN hybrid + Agase had recorded highest crude protein yield of 49.45 q/ha. Similar result was recorded by Osuji et al., (1997) who reported that use of leguminous tress as supplements to poor quality roughages has demonstrable beneficial effects. Calves fed a basal diet of straw supplemented with graded levels of the herbaceous legume ‘lablab’ or cowpea hay quadrupled microbial nitrogen supply to the animals. Carbon sequestration potential of Grass-Legume mixtures Zan et al. (2001) stated that the prolific root system of perennial fodder crops strongly influenced carbon sequestration by adding significant quantities of organic matter into the soil. Also the organic material contained soil carbon serves mainly in enhancement of soil’s capacity to retain and provide water and nutrients to plants. Thus soil carbon sequestration is not only of global significance, but is also of great benefit to agriculture.

Mitigation of CO2 emission from agriculture can be achieved by increasing carbon sequestration in soil which implies storage of carbon as soil organic matter (Lal,2004). Cultivation of fodder crops is one of the ways to increase the carbon sequestration potential of the soil.

The present study documented that grass legume mixture of hybrid napier cv. Suguna (paired row) with fodder cowpea (T3) has recorded the highest carbon sequestration in all the three years (Table 1). Zan et al. (2001) studied the effect of carbon sequestration in perennial fodder crops (switch grass and willow) and annual. They found that perennial system of crops had significantly higher root carbon than the annual system. Further they found that switch grass showed higher root carbon level than willow and corn crops. Similar to this result, pooled data over three years of the experiment revealed that, 211.44 q/ha carbon sequestered by

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 372 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 the hybrid napier fodder cowpea mixture, followed by intercropping of BN hybrid+ Agase (199.22 q/ha) and Guinea grass + Agase mixture (195.21 q/ha). Agase This result was incomparable with the results of Rajkumar et al. (2014), who reported that hybrid napier and hedge lucerne has the maximum potential of sequestering carbon in the soil followed by fodder maize and fodder cowpea. Ghulamhabib et al. (2011) suggested that legume fodder crops improve soil organic C with an added advantage of crop canopy protecting top soil from monsoon rains which has reduced erosion and water runoff from the field. Conclusion Based on the findings of the three years study, it could be concluded that legume fodder mixture of hybrid napier cv. Suguna with fodder cowpea recorded maximum green, dry fodder yield and carbon sequestration potential. Intercropping of BN hybrid+ Agase has recorded highest crude protein and quality during three years of study. Table 1 :Pooled data on yield and economics of fodder-legume mixtures GFY DFY Crude protein Carbon sequestered Treatments (q/ha) (q/ha) yield( q/ha) ( q/ha)

T1- BN hybrid sole 1809.33 442.94 40.59 186.08

T2-GG sole 1756.77 437.62 36.82 183.87

T3-BN hybrid paired row+ Fodder 2036.78 503.29 34.63 211.44 cowpea

T4-BN hybrid paired 1847.62 458.97 34.12 192.81 row+Desmanthus

T5-BN hybrid+ Agase 1908.78 474.19 49.45 199.22

T6-Guinea Grass+ Fodder cowpea 1767.21 441.42 32.65 185.45

T7- Guinea Grass+ Desmanthus 1647.82 409.81 27.34 171.88

T8- Guinea Grass+ 1867.47 464.65 32.63 195.21 Agase SE 0.314 0.314 0.314 0.314

CD 0.951 0.951 1.71 0.951

GFY- Green Fodder Yield ; DFY- Dry Fodder Yield ;GMR- Gross monetary return; NMR- Net monetary return

