ICES WGBOSV REPORT 2014 Report of the ICES/IOC/IMO Working

ICES WGBOSV REPORT 2014

ICES ADVICE COMMITTEE

ICES CM 2014/ACOM:31

REF. ACOM

Report of the ICES/IOC/IMO Working Group on Ballast and Other Ship Vectors (WGBOSV)

17-19 March 2014

Palanga, Lithuania

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer

H. C. Andersens Boulevard 44–46 DK-1553 Copenhagen V Denmark Telephone (+45) 33 38 67 00 Telefax (+45) 33 93 42 15 www.ices.dk [email protected]

Recommended format for purposes of citation:

ICES. 2014. Report of the ICES/IOC/IMO Working Group on Ballast and Other Ship Vectors (WGBOSV), 17-19 March 2014, Palanga, Lithuania . ICES CM 2014/ACOM:31. 107 pp.

For permission to reproduce material from this publication, please apply to the Gen- eral Secretary.

The document is a report of an Expert Group under the auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the views of the Council.

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Contents

Executive summary ...... 1

1 Opening of the meeting ...... 2

2 Adoption of the agenda ...... 3

3 WGBOSV Terms of Reference ...... 4

4 Progress in relation to Terms of Reference ...... 6 4.1 Term of Reference a) ...... 6 4.1.1 Belgium ...... 6 4.1.2 Brazil ...... 6 4.1.3 Canada ...... 6 4.1.4 Croatia (by correspondence) ...... 7 4.1.5 Estonia ...... 7 4.1.6 Finland ...... 7 4.1.7 France ...... 7 4.1.8 Germany ...... 8 4.1.9 Ireland ...... 8 4.1.10 The Netherlands ...... 8 4.1.11 Norway ...... 9 4.1.12 Spain ...... 9 4.1.13 Sweden ...... 9 4.1.14 United Kingdom ...... 10 4.1.15 United States ...... 10 4.1.16 Presentations under ToR (a) ...... 11 4.1.16.1 BALLAST WATER EXCHANGE USED IN COMBINATION WITH BALLAST WATER TREATMENT – PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF SHIPBOARD EXPERIMENTS (Presentation by Stephan Gollasch) ...... 11

4.1.16.2 UPDATE ON PORT SAMPLING IN SWEDEN (HELCOM ALIENS 3 PROJECT) (Presentation by Lena Granhag) ...... 11

4.1.16.3 UPDATE ON THE NORTH SEA BALLAST WATER OPPORTUNITY PROJECT (Presentation by Cato ten Hallers-Tjabbes) ...... 12

4.1.16.4 BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT PROJECTS FROM BRAZILIAN ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVE (Presentation by Newton Narcisco Pereira and Marcelo Carreño) ...... 12

4.1.16.5 EVALUATION OF BWMS FILTER PERFORMANCE IN AMBIENT AND AUGMENTED HARBOUR WATER (Presentation by Allegra Cangelosi) ...... 13 4.1.17 Discussion: ToR a)...... 13 4.2 Term of Reference b) ...... 13 4.2.1 Sampling and Analysis Approaches for Type Approval and Compliance Testing Ballast Water Treatment Technologies (Presentation by Lisa Drake) ...... 14 4.2.2 Recommendations for Representative Ballast Water Sampling (Presentation by Stephan Gollasch) ...... 14

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4.2.3 GSI VALIDATION APPROACH FOR SHIP DISCHARGE SAMPLING METHOD (Presentation by Allegra Cangelosi) ...... 14 4.2.4 Culture method vs. staining method for estimation of viable 10-50 um ORGANISMS AFTER UV TREATMENT (Presentation by Stephanie Delacroix) ...... 15 4.2.5 Discussion: ToR b) ...... 16 4.3 Term of Reference c) ...... 17 4.3.1 Environmental acceptability of newly emerging BWMS methods, notably acoustic treatment. (Presentation by Cato ten Hallers-Tjabbe) ...... 17 4.3.2 Follow-up on available information on the effects of treated or exchanged ballast water on the aquatic environment (Presentation by Andrea Sneekes) ...... 17 4.3.3 FRESHWATER WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY TESTING OF TREATED BALLAST WATER: GSI LESSONS LEARNED (Presentation by Matt TenEyck) ...... 18 4.3.4 Discussion: ToR c) ...... 18 4.4 Term of Reference d) ...... 19 4.4.1 Rapid assessment of marinas for regional assessment of NIS (Presentation by Dan Minchin) ...... 19 4.4.2 The fouling community on a Belgian research vessel reveals its whereabouts and forms a source of potential new introductions into the North Sea. (Presentation by Francis Kerckhof) ...... 19 4.4.3 Experiments of fouling communities on renewable energy constructions in the Gulf of Riga and Finland (Presentation by Liis Rostin) ...... 20 4.4.4 Discussion: ToR d) ...... 21 4.5 Term of Reference e) ...... 21 4.5.1 What does it take to become an invader in the Arctic? (Presentation by Anders Jelmert)...... 21 4.5.2 Canadian activities in the Arctic (Presentation by Sarah Bailey) ...... 22 4.5.3 The cold route (Presentation by Dan Minchin)...... 22 4.5.4 Dutch activities in the Arctic (Presentation by Andrea Sneekes) ...... 23 4.5.5 Red king crab and snow crab (Presentation by Anders Jelmert) ...... 24 4.5.6 Discussion: ToR e) ...... 24 4.6 Term of Reference f) ...... 25 4.6.1 Discussion: ToR f) ...... 25

5 Other discussion items and any other business...... 26 5.1 Theme sessions at ICES ASC 2014 ...... 26 5.2 Varia ...... 26

6 Closing of the meeting ...... 27

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Annex 1. List of participants...... 28

Annex 2. Meeting agenda ...... 34

Annex 3. National reports ...... 39

Annex 4 Proposed Terms of Reference for 2015 ...... 106

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Executive summary

The 2014 meeting of the ICES/IOC/IMO Working Group on Ballast and Other Ship Vectors (WGBOSV) was held in Palanga, Lithuania during 17-19 March with Sergej Olenin as Host and Sarah Bailey as Chair. The meeting was attended by participants from 22 countries over the three days, including the joint meeting on the 19th March with the Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms (WGITMO). The physical participants were from Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom and United States while additional participants from Norway and United States connected remotely, and Cro- atia and Spain contributed by correspondence only (see Annex 1). The objectives of the meeting were to review and report on the status of shipping vector research with an emphasis on studies of shipping transport vectors, shipping vector management activities and risk assessment. The Group discussed sampling and analysis strategies for type approval and compliance testing of ballast water treatment technologies, as well as the effects of treated ballast water on the aquatic environment. In addition, the Group discussed new developments in non-native species issues associated with biofouling of artificial structures in the marine environment, and the Arctic. Finally, the Group considered potential benefits of establishing contact with the ICES Working Group on Integrated Morphological and Molecular Taxonomy (WGIMT) regarding identification, early detection and monitoring of non-native species. The approach taken at the meeting was for each country to provide an update on the status of shipping vector research in the form of a National Report (ToRa). These are provided in Annex 3 and a short summary is given in the main body of the report. For the remaining Terms of Reference, more detailed presentations were given during the meeting, and a short overview of the information and subsequent discussion is provided in the report at the end of each section. The report is structured so that each Term of Reference is dealt with in sequential order. The main body of the report contains summaries of the presentations and discussions with the more detailed documents contained in the Annexes. To share the workload, several group members were asked to lead specific terms of reference. The main outcome of the meeting was a better understanding of the work being carried out in different countries and where there may be opportunities for collaboration. In addition the Group highlighted the need for consistent sampling and analysis procedures by organizations conducting compliance testing and test facilities undertaking BWMS testing, and modifications to standard waste effluent toxicity testing protocols for the specific use in evaluating BWMSs. The Group noted that research was needed to evaluate the IMO Biofouling Guidelines and that non-native species issues in the Arctic, and usage of molecular tools for non-native species research, are emerging areas of research. For the next meeting, and to be able to better address ICES strategic topics, the joint meeting with WGITMO is planned to last one full day.

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1 Opening of the meeting

The meeting was opened at 09:00 on March 17th, 2014. Sarah Bailey (Chair) and Sergej Olenin (Host) welcomed all participants. As there were some people new to the meeting, introductions were made around the table with everyone giving their name, insti- tution and a brief overview of their main work in relation to the group.

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2 Adoption of the agenda

The agenda was organized based on the Terms of Reference as given in ICES Resolu- tion 2013/2/ACOM29 (see below). The agenda (Annex 2) was reviewed and there were no major changes, only slight adjustments to allow for people participating remotely from different time zones.

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3 WGBOSV Terms of Reference

2013/2/ACOM29 The ICES/IOC/IMO Working Group on Ballast and Other Ship Vec- tors (WGBOSV), chaired by Sarah Bailey, Canada will meet in Klaipėda, Lithuania from 17–19 March 2014, with a full day joint meeting with the Working Group on In- troductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms (WGITMO) to: Continue to critically review and report on the status of shipping vector research with an emphasis on studies of shipping transport vectors, shipping vector management activities and risk assessment. (ToR lead Sarah Bailey) Further discuss and evaluate sampling and analysis strategies for type approval and compliance testing of ballast water treatment technologies under consideration at IMO or by other regulators (e.g. US Environmental Protection Agency). (ToR lead Lisa Drake) Further discuss and evaluate available information on the effects of treated or exchanged ballast water on the aquatic environment and provide input on strategies which could be used to increase confidence surrounding environmental safety of treated ballast water being discharged. (ToR lead Andrea Sneekes) Investigate and report on new developments in non-native species issues associated with biofouling (e.g. artificial structures in the marine environment and recreational boating) (Joint Term of Reference with WGITMO). (ToR lead Andrea Sneekes) Investigate and report on new developments in non-native species issues in the Arctic (Joint Term of Reference with WGITMO). (ToR lead Anders Jelmert) Collaborate with ICES Study Group on Integrated Morphological and Molecular Taxonomy (SGIMT) regarding identification, early detection and monitoring of non-native species, as appropriate (Joint Term of Reference with WGITMO). (ToR lead Maiju Lehtiniemi) WGBOSV will report by 15 April 2014 for the attention of the Advisory Committee. Supporting Information

Priority: The Working Group review and report on the scientific and technical development in relation to ballast water and shipping vectors. As a joint working group it also follows and supports the work within IMO and IOC on these topics.

