702132/702835 European Architecture B

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do not remove this notice some factors in the Baroque

the cycle of taste: freedom from classical rigidity, and the enlarged vocabulary of a return of public confidence and a boost in church activity and patronage

the Counter-Reformation and the improvement of The Ecstasy of St Teresa, by Gianlorenzo Bernini, 1645-52

William Fleming, Arts & Ideas (Fort Worth [Texas] 1991), p 353

He held a long javelin of gold, with an iron tip which had a flame coming out of it. Suddenly, he pierced me to the inmost fibre of my being with it and it seemed to me that, as he drew it out, he dragged me with it; but I felt entirely consumed by the love of God. The pain was so great that it drew moans from me, even though the ecstasy that went with it was so great that I would not have had the pain withdrawn ... THETHE TRANSITION:TRANSITION: 15701570--16301630 Il Gesú, Rome, begun by G B da Vignola, c 1568, and completed to cornice level by the time of his death in 1573

Scala 9122 Il Gesú, plan

Nikolaus Pevsner, An Outline of European Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1968 [1943]), p 233 Il Gesú: Vignola's façade design, c 1573; Giacomo della Porta's façade, completed 1584 engraving by Mario Cartaro, in Giacomo de Rossi, Insignium Romae Templorum, 1684; Scala 9111 Il Gesú: Giacomo della Porta's façade, completed 1584

Rolf Toman [ed], Sculpture Painting (Cologne 2007 [2004]), p 14 some Baroque characteristics

1. swagger 2. theatricality 3. light & shade 4. depth 5. unity 6. movement Palazzo Rucellai, , façade by Alberti, ?1452-1470

Il Gesú, façade by Giacomo della Porta, completed 1584 MUAS 9861; Toman, p 14 PIETROPIETRO DADA CORTONACORTONA , Florence, ceiling , Sala di Marte, by Pietro da Cortona, 1646. MUAS 5,790 Palazzo Pitti, Sala di Giove, stuccoes by da Cortona, 1643-5 Wittkower, Art and Architecture in Italy [1965], pl 91(B) SS Luca e Martina, Rome, by Pietro da Cortona, 1635-1650 Pru Sanderson SS Luca e Martina, Rome, by Pietro da Cortona, 1635-1650

Rolf Toman [ed], Baroque Architecture Sculpture Painting (Cologne 2007 [2004]), pp 25, 24 Sta Maria della Pace, Rome, by Pietro da Cortona, 1656-7: front view

Scala no 7340 Sta Maria della Pace: detail of upper façade Miles Lewis Sta Maria della Pace plan of the church and piazza & contemporary view

John Varriano, and Rococo Architecture (New York 1986), pp 117, 116 Sta Maria della Pace: contemporary view Varriano, Italian Baroque and Rococo, p 116 Santa Maria della Pace, interior & dome Scala nos 9174, 9175

GIANLORENZOGIANLORENZO BERNINIBERNINI S Andrea al Quirinale, Rome, by Bernini, 1658-70: plan & view

Wittkower, Art and Architecture in Italy [1965], p 119; Toman, Baroque, p 39 S Andrea al Quirinale: plan & section Wittkower, Art and Architecture in Italy [1965], p 119 & pl 62(B) Baldacchino of St Peter's, Rome, by Bernini, 1624-33

Scala no 9592 St Peter's as designed by Carlo Maderno after 1602 James Lees-Milne, Saint Peter's: the Story of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome (London 1967), p 240 St Peter's, Rome

Maderno's design

façade as built 1602-26

Lees-Milne, Saint Peter's, p 240; Brian Lewis 1973

St Peter's, façade with Bernini's south tower (incomplete), 1636-41 Lees-Milne, Saint Peter's, p 259 St Peter's, Bernini's design for freestanding towers, c 1650

Wittkower, Art and Architecture in Italy [1973], p 19 St Peter's, in the early C17th before the dismantling of Bernini's tower (on Maderno's base) and the construction of the forecourt

MUAS 14,812 Papal medal of c 1657, showing Bernini's original scheme for enclosing the forecourt of St Peter's Lees-Milne, Saint Peter's, p 270 St Peter's forecourt, schematic plan of the design shown in the papal medal, with the 'propylæum‘

(modified from) Norman Davies, Europe (London 1997 [1996]), p 571 St Peter's forecourt, by Bernini, 1657-1667, from Piranesi's C18th engraving MUAS 16,361 St Peter's and the Vatican with Bernini’s forecourt as executed

(modified from) Banister Fletcher, A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method (17th ed, London 1961 [1896]), p 721 St Peter's and the forecourt, from above anonymous St Peter’s forecourt, looking east Toman, Baroque, p 37 St Peter's forecourt, the colonnade:

Scala 9591 9112 St Peter's: the statue of Constantine, by Bernini, 1654-8; view along the portico Scala 959 ; Pru Sanderson Scala Regia, Vatican Palace, by Bernini, 1663-6