Key words: Carbon sequestration, Desmanthes, Guinea grass, Agase, Hybrid Napier,Greenfodder yield References Anita, M.R., Lakshmi, S., and Rani, T.S. 2015.Effect of row ratios of grass fodder cowpea mixtures on the yield and quality of forages.Int.J.For. Crop Improv.6(2): 85-89. Anita, M.R., Lakshmi, S., and Satyanarayana, T. 2011.Guinea grass flora under varying tree shade levels and potassium.Better Crops 5(1): 26-27.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 373 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Arshad,M.U., Hussain, N., Schmeisky, H., Rasheed, M., Anwar, M., and Rana, S.A., 2018. Fodder quality improvement through intercropping and fertilizer application. Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 55(3), GOK[Government of Kerala].2011.Economic Review-2011 [on-line].Available: http:// spb.kerala.gov.in/ images/er/er11/index.html [6 Jan. 2019]. Kauthale, V. K., Takawale,P. S., andPatil,S. D. 2017. Fodder productivity influenced by various grasslegume combinations and planting methods in western Maharashtra. Range Mgmt. andAgroforestry. 38 : 96-99. Muinga, R.W., Mureithi, J.G., Juma, H., and Saha, H.M.1992. The effect of supplementing napier grass or maize stover based diet with either glyricidia, clitoria or mucuna on manure, quality and quantity in Jersy cows. Trop. SubTrop. Agroecosyst.7(3): 157-163. Njarui, D.M.G., Keating, B.A., Jones, R.K., and Beattie, W.M. 2004.Evaluation of forage legumes in the semi-arid region of Eastern Kenya. Trop. Sub Trop.Agroecosyst.4: 57-68. Osuji, P.O., and Odenyo, A.A. 1997. The role of legume forages as supplements to lowquality roughages - ILRI experience. Anim Feed Sci. Tech. 69: 27-38 Patil, L. M., Kauthale, V. K., Bhalani, T. G., and Modi, D. J. 2018. Productivity and economics of different forage production systems in south Gujarat conditions of India.Forage Res., 44 (1):14-18 Sharma. 2013. Fodder strategy for sustainable animal production in arid Rajasthan. Ann. Arid Zone 52(2): 101-108. Singh, K and Katyal, S. K. 1966. Effect of mixed cropping of wheat and gram with varying levels of N and P on yield. J. Res. Punjab Agricultural University. 3: 364-367. Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G. 1967. Statistical Methods (16th Ed). Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Calcutta, pp. 349-351.

Paper ID: 17 Sustainability of fodder crops for reclaiming wasteland Puja Kishore, Sameer Daniel College of Forestry & dept. of Silviculture & Agroforestry, SHUATS, PrayagRaj, UP Introduction Wastelands are the lands which are degraded and presently lying unutilized except as current fallows due to different constrains of varying degrees. National wasteland Development Board has broadly classified the wastelands into two categories: First cultivable wastelands and Second uncultivable wastelands. Cultivable wastelands are the lands which are capable or have the potential for the development of vegetative cover and are not being used due to different constraints of varying degrees. The uncultivable wastelands that cannot be under vegetative cover are divided into three categories as follows: 1. Barren rock/ Stony waste/ Sheet rock area, 2. Steep sloping area and 3.Snow covered and/ or glacial area. The cultivable waste lands are comprises the followings: Gullied and ravenous land, Undulating upland with and without scrub, Surface waterlogged and marshy land, Salt affected and alkaline soil, Shifting cultivation area, Degraded forest land, Degraded

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 374 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 pasture/ grazing land, Degraded non-forest plantation land, Sands desertic / Coastal area, Mining/ industrial wastelands. Techniques and Methods for the Reclamation of Wasteland 1. Salinity and Alkalinity Soil working, Silvipastoral model, Choice of suitable species, Use of Non-conventional crops 2. Waterlogged Wastelands Drainage, Ridge and furrow method, Tall planting method, Mound method, Selection of suitable species 3. Ravine Lands Mechanical structures, Sod-strip checks, Contour trenching, Terrace or check dam, Choice of Suitable species, Aerial seeding 4. Coastal Lands Fore-dune system, Live fences, Dune Grass Mats and Netting, Lupin sowing, Tree planting 5. Hot desert and Shifting Sand Dunes Mulching, Raising of micro-wind breaks, Seeds spray method, Using of earthen bricks 6. Cold Deserts Vegetation, Soil working

Easily reclaimable wastelands can be used for agricultural purposes. Wastelands can be reclaimed for agriculture by reducing the salt content which can be done by leaching etc. Gypsum, urea, potash and compost are added before planting crops in such areas. Reclaimed with some difficulty these wastelands can be utilized for agro forestry. Agro forestry involves putting land to multiple uses. Its main purpose is to have trees and crops inter- and/or under planted to form an integrated system of biological production within a certain area. Thus, agro forestry implies integration of trees with agricultural crops or livestock management simultaneously. Reclaimed with extreme difficulty Wastelands that are reclaimed with extreme difficulty can be used for forestry or to recreate natural ecosystem. Attempts to grow trees in highly non alkaline saline soils have been largely unsuccessful. Field experiments have shown that species like Eucalyptus, Prosopis and Acacia nilotica could not be grown in highly alkaline soil. Studies have shown that if tree seedlings are planted with a mixture of original soil, gypsum, and manure, better growth can be achieved. It is however