Scientific justification and relation to WGBOSV has a long history of provid- action plan: ing scientific support to the development of international measures to reduce the risk of transporting non native species via shipping vectors. The group has had input into the issue of Ballast Water Sampling guidelines in several ways. The issue has been discussed at the annual meetings of the Working Group

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The working group has previously submitted documents to meetings at IMO to support the development of guidelines. This type of input helps ensure that the guidelines are based on accurate scientific information and supports the implementation of the Ballast Water Management Convention.

Resource requirements: None

Participants: The Group is normally attended by some 25–35 members.

Secretariat facilities: None.

Financial: No financial implications.

Linkages to advisory committees: ACOM

Linkages to other committees or There is a very close working relation- groups: ship with the working Group on Intro- ductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms (WGITMO) and the Work- ing Group on Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics (WGHABD). There is also a link to PICES.

Linkages to other organizations: The work of this group is closely linked to work carried out by the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC).

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4 Progress in relation to Terms of Reference

The sections below provide information on the progress made by each of the Term of Reference, as well as relevant conclusions/suggestions as emerged from the group discussions.

4.1 Term of Reference a) Continue to critically review and report on the status of shipping vector research with an emphasis on studies of shipping transport vectors, shipping vector management activities and risk assessment. (ToR lead Sarah Bailey). This Term of Reference was addressed by all meeting participants who provided information for their country according to the items of the reporting outline. This was done either via a short verbal report or in the form of a more substantial presentation. The following subsections provide condensed highlights for each country. The Na- tional Reports provided are contained within Annex 3. In addition, several presentations were given to highlight recent projects. A short summary of the main points of discussion is given at the end of the section.

4.1.1 Belgium There is no work currently on ballast water or biofouling issues in Belgium. The Ballast Water Management Convention is still in the process of being ratified despite that Bel- gium announced at the MEPC 64 (October 2012) in plenary that it was on the verge of ratifying the Convention. There is ongoing work looking at fouling on windmill farms where a range of species has been found, including non-natives and introduced species.

4.1.2 Brazil There are several works currently on ballast water issues in Brazil. This report presents works that have been developing from University of São Paulo. A group of researchers from University of São Paulo have been studying the ballast water issues since 2007. The main subject is about technologies of ballast water control into ballast water tanks. University of São Paulo team is composed by Naval Architecture and Oceanic Engi- neering Department, Electronic Engineering Department and Oceanographic Institute.

4.1.3 Canada Shipping vector research in Canada currently focuses on risk assessment and vector management, with particular emphasis on the Arctic region. Vector management studies include shipboard trials to examine a combination strategy (ballast water exchange plus treatment) as a means to protect low salinity waters, and examination of operational efficacy and environmental safety of ballast water management systems operated in cold (winter/Arctic) conditions. In addition, a study has been recently completed to evaluate the response of freshwater organisms to vital stains used to assess compliance with ballast water discharge standards. The Canadian Aquatic Inva- sive Species Network (CAISN) continues to work on projects related to early detection and rapid response strategies, understanding aquatic invasive species as part of multiple stressors affecting aquatic ecosystems, and reducing uncertainty in prediction and management. In addition to commercial shipping, Canada has been investigating rec-

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reational boating as a vector for the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species. There have been no reports of new ship-mediated invasive species in the last year, although monitoring programs are limited.

4.1.4 Croatia (by correspondence) Croatia continues to conduct analysis of shipping patterns in ports, BW discharge patterns in the Adriatic, ballast water research and monitoring activities in ports as a par- ticipant in the GEF/UNDP/IMO Global Ballast Water Management Programme (GloBallast) and the IPA CBC Adriatic project BALMAS (Ballast Water Management Plan for the Adriatic Sea area). Three new species have been documented in Croatian waters: Paraleucilla magna, Oculina patagonica and Lagocephalus sceleratus.

4.1.5 Estonia Port monitoring was conducted according to HELCOM protocol in one Estonian port (Muuga Harbour, Port of Tallinn) in spring, summer and autumn 2013 within the frame of HELCOM ALIENS 3 project. The monitoring included recording of key en- vrioenmntal conditions (incl. CTD profiles) and sampling of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, sessile and mobile epifauna. The specifically dedicated and governmentally funded alien species monitoring program, started in 2010, was continued in 2013. One of the subcomponents is to monitor high risk areas of primary invasions. In this purpose, vicinity areas of the two largest ports - Port of Tallinn and Port of Sillamäe (Gulf of Finland), were sampled. In addition, surveys in the long-term dynamics of selected key alien species were continued and the ecological impact of several NIS summarized. The IMO’s BWMC is still not yet ratified because the socio- economic analysis performed does not provide full-scale overview on the implications related to joining the Convention. Currently, the still missing information is being collected.

4.1.6 Finland The ports having the most active ship traffic in Finland were identified in order to prioritize port monitoring to those ports in the future. Port monitoring was conducted according to HELCOM protocol in three Finnish ports in spring and late summer 2013. The monitoring included sampling of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, sessile and mobile epifauna. Finnish board on invasive species issues was set up and started its work in September 2013. The ratification of the IMO's BWM Convention by Finland was again delayed and will take place during 2014. One new alien species was found in Finnish waters in 2014. It is at present an unknown gastropod species. The identification is underway with molecular analysis.

4.1.7 France Few projects were carried out on ballast water this year. But the most interesting result of the ten last years was found in the port of La Rochelle, a demonstration of the high risk involved by deballasting in close proximity of the most important oyster-producing area in Europe (published in MPB). A new project in the arctic region is now planned (by WMU, in which we are associated). A government working group is be- ginning work about ballast water management exemptions procedures.

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4.1.8 Germany Germany ratified the IMO International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments (BWMC) in June 2013. For the entry into force of this convention, additional countries with ca. 5.5 % world fleet tonnage need to ratify. The German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) continues approving ballast water management systems (BWMS) and considers to apply for the Independ- ent Laboratory status of the US Coast Guard. Direct negotiations with the USCG are in preparation. The comprehensive Ballast Water Opportunity project comes to an end this summer. A “Platform for Information Exchange on Neobiota” has been established in the framework of the “Federal and Federal States Marine Monitoring Programme”.

4.1.9 Ireland Ireland has not as yet ratified the IMO Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments. However, a notice was given to the marine community of the impending ratification of the Convention. To-date there are no published records of the tonnage ballasted or discharged in Irish ports.

4.1.10 The Netherlands For quite some years, the Netherlands is a very productive country regarding ballast water research holding three test facilities: Royal NIOZ, the national oceanographic institute, MEA-nl B.V., a private limited liability company and IMARES Wageningen UR, a non-profit research institute part of Wageningen University and Research groups. The newest test facility of IMARES Wageningen UR was built in 2013 and designed specifically to test for confidence on ballast water treatment techniques additionally to standard certification testing. The test facility cooperates closely with the test facility of NIOZ. Together they provide ballast water treatment builders the full set of land-based testing and research (www.INballastwater.nl). In the search for confidence of ballast water treatment systems, tests were executed in the search for limits on sludge, UV-transmittance, temperature and salinity. The project Interreg IV B North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity (NSBWO), which is coordinated by NIOZ boosted innovation in science and technology and in advanced BWM policies; the project finalized four new reports in 2013, organized a few meetings/workshops and focused on training of maritime professionals. In a joint initiative of Damen Shipyards with Dutch marine research institute IMARES Wageningen UR, Groningen Seaports, Van Gansewinkel, MEA-nl, and Evers Manders, a new project has started in 2013 which is partially subsidized by the Waddenfonds, an organization that focuses on the preservation of the Dutch Wadden area. The project aims to develop a mobile ballast water treatment unit placed on a special ship that helps preserve the Wadden area by providing ship owners who can’t afford their own treatment system with a suitable alternative. The ship is scheduled to be finished in 2015 and will operate in the Groningen Seaports (Eemshaven and Delfzijl). The Netherlands has been interested in the polar regions for many decades. The decrease of sea ice during the Arctic summer facilitates commercial shipping and offshore activities in hitherto pristine areas. Very little is known about the sensitivity of these areas to new human activities. Wageningen UR has initiated an Arctic research programme on sustainable Arctic development. One of these projects looks at the development of a cumulative environmental risk assessment methodology to quantify and quality the effects of activities (profit) on the ecosystem in reconciliation with people

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and planet (TripleP@Sea). Research was done to investigate the potential risks of ballast water treatment in the Arctic regions. It could be concluded that although not much is really known, there is a risk that ballast water efficacy and systems that use active systems might pose an environmental threat. Laboratory studies on the effect of low temperatures on BWTS with active substances are ongoing.

4.1.11 Norway Norway is actively working on research related to fullscale, pilotscale and labscale landbased and shipboard testing of different ballast water managment systems (BWMSs). Ongoing research projects include examination of water quality variations on biological treatment efficiency, by-product formation and toxicity during ballast water management operation; rapid analysis methods for the 10-50µm organism group; studies of <10µm algae and pathogen bacteria in ballast water after treatment; resilience and resistance of freshwater organisms subjected to BWMS testing; realtime monitoring with flowcytometry; risk assessment; and UV-resistance of organisms from the Arctic. Since 2005, the NIVA test facility has completed the land-based testing of 12 different BWMS and shipboard testing of 6 different BWMS; NIVA is able to conduct freshwater testing at its test facility according to IMO requirements and is developing testing procedures according to EPA-USCG requirements. A new project examining ship-mediated invasions on polar ship routes has been partially funded. Three species likely introduced (Styela clava, Diadumene lineata) or spread (Gracilaria ver-miculophylla) by hull fouling of commercial or recreational boats were reported in 2012.

4.1.12 Spain Three new NIS species, likely introduced by vessels, have been reported from Spain: Chiton cumingsii (in Las Palmas Port (Gran Canaria, Canary Islands) (28º06’N, 15º25’W) in August 2012), Ensis directus (in three locations of the Bay of Biscay, N Spain, in 2011: Otur sandy beach (43.16º N, 2.15º W), Musel Port of Gijón (43.32º N, 5.42º W), and Vil- laviciosa estuary (43.31º N, 5.23º W)), and Theora lubrica (in two sites in the Nervión Estuary (43º18’51”N, 02º59’26”W and 43º18’36”N, 02º58’45”W) and two other sites in the Pasajes Port (43º19’09”N, 01º54’43” W and 43º19’13” N, 01º54’33” W) – both in the Bay of Biscay - on 6 October 2010 and 21 May 2010, respectively).