MUAS 5,818 Scala Regia: detailed plans Jeremy Blake, La Falsa Prospettiva in Italian Renaissance Architecture (Stocks-field [Northumberland] 1982), no page Scala Regia Lees-Milne, Saint Peter's, p 269; MUAS 17,354 The Ecstasy of St Teresa, by Gianlorenzo Bernini, 1645-52;

plan of the sanctuary

William Fleming, Arts & Ideas (Fort Worth [Texas] 1991), p 353; Howard Hibbard, Bernini (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1965), pl 134 Cornaro Chapel, Sta Maria della Vittoria, Rome, by Bernini, 1645-52

anonymous painting in the Schwerin State Museum FRANCESCOFRANCESCO BORROMINIBORROMINI Porta Santa, in the portico of St Peter's, Rome, by Maderno, carved by Borromini, 1619-20 , Borromini (London 1979), p 17 , Rome, window by Borromini under Bernini, 1628-38

Blunt, Borromini, p 32 Monastery of San Carlo alle , from 1634, plan of whole Wittkower, Art and Architecture in Italy [1965], p 132 Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, by Borromini, 1638-41: suggested geometrical basis of the plan

Blunt, Borromini, p 48 San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane: section & interior view

Wittkower, Art and Architecture in Italy [1965], p 133.; Scala 9466 (1973) a Roman tetraconch the Piazza d'Oro of Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, 124, reconstruction

MUAS 13,933 S Carlo alle Quattro Fontane: views of the dome Scala 9468 (1973); Millon, Triumph of the Baroque, p 38 S Carlo alle Quattro Fontane exterior of the lantern

Scala 9470 (1973) Oratorio di San Filippo Neri, by Borromini, 1637-49 engraving & view of the façade Blunt, Borromini, p 97; Margaret Monk, 1985 San Filippo Neri, reconstruction of Borromini’s scheme for flanking S Maria in Vallicella (by Fausto Rughesi) with a 'Pamphilj Pantheon‘, 1644

T G Smith, Classical Architecture (Layton [Utah] 1988), p 30 Oratorio di San Filippo Neri, by Borromini, 1637-49, fireplace in the Sala di Recreazione: elevation, and detail of the Doric frieze and tassels

Weinreb, The Architect's Eye, p 16 Anthony Blunt, Borromini (London 1979), p 105 San Filippo Neri fireplace, general view

Blunt, Borromini, p 104 San Filippo Neri fireplace, detail at the side

Blunt, Borromini, p 42

reeding

darts

Roman columns, by G B Montano

Blunt, Borromini, p 42 S Ivo della Sapienza, Rome, by Borromini, 1642-50 view & plan within the Archiginnasio complex

Millon, Triumph of the Baroque, p 32; MUAS 5,782 S Ivo della Spienza plan & diagram of the geometry

Opera del ... Borromini (1720 Blunt, Borromini, p 115 S Ivo, plan, & detail of the bee

Opera del ... Borromini (1720) S Ivo, cross-section & interior view MUAS 14,146; Wittkower, Art and Architecture in Italy [1965], pl 69(B) Insula of the Painted Vaults, Ostia, c AD 120: detail of the Severan painting of the dome William Macdonald, Architecture of the Roman Empire II (New Haven [Connecticut] 1986), p 234 S Ivo della Sapienza, view of dome Miles Lewis S Ivo, view of dome Wittkower, Art and Architecture in Italy [1965], pl 71 S Ivo, upper part; engraving of dome surface with steps

Brian Lewis; Blunt, Borromini, p 42 S Ivo: view of dome and lantern; detail of the finial Pru Sanderson; Millon, Triumph of the Baroque, p 54 S Ivo: view of lantern and drum; plan of lantern

Scott, 'S. Ivo alla Sapienza', p 302; Blunt, Borromini, p 40 Temple of Venus at Baalbek, c AD 273

Robert Wood, The Ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Coelosyria (London 1757) reconstruction of an ancient Roman building, from Montano

G B Montano, Le Cinque Libri (1624-64) Scala Regia, Vatican, by Bernini, 1665: plan and section Palazzo Spada, Rome, colonnade by Borromini, 1652-3

MUAS 5,818; Pru Sanderson, 1985 Palazzo Spada colonnade Pru Sanderson; Blake, La Falsa Prospettiva, no page; Blunt, Borromini, p 45 reconstruction of an ancient building, by G B Montano

G B Montano, Le Cinque Libri S Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, façade by Borromini, 1665-7

Millon, Triumph of the Baroque, p 39 S Carlo: detail of the ground floor level Scala 9471 S Carlo close view of the façade.

MUAS 6,280 S Carlo, upper part of the facade Brian Lewis S Carlo, details: niche of c 1675, with a statue of S Charles Borromeo, by Antonio Raggi; a capital of the giant order of the façade, executed after 1667

Blunt, Borromini, p 78; Smith, Classical Architecture, p 13 S Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, façade by Borromini, 1665-7

Millon, Triumph of the Baroque, p 39