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 375 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 important to use indigenous species of trees so that the program recreates the local ecosystem with all its species. Material and Methods A literature search was conducted by the FRI and Punjab Agriculture University scholars (2015) ‘Wasteland reclamation’ and ‘Problematic soil’ as a keywords. Wasteland Map of India 2011 (Source: Dept of Land Resources, Govt of India) From the total land area of 328 million hectare about 162 million hectare i.e. 51% is agricultural land,4% is pasture land,21% is forest land and 24% is wasteland. The number of publication found on google search but I have used selected publication for write a review on Wasteland reclamation. Conclusion The land degradation problem is increasingly becoming a challenge for the economy and natural ecosystems in India. The major causes of land degradation are fragile geological structure, forest fire, avalanches, landslides in the hills, river-damaged areas, deforestation, excessive use of chemical fertilizers, overgrazing and unscientific farming in steep slope, flooding in the plain areas, and shifting cultivation in the mountains. It is realized that the balance between the land degradation and restoration rates should be maintained so as not to further degrade the land. Wasteland afforestation is found to be a financially viable and environmentally sound use of most of those lands. In addition, tree planting on wastelands is emerging as a potent tool for arresting the increasing misuse and over exploitation of these lands and environmental degradation in India. Government of India has taken bold new steps since independence through the various programmes and schemes. There are several methods of planning trees, grasses on different degraded lands but those will not be under existence until unless local people do accept.

Keywords : Wasteland, Reclamation, Cropping system, Acidic soil, Sodic soil, Agro-techniques, Bio- amelioration

Paper ID: 19 Climate resilient crop/ Fodder production through agroforestry system R. Vijaykumar, Biswroop Mehera Dept. of Silviculture & Agroforestry & College of Forestry, SHUATS, PrayagRaj, UP Introduction Agroforestry is contributing substantially in economic growth of various countries. The economic importance of agroforestry can be partly understood by examining data on the export value of major tree products. The actual production levels are much higher, considering that the list includes only well-known and common tree products and that many tree products in developing countries are not marketed internationally (e.g. firewood, fodder, medicinal uses) and for products such as fruit, as much as 90% of production is consumed domestically. In addition, the positive externalities (or ecosystem services) represented by trees (e.g. carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, provision of shade, etc.) are not counted. Agroforestry research at

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 376 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 the international level is conducted by the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, now named as World Agroforestry Centre, which was started in 1978 at Nairobi in Kenya. Now it is a CGIAR Consortium Research Centre with five regional offices located in Cameroon, India, Indonesia, Kenya and Peru. The Center’s aim is to increase use of trees in agricultural landscapes to improve their food security, nutrition, income, health, shelter, social cohesion, energy resources, and environmental sustainability of small holders. India faces a critical imbalance in its natural resource base with about 18% human and 15% livestock population of the world being supported only on 2.4% geographical area, 1.5% forest and pasture lands and 4.2% water resources. Agriculture sector contributes about 15% national gross domestic product, employs 56% of the total workforce and supports about 58% of the total population. Thus, this sector is very vital not only to provide income support but also to ensure livelihood security for the majority of the people.

Fig. 1: Agroforestry as the solution to the challenges faced by agriculture Soil conservation hedges Trees can be planted on soil conservation works (grass strips, bunds, risers, and terraces), wherein they play two roles: To stabilise the structure and to make productive use of the land they occupy. In some of steep slopping landscape of the country, the risers or terraces are densely planted with trees. In this system, the major groups of components are: Multipurpose and/or fruit trees and common agricultural species. The tree species used for soil conservation are Grevillea robusta, Acacia catechu, Pinus roxburghii, Acacia modesta, P. juliflora, L. leucocephala, etc. Silvi-pastoral system In the silvi-pastoral system, improved pasture species are introduced with tree species. In this system, grass or grass-legume mixture is grown along with the woody perennials simultaneously on the same unit of land. Thissystem provides fodder, fuelwood and small timber under arid conditions. S. sesban increases forage production of Cenchrus ciliaris, Setaria anceps, Desmanthus, and Chrysopogon fulvus gives higher yield when grown with E. hybrid. This system is again classified into three categories:

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 377 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Protein bank In this silvi-pastoral system of agroforestry, various multipurpose trees (protein rich trees) are planted on wasteland and rangelands for cut and carry fodder production to meet the feed requirements of livestock during the fodder deficit period in winter. About 25% of the total annual diet of livestock is composed of trees and shrubs. Tree species for dry areas are A. modesta, A. nilotica, Ailanthus excelsa, A. lebbeck, L. leucocephala, Ziziphus mauritiana, Tecomella undulata, etc. A. nilotica seeds contain crude protein (18.6%), whereas L. leucocephala seeds are the highest in protein (about 30%). Living fence of fodder trees and hedges Fodder trees and hedges are planted along the border as live fences. Trees like Sesbania grandiflora, Gliricidia sepium, Erythrina abyssinica, Euphorbia spp., Acacia spp., Katkaranj, etc. can be used. Trees and shrubs on pasture In this system, various trees and shrubs are scattered irregularly or arranged according to some systematic pattern, especially to supplement forage production. The trees and shrub species used for humid and sub humid region are Derris indica, Emblica officinalis, Psidium guajava, Tamarindus indica and for dry region: Acacia spp., Prosopis spp., and T. indica. Agri-silvi-pastoral system This system is the result of the union between silvi-pastoral and agri-silvicultural systems. Under this system, the same unit of land is managed to get agricultural and forest crops where farmers can also rear animals. This system holds promise especially in highland humid tropics. It may be tree, livestock-crop mix around homestead, wood hedgerow for browsing, green manure, soil conservation or for an integrated production of pasture, crops, animals and wood. Homestead agroforestry Farmers generally plant trees in and around their habitations, courtyard, threshing floor and in the field. These house gardens are aimed to satisfy the family needs of fruit, fuel, fodder and small timbers. The system of home garden is more prevalent in high rainfall areas of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. In India, every homestead has around 0.2-0.5 ha land for personal production, on which trees are grown for timber, fruit, vegetable, small plots of sugarcane in more open patches and a surrounding productive live fence of bamboo. Home gardens epitomise the qualities of agroforestry systems. They are highly productive, extremely sustainable and very practicable. Food production is the primary function of most home gardens. Common agroforestry - Fodder production models A number of fodder production systems have been designed to produce sufficient foliage for livestock feeding particularly during the dry season. These production systems include various types of agroforestry- silvipastoral systems, where trees, animals and pastures are deliberately combined to obtain benefits and services.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 378 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Fodder bank systems Trees are planted as close as 1 m × 1 m and are cut regularly to induce maximum herbage production. The cut herbage is usually carried to animal feeding stalls; sometimes sheep or goats are brought to the plots and allowed to forage on the cut branches of naturally-growing fodder. The system is called fodder bank, which provides reserve fodder when it is in short supply, usually in the dry season. Protein bank This is a type of fodder bank which intentionally chooses trees, shrubs legumes with high protein- containing leaf biomass. Commonly used species include L. leucocephala and G. sepium. Three-strata forage system This is another type of fodder bank; it involves the planting of forages, shrubs and trees to form three canopy layers or strata in a unit of land. Pasture grasses, vines and herbs occupy the lower strata; shrubs occupy the middle strata and trees occupy the upper strata. The combination of grasses and trees can ensure year-round supply of fodder. Live fence or boundary systems Single or double rows of fodder trees are planted along farm boundaries. The trees have the dual purpose of providing fodder and serving as live fence posts. If intended to enclose animals, the trees are usually planted densely, as in hedges, to prevent animals from getting out. In some cases, thorny species are planted as thick hedges to prevent livestock from straying into crop plots and also to fence them off from wild animals. Hedgerow intercropping systems Fodder trees, mostly leguminous are planted as hedges in single, double or triple rows. The spaces in between hedgerows are planted with pasture grasses. As in fodder banks, herbage may be cut and carried to animal feeding stalls. The more common practice is to let the animals forage on the cut tree branches and pasture grasses. Materials and Methods A literature search was conducted by Junagardh Agriculture University, Gujrat scholars (2016) ‘Agroforestry’ and ‘Fodder’ as a keywords. There are number of publications found on google search on the topic of an acute shortage of feed and fodder. I have been go through with it but I have used selected publication for write a review on Wasteland fodder production with agroforestry system. Conclusion Importance of forage production in maintaining food security as well as nutritional security has been felt since long. The overall scene of forage production is very alarming and corrective measures have to be taken to improve this problem. A comprehensive grazing policy needs to be formulated and both grazing and forage cultivation has to be considered complementary to each other and simultaneous efforts are required to improve both. Fodder tree improvement programmes for higher leaf fodder have to be initiated. For the improvement of grasslands, its management needs to be considered holistically promoting interaction between

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 379 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 grassland, livestock and grazing communities. Therefore, the vast natural resource can serve human society substantially, more particularly grazing communities. A favorable policy environment in terms of access to micro-credit and assured market will have to be provided and simultaneously there is need to address the socio-economic and technical constraints.