4.1.13 Sweden Sweden ratified the BWMC in 2009 and much focus has in recent years been on the exemption questions (under Regulation A.4 in the BWMC). Among ships operated by Swedish interests there are vessels in regular traffic on relatively short international crossings (3-250 NM), for example, ferry lines operating across the Baltic Sea. Within the Joint HELCOM/OSPAR group, ballast work is performed with the aim to harmonize the procedure of exemption-applications between Baltic and North Sea countries. Exemption-applications are to include data of the species abundant in the harbours of concern for the exemption. Sweden participated in the HELCOM ALIENS 3 project in 2013 to evaluate the protocols for port sampling of species present in Gothenburg harbour. Researchers at Gothenburg University are performing work to model invasive risk zones associated with climatic change and movement of biological material such as ballast water or aquacultures.

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4.1.14 United Kingdom Institutes throughout the UK continue to collaborate on vector research, pathways and monitoring programmes. Various projects are currently underway while some have been completed since last reporting for WGBOSV. A PhD project that has assessed the potential of offshore renewable energy devices in Scotland to act as refuges for non-native species has been published. A molecular study investigating UK populations of Didemnum is near completion with results showing that all collected samples are Didemnum vexillum. A paper for review will be prepared shortly. A study into fouling communities present on vessels trading within the North Sea is currently under peer review. Ongoing work in the UK includes a strong focus on monitoring programmes and biosecurity. Work currently in progress includes CEFAS-led UK-wide project on marine non-native species monitoring and risk management which aims to reduce the risk associated with pathways by which marine invasive non-native species may be introduced into the British Isles. Collaborative institutes include the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Natural England, Natural Resources Wales - Cyfoeth Naturiol Cymru, Scottish Natural Heritage, Marine Scotland, Irish Sea Fisher- ies Board - Bord Iascaigh Mhara, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Bangor University, Marine Biological Association and Cornish Wildlife Trust. A monitoring and recording system for marine non-native species at Scapa Flow and Loch of Stenness (Orkney) is underway which is part of Orkney Islands Council Re- vised Ballast Water Management Policy and the development of a monitoring programme and biosecurity plan for Shetland, which will provide supplementary guidance to that already contained in Shetland Islands’ Marine Spatial Plan. Current molecular work includes the CEFAS project MIMIS – Molecular Identification of Ma- rine Invasive Species. This project is looking into the potential use of molecular tools for the monitoring and rapid identification of invasive species by detecting the presence of DNA shed into the water (environmental DNA). A survey of the presence and distribution of non-native species around the Pentland Firth and Orkney has been conducted, providing the first baseline survey in the area. This survey is part of a study investigating the effects of floating marine structures on the colonisation and spread of non-native species, in particular structures associated with wave and tidal energy farms that are being developed in the area, and associated vessel movements.

4.1.15 United States Shipping (ballast water and hull fouling) continue to be a major vector for marine introductions. Hull fouling on commercial ships is being examined by the Maritime En- vironmental Resource Center (MERC), the Key West Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) by comparing methods of hull cleaning and documenting the niche areas and hull wetted areas as first step. The US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), the Great Ships Initiative (GSI) Northeast-Midwest Institute (NE-MWI), and MERC continue to conduct research on sampling and analysis of ballast water; MERC and GSI evaluated treatment systems and components. Regarding land-based and shipboard testing, the Environmental Pro- tection Agency (EPA) Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program has convened a task group to investigate additional approaches, particularly the most probable number (MPN) method, to determine the status of treated organisms in the ≥10 μm and <50 μm size class. With MERC, NRL developed a framework for assessing compliance tools. Risk assessments are being conducted under the auspices of GSI, and GSI and MERC are conducting an assessment of the biological, physical, and chemical

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properties of harbours. One new species was identified in the Northwest Atlantic, and only one specimen was found.

4.1.16 Presentations under ToR (a)

4.1.16.1 BALLAST WATER EXCHANGE USED IN COMBINATION WITH BALLAST WATER TREAT- MENT – PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF SHIPBOARD EXPERIMENTS (Presentation by Stephan Gol- lasch) The International Ballast Management Convention includes provisions for two ballast water management options: ballast water exchange (BWE) and ballast water management systems (BWMS). While BWMS are expected to remove or exterminate most taxa from ballast water, BWE is particularly protective for freshwater ports by introducing a salinity barrier that reduces survival of freshwater taxa. As a result, a combination strategy using both BWE and BWMS might provide best available protection for freshwater ports. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the combined strategy through shipboard trials with freshwater ballast. Four treatment scenarios were selected for the test: 1) control (no treatment), this tank was filled in the freshwater Port of Hamburg; 2) BWE alone, this tank was filled in Hamburg, and exchanged in the Bay of Biscay >50 nautical miles from nearest shore in waters >200 metres depth; 3) BWMS alone; this tank was filled and treated on uptake using filtration and electrochlorination in Hamburg; and 4) BWE plus BWMS, this tank was filled and treated on uptake in Hamburg, and exchanged in the Bay of Biscay, with the incoming exchanged water again treated. All four tanks were discharged before arriving in Algeciras (Spain). Preliminary results from the first voyage indicate plankton (>50µm in minimum dimension) density decreased in all cases: BWMS alone (99.8%), BWE+BWTS (99.3%), control (90.3%) and BWE alone (89.8%). The same was observed for the phytoplankton smaller than 50 micrometres in minimum dimension and greater than or equal to 10 micrometres in minimum dimension with BWE+BWMS resulting in no detectable viable organisms, followed by the BWMS alone (98.7 %), BWE (94.9 %) and control (62.5 %). Additional work is underway to determine if taxa present after BWE are expected to have low survival if introduced to a freshwater port.

4.1.16.2 UPDATE ON PORT SAMPLING IN SWEDEN (HELCOM ALIENS 3 PROJECT) (Presenta- tion by Lena Granhag) In the presentation a short overview of ship categories expected to seek exemptions under Regulation A.4 in the BWMC was presented together with the Swedish ports that are expected to receive most exemption-applications In Sweden much focus is on questions related to exemptions (under Regulation A.4, BWMC). Due to the long coastline of Sweden with many short distance international crossings there are currenty many ships operated by Swedish interests that are considering to seek exemption. By using traffic patterns (AIS-data and data provided by Swe- dish Shipowners Association) the ships in the Baltic Sea operated by Swedish interests has been sorted into the following categories: I) ferries in route between Sweden and one port in other county around the Baltic Sea (distances varying between 3 NM and 250 NM), II) smaller bunker vessels operating in the area between Sweden and Den- mark, III) older (and smaller) tonnage operating between 2-3 ports in the Baltic Sea. The Swedish ports that are expected to receive most exemption-applications have also been mapped. For this study data over vessels holding exemption from waste delivery was used, and the summary indicated that the ports in Sweden expected to be involved in most exemption application are Gothenburg, Trelleborg and Stockholm.

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In a port survey project “Detection of alien species in Gothenburg harbour” sampling has been conducted for benthic infauna, mobile Epifauna, plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton including gelatinous forms) and hard bottom/ fouling organisms (from PVC-plates), during summer season 2013. This survey was conducted under the HELCOM ALIENS 3 project. Data analyses are ongoing and species lists will be delivered to HELCOM database.

4.1.16.3 UPDATE ON THE NORTH SEA BALLAST WATER OPPORTUNITY PROJECT (Presenta- tion by Cato ten Hallers-Tjabbes) For shipping, the project organized two Conferences in cooperation with Europort Maritime Fairs (2011, 2013); several workshop on ‘hot’ issues (Transparency; Achieve- ments (to be) on BWM core issues, compliance, monitoring and enforcement, stimulate ratification whilst aiming at regional cohesion, future implementation and the capacity of approved technology. Study on hot spots of resistance and the role of transparency. For ports, we organized workshops and participated in Ports Expert Group meetings of GloBallast. Other activties: a row of Science-Policy-Industry: workshops, coordinating of positions as advisory to the sector and to administrations, wide dissemination of project results and expertise to the public and the professional community and liaising with other international bodies (IMO, GloBallast, Global TestNet, IMarEST). Focus on emerging issues, such as inspiring full transparency in International BWM policies and exploring strategies for emerging issues. Now we’re approaching the end of the project, NSBWO has shown that in the maritime field, the North Sea Region can have a worldwide impact on policies, as an example of internationally cohesive policies, on innovation in technology and science, as having an internationally recognized lead role and creating spin-off initiatives (new test facilities), and on the shipping and associated maritime world by inspiring and supporting international cross-sector initiatives.

4.1.16.4 BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT PROJECTS FROM BRAZILIAN ENGINEERING PER- SPECTIVE (Presentation by Newton Narcisco Pereira and Marcelo Carreño) The ballast water problem has affected Brazilian waters. Some invasive species have been detected and caused a lot of problems in South region of this country. In Brazil there are 37 major ports and more than 100 private terminals. Some ports can receive big ships like VALEMAX that can transport around 120,000 m3 of ballast water. As Brazil is a country that exports a lot of commodities, usually ships go to Brazil in ballast condition. We estimate that more de 300 millions m3 are discharged every year in Bra- zilian ports. Thus, several studies have been conducted at University of São Paulo (USP) with focus in these aspects: analysis of the pertinent problems about environment impact of ballast water in Brazilian ports; analysis of the ballast water deballasted in Brazil; development of remote monitoring of ballast water quality in ships’ tanks; collection of ballast water and sediment samples from vessels for biological studies; development of electronic and microfluidic systems for BW control; computer simulation of the ballast water tank. These studies have been conducted by a group of experts in ballast water, ship structure, computation simulation and electronic systems.

