Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum L.): a Potential Source of Highvalue Components for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals a Review

PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH Phytother. Res. (2012) Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4897

REVIEW Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): A Potential Source of High-Value Components for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals- A Review

Najla Gooda Sahib,1 Farooq Anwar,2* Anwarul-Hassan Gilani,3,4* Azizah Abdul Hamid,1 Nazamid Saari1 and Khalid M. Alkharfy4 1Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan 3Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan 4Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), a herbal plant, belonging to the family Apiceae, is valued for its culinary and medicinal uses. All parts of this herb are in use as ﬂavoring agent and/or as traditional remedies for the treatment of different disorders in the folk medicine systems of different civilizations. The plant is a potential source of lipids (rich in petroselinic acid) and an essential oil (high in linalool) isolated from the seeds and the aerial parts. Due to the presence of a multitude of bioactives, a wide array of pharmacological activities have been ascribed to different parts of this herb, which include anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anxiolytic, anti-epileptic, anti-depressant, anti-mutagenic, anti-inﬂammatory, anti-dyslipidemic, anti-hypertensive, neuro- protective and diuretic. Interestingly, coriander also possessed lead-detoxifying potential. This review focuses on the medicinal uses, detailed phytochemistry, and the biological activities of this valuable herb to explore its potential uses as a functional food for the nutraceutical industry. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keywords: coriander; medicinal uses; functional food; essential oil; lipids; linalool; biological activities.

also known as the seeds, are globular and aromatic with INTRODUCTION a slight bittersweet, spicy taste (Ceska et al., 1988). Coriander seed is an integral part of curry powder and Nature can be described as the oldest and most compre- is used in minced meat dishes and stews. Young leaves hensive pharmacy of all times, and phytomedicine has of the plant are used to make sauces and chutneys. The fi been practiced for health bene ts in different systems green leaves are consumed as fresh herbs, in salads and of traditional medicine, including Chinese, Greco-Arab as garnishes due to its attractive green color and aroma (Unani-Tibb) and Ayurveda (Gilani and Atta-ur-Rahman, (Norman 1990; Kamat et al., 2003). Coriander oil is also 2005; Patwardhan et al., 2005; Tapsell et al., 2006; used in cosmetics, body care products and perfumes Krishnaswamy, 2008). Currently, there is a revival of (Opkyde, 1973). Different parts of coriander plant have interest in the use of phytomedicines particularly for been reported for multiple health functions and biological preventive measures. According to the latest report, activities (Kubo et al., 2004; Saeed and Tariq, 2007; around 80% of the world population relies on some forms Matasyoh et al., 2009; Begnami et al., 2010). Traditionally, of traditional medicines mainly the herbs (WHO, 2002). coriander has been used to treat gastrointestinal disorders The use of complementary and alternative medicine has such as anorexia, dyspepsia, flatulence, diarrhea, pain been widespread all over the world (Hasani-Ranjbar and vomiting (Varier, 1994; Bruneton, 1995; Usmanghani et al., 2008). et al., 1997). One of the oldest herbs that has been used for over In view of the potential uses of medicinal plants as 3,000 years (Ebers papyrus of 1550 BC), for both culinary functional food ingredients, it is fascinating to compile a and medicinal purposes is, Coriander (Coriandrum comprehensive review article covering the nutritional, sativum L.), from the Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) family medicinal and bioactives profile of different parts of cori- (Ishikawa et al., 2003). Coriander is indigenous to the ander plant. To the best of our knowledge, there has been Mediterranean region and is widely cultivated in Russia, no other comprehensive review available on the detailed Central Europe, North Africa and Asia (Singh et al., profile of functional constituents, multiple biological 2006; Sriti et al., 2009a, 2009b). The fruits of coriander, activities and medicinal uses of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) plant. This review covers the medicinal uses, detailed photochemistry and pharmacological properties * Correspondence to: Farooq Anwar, Department of Chemistry, University of different parts of this valuable herb to explore its uses of Sargodha, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan; Anwarul-Hassan Gilani, Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, for functional food and nutraceutical industry. Further- Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan. more, we tried to critically analyze the rational for some E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] combinations of activities attributed to Coriander.

acid (FA) is at the 6,7-position, which is rare among TAXONOMY, DISTRIBUTION AND CULTIVATION octadeconoic acid and can hence produce unique derivatives that cannot be achieved with other seed oils Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) belongs to the (Placek, 1963). The oil composition of coriander seeds family of Apiceae and genus of Coriandrum L. There has been well studied. Table 2 summarizes the major are only two known genus of the plant: C. sativum L. FA composition of coriander seed oil from different and its wild relative C. tordylium. The height of the plant origins (Reiter et al., 1998; Ramadan and Morsel, 2003; can range anywhere between 20 and 140 cm, depending Msaada et al., 2009; Sriti et al., 2009a, Sriti et al., 2010). on the agro-climatic conditions. Leaves are oval, slightly Relatively high levels of total glycolipids (GL) are found lobed and sections of the upper leaves are linear and in the seed oil, including acylatedsterylglucoside, more divided. Only, young leaves, with ternate-pinnate sterylglucoside and glucocerebroside. Petroselinic acid leaves, not yet divided into narrow linear segments, is the major FA ranging from 65.7% to 76.6%, followed fl are used to avor sauces and curries in Indian, Chinese by linoleic acid accounting for 13.0–16.7%. Other FA and Mexican cuisines. The stem is erect, thin, sympodial, include oleic and palmitic acid. Neutral lipid (NL) monochasial and branched with several side branches at composition is in the range of 93.0 to 95.65% of total fl the basal node. Each branch ends with an in orescence. lipids (TL) and is mainly composed of triacylglecerols. fl The owers are small, shortly stalked umbels, pinkish Major triacylglycerols (TAG) are tripetroselinin and/or and whitish in color. The roots are spindle shaped. The dipetroselinoyloleoyl glycerol. The remaining of NLs fruits are globular or ovate, consisting of two pericarps, are GL (4.14%), followed by phospholipids (PL) with a diameter up to 6 mm. The essential oil of the (1.57%). The main markers of sterols (ST) are stigmas- seeds lies on the inside of the convex longitudinal vittae terol, b-sitosterol, Δ5-arenasterol, 24-stigmastadienol ‘ ’ and gives the plants its characteristic bug smell. The and campsterol. Total ST are estimated to be in the range name of the plant is in fact derived from the Greek of 36.93–51.86 mg/g. The predominant PL classes in- ‘ ’ fi word, Korion which mean bug. The odor pro le of dif- clude phosphatidylcholine as the major component, ferent parts of the plant changes dramatically as a result phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and of maturity. Ripe fruits smell differently from the unripe phosphatidylserine. The major galactolipid is digalacto- seeds and green leaves (Ceska et al., 1988; Diederichsen, syldiacylglycerol. Coriander oil is a good source of tocols 1996; Small, 1997). (327.47 mg/g), with g-tocopherol being predominant Coriandrum sativum, a native of Italy, is presently (26.40 mg/g), followed by d-tocopherol (13.5–36.5 mg/g) cultivated in Central and Eastern Europe, Mediterra- and a-tocopherol (6–11.7 mg/g). The seed oil also contains nean regions (Morocco, Malta, Egypt), and Asia tocotrienol where g-tocotrienol is the main compound (China, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh). It is an an- (238.40 mg/g), followed by a-tocotrienol (24.9 mg/g) and nual herbaceous plant best grown between October d-tocotrienol (12.57 mg/g). The only sugar detected in cori- and February. Flowering occurs between June and July. ander is glucose (Ramadan and Morsel, 2003; Horvath In early stage of growth, the plant requires a cool cli- et al., 2006; Sriti et al., 2009a; Sriti et al., 2009b; Sriti mate and a warm weather at later maturity stages. et al., 2010). Loamy to moderately heavy soils are best, with no or Over the last decade, essential oils have gained minimal irrigation. Commercial coriander is produced popularity as a source of bioactives, with many potential by Poland, Romania, Czech Republic, Guatemala, health benefits (Burt, 2004). Researchers across the world Mexico and Argentina. India is one of the main produ- have attempted to study the chemical composition of Â 5 cers of coriander seeds; with 5.25 10 hectares culti- essential oils from coriander seeds, using different Â 5 vated and annual yield of 3.10 10 tones (Peter, methodologies. The essential oil content is around 1% 2004). The market for coriander oil is mainly con- and major component reported in the oil is linalool, in trolled by Ukraine and India (British Pharmacopoeia, the range of 30–80% of total seed oil (Singh et al., 2006; 2003). This plant has a high economic value since it is Bhuiyan et al., 2009; Sriti et al., 2009a; Zoubiri and fl widely used as avoring agents in food and cosmetics Baaliouamer, 2010). (Opkyde, 1973). However, the composition of the essential oil appears to be dependent on biological and geographical variability. Bhuiyan et al. (2009) carried a comprehensive analysis on the chemical composition of seed essential oil of coriander from Bangladesh using gas chromatography PHYTOCHEMISTRY mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Fifty-three compounds were identified, with linalool being the major one (37.7%), Seeds followed by geranyl acetate (17.6%) and g-terpinene (14.4%). Other compounds present are b-pinene (1.82%), The fruits (seed and pericarp) are the most widely used m-cymene (1.27%), citronellal (1.96%), citronellol components of the coriander plant with the most (1.31%), citral (1.36%), geraniol (1.87%), citronellyl important constituents being the essential oil and the acetate (1.36%), a-cedrene (3.87%), a-farnesence (1.22%) fatty oil. The fatty oil (physical oil/fixed oil) is around and b-sesquiphell-andrene (1.56%). Anwar et al.(2011) 25% of the seed while the essential oil content is usually investigated the physico-chemical properties of coriander less than 1%. The yield of fixed oil/fatty oil and essential seed essential oil from Pakistan. The oil analyzed by oil from different parts of coriander plant of different GC-flame ionization detector (FID) and further origins is listed in Table 1. The fatty oil is light yellow authenticated by GC-MS mainly contained linalool with in color and has a characteristic smell. The oil is unique contribution of 69.60%, other important constituents in that it contains high amount of petroselinic acid were identified to be geranyl acetate (4.99%), g-terpinene (C18: 1n-12). The location of unsaturation in this fatty (4.17%), a-pinene (1.63%), anethol (1.15%) and