Keywords: Agroforestry system, climate-smart agriculture, potential natural vegetation maps, tree-fodder production options, green fodder

Paper ID: 22 Eco friendly pond: A tool for conservation of water in dairy farms Sunitha Thomas, Prasad.A., Justin Davis, Sahana.M., Arokia Robert. M Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode Introduction Sustainable development and efficient water management is an increasingly complex challenge in the tropics. Water availability and quality are the two important aspects of animal health and productivity in dairy farms (Looper, 2002). Studies revealed that geo-textiles in combination with vegetation provide a composite solution for embankment protection. Congo signal (Brachiaria ruziziensis) and Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) are two pan-tropical grasses cultivated throughout the tropics for pasture. Materials and Methods A study was conducted in Cattle Breeding farm, Thumboormuzhi by constructing a medium sized rectangular pond for integrated aqua culture-livestock farming. The walls were lined with Coir geo-textile incorporated with Congo signal and Guinea grass as an eco-friendly technology, to substitute synthetic materials in embankment protection. Results and Discussion The results revealed that treatment with geo-textile and fodder grass is an effective eco-hydrological measure to protect steep slopes from erosion as their roots reinforces the soil and facilitates water infiltration by improving the soil porosity. It also helps in retaining water for a longer period and prevents wall collapse and strengthens the pond wall. Geo-textiling with fodder grass also serve as an economical and effective method of storing water in addition to the extra supply of fodder to livestock all-round the year.

Key words: Water conservation, Coir-geo-textile, Congo signal, Guinea grass

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 380 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Paper ID: 23 Agroforestry and climate change mitigation Anitrosa Innazent and Jacob. D Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Trivandrum Introduction Climate change denotes long term changes in climate including mean temperature and precipitation. Average global temperature has increased by 0.74°C (19th centuary) and is expected to increase by 1.4°C –

5.8°C by 2100 AD (IPCC, 2007). GHGs such as CO2, N2O, CH4, CFC etc are foremost reason behind global warming leading to changing climate. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main heat trapping gas largely responsible for most of the average warming over the past several decades (Forster et al., 2007). Evidence suggest that poor small holder farmers are turning to agroforestry as a means to adapt to the impacts of climate change. Materials and Methods In the present scenario of climate change, agroforestry practices, emerging as a viable option for combating negative impacts of climate change (Singh et al., 2013). There is tremendous scope for Agroforestry in India. A large hectare is available in the form of boundaries, bunds, wastelands where this system can be adopted. This system permits the growing of suitable tree species in the field where most annual crops are growing well.

Realizing such scope, an All India Coordinated Research Project on Agroforestry was initiated In 1983 to initially operate at eight Research Institute of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and twelve Agricultural Universities, and now it is being extended to large number of universities and institutes. Results and Discussion The mitigation effects of Agroforestry systems on climate change are increased carbon storage, reduce GHG emissions, miscellaneous effects, ecosystem services, halting of soil and water erosion, increasing rainfall intensity and conciliation of temperature. C sequestration potential of agroforestry systems is estimated between 12 and 600 Mg ha –1. The available estimates of C stored in agroforestry range from 0.29 to 15.21Mg C ha –1 year –1 above ground and 30-300 Mg C ha-1 year –1 up to 1 m depth in the soil (Nair et al.,

2010). Integrating agroforestry into agricultural operations reduces N2O emissions by eliminating nitrogen (N) application on the part occupied by trees. Large and spatial root systems of trees reduces the the soil and water erosion in agroforestry systems (Lal, 1987). Conclusion Climate change is the most important global environmental challenge which is faced by all living organism including humans and it disturbs the natural ecosystems, agriculture and health. In this situation agroforestry emerge as a robust farming practice addressing food security problem by making feeds to people, mitigate adverse effects of climate change by enhancing environmental quality, sustain economic viability and enhance quality of life.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 381 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

References Singh NR, Jhariya MK, Raj A. Tree crop interaction in agroforestry system. Readers Shelf. 2013; 10(3):15-16. Varsha, K.M. 2015. Carbon storage potential of intensive silvopasture systems in humid tropics of Kerala. Academy of climate change education and research, Thrissur,140p.