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4.1.16.5 EVALUATION OF BWMS FILTER PERFORMANCE IN AMBIENT AND AUGMENTED HAR- BOUR WATER (Presentation by Allegra Cangelosi) The Great Ships Initiative (GSI) of the Northeast-Midwest Institute undertook a filter comparison test in a freshwater harbour in the North American Great Lakes. In July 2013, the GSI, in response to a request by and in collaboration with a group of ship owners including Groupe Desgagnés Inc., Sterling Fuels, Lower Lakes Towing Ltd, Algoma Central Corporation, Canada Steamship Lines, MCA Shipping, Canada Ship- owners Association, American Steamship Company, and FedNav Ltd., offered freshwater BWMS performance evaluations to filter system developers worldwide. To qualify, filter systems (as manifolded subunits or a single unit) had to be: a) representative of models provided to ships (i.e. capable of continuous ballasting without creating damaging pressure swings or deadheading the ballast pump); and b) capable of 150 – 340 cubic meters (m3) per hour. GSI selected eight commercially-available filter systems for evaluation at the GSI Land-Based Research, Development, Testing and Eval- uation Facility located in the Duluth-Superior Harbour of Lake Superior (Superior, Wisconsin, USA) during September and October 2013. Tests evaluated operational and biological performance in freshwater under controlled conditions to explore trade-offs between operational and biological performance endpoints and to support filter system performance improvements for freshwater applications. GSI did not assess endur- ance or reliability under shipboard conditions. The filter system evaluations took place over a five week period. A range of filter system technologies, nominal pore sizes, and optimal flow rates were tested. The evaluation consisted of five, week long “rounds” of testing of paired filter systems. Each round comprised four test cycles (one per day). Each test cycle consisted of a morning run of one filter system and an afternoon run of the other filter system, with the filter system order alternating every test cycle. Each half-day run involved diverting ambient Duluth-Superior Harbour water through a specific filter system for two “unit-volumes” of water, followed by one “unit volume” of amended water (i.e. to ETV Protocol challenge conditions). This process was then repeated for the second filter system in the afternoon run across trial days. Intake and discharge water quality and biological composition were compared and operational parameters measured throughout each test cycle. Results will be published as a GSI report in April 2014.

4.1.17 Discussion: ToR a) The Group had specific questions related to details of projects described during the national reports. A suggestion was made to add a new section to the national report template, for reporting species of interest (potential future invaders of concern) not yet recorded in national waters. It was discussed that the new section could be more broad than individual species, such as higher level taxa or characteristics/traits of potential future invaders within pathways.

4.2 Term of Reference b) Further discuss and evaluate sampling and analysis strategies for type approval and compliance testing of ballast water treatment technologies under consideration at IMO or by other regulators (e.g. US Environmental Protection Agency). (ToR lead Lisa Drake).

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4.2.1 Sampling and Analysis Approaches for Type Approval and Compliance Testing Ballast Water Treatment Technologies (Presentation by Lisa Drake) First, results were presented from shipboard trials of a filter skid, which was designed and constructed at the Naval Research Laboratory. The filter skid met operational set points, and the biological results were favourable, supporting its use as a flow-through sampling device for ballast water. Next, approaches used by other organizations for shipboard sampling—for either type approval or compliance testing—were presented; all approaches have common elements. The need for their validation was discussed. Finally, approaches for compliance testing were presented, including a framework for validating and choosing compliance tools.

4.2.2 Recommendations for Representative Ballast Water Sampling (Presen- tation by Stephan Gollasch) Sample representativeness is one of the key points to prove (non-)compliance of ballast water management requirements. This was recognized at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as one of the most critical outstanding issues hindering the ratification of the BWM Convention. Member States were asked to share their knowledge of this aspect with IMO so that the relevant IMO working groups can agree on ballast water sampling recommendations. The authors were involved in two studies addressing representative sampling, i.e. one funded by the Federal Maritime and Hydro- graphic Agency (BSH), Hamburg, Germany and the other by the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), Lisbon, Portugal. Both studies were conducted on board commercial vessels to evaluate different sampling approaches with the aim to recommend compliance control sampling strategies. Results from both studies have shown that sampling and analyses results are biased by different sampling and analyses factors, hence confirming that there are issues with sample representativeness. One conclusion was that additional data are needed to support the findings. Consequently, the BSH funded another on board sampling study, which was undertaken in Fall/Winter 2012. The results from these studies were presented in combination with the data generated on the previously undertaken sampling voyages. Recommendations were given how Port State Control officers may sample vessels for compliance control with ballast water management standards.

4.2.3 GSI VALIDATION APPROACH FOR SHIP DISCHARGE SAMPLING METHOD (Presentation by Allegra Cangelosi) The Great Ships Initiative of the Northeast-Midwest Institute undertook empirical experiments to validate the performance and represenatitveness of its Ship Discharge Monitoring System (GSI SHIP) designed for Type Approval testing of BWMS on board operating commercial vessels. To do so, GSI directly compared the Ship Discharge Sampling System (GSI SHIP) against its highly controlled and engineered, and previ- souly validated Land-Based Ballast Treatment Test Facility sampling system (GSI LAND). Both sampling systems were designed to deliver representative samples of live organisms in the regulated size classes of plankton within the IMO ballast discharge standard (bacteria were not assessed). A common stream of unamended intake water was drawn from Duluth Superior Harbour at a rate of 400 cubic meters per hour and split into two equivalent flows of 200 cubic meters per hour. One such flow was sampled continuously at a rate of ~3 cubic meters/hour through two replicate sample ports (equipped with replicate pitots) located more than 10 pipe diameters apart in a straight length of pipe such that the replicate ports did not interfere with each other). That is, the two sampling systems sampled the same intake flow independently of each

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other. Six replicate one hour trials were undertaken. For each trial, sample water was processed according to the SOPs associated with the GSI LAND and GSI SHIP sampling systems, and results compared for statistical differences and percent similarity of live and total across major taxonomic groups and regulated size classes. An assump- tion was made that neither sampling system could concentrate or generate organisms or diversity, such that the system delivering the highest densities and diversity was more accurate than the one that delivered less, if differences were detected. No differences in organism densities were detected and additional replicate tests were unlikely to change the outcome. This experiment is an example of how shipboard sampling systems can be validated against each other and against standard sampling systems

4.2.4 Culture method vs. staining method for estimation of viable 10-50 um ORGANISMS AFTER UV TREATMENT (Presentation by Stephanie Delacroix) Since 2005, the Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) carried out type approval testing of different ballast water management systems (BWMS) at NIVA’s full- scale land-based testing facility located close to Oslo in Norway. The test cycles were conducted according to the Ballast Water Convention adopted by International Mari- time Organization (IMO) in 2004. The Convention requires a maximum concentration of 10 cell/mL of ≥10-50µm viable organisms in treated water at discharge. To determine the number of viable ≥10-50µm organisms in ballast water samples, NIVA applies different analysis methods, as staining method (CFDA dye) and dilution series culture method (Most Probable Number method). In 2010-2012, United States Coast Guard (USCG) and USEPA (United Stated Environmental protection Agency) published a new regulation and testing protocol for testing of BWMS, requiring the use only of a combined stain method (FDA/CFMDA dyes) for the quantification of viable ≥10-50µm organisms. The staining methods are based on the enzymatic activity of cells with intact cell membrane while the culture method is based on the capability of the cell to reproduce in an optimal culture media. According to NIVA’s 7 years of experience for testing of BWMS, the results show that all tested BWMS fulfilled the D-2 regulation requirement for ≥10-50µm organisms by using both the culture and staining methods, except for UV technologies when staining method was applied alone. Hence, the staining method might overestimate the number of viable ≥10-50µm organisms in treated water treated by UV irradiation. This might be explained by the difference of inactiva- tion mechanizms between UV irradiation and chemical oxidation as chlorination. The chemical oxidation inactivates the cells by damaging the cell membrane integrity, rending the cell incapable of enzymatic activity immediately after treatment. The UV radiation damages primarily the DNA of the cell by rending them incapable of reproducing. However, the cell membrane integrity and the enzymatic activity of the cell might be intact depending on the UV dose. Therefore the enzyme remains active a few hours or days after being irradiated, although the DNA in the cell is destroyed and it can no longer reproduce. It may take several days before this latent DNA-damage is expressed as a non-functioning cell, depending on cell’s metabolism activity. It takes far heavier doses of UV to inactivate the enzymatic activity of an organism than to inactivate its reproductive capabilities. US authorities currently operate with a tougher interpretation than the IMO of rules to curtail invasive aquatic organism viability. The IMO deems it sufficient if organisms are prevented from regenerating. USCG wants to go further by demanding that the destruction of the organisms is total immediately at discharge time. Organisms must be dead in ballast water intended for discharge in American waters. This is a problem, especially for disinfection technology using UV radiation as an essential component. At least 1/3 of the Type Approved BWMS available on the marked are based on UV technology, according to IMO. Operating with

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quickly fatal UV doses requires unrealistic amounts of energy in equipment on board vessels which need to treat several hundred cubic metres of water an hour. NIVA was able to detect the false positives of the staining method by using in test water a surrogate test organism, Tetraselmis suecica, which is capable of good growth in the culture method’ media. NIVA conducted some laboratory experiments to com- pare the robustness of the test organism against 6 other algae species which are common in seawater areas. The results show that Tetraselmis suecica was more or as robust that the other tested species. Ongoing validation studies are conducted in behalf of USCG, EPA and UV-BWMS manufacturers by NIVA in cooperation with 2 other laboratories applying already the culture method in their BWMS testing routines. The first interlaboratory calibration test results show that at least 70% of the indigenous species are growing on the culture media compared to the number of stained algae species. Although the final quantification results were similar in ballast water samples between the laboratories, the culture conditions have to be optimized and standard- ized. Therefore, the culture method should not be applied alone, but will be necessary for the correct estimation of viable ≥10-50µm organisms for those species capable of growth in the culture media. As conservative method, NIVA reports the number of viable cells observed by staining methods for those species non-growing in the culture method added to the total number of viable cells observed by culture method. For compliance testing according to IMO Port State Control guidelines, several different handled monitoring instruments have been developed by different manufacturers this last year. However, most of them are determining the viability of the ≥10-50µm organism by methods based on cell’s enzymatic activity, as ATP (Adenosine TriPhos- phate) or Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) method measuring the fluorescence emitted by the photosynthesis activity of algal cells. Therefore, port’s administrations might meet the same UV-delayed effect issue during shipboard control. Hence, overestimation of the viable ≥10-50µm organisms was also observed in water samples treated by UV irradiation at NIVA’s test facility during validation studies of different monitoring handled-instruments.