Table 1. Yield of essential oil (EO) and ﬁxed oil (FO) from different parts of Coriander sativum L.

Country Parts and type of oil % Yield Methods of EO/FO extraction Reference

Bangladesh Fruit (EO) 0.42 Hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type glass apparatus for 4 h Bhuiyan et al., 2009 Leaf (EO) 0.10 Kenya Leaf (EO) 0.04 Hydro-distillation in a modified Clevenger-type apparatus for 4 h Matasyoh et al., 2009 Tunisia (Northwestern region) Fruit (EO) 0.30 Hydro-distillation for 90 min, followed by extraction with 2-methylbutane Sriti et al., 2009a, 2009b NUTRACEUTICAL AND FOOD FUNCTIONAL AS CORIANDER Seeds (EO without pericarp) 0.68 (v/v) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentrated at 30 0C using a Vigreux column India Fruit (EO) 2.2 Hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus for 6 h. Dried over Singh et al., 2006 anhydrous sodium sulphate Tunisia (Northeastern region) Fruit (EO) Hydro-distillation for 90 min followed by extraction with 2-methylbutane (v/v) Msaada et al., 2007 Initial maturity 0.01 and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate Middle maturity 0.12 Final maturity 0.35 Brazil Leaf (EO) 0.03 Hydro-distillation using a Clevenger type apparatus for 4 h followed by Begnami et al., 2010 evaporation with dichloromethane and dried over anhydrous sodium suphate. Filtered and vacuum evaporated. Serbia Fruits (EO) 0.89 Hydro-distillation using n-hexane as collecting solvent and evaporated under Samojlik et al., 2010 vacuum conditions Tunisia Northeastern Region Fruits (FO) 22.6 Fruit samples were kept fixed in boiling water for 10 min, ground into Sriti et al., 2010 chloroform-methanol-hexane mixture (3:2:1 by volume). Water was added, and mixture was centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min. Total lipid was recovered under nitrogen Tunisian Northwestern Region Fruits (FO) 19.24 Fruits samples were fixed in boiling water for 5 min and ground manually into Sriti et al., 2010 Seed (FO without pericarp) 22.65 chloroform-methanol-hexane mixture (3:2:1 by volume), followed by washing Pericarp (FO) 9.30 and decantation for 24 h at 4 0C. Total lipids were collected under nitrogen steam and residue dissolved in a mixture of toluene and ethanol Germany Fruits (FO) 28.4 Ground seed materials were extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus with chloroform: Ramadan and Morsel, 2002 methanol (2:1, v:v), followed by addition of 0.2 volumes of 0.75% aqueous sodium chloride solution). The mixture was mixed without shaking, and layers were allowed to separate. Liquid fraction was collected, treated with sodium sulphate remove water and evaporated to dryness at 40 0C and stored under nitrogen at 4 0C. htte.Res. Phytother. EO: Essential oil FO: Fixed oil (2012) N. G. SAHIB ET AL.

Table 2. Major fatty acid composition of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seed oil of different origins

Origin Fatty acids g/100g Reference

Germany C 16:0 3.96 Ramadan and Morsel, 2002 C16: 1n-7 0.41 C18:0 2.91 C18:1n-12 65.7 C18:1n-9 7.85 C18: 2n-6 16.7 C18:3n-6 1.22 C20:0 0.25 C18:3n-3 0.20 C20:1n-9 0.30 C22:1n-9 0.16 C22:6n-3 0.34 Tunisia C14:0 0.08 Sriti et al., 2009a C16:0 3.48 C16:1n-7 0.23 C18:0 0.77 C18:1n-12 76.37 C18:1n-9 5.45 C18:2n-6 13.05 C20:0 0.15 C18:3n-3 0.15 North Eastern Tunisia (Korba) C14:0 0.08 Sriti et al., 2010 C16:0 3.50 C16:1n-7 0.23 C18:0 0.78 C18:1n-12 76.65 C18:1n-9 5.47 C18:2n-6 13.05 C20:0 0.10 C18:3n-3 0.15 North Eastern Tunisia (Charfine) C16:0 0.1 Msaada et al., 2009 C18:0 0.8 C20:0 0.2 C16:1n-7 1.1 C18:1n-12 84.2 C18:1n-9 0.1 C20:1n-9 0.1 C18:2n-6 13.7 C18:3n-6 0.3 C18:3n-3 0.5 Austria/Germany C16:0 4.4 Reiter et al., 1998 C18:0 1.1 C18:1n-12 67.2 C18:2 18.5

p-cymene (1.12%). The essential oil comprised of oxygen- maturity and methods of extraction from seeds affect the ated monoterpene hydrocarbons (80.83%) as the principle composition of the essential oil. Msaada et al. (2007) studied component, followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons the changes on essential oil composition of coriander fruits (8.00%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (0.47%) and during three stages of maturity. A general increase in oil oxygenated sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (0.35%). yield and accumulation of monoterpene alcohol was Structures of some important components derived observed. The main components of immature fruits from the oil are illustrated in Fig. 1. The essential oil’s were geranyl acetate (46.27%), linalool (10.96%), nerol components from coriander seeds cultivated in different (1.53%) and neral (1.42%) (Fig. 1). Fruits in the middle areas vary including Algeria (17 compounds), India stage contained mainly linalool (76.33%), cis-dihydocarone (52 compounds), Pakistan (48 compounds) and Tunisia (3.21%) and geranyl acetate (2.85%). Predominant (41–48 compounds). Other parts have also been component of mature fruits include linalool (87.54%) and reported to contain these compounds amongst others. cis-dihydocarone (2.36%). Table 3 describes the content and composition of essen- The water-soluble constituents of coriander seeds tial oil from different parts of coriander. Apart from envir- have been neglected as compared to its essential oil. onmental and genetic factors, other parameters such as, The ﬁrst attempt to study the water-soluble constituents