Paper ID: 38 Agroforestry as a Mechanism for Reforestation: Scenarios within REDD+ Chichaghare AR*1, Asha K Raj1, Kunhamu TK1 and Anoop EV2 1Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry, KAU, Thrissur 2Department of Forest Product and Utilization, College of Forestry, KAU, Thrissur

Deforestation and forest degradation contribute to CO2 emissions into the atmosphere which is the primary cause of global warming. The REDD+ is an initiative for mitigation of climate change

Agroforestry can be part of REDD+ based on the definition of forest, representing a viable and productive land-use alternative, can fulfill basic human needs for fuel, food, building materials and fodder. Agroforestry can directly reduce rate of deforestation by increasing tree cover and decreasing pressure on remaining forest through increased production of on-farm timber, fuelwood and as a sustainable intensification and diversification pathway while providing additional ecosystem services. Zomer et al. (2014) estimated that 46% of the available agricultural lands have at least 10% of tree cover representing over 1 billion ha of land practiced by more than 1.2 billion people. Agroforestry is an appealing alternative for storing carbon on agricultural lands because it can store significant amounts of carbon while leaving the bulk of the land in agricultural production. Agroforestry has high potential for long term carbon sequestration not because of high carbon density but due to lot of lands which can potentially be turned into agroforestry (Wang et al., 2015).

Agroforestry is a suitable tool for reforestation and landscape restoration as it provide permanent tree cover, enhance physical, chemical and biological soil characteristics, thereby increasing soil fertility, controlling erosion and improving water availability besides enhancing livelihoods and food security in rural communities. Over 44% of countries adopt agroforestry as a direct intervention in their readiness plan to mitigate emission (Salvini et al., 2014).

High opportunity cost, lack of coordination between sectors, lack of institutional capacity, tree tenure, land tenure and rights are important constraints of agroforestry at national level, whereas financial hurdles, complicated registration, validation and verification process, delayed returns, food security, underdeveloped C markets and value chains, limited knowledge and a lack of technical support and extension services are the constraints at global level. The widespread uptake of agroforestry requires an enabling legal and policy environment that guarantees rights and ownership of trees and land, promotes investment, and facilitates the marketing of agroforestry products. At present most of the benefits delivered by agroforestry are externalized from formal market systems hence its integration into formal decision-making processes is needed for making agroforestry an economically attractive option.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 382 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Key words: Agroforestry, REDD+, Climate change, Reforestation. References Salvini, G., Herold, M., De, S.V., Kissinger, G., Brockhaus, M. and Skutsch, M. 2014. How countries link REDD+ interventions to drivers in their readiness plans: implications for monitoring systems. Environ. Res. Lett. 9(7): 1-12. Zomer, R.J., Trabucco, A., Coe, R., Place, F., Van Noordwijk, M. and Xu, J.C. 2014. Trees on farms: an update and reanalysis of agroforestry’s global extent and socio-ecological characteristics. World Agroforestry Center Working Paper. 179p. Wang, G., Welham, C., Feng, C., Chen, L. and Cao, F. 2015. Enhanced soil carbon storage u n d e r agroforestry and afforestation in subtropical China. For. 6(7): 2307-2323.

Paper ID: 53 Cupressus sempervirens - A fire resistant tree to control Forest fires S.B.Vigneshwaran Fourth year BVSc., &AH, MadrasVeterinary College, Chennai Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Introduction Forest fire is an alarming issue worldwide with a recent incidence like Australian fires and Amazon fires. India is not an exception in this case. During 2019, Bandipur national park fire in Karnataka, destroyed over 11,000 acres of forest area within a short span of four days from 21 to 25 February, 2019.According to Forest survey of India between November 2018 and February 2019 , the number of Forest fire incidence in India has increased from 4,224 to 14,107. The average incidence for the last three years shows 49.3% especially during summer season. However, the incidence in the South India accounts to 37% of the total incidence occurred in our country.

Fires in forests are classified as ground fire or muck fire, surface fire and crown fire. Forest fires in our country are a natural part of the circle of forest life. Among the three types, crown fire is the most unpredictable fire that consumes the entire upper canopy of a forest. The fires in intense areas are regulated by air. The natural causes for fire include lightning, volcanic eruption etc and anthropogenic. Most of the trees in forests of our country include Ficus benghalensis, Azadirachta indica, Ficus religiosa, Terminalia arjuna, Shorea Robusta, Delonix Regia, Swietenia mahagoni, Murraya koenigii, Saracaasoca, pines, conifers etc. The dead trees, conifers and other resinous plants are more vulnerable to fire. Pros and cons of fire in India Low intensity fire is advantageous in removing low growing under growth and small tree species and cleans the forest floor and debris. Reduce the competition for nutrients and space and helps for better growth of plants. However, the high intensity and repeated fire results in irreversible losses to flora and leading to grassland ecosystem.