4.2.5 Discussion: ToR b) The Group had detailed discussion about the need for consistent sampling and analysis procedures by organizations conducting type approval testing and test facilities undertaking testing, while also recognizing that procedures may need to be adapted to suit individual circumstances, such as very high ambient water temperature. The Group noted that the IMO Guidelines for the Approval of Ballast Water Management Systems (G8) contain provisions regarding sample analysis: 2.3.34 The samples should be analysed as soon as possible after sampling, and analysed live within 6 hours or treated in such a way so as to ensure that proper analysis can be performed. [MEPC 58/23, Annex 4] However, the storage conditions of samples are not specified. The Group noted that analysis of phytoplankton [organisms 10-50 um in minimum dimension] is often not conducted on board a commercial vessel during shipboard testing due to the fragile and often non-portable size of the counting equipment or difficulties using high magnification microscopes on a vessel in motion. Instead, samples may be transported to a land-based laboratory as soon as possible (ideally within six hours) after the sampling is completed. The Group noted that (1) onboard analysis was preferred and (2) long sample holding time and shipment conditions could have an impact on the number of living algae in a sample and thus the accuracy and reliability of results.

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The Group considered this issue and discussed how the storage temperature, light conditions, and the time between sample collection and sample processing could be stand- ardized based on ambient sample conditions. Final recommendations could not be identified in the short time of the meeting, particularly since any recommended procedures must be validated at multiple sites across a broad latitudinal range. It was concluded that this issue should be incorporated into ToR (b) for next year´s WGBOSV meeting. Further, the Group discussed the need for additional validation and comparison of sample collection approaches (here, open vs. closed sample collection systems; duration, timing, number and volume for sample collection) and compliance tools, such that common procedures could be developed for evaluation of compliance tools during the three-year trial period of the Ballast Water Management Convention [see MEPC 65/22 and BLG 17/18, Annex 6]. Finally, the Group discussed the use of the most probable number (MPN) method for measuring efficacy of suble- thal BWMS processes (measuring viability rather than live/dead status), noting that more work is needed and already underway.

4.3 Term of Reference c) Further discuss and evaluate available information on the effects of treated or exchanged ballast water on the aquatic environment and provide input on strategies which could be used to increase confidence surrounding environmental safety of treated ballast water being discharged. (ToR lead Andrea Sneekes).

4.3.1 Environmental acceptability of newly emerging BWMS methods, notably acoustic treatment. (Presentation by Cato ten Hallers-Tjabbe) Since BWM systems based on physical methods (UV at first, not making use of active substances or preparations, have come to market, proof of environmental acceptability (EA) has been incorporated in G8. The method is based on provisions of G9 with a focus on ‘relevant chemicals’ as potential risk to the aquatic environment. The approach worked well for UV-based BWMS. Since then BWMS based on other physical methods are being developed, notably those by acoustic means. At present ultrasonic frequencies are being explored, yet that may change seen past developments in fouling prevention. The developments may pose new challenges to EA evaluation. A wide range of underwater sound frequencies can pose a risk to the many species in the animal kingdom that rely on acoustic clues for their functioning. The risk is not confined to cetaceans, and may cover the whole range from invertebrates through fish to water mammals. The complex type of such impact is exemplified by the homing of juvenile coral reef fish to their parent reef on the clues from the acoustic profile of that particular reef, as a well understood case. We end by discussing what might be needed to render G8 EA evaluation fit to cope with acoustic and potential other physical methods that are not likely to lead to ‘relevant chemicals’.

4.3.2 Follow-up on available information on the effects of treated or exchanged ballast water on the aquatic environment (Presentation by Andrea Sneekes) Ballast water related ecotoxicity testing serves several purposes, for ecological risk assessment of a BWTS that makes use of active substances (ecotoxicological testing and

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WET-testing) and for the development of a BWTS (finding most effective dose or research on confounding factors). During the 2013 meeting, results were presented of the tests conducted by IMARES Wageningen UR. Variation between test species was shown to vary about two orders of magnitude for an active substance, but the relative sensitivity of test species also differs between active substances. Not only BWTS that use active substances may show toxicity but also BWTS without active substances. Ef- fects observed in tests with bacteria, urchin larvae and oyster larvae show that it may be worthwhile to extend the ecological risk analysis beyond the basic Algae, Crusta- cean and Fish. Ultimate aid to ecological risk analysis was presented using multi- species community studies which integrate effects to many species including species interactions and recovery processes. Some first results on temperature effects on toxicity for ballast water biocides was presented as part of research to test the hypothesis that low temperatures poses an increased environmental threat in ballast water treatment. This year, the group was asked how they would like to proceed with this topic.

4.3.3 FRESHWATER WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY TESTING OF TREATED BAL- LAST WATER: GSI LESSONS LEARNED (Presentation by Matt TenEyck) The Great Ships Initiative (GSI) whole effluent toxicity (WET) methods are an integrated approach to detecting toxicity of discharges to surface waters. WET testing was originally designed for assessing toxicity of stationary and continuous wastewater treatment plant discharges for regulatory permits. GSI and other BWMS testing facilities have adapted these methods in differing ways for use in determining toxicity of treated ballast water. It has been GSI’s experience that WET results from both land- based tests and shipboard tests are critically influenced by differing intake water quality (physical and chemical properties), unlike more stationary dischargers. This fact adds some difficult tasks to WET analysis such as accounting for changes in toxicity of BWMS discharge associated with changes in water quality of the source system over time; and separating potential toxicity of ballast water source water, due to unrelated pollution, from toxicity of the BWMS process in shipboard testing. For shipboard testing, an untreated tank discharge may be used as a control, or if the entire ship is treated, source water from the port of origin may be collected and analysed as a control. To capture the influence of changes in water physical and chemical conditions including at stationary test facilities, on the variation of the WET results GSI recommends conducting more than one suite of WET tests on different events.

4.3.4 Discussion: ToR c) The Group noted that G9 applies only to BWMS involving active substances or preparations, or which could reasonably be expected to result in changes to the chemical composition of the treated water, yet BWMS involving physical processes that do not generate relevant chemicals could also have a negative impact on the environment – adaptations to procedures to evaluate environmental acceptability may be needed in the future for physical processes to be consistent with the IMO Guidelines for the Ap- proval of Ballast Water Management Systems (G8): 1.6 The operation of ballast water management systems should not impair the health and safety of the ship or personnel, nor should it present any unacceptable harm to the environment or to public health. [MEPC 58/23, Annex 4] The Group also noted that multiple facilities are now conducting waste effluent toxicity (WET) testing specficially for the purpose of BWMS testing, and gaps have been identified in WET testing protocols that were designed for land-based wastewater treatment. The Group discussed that some modifications could be made to existing WET

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testing protocols to increase confidence surrounding environmental safety of treated ballast water being discharged. In addition, the Group noted that a workshop was held under the North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity Project 2012 regarding ecotoxicity testing during land-based testing; a report outlining the conclusions of the workshop is available. Further, the Group discussed how the use of neutralizer chemicals after BWMS treatment might result in toxicity impacts, particularly if neutralizers are added in excessive amounts.

4.4 Term of Reference d) Investigate and report on new developments in non-native species issues associated with biofouling (e.g. artificial structures in the marine environment and recreational boating) (Joint Term of Reference with WGITMO). (ToR lead Andrea Sneekes).

4.4.1 Rapid assessment of marinas for regional assessment of NIS (Presen- tation by Dan Minchin) It is not always convenient to sample in port regions for non-indigenous species and there are restrictions on entering the water to obtain samples in most ports. Marinas occur in many port regions as do floating pontoons that service port op-erations. These pontoons are easily accessed at all tidal states and the biota asso-ciated with pontoons can easily be sampled. A method used to sample from marinas involves the use of the abundance and distribution range of the biopollu-tion method of Olenin et al. (2007) for a targeted set of species. The sampling team need to be familiar with the target species set and be able to recognize these on site using field characteristics. A study in Northern Ireland revealed from 12 marinas and nine pontoons, examined over a ten day period, two species of concern found for the first time Didemnum vexillum and Undaria pinnatifida, four other species new to Ireland and over fifty range extensions. Levels of abundance and distribution were calculated for the prominent species that could be easily identified in the field.

4.4.2 The fouling community on a Belgian research vessel reveals its whereabouts and forms a source of potential new introductions into the North Sea. (Presentation by Francis Kerckhof) The fouling on the Belgian research vessel Belgica is regularly sampled when dry-docking. The Belgica usual operates in the North Sea but every year also for several weeks in more southern waters such as the Bay of Biscay and Ireland. Last year was of particular interest because in June 2013 the Belgica operated in Iberian waters and off the coast of northern Morocco (northwest Africa) for only 3.5 weeks and this was clearly visible in the fouling. The preliminary results showed that the fouling community contained more species than ever and that several species of southern origin non-indigenous to the North Sea where present in the fouling. And importantly, most of the biota were still alive, despite the water in the port of Zeebrügge being not really clear and despite the North Sea conditions. The fouling community contained, apart from indigenous biota, known introduced species to Europe and spreading species (indigenous elsewhere in Europe – Atlantic ocean). This was, for example, especially apparent in the barnacle fauna (Cirripedia Balanomorpha) of which 11 species were identified, where in the previous 2 sampling occasions (2011 and 2012) only 5 species were present. The barnacle fauna included besides species indigenous to the North Sea such as Balanus crenatus and Semibalanus balanoides also the established introduced Elmin- ius modestus, several spreading southern species such as Solidobalanus fallax and Balanus perforatus, the latter already present in the North Sea but until now not found

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in the fouling of the Belgica. The barnacle fauna contained further such species as Balanus trigonus and Balanus eburneus – both introduced species to Europe that have established populations in southern Europe but that could be candidates for entering and spreading into the North Sea. Also in other groups such as Algae, tunicates and bryozoans, a similar tendency could be observed. In conclusion, the preliminary results show that part of the biota present in the fouling on the Belgica originated from the Southern North Sea, notably Zeebrügge the home port of the vessel and another fraction could be attributed to a remote origin notably the Iberian Peninsula where the vessel had sojourned.