(5.5%) and undecanoic acid (7.1%) (Bhuiyan et al.,

HO O 2009). The chemical composition of the leaves’ essential oil Linalool of C. sativum from different origins is listed in Table 3. O (A) Although the amounts vary, all the studies seem to confirm that the major components of coriander leaf Geranyl acetate essential oil are the alcohols and aldehydes. The polyphenol composition of coriander leaves includes: (B) ’ ’ O kaempherol, quercetin, 3 - O-mesquercetin, 4 -O- (E)-2 decenal mequercetin and acacetin. Vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, cis-ferulic acid and trans-Ferulic acid are the major (C) phenolic acids identified in coriander leaves (Nambiar et al., 2010). In 1988, two photoactive furoisocoumarins, coriandrin and dihydrocoriandrin were isolated from OOH coriander leaves (Ceska et al., 1988). Other isocoumarins from aerial parts have also been identified and characterized by spectral techniques (Baba et al., 1991; Tanguchi et al., O 2-decenoic acid Camphor 1996). Coriander leaves are mostly used for its distinctive pungent smell. Eyres et al. (2005) identified character- (E) (D) impact odorants in coriander leaves using GC-olfactometry and 2-dimensional GC-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The most important odorants in C. sativum is Z-2-decenal, a co-eluting cluster (E-2-dodecenal, E-2-dodecen-1-ol and O 1-dodecanol), b-ionone, eugenol and E-2-decenal. The Decanal Alpha pinene predominant compound of coriander leaves, E-2- Decen- (F) (G) 1-ol contributed little to odor activity (0.39%). Figure 1. Structures of selected phytochemicals from coriander: Linalool (A), Geranyl acetate (B), E-2-decenal (C), 2-decenoic acid (D), camphor (E), decanal (F) and alpha pinene (G). ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR of the seeds was carried out by Ishikawa and Colleagues CHARACTERIZATION OF CORIANDER LIPIDS (2003). Four new monoterpenoid glycosides, two new AND ESSENTIAL OIL monoterpenoid glucoside sulfates and two new aromatic glycosides were identified from the 33 compounds isolated Using some chromatographic techniques, essential oil from the water soluble portion of the methanolic extract constituents can be fractionated and isolated to further of coriander seeds. Other two glycosides 2-C- methyl- assess the biological activities both the in vivo and D- erythritol were isolated from coriander seeds (Kitajima in vitro leading to explore their potential therapeutic et al., 2003). applications. The characterization of the TL or fixed oil normally involves a few steps including TL extraction, followed by lipid class separation by chromatography Aerial parts (leaves and stem) which commonly involves thin layer chromatography (TLC). FA composition is then determined by gas–liquid The immature green leaves of C. sativum are widely chromatography (GLC), equipped with FID for used as fresh herbs, garnishes, in chutneys and sauces. identification. Coriander leaves are not as well studied as the fruits. Generally, TL extraction involved the fixation of lipid Nevertheless, essential oil, flavonoids, phenolic acids by boiling in water before the manual grinding in and polyphenols are among the other compounds chloroform: methanol: hexane (3:2:1), followed by detected in the leaves (Ceska et al., 1988; Matasyoh washing and decantation. Evaporation of solvent is et al., 2009; Nambiar et al., 2010). The methanolic and carried out under nitrogen stream. It is followed by lipid aqueous extracts of coriander leaf and stem have been class separation by TLC on silica plates. In some cases, assessed for total phenolic content (TPC), expressed the TL is first subjected to column chromatography as caffeic acid equivalent (Wong and Kitts, 2006), (CC) whereby, TL is further separated out in NL, GL and results showed they contained 110, 63.2 and 89.3, and PL. For CC, the eluting solvents for NL, GL and PL 51.6 mg/100 g of TPC, respectively. The essential oil are chloroform, acetone and methanol, respectively from a Kenyan variety is reported to contain mostly (Ramadan et al., 2010). Separation of NL subclasses is aldehydes (56.1%) and alcohols (46.3%). The major carried out on silica gel plates (thickness 0.25 mm) components of the leaf essential oil are: 2E- decenal activated at 120 0C for 2 h before use (Sriti et al., 2009b; (15.9%) (C), decanal (14.3%) (F), 2E-decen-1-ol (14.2%) Ramadan et al., 2010). Sriti et al. (2010) separated NL and n-decanol (13.6%). Other compounds include 2E- using a mobile phase of petroleum ether-ethanol-acetic tridecen-1-al, 2E-dodecenal, docdecanal, undecanol acid (70:30:0.4, v:v:v) based on the method proposed and undecanal. Alkanes (1.46%) are the remaining by Mangold (1964). Slight modifications were introduced compounds (Matasyoh et al., 2009). The leaves’ essential in the method used by Ramadan et al. (2010), who used oil from Bangladesh is dominated by 2-decenoic acid n-hexane: diethyl ether: acetic acid (60:40:1, v:v:v) to (30.8%) (D), E-11-tetradecenoic acid (13.4%), capric develop the plates. In the same study, PLs were separated acid (12.7%), undecyl alcohol (6.4%), tridecanoic acid out using a mixture of chloroform-acetone-methanol-acetic

Table 3. Chemical composition of essential oils of Coriandrum sativum (L.) leaves and fruits from different origins

Origin/Parts Major components % Reference

Algeria F Linalool 73.11 Zoubiri and Baaliouamer, 2010 r- Menthe-1,4-dien-7-ol 6.51 a-Pinene 3.41 Neryl acetate 3.22 Propanal, 2-methyl-3 phenyl Camphor r - Cymene India F Linalool 75.30 Singh et al., 2006 Geranyl acetate 8.12 a-Pinene 4.09 Tunisia F (Northwestern region) Linalool 86.1 Sriti et al., 2009a g-Terpinene 2.15 a-Pinene 1.65 Geraniol 1.63 Tunisia F (Northeastern region) Linalool 87.54 Msaada et al., 2007 Cis-Dihydrocarvone 2.36 Thymol 1.85 Canada F Linalool 25.9 Delaquis et al., 2002 (E)-2-decenal 20.2 a-Pinene 2.7 Nonane 2.5 Italy(1)F Linalool 64.5 Lo Cantore et al., 2004 Camphor 6.4 r-Cymene 6.3 Nerol 4.6 Italy (2) F Linalool 65–79 Grosso et al., 2008 g-Terpinene 4–7 Camphor 3 Geranyl acetate 2–4 a-Pinene 1–3 Geraniol 1–3 Limonene 1–2 IranF Linalool 77.92–82.91 Elkani et al., 2007 g- Terpinene 0.42–7.28 r- Cymene 0.84–3.77 a- Thujene 3.98–7.87 Finland F Linalool 67.2 Kerrola and Kallio, 1993 Camphor 4.8–4.9 Geranyl acetate 3.4–3.6 Geraniol 2–2.4 D-limonene 1.9–2.6 BangladeshF Linalool 37.70 Bhuiyan et al., 2009 Geranyl acetate 17.6 g- Terpinene 14.4 a- Cedrene 3.87 b- Pinene 1.82 m-Cymene 1.27 Citronellal 1.96 Citronellol 1.31 Geraniol 1.87 Kenya L 2E- Decenal 15.9 Matasyoh et al., 2009 Decanal 14.3 2E- Dodecenal 6.23 Dodecanal 4.36 Undecanal 3.23 tridecanal 1.16 2E- Decen-1-ol 14.2 n-Decanol 13.6 Undecanol 3.37 Trans-2-Undecen-1-ol 2.12 n- Undecanol 2.38 (Continues)

Table 3. (Continued)