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 383 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020

Mature trees of chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) can withstand forest fire but not the seedlings. The blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) is not fire resistant though its growth is favoured by fire. On the other hand, the Himalayan cypress (Cupressus torulosa) is exceptionally susceptible to burning. As a result this plant shows restricted distribution on steep limestone rocks which are devoid of inflammable undergrowth. Hence, it is important to maintain the natural ecosystem and one such method is to have trees which are resistant to moderate fire and more suitable for that natural environment. Mediterranean Cypress Cupressus sempervirens is a coniferous evergreen tree that can grownupto 35m with a conic crown with level branches and variably loosely hanging branchlets. It is very long-lived, with some trees reported to be over 1,000 years old. The foliage grows in dense sprays, dark green in colour. The leaves are scale-like and produced on rounded shoots. This tree can grow in hot, dry summer and mild, rainy winter season also.

Cypress was found to be the most fire resistant tree. It is because they maintain high moisture content in their leaves even in hot dry condition and when they shed their leaves they create a wet environment at the base. When cypress needles falls they accumulate as a sponge which holds water, further resist the fire. Cones develop in the March and April which coincides with the summer season in India. This is grown in India as an ornamental plant from the Mughal period. This tree can very well be used in curtailing forest fires. Conclusion It may be concluded that fire in the forest always does not have the negative impact. Natural fire is vital in rejuvenation of natural vegetation. However preventive measures need to be undertaken by identifying the most tolerant species for fire to have controlled burning.

Key words: Mediterranean cypress,Adaptability, Resistence, Forestfire References Dipanjan Ghosh. 2016. Fire and forest management: an overview, Indian wild life club Ezine. Mary Beth Griggs. 2015. A Tree That Could Stop Wildfires. Popular Science

Paper ID: 76 Role of Cloud Computing and the Internet of Things in Agriculture and Forestry Vemula Shanmukha Srinivas1, K. Ashok kumar2, P. Sardar maran3 1Scholar, 2Associate Professor, 3Professor, Department of computer Science & Engineering Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai Keywords-Cloud Computing; The Internet of Things; agriculture; forestry Introduction With the rapid network development, the data volume is increasing at a surprising speed as well. Recently, Cloud Computing and The Internet of things are the hottest topic in the Internet industry. Cloud Computing has its advantagesin large scale, low price, virtuality and excellent scalability, while The Internet of things’ main technique such as RFID, sensors have already been applied in a certain scale. However,

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 384 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 people’s acquaintance toward Cloud computing and The Internet of Things are not enough in agriculture and forestry industry. Agriculture and forestry are the two basic entities closely related to our national welfare and the people’s livelihood, whose standard of informatization is vital to our country. The introduction of the two new techniques would be a great breakthrough in modern agriculture and forestry field. Materials and methods Cloud Computing and thus the Internet of Things are the two hot points within the web field. the appliance of the two new technologies is in hot discussion and research, but quite less on the world of agriculture and forestry. Thus, in this paper, we analyze the study and application of Cloud Computing and the Internet of Things on agriculture and forestry. Then we suggest an idea that creating a mix of the two techniques and analyze the feasibility, applications and future prospect of the mixture. Application of cloud computingin agriculture and forestry As to the study on application of Cloud Computing in agriculture and forestry, both the domestic and the abroad have made some theoretical achievements. The information service in countryside Cloud application services or “Software as a Service (SaaS)” have advantages such as low upfront costs, maximize deficiency and service availability. By combining international advanced cloud computing architecture and web-based internet service mode with the SaaS service model, we can build an unimpeded high speed information system among the government, service supplier and farmers to speed up the pace of agriculture informatization. As Cloud Computing has already offered users development environment as a service, the grass-roots department just need to rent the service from the supplier for a small amount of money in order to build its own software based on it.

Cloud computing can be roughly divided into Public Cloud and Private cloud.