4.4.3 Experiments of fouling communities on renewable energy constructions in the Gulf of Riga and Finland (Presentation by Liis Rostin) Environmental concerns related to development of renewable energy projects is a hot topic all over the world. Recent development plans on the establishment of offshore wind parks in the northern Baltic Sea have raised the seires of questions on legal and environmental topics. As this kind of experience is currently lacking (there is no major offshore wind parks currently in operation in the northern part of the Baltic Sea) we have started several investigations to clarify all possible environmental riskis of establishment of offshore wind parks in the Baltic Sea area. To study impact of establishment of wind farms in Estonian coastal sea in conditions of hard substrate series of benthic disturbance experiments were carried out at proposed wind farm project site in the SW part of Gulf of Finland, Neugrund Bank. Experiment was set up April 2008 and ended October 2008. We simulated the mechanical disturbance caused by building of the gravitational foundations for wind turbines and followed the recovery of the benthic communities during one vegetation period in three depth intervals. We used nondestructive sampling – species coverage estimations from underwater photography. The main results of these experiments showed that total recovery occurred only in the shallowest sites while in other depth intervals the difference between the control (undisturbed community) and disturbed one even encreased during the vegetation period. Repeating the experimental sites after four years showed that at larger depth difference between undisturbed sites could be observed even after several vegetation seasons. This means that this type of activities can significantly affect benthic communities on hard substratas. Experiment of effect of eutrophication and other environmantal factors on colonization pattern of new hard substrata was set up in May and June 2012 and ended in spring 2013. Sampling is completed, but data analysis are not done at the moment. The aim of experiment is to assess the effect of eutrophication and other environmantal factors on the colonization pattern of new substrata and structure of pioneer community. New substrata colonization experiments utilizing basement of wind measurement construction was set up July 2013 on the location near the Kihnu Island. In August 2010, wind measurement construction was installed in the Gulf of Riga by Eesti Energia. Wind measurements were carried out in the area proposed for development of offshore windpark. Part of the construction, which was above the water, was removed in the end of the same year. Foundation was left behind. Due to the knowledge of exact timing of the installation of the construction it is a good oportunity to evaluate colonization process and utilize this knowldge for future EEA of proposed windfarm. The aim of the experiment is to evaluate the impact of installation of new hard substrata in soft bottom habitat. Our main hypothesis is that newly introduced hard substrata will increase habitat diversity and will add to the species diversity and

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overall biomass. What is unknown is how the depth and other environmantal variables will affect this process..

4.4.4 Discussion: ToR d) The Group had specific questions related to details of each of the projects described under ToR d). A discussion occurred surrounding harbour surveillance and the ability, or inability, to determine if new species records represent non-native occurrences or occurrences of rare native species. The usage of the term ‘cryptogenic’ in the scientific literature was reviewed. Further, there was discussion about freshwater run-off as a potential mitigation approach for non-native biofouling taxa in marine harbours; however, the issue could not be fully considered in the short time of the meeting. The Group discussed the status of the IMO Guidelines for the Control and Manage- ment of Ships’ Biofouling [Resolution MEPC.207(62)]. It was noted that the IMO agreed to keep the Guidelines under review as experience is gained, but that a decision to change the voluntary Guidelines into mandatory measures would be a long undertaking. The Group noted the research needs outlined within the Biofouling Guidelines, and agreed to contribute information to the IMO in future, when possible: 12.1 States and other interested parties should encourage and support research into, and development of technologies for: .1 minimizing and/or managing both macrofouling and microfouling particularly in niche areas (e.g. new or different antifouling systems and different designs for niche areas to minimize biofouling); .2 in-water cleaning that ensures effective management of the antifouling system, biofouling and other contaminants, including effective capture of biological material; .3 comprehensive methods for assessing the risks associated with in-water cleaning; .4 shipboard monitoring and detection of biofouling; .5 reducing the macrofouling risk posed by the dry-docking support strips, (e.g. alternative keel block designs that leave less uncoated hull area); .6 the geographic distribution of biofouling invasive aquatic species; and .7 the rapid response to invasive aquatic species incursions, including diagnostic tools and eradication methods. Finally, the Group noted that the WGBOSV/WGITMO proposal for a theme session at the ICES Annual Science Conference surrounding “the increasing importance of biofouling for marine invasions” was accepted; the Group agreed to submit a general overview presentation for the theme session with Andrea Sneekes as the lead author.

4.5 Term of Reference e) Investigate and report on new developments in non-native species issues in the Arctic (Joint Term of Reference with WGITMO). (ToR lead Anders Jelmert).

4.5.1 What does it take to become an invader in the Arctic? (Presentation by Anders Jelmert) This is a short review based on accounts of NIS and benthic macrofauna along the Nor- wegian coast. (Distribution change betwwen 1997 and 2010). It does not look at e.g. bacteria and fish. Some of the aspects of Artic climate (temperature and salinity) along the Siberian coast (from the Barents- to the East Siberian Sea is discussed. The current

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numbers of known NIS in the Barents Sea is discussed in relation to range expansion patterns. The results from monitoring efforts for new species arrival at the ”Melkøya ” LNG facility ( approx 70°N) and one recent inventory in Narvik (Approx. 68°N. The ”True Arctic” is more species-rich than pervious thought (Has been dependent of effort). There is a decline in species from the Barents Sea via the Kara sea, the Laptev sea and the East Siberian Seas (first approx 2000 species, the last some 800 species). All these seas are ”shelf seas” with substantial (but variable) influence of freshwater from the large Russian rivers. Stratification facilitates early ice-formation, and the species along these seas must be euryhaline, tolerate low temperatures (both in winter ex- tremes and summer on-growth period. Species will likely continue to migrate (and being transported) into the Barents Sea, which is the sea most influenced by influx of warming Atlantic water. But on a short time perspective (5-25 years) it seems unlikely that Atlantic water to great extent will move past Novaja Semlja and into the Kara Sea. Currently, Temperature mismatch with donor ecosystems seems to override effects ofporpagule pressure. This may change on a longer scale (2050-2100).

4.5.2 Canadian activities in the Arctic (Presentation by Sarah Bailey) Most aquatic invasive species (AIS) introductions have occurred in temperate latitudes where shipping activity is greatest; however, as few systematic surveys have been conducted in the Canadian Arctic historically, we have little knowledge of the presence or impact of AIS in this region. Global climate change and increased resource exploitation are expected to increase shipping activities in the Canadian Arctic, resulting in higher risk of AIS introductions in the near future. A number of research and monitoring initiatives have recently been conducted to examine the current and future risk of ship-mediated AIS in the Canadian Arctic, including a risk assessment to identify high-risk recipient ports, and high-risk shipping pathways, based on level and type of shipping activity, environmental similarity between source and destination ports, and the number of high-impact AIS in source ports for ships entering Arctic waters. In addition, biological sampling of ballast water and hulls of ships arriving to major Arctic ports was conducted to determine identity of, and probability of arrival for, potential AIS. In many cases, collected specimens were juvenile forms and it was not possible to confidently identify individuals to the species level. Molecular tools are now being utilized in an attempt to better identify collected specimens. This project is in the final stages, with results expected before the end of 2014.

4.5.3 The cold route (Presentation by Dan Minchin) Non-indigenous species (NIS) have been spread between northern oceans arising from stocking and aquaculture activities. These will have been distributed mainly by aircraft. As a result some NW Pacific species, and their associates, successfully colonized North Atlantic waters. Very few NIS are known to have spread between these oceans with shipping that will have endured transit through tropical seas. This situation is likely to change to enable ship transport during summer periods and with this is the potential risk of spread of NIS via the cold water route. However, shipping is not the only possible pathway to result in a spread of NIS through, and to, Arctic seas as aquaculture and ranching activities, incremental spread from fishing activities, exploitation of mineral resources are likely to feature in NIS spread. In addition natural spread

ICES WGBOSV REPORT 20144 | 23

by warm currents and by rafting is likely to enable the extension to the range of many species in both the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans.

4.5.4 Dutch activities in the Arctic (Presentation by Andrea Sneekes) For multiple decades there is an interest of the Netherlands for the polar regions. Sev- eral research projects are being undertaken by the Dutch, specifically by the University of Groningen (RUG) and Wageningen University and Research groups (WUR). The Netherlands Polar Programme (NPP) funds scientific research into and in the polar regions. This programme wants to contribute to solutions for fundamental scientific and socio-political issues. In 2013, NPP granted twelve proposals within a policy call, of which WUR is involved in four proposals with research topics on seabirds, biodiversity under the sea ice, climate change and a simulation model. Additionally to the granted projects, WUR is active researching the challenges in sustainable Arctic Devel- opment using the triple P methodology where smart use of the marine ecosystem services provide for sustainable Profit of the Planet for People (TripleP@Sea programme, http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/About-Wageningen-UR/Strategic-plan/TriplePSea- Coastal-and-Marine-resources.htm). Impacts of new activities in the Arctic are assessed using a generic framework that deals with cumulative effects. Part of the framework is an environmental impact assessment (EIA) that deals with pressures of one or more activities on ecosystems components (figure 1).

Figure 1 Schematic view of an environmental impact assessment that deals with cumulative effects (source: IMARES Wageningen UR).

This generic framework is used in the development of the Arctic Handbook for the industry. The Arctic Handbook aims at contributing to internationally accepted standards and guidelines for Arctic operations (https://www.wageningenur.nl/en/show/The-Arctic-Handbook.htm). Some example cases that feed information to an EIA have been presented. The first case related to ecosystems presented was ARCIND – development of Arctic biological INDicators for the impact assessment of (new) human activities (http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/show/ARCIND-Development-of-ARCtic-biological-INDicators-for-the-impact-assessment-of-new-human-activities.htm). This PhD project (2013-2017) looks at developing tools to determine pressures on the ecosystem, specifically indicator tools. Indicators are simple measures that determine the state of

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the environment and can be used as diagnostic tool through detecting trends, to be applied in monitoring or to assess results of mitigation measures. The second example case showed the importance of understanding the activity shipping related to differences in effectiveness of ballast water treatment techniques in the Arctic region. A literature study performed for DFO Canada listed the potential risks of ballast water treatment in the Arctic which can be summarized as the risk of reduced efficacy of treatment systems and increased potential environmental threat of treatment systems using biocides (http://edepot.wur.nl/278821). The increased potential environmental threat of ballast water treatment using biocides in the Arctic region was given as example case on pressure. During summer and winter in the Netherlands ecotoxicity testing using natural local communities were performed and then during an expedition in summer 2013 to the Arctic (Dutch research station at Svalbard) this type of testing was done using local Arctic species that could be collected locally.