Origin/Parts Major components % Reference

Massachusetts, USAL Decanal 9.25 Potter, 1996 (E)-2-decenal 12.1 2-decen-1-ol 8.18 1-decanol 2.09 Undecanal 2.31 (E)-2-undecenal 5.32 dodecanal 4.96 (E)-2-dodecenal 15.6 (E)-2-tridecanal 2.53 Tetradecanal 1.69 (E)-2-tetradecenal 12.7 (E)-2-pentadecenal 4.77 Phytol 2.79 1-eicosanol 1.48 Bangladesh L 2-Decenoic acid 30.82 Bhuiyan et al., 2009 2-Dedecanal 1.32 2-Undecenal 3.87 Cyclododecane 2.45 Decamethylene glycol 1.15 Decanal 1.39 Dodecanal 1.25 Dodecanoic acid 2.63 E-11-tetradecenoic acid 13.37 Capric acid 12.71 Nonanoic acid 1.17 E-Undecanoic acid 4.97 Tridecanoic acid 5.45 Undecanoic acid 2.13 Undecyl alcohol 6.42 BrazilL 1-decenol 24.2 Begnami et al., 2010 2E-decenol 18.00 2Z-dodecenol 17.60 Decanal 4.8 Tridecanal 3.00 2-Dodecenal 2.90 Tetradecenol 12.00 Fiji L Nonane 1.53 Eyres et al., 2005 1-Decanol 19.64 E-2-Decen-1-ol 26.00 E-2-Undecen-1-ol 2.01 E-2-Dodecen-1-ol 4.60 Decanal 6.56 Dodecanal 2.99 Serbia F p-lymene 4.0 Samojlik et al., 2010 g- terpinene 1.2 linalool 74.6 camphor 5.9 borneol 1.2 trans-geraniol 2.8 trans-anethole 1.8 geranyl acetate 4.6 PakistanF Linalool 69.60 Anwar et al., 2011 geranyl acetate 4.99 g- Terpinene 4.17 r- Cymene 1.12 a-Pinene 1.63 anethol 1.15

L: Leaves F: Fruits/seeds

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Phytother. Res. (2012) N. G. SAHIB ET AL. acid-water (50:20:10:10:5, v:v:v:vv) (Lepage, 1967). The discomforts. Leaves preparations are ingested and also plates are then air dried and stained by rhodamine in applied externally to treat coughs, chest pains, bladder ethanol. Identification of bands is made by comparison of complaints and as an aphrodisiac (Bruneton, 1995). The their Retention Factor (RF) with referenced authentic fruits of coriander have been used to treat inflammation, standards chromatogram under the same conditions. indigestion, cough, bronchitis, vomiting, dysentery, TAG, FA (FA), mono-acylglycerols, diacylglycerols, diarrhea, gout, rheumatism, intermittent fevers and ST and ST esters are examples of different classes of lipids giddiness among others (Varier, 1994). It has also been that can be separated from NL (Ramadan et al., 2010). reported to be a good carminative agent, has antispas- Once the TAG has been separated from the NL, it can be modic and expectorant attributes and is used as an further characterized for its individual FA using GLC/FID. ointment in arthritis and rheumatism (Ceska et al., 1988). The FA are first converted to methyl esters before Other uses include antiedemic, antiseptic, emmenagogue being injected in the GLC/FID system. Standard and and nerve soothing (Duke et al., 2002). sample are injected for identification of FA, and their In Ayurvedic medicine, the seeds are combined with amounts are quantified based on peak areas of known caraway and cardamom seeds or with caraway, fennel concentration of standards (Ramadan et al., 2010). The and anise seeds in eastern medicine to treat digestive FA are identified based on retention times as compared complaints (Kapoor, 1990; Aggarwal and Kunnumakkara, to standards and quantified based on peak area (Sriti 2009). In Pakistan, especially in the northern areas (Gilgit) et al., 2010). Analysis of GL, ST and PL in coriander the plant has medicinal use to treat flatulence, dysentry, oil has also been investigated thoroughly (Ramadan diarrhoea, cough, stomach complaints, jaundice and et al., 2003; Ramadan et al., 2010). PL, GL and ST vomiting (Khan and Khatoon, 2008). It is also used all over subclasses can be studied using normal phase high- the country as analgesic, refrigerant, diuretic and tonic performance liquid chromatography (Ramadan et al., (Chaudry and Tariq, 2006). In traditional Chinese medi- 2010). cine, coriander seeds are administered to treat indigestion, GC-MS has become a popular and versatile tool to anorexia, stomach ache, influenza with no sweating, bad characterize essential oil components due to the high breath and unpleasant odors from genital areas (Leung sensitivity and selectivity of the method coupled with and Foster, 1996), whereas, in Germany, coriander seeds relatively easy identification of compounds through are usually taken as medicinal teas or components of car- reference libraries. In the last decade, GC-MS has been minatives and laxatives. The main use is to treat dyspeptic the choice method to characterize essential oil from complaints, loss of appetite, abdominal discomforts and coriander (Singh et al., 2006; Bhuiyan et al., 2009; gastrointestinal upsets (Wichtl and Bisset, 1994). The fruit Matasyoh et al., 2009; Sriti et al., 2009a). The essential is listed in the European Pharmacopoeias and is used as a oil requires minimal preliminary preparation and can digestive aid, against worms and to treat rheumatism. In be injected directly into the GC-MS system. The injector, Iran, coriander has a long history of medicinal use for pre- GC-MS interface, ion source and selective mass detector venting convulsions, anxiety, insomnia and loss of appetite. must be maintained at suitable temperatures. In a study In Saudi Arabia, a percentage of the population still uses by Singh et al. (2006), various temperatures (270, 280, infusion of coriander seeds as an anti-diabetic agent (Al 230 and 150 0C) were used, while gradually adjusting Rowais, 2002), and the seed extract has been used to de- oven temperature: 60 0C for 1 min, rising at 1.5 0C/min crease fertility (Al Said et al., 1987). The essential oil from till 185 0C and at 9 0C/min till 275 0C, held for 2 min. coriander plant has also been traditionally used to stimulate The same temperature was more or less recommended gastric juices and to treat ulcers and mouth infections in the by Matasyoh et al. (2009), where the maximum Asian region (Leung and Foster, 1996; Kapoor, 1990). temperature reached 260 0C and was held for 10 min. Table 4 presents an overview of the medicinal uses of dif- Most studies used a fused silica capillary column, with ferent parts of C. sativum in some folk medicine across dimensions of 30 m Â 0.25 mm; 0.25 mm film thickness the regions (Bhuiyan et al., 2009; Matasyoh et al., 2009) or HP-5MS column with dimension of 30 mm Â 0.35 mm; 0.25 mm film thickness. Helium is mostly used as carrier gas (Singh et al., 2006; Msaada et al., 2007; Begnami et al., BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 2010). Identification of the essential oil components is mostly made by comparing their retention times and Anti-microbial activity mass spectra with published data in the literature and also comparison with the National Institute of Standards The anti-microbial activity of coriander leaves and seeds and Technology library. Wiley & QuadLib GC-MS and their extracts and essential oils is one of the most and other GC-MS libraries are also used. Percentage reported biological activities of the plant (Kubo et al., composition is computed from the GC-MS peak areas. 2004; Saeed and Tariq, 2007; Matasyoh et al., 2009; Begnami et al., 2010). Essential oil and aqueous extract of coriander leaves showed inhibitory activity against many bacteria and yeast species. In particular, the MEDICINAL USES essential oil showed marked inhibitory effect against Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus and Different parts of coriander have been traditionally Bacillus spp) and Gram-negative (e.g. Escherichia coli, used across the world. All parts of the plant including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella the leaves, seeds and essential oil have been used pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis). The seed essential traditionally in the folk medicine systems of different oil also showed antifungal activity against Candida civilizations. The leaves have been used as antispas- albicans. On the other hand, the leaf essential oil modic, dyspeptic and appetizer and to treat abdominal was also found to inhibit a number of Candida species

Table 4. Traditional uses of different parts of Coriandrum sativum (L) in different countries

Country Parts used Traditional uses in folk medicine Reference NUTRACEUTICAL AND FOOD FUNCTIONAL AS CORIANDER

Fiji Leaves Juice of leaves are to used to treat skin diseases Singh, 1986 Fruits Infusion of seeds is used as eye wash for eye diseases. Paste of ground seeds is usually applied to forehead to relieve headaches, A decoction of seeds is used as gargle for mouth diseases and bad breath, The fruits are also used as carminative, stimulating, diuretic, tonic, stomachic, aphrodisiac agents. Iran Leaves Juice from young leaves is used to treat anxiety and insomnia Heider, 1992 Fruits The fruits are mostly are used to treat convulsion, insomnia and anxiety and used to improve appetite Palestine Fruits Fruits are used after childbirth to regain strength and increase milk production, fruits Abu Rabia, 2005 also used to treat urinary infections and prostate problems and as aphrodisiac and stimulant to increase sexual desire Fruits are used as diuretic Pakistan Fruits carminative, diuretic, tonic, stimulant and analgesic and refrigerants Chaudry and Tariq, 2006 India Fruits Coriander seeds are important components of Ayurveda medicine to treat cough, Varier, 1994 bronchitis, vomiting, dyspepsia, diarrhea, neuralgia, dysentery, gout, spam, rheumatism, fevers and giddiness. They are also used as anti-inflammatory agents, digestive aids and to treat gastric complaints Saudi Arabia Fruits An infusion of the seeds is used as anti-diabetic agents and extracts Al Rowais, 2002 are used as anti-fertility and contraceptive Al Said et al., 1987 Germany (South Western Region) Leaves &Fruits Both parts of the plant are used by the ethnic population as digestive aids Pieroni and Gray, 2008 Jordan Not specified It is mostly used as an anti-diabetic agent Otoom et al., 2006 Turkey Fruits Infusion of seeds is used as a digestive and carminative agent and to enhance appetite Ugulu et al., 2009 htte.Res. Phytother. (2012) N. G. SAHIB ET AL.