APPLICATION OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)IN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY The widespread application of The Internet of Things (IOT) can not only change the extensive management mode in agriculture, but also develop the strength in epidemic control for animals and

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 385 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 plants to ensure the safety of the agricultural products quality. So it’s of great significance to intensify research efforts on the application of IOT in agriculture and forestry. In recent years, IOT has been applied in some agriculture and forestry fields. Now we’ll give a basic overview of it. Agriculture information transmission and Intelligent Detection First, Modern agriculture cannot develop without information. Information like climate, soil acidity and alkalinity, seeds selecting, fertilizer, insects control, seeding cultivation and reaping are so vital to farmers. With real-time sensor to monitor crops’ condition in irrigation and soil air and gather data about temperature, humidity, wind force, atmosphere, rainfall capacity, nitrogen concentration and pH value of soil to make correct prediction, it finally helps farmers to cultivating wisely and avoids disasters.

Secondly, by making use of IoT technique, we can discover animals’ demand rules for growing environment with observation and analysis on accurate data of their living habits and health conditions.

Thirdly, by using IoT technique to monitor forest environment, a forest fire alarm system can be built with nodes spread all over the forest. When a fire happens, nodes would send detail information about position of fire sources and fire behavior to related department through collaboration. Based on IoT in their vineyard. Electronic tags are installed all through the vineyard to collect temperature data. Workers could know the best time to pick grapes by analyzing the collected data and deal with grapes in different temperature states in their own adaptable ways. Intelligent cultivation control Intelligent cultivation control is a significant sign in modern agriculture and forestry. We can get parameters which have influence on agriculture parks environment in time and monitor the whole parks by installing an ecological information wireless sensor as well as other intelligent control system. According to the parameters, the workers control infrastructures like irrigation system and heat reservation system to make sure the perfect growing conditions for crops. What’s more, by combining intelligent analyzer with gang control, all the demand for crops’ growing process can be fulfilled adequately to reach high yield and get good quality. Forest Identification and Tree Tracking Using sensors can provide more real-time data that are more reliable about soil moisture content, growing status, pest plague and even offer reasonable suggestions on fire preventing according to temperature and wind force. The main applications of IoT in forestry are forest identification and tree tracking with IR sensor and RFID technique. Conclusion This paper focused on the study on the application of Cloud Computing and The Internet of Things in agriculture and forestry. Because computing clouds has its advantages in large scale, virtualization, high reliability, expansibility, economical and practical and high efficiency, the construction of public cloud in agriculture and forestry can promote resources sharing, cost saving and construct systems with high efficiency. The Internet of Things, as important support for realizing intensive, high-yield, high-quality, high-efficiency,

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 386 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi National Agroforestry Symposium 2020 (NAFS 2020) on Climate Resilient Agroforestry Systems to Augment Livestock Productivity Ensuring Environmental Biodiversity 5 & 6 March, 2020 ecological and safe agricultural product safety, agriculture information transmission, intelligent detecting, intelligent cultivation control and precise irrigation. IoT also brings great convenience to forestry, especially in the forest identification, wood tracking management and so on. This platform provide unprecedented new opportunity for will for agriculture and forestry, and even all areas in our society.

Keywords : Cloud Computing; The Internet of Things; agriculture; forestry References F. X. Xing, J. Pang and B. Q. Zhang, “Application about the Objects Internet Technology in the Modern Agricultural Production,” AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY& EQUIPMENT, vol. 8 pp.16- 17., April 2010. (inChinese) K.Ashokkumar et al, 2019, Intelligent Water Purificationnd Quality Monitory System Using IoTEnvironments, International Journal of Computational Intelligence & IoT (IJCIIoT): Proceedings,ELSEVIER-SSRN (ISSN: 1556-5068). K.Ashokkumar et al, 2018, Unsupervised Machine Learning for Clustering the Infected Leaves Based on the Leaf-Colors, Springer-Data Science and Big Data Analytics pp 303-312, DOI: https://doi. org/10.1007/978-981-10-7641-1_26. Ashok Kumar, K. ,Thamizharasi, K, 2015, Gesture controlled robot using MEMS accelerometer for eradication of weeds, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 8(5), 460–465, March 2015, ISSN. 0974-6846. - SCOPUS Ashok Kumar, K.,Sajin, V., 2016, Mobile based expert system application for improving productivity of crops in agriculture for Tamilnadu, India, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, VOL 7(2) Page No. 1195, ISSN No. 975-8585. - SCOPUS Ashok Kumar, K.,Charitha, P.,Sravani, P, 2016, Detection of pests and weeds in agriculture using mobile application and finding its remedies, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, VOL 7(3) Page No. 1671, ISSN No. 975-8585. – SCOPUS

Institute of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Animal Production Studies, TANUVAS 387 World Agroforestry, Icraf, South Asia Regional Program, New Delhi & Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi

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