4.5.5 Red king crab and snow crab (Presentation by Anders Jelmert) The King crab in the Barents sea had a maximum population size in 2008 (> 5 *10^6 ind) . From 2008, a decline in the population has been observed until 2012. The numbers of catchable males (CL> 130 mm) have increased from 0.8*10^6 in 2012 to 0.95*10^6 in 2013. The proportion of large specimen has however declined. Little spread further into the SW. While strong conclusions are premature, the low expansion/spread coin- cides with the free fishery W of 26° E. In Norway EEZ, the catch quotas E of 26° E have been set to1000 tons for males, 50 tons for females, and an allowance for 1% bycatch in other fisheries. The biogeographic origin of the snow crab in the Barens Sea remains unresolved, but it has been verified a siginificant genetic distance to the Greenland/Canada stock. The accurate pathway an eventual vector (it may have migrated by itself) has not been clar- ified. The snow crab has had a tremendous growth in the Barents Sae, (especially in the Russian sector). Only a few specimen has been caught close to the Norwegian coast and near Svalbard (Spitsbergen). The highest density is found W of Novaja Semlja, on the Central Bank and the Goose Bank. Population densities between 1000 and 2800 ind/nm trawled have been encountered. It has been calculated that the SSB of the snow crab now is more than 10 times (!) the king crab. The Russians are planning a fishery on the snow crab in 2014, and bilateral negotiations of eventual Norwegian fishery will be negotiated.

4.5.6 Discussion: ToR e) Arctic research was identified recently as one of the high-priority research areas for ICES. The group had specific questions related to details of each of the projects described under ToR e). It was noted that effects of climate change which could facilitate non-native species invasions, such as decreased ice cover resulting in increased vessel traffic, are already being observed. Research on non-native species issues in the Arctic has begun only recently, and the Group agreed to keep the ToR at least for another year to further look into the issue. Finally, the Groups noted that the WGBOSV/WGITMO proposal for a theme session at the ICES Annual Science Confer- ence surrounding “Arctic biodiversity under climate change and other stressors” was accepted; the Group agreed to submit a general overview presentation for the theme session with Sarah Bailey as lead author.

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4.6 Term of Reference f) Collaborate with ICES Study Group on Integrated Morphological and Molecular Taxonomy (SGIMT) regarding identification, early detection and monitoring of non-native species, as appropriate (Joint Term of Reference with WGITMO). (ToR lead Maiju Lehtiniemi). Molecular methods are helpful in many aspects concerning non-native species. Thus the cooperation with WGIMT will be started during 2014. Based on e-mail discussions with the chairs of these 3 working groups themes for collaboration were presented. The themes were 1) including molecular data to non-indigenous species database; AquaNIS. This should be done by including so called deep links to GenBank via acces- sion codes of species in the AquaNIS database. 2) Molecular identification of tricky specimens via cooperation could be cautiously planned taking into account the limited resources of participating laboratories. 3) Probable need for certain species/taxa to be collected for DNA 'libraries' where BOSV/ITMO people could help in collecting the specimens for molecular analyses. The goal of the cooperation would be peer-reviewed paper(s) probably covering a particular region of interest or an important problematic species. The discussion and planning the cooperation will continue 28 March 2014 in WGIMT meeting in Reykjavik, Iceland.

4.6.1 Discussion: ToR f) The Group discussed possible projects which could be of mutual interest for the three ICES working groups (WGBOSV, WGITMO and WGIMT), including linking the AquaNIS database to the GenBank database, enhancing DNA reference libraries to facilitate future molecular identification of non-native species, and examination of geographic invasion routes using molecular tools. WGBOSV and WGITMO suggested that a joint meeting of all three Groups in the future could be beneficial, if it could be logis- tically arranged. It was finally decided that Maiju Lehtiniemi will continue to act as a contact point between the Groups and will compile a list of potential collaborative projects, which will be presented for WGIMT for further discussion.

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5 Other discussion items and any other business

5.1 Theme sessions at ICES ASC 2014 Two Theme session proposals submitted on behalf of WGITMO/WGBOSV were accepted for ASC 2014: • Arctic biodiversity under climate change and other stressors (co-conveners Sarah Bailey (Canada), Phillipe Archambault (Canada), and Andrea Sneekes (the Netherlands)) • The increasing importance of biofouling for marine invasions: an ecosystem altering mechanizm (co-conveners Andrea Sneekes, (the Netherlands), Francis Kerckhof (Belgium), and Thomas Therriault (PICES, Canada)). It was discussed and agreed to i) invite all expert group members to actively contribute to these theme sessions and ii) to submit contribution on behalf of WGBOSV/WGITMO to both theme sessions.

5.2 Varia Henn Ojaveer briefly introduced the ICES new Strategic Plan for 2014-2018 and in more detail, the ICES Science Plan. Bearing in mind the primarily science-orientation activities of WGBOSV/WGITMO, it was discussed and agreed that it would be beneficial if WGBOSV/WGITMO started reporting to SCICOM from 2015.

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6 Closing of the meeting

The meeting was closed at 17:00 on March 19th, 2014. The chair thanked the group for all their input and participation during the meeting and intersessionally, particularly to those members who acted as ToR lead. The chair also thanked Sergej Olenin for hosting the meeting.

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Annex 1. List of participants

Name Address Phone/Fax E-mail

Sarah Bailey Fisheries and Phone +1 905 [email protected] Oceans Canada 336 6425 (Chair) Great Lakes Fax +1 905 336 Laboratory for 6437 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

867 Lakeshore Road

Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6

Canada Borys Odessa Branch [email protected] Aleksandrov Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas 37, Pushkinskaya St. 65011 Odessa UKRAINE Lyndsay Brown Marine Scotland - Phone +44 [email protected] Science (0)1224 295506 k Marine Laboratory, Fax +44 (0)1224 PO Box 101 295511 375 Victoria Road Aberdeen AB11 9DB UK Allegra Northeast-Midwest Phone +1 202 [email protected] Cangelosi Institute 464 4014 Director, Great Fax +1 202 544 Ships Initiative 0043 50 F St. NW, Suite 950 Washington, DC, 20001 United States João Canning- Centre of IMAR of [email protected] Clode the University of the Azores Department of Oceanography and Fisheries & LARSyS Associated Laboratory Portugal

ICES WGBOSV REPORT 20144 | 29

Name Address Phone/Fax E-mail Marcelo Escola Politécnica Phone [email protected] Carreño da Universidade de +55(11)3091 São Paulo 0723 Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, no. 2231 sala A15 São Paulo - SP - Brasil CEP 05508- 970 Paula Chainho Universidade de Phone +351 [email protected] Lisboa Centro de 217500000 Oceanografia Fax +351 Edificio C5, Campo 21750009 Grande Lisbon Portugal Stephanie Norwegian Phone +47 [email protected] Delacroix Institute For Water 93617109 (remote Research Fax +47 22 18 52 participation) Gaustadalléen 21 00 NO-0349 Oslo Norway Lisa Drake Naval Research Phone +1 305 [email protected] Laboratory 293 PO Box 1739 4215/4219/4220 Key West FL 33041- Fax +1 305 293 1739 4213 United States Elena Ezhova P.P. Shirshov Phone + 7 4012 [email protected] Institute of 452711, Oceanology +7 9062138325 Russian Academy Fax + 7 4012 of Sciences, Atlantic 916970 Branch Pr.Mira 1, Kaliningrad 236022 Russia Tamara P. P. Shirshov Phone +7 (499) [email protected] Shiganova Institute of 129 23 27 Oceanology Fax +7 (499) 124 Russian Academy 59 83 of Sciences; 36 Nakhimovsky pr. 117997 Moscow RUSSIA Stephan Grosse Brunnenstr. Phone +49 177 [email protected] Gollasch 61 590 5460 D-22763 Hamburg Germany

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Name Address Phone/Fax E-mail Lena Granhag Chalmers Tel: +46 31 772 [email protected] University of 1461 Tehnology Shipping and marine technology 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden Cato ten CaTO Marine Tel: +31-595- [email protected] Hallers-Tjabbes Ecosystems 551772 Oosterweg 1, 9995 VJ Kantens, NL Anders Jelmert Institute of Marine Phone +47 3705 [email protected] Research 9052 Flødevigen Marine Fax +47 3705 Research Station 9001 4817 His Norway Kathe Rose Zoological [email protected] Jensen Museum, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Stelios European Phone +39- [email protected] Katsanevakis Commission 0332-783949 u DG Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability Water Resources Unit Via E. Fermi 2749, Building 46 (TP 460) Ispra (VA) I-21027, Italy Francis Royal Belgian Phone + 32 59 [email protected] Kerckhof Institute of Natural 24 20 56 Sciences, Fax + 32 59 70 Management Unit 49 35 of the North Sea Mathematical Models (MUMM) 3de en 23ste Linieregimentsplei n B-8400 Oostende Belgium

ICES WGBOSV REPORT 20144 | 31

Name Address Phone/Fax E-mail Maiju Finnish Phone +358 295 [email protected] Lehtiniemi Environment 251 356 Institute (SYKE) P.O. Box 140 Mechelininkatu 34a 00251 Helsinki Finland Josefin Maritime Phone: +46 40 [email protected] Madjidian Environmental 35 63 22 Research Group (MER Group) World Maritime University International Maritime Organization Citadellsvägen 29 P.O. Box 500 201 24 Malmö Sweden Daniel Masson Ifremer Phone: + 46 76 [email protected] B.P. 133 26 16 F-17390 la Fax: + 46 76 26 Tremblade 11 France Cynthia Fisheries and Phone +1 (709) [email protected] McKenzie Oceans Canada 772-6984 Northwest Atlantic Fax +1 (709) Fisheries Center 772-5315 P.O. Box 5667 St John s NL A1C 5X1 Canada Dan Minchin 3 Marina Village Phone +353 [email protected] Ballina 86-60-80-888

Killaloe Co. Clare Ireland

Anna Universita degli Ph +39 0382 [email protected] Occhipinti- Studi di Pavia 984876 Ambrogi Dipartimento di Fax +39 0382 Ecologia del 304610 Territorio Via S. Epifanio 14, I 27100 Pavia Italy Henn Ojaveer Estonian Marine Ph +372 443 [email protected] Institute University 4456 mobile: of Tartu +372 5158328 2a Lootsi EE-80012 Parnu Estonia