(C.albicans CBS 562, C. parapsilosis CBS 604, C. against microbes. Chaudry and Tariq (2006) reported dubliniensis CBS 7987 and C. krusei CBS 573) at a dose that aqueous decoction of coriander seeds had no in the range of 125 mg/mL–500 mg/mL. Different antibacterial effect against oral isolates. Later, the same chemical fractions of the essential oil showed anti- group (Saeed and Tariq, 2007) reported that the microbial activity comparable to standard antibiotics aqueous infusion and decoction of coriander leaves with biological activity being attributed to the does not inhibit Gram-negative urinary pathogens and concentration of alcohol-soluble bioactives (Lo Cantore C. albicans. In summary, several reports indicated that et al., 2004; Matasyoh et al., 2009; Begnami et al., 2010). essential oil and extracts of different parts of coriander The antifungal and sprout suppressant activities of the have potential natural anti-microbial activities. The oil essential seed oil and oleoresin were studied (Singh or the individual components are active against both et al., 2006). From the inverted Petri plate assay, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, which is coriander essential oil was found to be very active suitable for food preservation. However, more studies against C. palliscens, F. oxysporum, F. moniliforme and are required to investigate the stability of the essential A. terreus, with more than 70% zone inhibition. The oil in food system and its ability to prevent microbial oleoresin was less effective, with a zone inhibition of growth and extend shelf life of food. 50% against F. oxysporum, A. niger and A. terreus. Results from the food poison technique showed 100% inhibition of A. terreus, A. niger, F. graminearum and Anti-oxidant activity F. oxysporum by the essential oil. Oleoresin showed some antifungal activity as assessed by this method, The safety of synthetic anti-oxidants as food preserva- showing 100% inhibition for F. oxysporum only. The tives has been questioned, due to some associated side essential oil of an Algerian variety was studied against effects. The commonly used synthetic anti-oxidants such Sitophilus granarius,(S. granarius), a common stored as butylated hydroxyl anisole and butylated hydroxyl product beetle. After 5 days, coriander, at all doses toluene have been reported to induce DNA damage showed considerable toxicity against it, thus, showing (Sasaki et al., 2002). Thus, effort is being made to search promise as a fumigant agent (Zoubiri and Baaliouamer, for natural anti-oxidant alternatives to address this issue 2010). (Reische et al., 2002). Plants bioactives, most importantly, Many researchers have endeavored to identify the polyphenolics and flavonoids have attracted a great deal phytochemical(s) responsible for the anti-microbial of interest as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment activity of coriander leave extract and essential oil. of cancer and other chronic diseases due to their anti- The aqueous and methanolic leave and stem extracts oxidant and chelating activities. In an early study, inhibited growth of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli administration of coriander seeds in rats fed with a high by inducing cell damage. The methanolic extract was fat diet showed decrease in peroxides levels, free FA found to be more potent against the tested microorganism and glutathione as well as increased activity of anti- as compared to the aqueous equivalent. The stem extract, oxidant enzymes (Chithra and Leelamma, 1999). which had higher contents of total phenolics, showed In a more comprehensive study (Wangensteen et al., stronger antibacterial activity as compared to the leaves 2004), the anti-oxidant potential of extracts of different extract, suggesting a strong correlation between TPC polarity from coriander leaves and seeds as well as and bacteriostatic activity (Wong and Kitts, 2006). The coriander oil has been reported. The anti-oxidant activity antibacterial effect of essential oil from coriander leaves was evaluated by three different bioassays including against Listeria monocytogenes was also attributed to diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical method, the presence of long chain alcohols and aldehydes as the inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) and inhibition of distilled fractions, containing a-pinene, camphene and Fe2+ peroxidation of porcine brain PL. An extract of linalool, which were potent against an array of both medium polarity (ethyl acetate) showed a strong anti- Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms oxidant activity when assessed by DPPH radical (Delaquis et al., 2002). scavenging (IC50 147 Æ 3 mg/mL). Ethanolic extracts The antibacterial activity of volatile compounds from inhibited 15-LO in a concentration-dependent manner, coriander leaves, namely, decanal, (2E)-decenal, (2E)- with the leaves being more active than the seeds, while dodecenal, linalool, (2E)-undecenal, dodecanal, (2E)- lipophilic extracts and coriander oil were found inactive. tridecenal, octanal, undecanal, nonanal and (2E)-hexenal There was no activity observed in the PL peroxidation were tested against Salmonella choleraesuis,usingbroth method. This study concluded that the coriander leave dilution method. Interestingly, all tested aldehydes showed extracts showed stronger anti-oxidant activity as varying inhibitory effect on tested microorganisms, with compared to the seed extract. In another related study (2E)- dodecenal being the most effective, having minimum (Wong and Kitts, 2006), aqueous and methanolic bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 6.25 mg/mL, followed extracts of coriander leave and stem were assessed for by (2E)- undecenal with MBC of 12.5 mg/mL (Kubo et al. their anti-oxidant activity using different assays. Both (2004). This study also reported the unusual inhibitory aqueous and methanolic extracts of stem and leaves activity of (2E)-hexenal on Pseudomonas aeruginosa,as showed a reducing activity with the leaf being more very few phytochemicals are known to have inhibitory active in scavenging free radicals. Coriander seed oil effect on Gram-negative bacteria. The efficacy of essential quenched 35% and 32.4% of DPPH radicals and oil to show bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity depends galvinoxyl radicals, respectively. This radical scavenging on the ability of the components to disrupt the permeability activity of coriander was higher than black cumin and barrier of cell membrane structures and loss of chemiosmotic Niger crude seed oil. The radical scavenging activity of control (Cox et al., 2000). coriander oil has been partly attributed to the high On the other hand, there are a couple of reports composition of unsaponifiables (21.8 g/kg), and PL showing the ineffectiveness of certain coriander extracts present in coriander seed oil (Ramadan et al., 2003).

Recently, a considerable interest has been shown As expected, treatment with lead nitrate (40 mg/kg) caused towards improving the nutritional and functional toxicity in liver with increased level of TBARS and properties of cooking oils through blending with some decrease in SOD and CATactivity and glutathione content. non-conventional oils. Ramadan and Wahdan (2012) Administration of coriander extracts (250–600 mg/kg) explored the effect of blending coriander seed oil with attenuated the effect of lead nitrate as shown by an corn oil and assessed the functionality, stability and increase in anti-oxidant content and activity. Histological radical scavenging activity of the oil blends produced. Corn examination revealed that at high doses, coriander oil blended with coriander oil (at proportion 10–20%) extracts were able to restore the liver and kidney tissue showed enhanced oxidative stability and DPPH free to their normal structures as compared to tissues damage radical scavenging capacity as compared to corn oil. This observed in the lead nitrate without extract supplemen- improvement in oxidation parameters and anti-oxidant tation. Although the study concluded that coriander attributes of oil blend was supposed to be attributed to extracts do prevent or slow down oxidative damage positive changes in the FA and tocopherols profiles as caused by lead, there is still a need to identify the specific well as presence of bioactive compounds such as ST metabolite and mechanism of action involved (Kansar and tocols in coriander seed oil. Similarly, oxidative et al., 2011). stability of high linoleic sunflower oil, when blended with The anti-oxidant activity of leaves and shoot extract coriander seed oil, was also improved as result of of coriander has been attributed to its high phenolic decrease in linoleic acid and increase in tocols levels of content (2.734 mg/100 g catechin equivalent of dry the blend. The improvement effect was found to be dose samples). The principal phenolic anti-oxidants identified dependent (Ramadan, 2013). includes, caffeic acid, protocathenic acid and glycitin The effect of polyphenolic extract of coriander seeds (Melo, 2002; Melo et al., 2005). Coriander extracts, rich was assessed on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced in phenolics and carotenoids were fed to Wistar rats for oxidative stress in human lymphocytes (Hashim et al., 30 and 60 days. Initially, the aqueous extract was more 2005). Treatment with H2O2 caused oxidative stress by effective, but towards the end of the study, the ether decreasing activities of anti-oxidant enzymes (i.e. extract was found to be more effective in both liver superoxide dismuthase ‘SOD’,catalase‘CAT’, glutathione and plasma as assessed by measuring TBARS levels peroxidase ‘GOP’, gluthatione reductase ‘GR’ and (Melo et al., 2003). Free radicals and lipid peroxidation glutathione-S-transferase). General decrease in glutathione have also been implicated in acute gastric lesions. The content and increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive aqueous suspension of coriander seeds showed a dose- substances (TBARS) was observed. Treatment with dependent protection against gastric ulcers induced by polyphenolic fractions of coriander seeds (50 mg/mL) various agents such as sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, effectively protected human lymphocytes from H2O2- ethanol and indomethacin as well as by pylorus ligation induced oxidative stress and restored oxidative stress to accumulated gastric acid secretion. The protective effect that of normal cells. There was an increase in the against ulcers was attributed to the free radical scavenging activities of the anti-oxidant enzymes and glutathione capacity of anti-oxidants in the seeds and the hydrophobic content, and TBARS content was decreased. The interactions of anti-oxidant compounds to form protective protective effect was comparable to that of a pure layers (Al-Mofleh et al., 2006). In a contradictory study compound, quercetin, a known anti-oxidant (Hashim published recently, essential oil from coriander seeds et al., 2005). There is supporting evidence that coriander showed pro-oxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo. possesses hepatoprotective activity against carbon Although the essential oil was shown to have some DPPH tetrachloride (CCL4) intoxication in vivo (Pandey et al., radical scavenging activity (IC50 4.05 mL/mL), it enhanced 2011). There was a significant decrease in liver weight oxidation in lipid peroxidation with poor hepatoprotective and other biomarker elements such as aspartate effect in CCL4--induced hepatotoxicity. Pretreatment with aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline coriander oil resulted in decreased CAT activity and phosphatase and bilirubin in rats fed with the extracts. glutathione content (Samojlik et al., 2010). This is partially The protective effect could be attributed to the high supported by Wangensteen et al. (2004), who reported contents of phenolics, most specifically iso-quercetin that coriander oil and lipophilic extracts failed to show and quercetin. Similarly, ethanolic extracts of fresh anti-oxidant properties in the in vivo study. In the light leaves and stem of coriander from an Indian origin were of above reviewed evidences, it is clear that different found to have a protective effect on CCL4-induced parts of coriander do show some anti-oxidant activity hepatotoxicity in rats. Pretreatment with coriander in vitro, but there are contradictory reports concerning extracts (200 mg/kg) reduced the CCL4-induced its effect in the in vivo models. Therefore, more studies hepatoxicity, which may be due to the presence of are needed to elucidate the effect of coriander extract quercetin, caffeic acid and/or thymol active constituents on the oxidation status of the body, especially, under of different plants including coriander, which have been in vivo conditions. shown to be hepatoprotective in our earlier studies (Gilani et al., 1997; Janbaz et al., 2004, 2003). There was a general increase in protective enzymes: SOD, CAT Anti-diabetic activity and GOP. The anti-oxidant activity of the fresh leaf extract (200 mg/kg) was also found to be comparable to Diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases and the standard drug, silymarin (Sreelatha et al., 2009). growing with rapid pace (Wild et al., 2004). The treatment Different models of anti-oxidative stress have been requires life-long use of chemical drugs, which produce used to study the anti-oxidant activity of coriander multiple side-effects; hence, scientists are compelled extracts in vivo. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of to search for more effective and safer anti-diabetic coriander were investigated for their anti-oxidant treatment. Some medicinal plants and natural products, properties in lead nitrate-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. such as Momordica charantia L., Trigonella foecum

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Phytother. Res. (2012) N. G. SAHIB ET AL. graecum L., Cuminum nigrum, terpenoids, flavonoids and fed on high fat diet (Chithra and Leelamma, 1997). A phenolics have been proven to be effective anti-diabetic decrease in triglyceride levels and LDL and VLDL agents, both experimentally and in clinical trials (Ahmed cholesterol and increased HDL cholesterol was among et al., 2000; Jung et al., 2006). Coriander is also one of the reported observations. Furthermore, administration of medicinal plants that have been traditionally used as anti- coriander seed oil decreased the levels of TLs, total diabetic agent (Lewis and Elvin-Lewis, 1977). In cholesterol, TAG and LDL-cholesterol in rats fed on a countries like Saudi Arabia and Morocco, coriander seeds high cholesterol diet. Pure coriander seed oil seems to are still used as a remedy for hyperglycemia (Al Rowais, be more effective in its anti-hypercholesterolemic effect 2002; Tahraoui et al., 2007). There are several studies, as opposed to a blend of oils containing coriander oil supporting the anti-hyperglycemic activity of coriander (Ramadan et al., 2008). seeds (Swanston-Flatt et al., 1990; Chithra and Leelamma, The activity of key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, 1999; Eidi et al., 2009; Gray and Flatt, 1999). The apparent HMG-CoA reductase, was also decreased, with the effect reduced hyperglycemia was observed in streptozotocin- being attributed to a hepatic degradation of cholesterol diabetic mice on a diet (62.5 g/kg) and drinking water with increased concentration of hepatic and fecal bile (2.5 g/L) supplemented with a decoction of the seeds. In acids and neutral ST. Anti-cholesterolemic effect of the in vitro, glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in coriander was further confirmed by Dhanapakiam et al. isolated murine abdominal muscle and clonal b-cell line (2008), who reported that supplementation with were also positively modulated. There was an increase in coriander caused a general decrease in cholesterol and glucose uptake, glucose oxidation and glycogenesis and a triglyceride levels in rats. The activity of HMG CoA dose-dependent effect on insulin secretion (Gray and reductase was also decreased as a reduction in LDL and Flatt, 1999). A supplementation of 200 and 250 mg/kg of VLDL cholesterol was observed. There was also an ethanolic extract of seeds caused a decrease in serum increase in beneficial HDL cholesterol and in the activity glucose concentration and increased activity of beta cells of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase. The increase in as compared to a diabetic control (Eidi et al., 2009). concentration of hepatic and fecal bile acids and neutral Recently, Aissaoui et al. (2011) validated the medicinal ST was again suggested to enhance hepatic clearance use of coriander seeds in management of diabetes in of cholesterol. More recently, coriander was reported Morocco. to tansactivate the transcription factor, peroxisome An aqueous extract of coriander seeds (20 mg/kg) was proliferator activated receptors a, which is thought to fed to obese-hyperglycemic-hyperlipidemic rats at a improve overall lipid profile (Mueller et al., 2011). single dose in a sub-chronic study for 30 days. The results showed that the coriander extract suppressed hyperglycemia, with a normal blood glucose level Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, anti-depressant reached after 4 h of dosing, with no effect on lipids. and cognitive effects The sub-chronic supplementation of coriander extracts for 30 days reduced plasma glucose and was able to Coriander has long been used in Iranian traditional maintain normal glycemia as from day 21. Insulin, medicine as anticonvulsant, anti-depressant and for its insulin resistance and lipid parameters including total nerve soothing, sedative and anxiolytic properties. cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL)-cholesterol Anti-seizure potential of coriander seeds has been and triglycerides were reduced. In both the single dose assessed using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal experiment and sub-chronic study, the effect of electroshock test. Both the aqueous and ethanolic coriander extract was found to be comparable to that of extracts of coriander seeds delayed onset of clonic glibenclamide. The mechanism of the anti-hyperglycemic convulsion and showed anticonvulsant activity as assessed action was partly investigated by Chithra and Leelamma by PTZ test. There was also a decrease in the duration (1999). Pretreatment with coriander seed powder caused of tonic seizures as assessed by maximal electroshock changes in carbohydrate metabolism; increased concen- (Hosseinzadeh and Madanifard, 2000). A dose of 5 mg/kg tration and activity of hepatic glycogen and glycogen showed protective effect similar to that of phenobarbitural synthase were observed. Therefore, decreased glycogen- (20 mg/kg). These findings were confirmed by another olysis and gluconeogenesis and enhanced activities of report, whereby; aqueous-alcoholic extract and essential glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase along with other oil of coriander seeds provided a dose-dependent glycolytic enzymes might all be an indication of the anti- protection against PTZ-induced tonic convulsions and hyperglycemic activity of coriander seeds. This supports death. Aqueous extract appears to be more active than the potential uses of coriander seeds for development of essential oil in increasing the onset of time for myoclonic anti-diabetic functional foods and nutraceuticals. and clonic convulsions (Ghoreyshi and Ghazal, 2008). The same extracts (100–600 mg/kg) were administered to mice to assess for their sedative activity. Aqueous Anti-dyslipidemic activity extracts at concentration of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleeping time as Increased plasma cholesterol, most specifically LDL, compared to control group. The essential oil showed cholesterol has been generally accepted to have a sedative effect only at 600 mg/kg, suggesting that the positive relationship with CHD (Seman et al., 1999). sedative component might be present in higher amount The lipid lowering drugs such as, statins are considered in the polar fractions (Ghoreyshi and Hamedani, 2006). to be effective in controlling LDL but have little effect In view of the multiple side-effects associated with in raising HDL and are not only expensive but are also benzodiazepines in managing anxiety, Emamghoreishi associated with multiple side-effects; thus there is a need et al. (2005) studied the anxiolytic activity of coriander to explore natural alternatives. Interestingly, coriander seeds extract (100 mg/kg) in mice, using the elevated plus- seeds showed lipid lowering effect when studied in rats maze model. Anxiolytic effect, comparable to diazepam

(0.3 mg/kg) as demonstrated by time spent in the open arms compounds both in humans and plants. Coriander juice and the percentage of open arm entries, was recorded. was assessed for its anti-mutagenic activity by using the Corianderextractsinthisstudy(50–500 mg/kg) also Ames reversion mutagenicity assay (his- to his+)with showed potential sedative and muscle relaxant effect by the Salmonella typhimurium strain as an indicator reducing spontaneous activity and neuromuscular organism. The aqueous crude coriander juice significantly coordination in a dose-dependent manner. In a more decreased mutagenicity of metabolized aromatic amines, comprehensive study, Mahendra and Bisht (2011) and this effect seems to be positively correlated with reported the anti-anxiety effect of coriander seed extract chlorophyll content in the juice. There was no observed using different experimental anxiety models in mice, toxicity associated with coriander juice (Cortes-Eslara such as elevated plus-maze test, open field test, light et al., 2004). The effect of coriander extract on Neuro-21 and dark test and social interaction test. The aqueous- cells was assessed. This murine neuroblastoma cell line alcoholic extracts of coriander seed (100 and 200 mg/kg) is a good model for tumor studies as it is established from exhibited anxiolytic effect comparable with that of a a spontaneous tumor. Cell viability was assessed by standard drug, diazepam (0.5 mg/kg). resazurin (Almar Blue) indicator assay, and coriander In addition, the aqueous extract of coriander seed was extract was shown to have weak anti-tumor effect, as studied for its effect on anxiety and pain (Pathan et al., compared to other extracts tested, with an LC50 value of 2011). The models chosen for assessing anxiolytic and more than 5 mg/mL (Mazzio and Soliman, 2009). analgesic effect were the elevated plus-maze and hot plate model, respectively. At a concentration of 200 mg/kg, the extract showed anxiolytic effect comparable to standard Diuretic and anti-hypertensive activities drug, diazepam (0.3 mg/kg). It also exhibited analgesic activity with median effective dose of 200 mg/kg. Despite the lack of evidence regarding the efficacy of In another study, only the green plant extract, not the existing diuretics, they are still widely used to promote dried variety showed anti-despair activity in mice renal salt and water excretion to treat acute renal failures (Kishore and Siddiqui, 2003). The aqueous extract and (Mehta et al., 2002). The use of coriander as a traditional fixed oil from coriander seed also showed anti-depressant diuretic or to treat renal maladies has been reported in activity as assessed by the forced swimming test and tail many cultures (Grieve 1971; Eddouks et al., 2002). The suspension test. These indices of depression in these extract of coriander seeds was studied for its diuretic models were measured by the ‘Immobility Time’,witha effect in anesthetized rats, and the results showed a shorter immobility time indicating a strong anti-depressant dose-dependent increase in urine output, excretion of activity. The aqueous and diethyl ether extracts of cori- electrolytes and glomerular filtration rate with a mechanism ander showed significant anti-depressant like activity, similar to that of the standard drug, furosemide (Aissaoui comparable to fluoxetine and imipramine, commonly used et al., 2008). The aqueous-methanolic extract of coriander anti-depressant drugs in the clinical settings. The diethyl fruits was also found to exhibit diuretic effect in conscious ether extract of the seeds showed better bioactivity as rats (Jabeen et al., 2009). compared to their aqueous counterpart. Monoamine oxi- The aqueous-methanolic extract of coriander fruits was dase-B enzyme (MAO-B) is an enzyme implicated in the found to possess anti-hypertensive effect in anesthetized pathogenesis of depression. Coriander extract inhibited rats, along with vasodilator effect mediated through a MAO-B activity, which was suggested to be the principal combination of endothelial-dependent (cholinergic) and mechanism of anti-depressant-like activity (Kharade independent (Ca++ channel blockade) pathways (Jabeen et al., 2011). et al., 2009). In a more recent study, the reversal of memory deficits by supplementation with fresh coriander leaves was reported (Mani et al. 2011). In the transfer latency Anti-inflammatory effect test using elevated plus-maze model, aged animals (12–15 months) on a normal diet showed memory deficits The commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory as compared to young animals (3–4 months). Memory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to cause gastrointestinal deficit was shown to be successfully reversed in old tract irritation (Graham et al., 1988). The NSAIDS with animals supplemented with the leaves for 45 days while selective COX-2 inhibition are, however, considered to in young animals, treatment reversed the amnesia be less ulcerogenic, but they have been reported to induced by scopolamine and diazepam. The study also cause fatal cardiac toxicity based on which, some have revealed possible neuro-protective effect of the coriander been withdrawn from the market. Therefore, there is leaves, which also caused inhibition of ACE activity in the an increasing need for safer anti-inflammatory drugs. brain of both old and young animals and reduced serum Several reports have shown plant bioactives, such as cholesterol level, thus acting dually in improving the flavonoids and dietary polyphenols, possess anti-in- manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease. flammatory effect through various molecular targets (Yoon and Baek, 2005; Garcia-Lafuente et al., 2009). The use of coriander as anti-inflammatory agent is Anti-mutagenic activity evident by a traditional formulation from Sri Lanka, Maharasnadhi Quather (MRQ), containing coriander The use of natural extracts as complementary anti- seeds as one of its principal component. MRQ has been cancer agents have become very popular, and, according reported to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory proper- to some estimates, about 90% of cancer patients ties both in animal models and human subjects. Administra- worldwide rely on some form of complementary and tion of MRQ significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced alternative medicine (Yates et al., 2005). Aromatic amines rat paw edema. The formulation also increases pain tol- are compounds that can be changed to mutagenic erance in rats by 57% after 1 h of treatment as assessed

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Phytother. Res. (2012) N. G. SAHIB ET AL. by the hot plate test. The analgesic effect was suggested conflicting reports on the mutagenicity of coriander. to be mediated via a supra-spiral effect. Supplementa- As reported by Heibatullah et al. (2008), coriander drop tion of MRQ in patients suffering from rheumatoid and ethanolic extract of seeds failed to show any arthritis for 3 months improved pain, inflammation and mutagenicity in rat embryo fibroblasts as studied with mobility without any adverse effects on liver functions the Comet assay. Coriander juice on the other hand was and gastrointestinal activities (Thabrew et al., 2003). A proven to be anti-mutagenic in action (Cortes-Eslara poly-herbal formulation, consisting of coriander as one et al., 2004). The principal component of coriander of the constituents, showed inhibitory effect against in- essential oil, linalool, was generally found to be anti- flammatory bowel disease. The activity was comparable mutagenic at 25 mg/mL, and it did not induce any to that of prednisolone (Japtap et al., 2004). chromosomal alterations in the Chinese hamster The topical anti-inflammatory effect of coriander oil fibroblast assay (Ishidate et al., 1984) and no unscheduled was also reported where 40 human volunteers were DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes (Heck et al., 1989). tested for the anti-inflammatory effect of a lipolotion However, the mutagenicity of coriander has been supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of coriander oil. reported by Mahmoud et al. (1992). Extract of coriander Lipolotion effectively reduced the UV-induced erythema fruit showed mutagenic activity in the Ames assay but was less effective than hydrocortisone. Coriander oil consisting of Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98 showed mild anti-inflammatory effect with good skin and TA100). tolerance at both concentrations (Reuter et al., 2008). In a review by Letizia et al. (2003), the effect of coriander oil at different doses (160, 400 and 1000 mg/kg) was tested on male and female rats for 28 days. The associated toxicities appeared to be dose and gender Miscellaneous activities dependent. In both male and female rats, mid and high doses of coriander oil caused an increase in absolute Lead-detoxifying potential. The potential of coriander and relative weights of liver and kidney. There was also against lead poisoning has been assessed in mice an increase in the total protein and albumin in mid/high exposed to lead contaminated drinking water and dose in males and high dose in females. There was an then supplemented with different doses of coriander increase in calcium levels in males fed 1000 mg/kg (0.4–12 mg/kg) for 25 days. The results showed improve- coriander oil. High incidence of degenerative lesions in ment in terms of lead deposition. The administration of renal cortex of high dose males were observed while the herb was found to decrease lead-induced kidney for females, there was more peritoneal hepatocellular injury and localized lead deposition in the femur. The cytoplasmic vacuolization in the liver. The reproductive protective effect was similar to that offered by DMSA organs in both groups were unaffected. This study (a chelating agent) used as positive control in the concluded that the non-observed effect level (NOEL) experiment. The methanolic extract of coriander positively for male was 160 mg/kg, and for females, the NOEL modulated the activity of lead-induced inhibition of should be less than 160 mg/kg. specific enzyme (delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase), The aqueous extract of coriander leaves at high which lead to the suggestion that the protective ability concentrations (8 mg/mL) was associated with mutagenicity of the extracts was due to some chelating activity of in two strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA97/TA102), bioactives in the plant. The identity of those bioactives as assessed by Ames test. At the same concentration, there remained to be identified (Aga et al., 2001). was a decrease in the survival of human cell lines (WRL-68 and 293Q) due to induced apoptosis and necrosis and altered cell cycle. Coriander leaves extract dose dependently increased G1 phase in hepatic cells and SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS reduced G2 + M phase in both cell lines. Exposure to the extracts (8 mg/mL) resulted in malformations in chicken A few studies have been conducted to assess the safety embryos with adverse effects more pronounced on axial using either the oral supplementation, or the topical skeletal, heart and eyes. The authors recommended the application of coriander, mainly the essential oil. The consumption of coriander leaf extracts to be generally effect of aqueous extract of fresh coriander seeds was safe (Reyes et al., 2010). assessed for toxicity on reproductive system. In Saudi As for toxicity associated with the topical application Arabia, the plant has been traditionally used as an of the coriander oil and its components, there seem to anti-fertility agent. Oral supplementation of 250 mg be sufficient evidence suggesting that the essential oil and 500 mg/kg in rats resulted in a dose-dependent does not cause irritation to the skin. Application of decrease in implantation, most likely due to decreased coriander essential oil and linalool in 48 h closed patch progesterone level. However, no complete infertility test did not produce irritation in human subjects was observed. There was no change in weight of fetuses (Kligman 1970; 1971). There was no irritation associated and no deformities (Al Said et al., 1987). With regard to with application of 20% linalool in both healthy volunteers male endocrine and reproductive functions, there was and patients suffering from skin problems (Fuji et al., no significant histo-pathological difference in the tissues 1972). of male rabbits fed on coriander (250 mg/kg for 7 days) After a comprehensive review on the safety assess- as compared to the control group. The testosterone ment of coriander essential oil, Burdock and Carabin secreting cells were still active, with no significant (2009) concluded that, based on the history of consump- difference in testosterone production. The serum tion of coriander oil without any reported side effect, chemistry profile of both treated and untreated rabbits the medicinal use of the essential oil at usual dosage is was similar. The level of cholesterol in the treated group safe for human consumption as a food ingredient and remained unchanged (Al- Suhaimi, 2009). There are in cosmetics.

effect (Jabeen et al., 2009) and the presence of diuretic ac- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES tivity (Aissaoui et al., 2008; Jabeen et al., 2009) is of added value for its medicinal use in hypertension, as the diuretics Coriander has been traditionally used across various are considered useful in hypertension. Chronic anxiety civilizations both as culinary ingredient and for a wide can lead to stress, which is well known to be the causative range of medicinal uses. Different parts of the plant, factor for multiple chronic diseases including hyperten- especially seeds, contain lipids rich in petroselinic acid sion and diabetes. Interestingly, coriander possesses and essential oil rich in linalool and are widely used across anxiolytic and nerve soothing properties (Pathan et al., Asia and Middle East as a food supplement. Due to 2011) which may be of added value. their various reported biological activities such as anti- Its reported anti-dyslipidemic activity if proved in a microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anxiolytic, sedatives, clinical setting would be a useful addition to other anti-depressant, neuro-protective, anti-diabetic, diuretic, therapeutics options when knowing currently available anti-hypertensive, lead-detoxifying and gut modulatory drugs, such as statins have limited success in dyslipide- effects, the plant has also become popular in non- mia associated with low level of HDL (prevalent in producing countries. Safety assessment studies also South Asian population). Finally, more effort should revealed that the plant is safe for consumption. Coriander be focused to standardize and validate the medicinal is a source of valuable bioactives that can be used to use of coriander as a potential source of valuable bioac- fi promote human health, but the essential oil and xed oil tives for functional foods and nutraceuticals. of this plant have not been fully exploited. There is a need Coriander has been of wide medicinal use in different for more research and clinical studies to assess the effect of gut disorders, such as dyspepsia, indigestion diarrhea, different parts of the plant to validate their functionality. flatulence, dysentry, and as appetizer and carminative. From a commercial perspective, the anti-oxidant and However, plant has not been widely studied to validate anti-microbial properties of this plant should be studied its use in gut disorders except a preliminary study, in further in details, for their application in food system as which the aqueous-methanol extract of coriander fruits natural preservatives. was shown to possess a gut stimulatory activity mediated Herbs in their crude form contain a large number of through acetylcholine-like mechanism and antispasmodic chemical constituents and exhibit multiple biological activity mediated through Ca++ antagonist activity ‘ activities often with effect enhancing and/or side-effects (Jabeen et al., 2009). Further studies for its medicinal ’ neutralizing potential (Gilani and Atta-ur-Rahman, use as carminative, prokinetic and antiulcer activities 2005). It is not uncommon that patients at their advanced need to be carried out. The herb has also been used age often carry multiple chronic diseases, such as hyper- medicinally in airways disorders such as, cough and tension, dyslipidemia and diabetes, and the treatment bronchitis, but no report is available to provide evidence requires life-long use of multiple drugs, which are not only for its effectiveness in airways disorders. expensive but also exhibit multiple side-effects. Interest- ingly, coriander has been shown to be effective in all such disorders and is considered to be safe being of edible Conflict of Interest nature. It was found that the blood pressure lowering ++ effect of coriander is mediated through Ca antagonist The authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest.

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