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Name Address Phone/Fax E-mail Sergej Olenin Coastal Research Ph +8 46 398 847 [email protected] and Planning Fax +8 46 398 Institute 845 Klaipeda University H. Manto str. 84, Klaipeda, 92294 Lithuania Lilitha Maritime Ph +46 40 35 63 [email protected] Pongolini Environmental 22 Research Group (MER Group) World Maritime University International Maritime Organization Citadellsvägen 29 P.O. Box 500 201 24 Malmö Sweden Marijana University of [email protected] Pećarević Dubrovnic (by Branitelja correspondence Dubrivnika 29 ) 20000 Dubrovnic Croatia Newton Pereira Escola Politécnica Ph +55(11)3091 [email protected] da Universidade de 1724 São Paulo Fax +55(11)3091 Av. Prof. Mello 5717 Moraes, no. 2231 sala A15 São Paulo - SP - Brasil CEP 05508- 970 Gemma Quílez- WWF Ph +34 [email protected] Badia Mediterranean 933056252 (by Programme Office Fax +34 correspondence Carrer Canuda, 37 932788030 ) 3er 08002 Barcelona SPAIN Liis Rostin Estonian Marine Ph +372 6718 [email protected] Institute University 972 of Tartu Mäealuse 14 EE-12618 Tallinn Estonia

ICES WGBOSV REPORT 20144 | 33

Name Address Phone/Fax E-mail Marilyn Kalaus Estonian Marine Ph +372 43 [email protected] Institute University 94755 of Tartu 2a Lootsi EE-80012 Parnu Estonia Andrea Sneekes Wageningen Ph +31 317 andrea.sneekes@wur IMARES 487141 Wageningen Fax +31 317 Imares 487371 P.O. Box 57 NL-1780 AB Den Helder Netherlands Matthew ten University of Ph +1 715 394 [email protected] Eyck Wisconsin-Superior 8160 (remote PO Box 2000 participation) Superior, WI 54880 United States Lauri Urho Finnish Game and Ph [email protected] Fisheries Research +358 205 751 25 Institute 8 P.O. Box 2, FI-00791 Fax Helsinki +358 205 751 Finland 201

Malin Werner Swedish University Ph +46 (0) 10- [email protected] of Agricultural 478 4057 Sciences Mobile +46 (0) Department of 76-12 68 048 Aquatic Resources Institute of Marine Research S-453 30 Lysekil Sweden Argyro Zenetos Hellenic Ph +30 210 [email protected] Centre for 985 6701 Marine Fax +30 210 Research 981 1713

PO Box 712 Attica Greece

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Annex 2. Meeting agenda

ICES/IOC/IMO Working Group on Ballast and Other Ship Vectors

17-19th March, 2014

Hotel Alka S. Daukanto str. 21 Palanga 00135, Lithuania

DRAFT AGENDA ______

MONDAY 17TH MARCH

Meet at 08.30 to allow time for setting up computers.

09.00 Opening of the meeting • Welcoming remarks Sarah Bailey (Chair) and Sergej Olenin (Meeting Host) • Introduction of Participants • Logistics – Report Drafting Assignments 09.25 Review Terms of Reference and Agenda

9.30 ToR a): Continue to critically review and report on the status of shipping vector research with an emphasis on studies of shipping transport vectors, shipping vector management activities and risk assessment. ToR lead: Sarah Bailey

• Highlights from the National Reports, about 10-15 minutes per country: • Belgium Francis Kerckhof • Canada Cynthia McKenzie • Estonia Henn Ojaveer • Finland Maiju Lehtiniemi

10.30-11.00 Coffee break

• France Daniel Masson • Germany Stephan Gollasch • Netherlands Andrea Sneekes

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• Norway Anders Jelmert • Spain Gemma Quilez-Badia • Sweden Lena Granhag

12.30-13.30 Lunch break (on your own)

• UK Lyndsay Brown • USA Lisa Drake

• Presentation: Ballast water exchange used in combination with ballast water treatment – preliminary results of shipboard experiments. Stephan Gollasch

• Presentation: Update on port sampling in Sweden (HELCOM ALIENS 3 project) Lena Grenhag 15.00-15.30 Coffee break

• Presentation: Update on the North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity Project. Cato ten Hallers • Presentation: Ballast Water Management Projects from Engineering Perspec- tive. Newton Narcisco Pereira and Marcelo Carreño

• Presentation: Evaluation of BWMS filter performance at GSI. Allegra Cangelosi

• General discussion under ToR a)

17.30 Close of first day of meeting ______

TUESDAY 18TH MARCH

9.00 ToR b:) Further discuss and evaluate sampling and analysis strategies for type approval and compliance testing of ballast water treatment technologies under consideration at IMO or by other regulators (e.g. US Environmental Protection Agency). ToR lead: Lisa Drake

• Presentation: Latest developments in sampling and compliance. Lisa Drake

• Presentation: How to take a representative sample. Stephan Gollasch

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• Presentation: GSI validation approach for ship discharge sampling method. Allegra Cangelosi

• Presentation: Culture method vs. staining method for estimation of viable organisms 10-50 um after UV treatment. Stephanie Delacroix

• General discussion under ToR b)

10.30-11.00 Coffee break

11.00 ToR c): Further discuss and evaluate available information on the effects of treated or exchanged ballast water on the aquatic environment and provide input on strategies which could be used to increase confidence surrounding environmental safety of treated ballast water being discharged. ToR lead: Andrea Sneekes

• Presentation: Environmental acceptability of newly emerging BWMS methods, notably acoustic treatment. Cato ten Hallers

• Presentation: Follow-up on available information on the effects of treated or exchanged ballast water on the aquatic environment. Andrea Sneekes

• Presentation: Freshwater whole effluent toxicity testing of treated ballast water: GSI lessons learned. Matthew Ten Eyck

• General discussion under ToR c)

12.30-13.30 Lunch break (on your own)

13.30 General discussion • Return to any issues needing more discussion and consideration of need for ICES submission to upcoming PPR or MEPC meetings • Any other business raised by members at the meeting

15.00-15.30 Coffee break

• Drafting of 2014 WGBOSV ToR • Drafting of WGBOSV Report (Final Report Due 15 April 2014)

ICES WGBOSV REPORT 20144 | 37

17.30 Close of second day of meeting- ______

WEDNESDAY 19TH MARCH

JOINT MEETING WITH WGITMO

09.00 Opening of the joint meeting

o Welcoming remarks from Sarah Bailey and Henn Ojaveer (Co- Chairs) and Sergej Olenin (Meeting Host)

o Introduction of participants

o Review of Terms of Reference and Agenda

09.20 ICES update: ICES Strategic Plan 2014-2018, WGITMO advice 2013, cooperation with CIESM and PICES. Henn Ojaveer

09.40 ToR d): Investigate and report on new developments in non-native species issues associated with biofouling (e.g. artificial structures in the marine environment and recreational boating) (joint Term of Reference with WGITMO) ToR lead: Andrea Sneekes

• Presentation: Rapid assessment of marinas for regional assessment of NIS. Dan Minchin

• Presentation: The fouling community on a Belgian research vessel reveals its whereabouts and forms a source of potential new introductions into the North Sea. Francis Kerckhof

• Presentation: Experiments of fouling communities on renewable energy constructions in the Gulf of Riga and Finland. Liis Rostin

10.30-11.00 Coffee break

• ToR d) continued

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• ToR e) Investigate and report on new developments in non-native species issues into and through the Arctic region (joint Term of Reference with WGITMO). ToR lead: Anders Jelmert

• Presentation: What does it take to become an invader in the Arctic? Anders Jelmert

• Presentation: Canadian activities in the Arctic. Sarah Bailey

• Presentation: Arctic pathways. Dan Minchin

• Presentation: Dutch activities in the Arctic. Andrea Sneekes

• Presentation: Red King Crab and the Snow Crab. Anders Jelmert

12.30-13.30 Lunch break (on your own)

• ToR e) continued

• ToR f) Collaborate with ICES Study Group on Integrated Morphological and Molecular Taxonomy (SGIMT) regarding identification, early detection and monitoring of non-native species, as appropriate (jointly with WGBOSV). ToR lead: Maiju Lehtiniemi

15.00-15.30 Coffee break

• General discussion under ToR f)

• Return to any issues needing more discussion 16.00 Any other business

• Location of next meeting and joint 2015 ToR’s • Wrapping up

17.00 End of WGBOSV ______

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Annex 3. National reports

3.1 Brazil Submitted By: Newton Narciso Pereira and Marcelo N. P. Carreño – e-mail: new- [email protected] - [email protected] from University of São Paulo Summary: This is a brief ICES WGBOSV Report from Brazil, presenting some of the research studies conducted at this moment at University of São Paulo. These studies have been doing by Naval Architecture and Oceanic Engineering Department and Electronic Systems Engineering Department, both at Polytechnic Scholl of University of São Paulo. Full Report: A TRANSPORT VECTORS

A1 Ballast Water Development of Ballast Water Monitoring System and evaluation of effects of hydrodynamics, operational and biological factors Dr. Newton Narciso Pereira, Dr. Marcelo N. P. Carreño, Dr. Rui Carlos Botter, Dr. Cheng Liang Yee, Dr. Marcelo N. P. Carreño, Dr. Hernani Luiz Brinati e-mail: [email protected] In 2010 we received financial support from CNPQ (National Council of Scientific and Technologic Development) in order to develop a prototype to register the geographic position of ballast water exchange, as well as track the ballast water’s quality carried by ships. The prototype development took 2 years. In 2012, after the project conclusion, our team patented this system through the University of São Paulo Innovation Office. In 2012, a multidisciplinary group formed by researchers from different departments of the University of São Paulo (Naval Architecture and Oceanic Engineering, Electronic System Engineering and Oceanographic Institute) received financial support to rein- force the researches on ballast water in Brazil from Brazilian Innovation Agency. The goal of this project is shown hereafter: • Analysis of the pertinent problems with the impact of ballast water; • Identification of Brazilian Ports that receive huge amounts of ballast water annually; • Analysis of the ballast water volumes deballasted on Brazilian ports; • Improvement on the Remote Monitoring System of ballast water quality into the ship tanks; • Collection of ballast water and sediments samples of vessels for the biological studies; • Development microfluidic systems for detection and monitoring of phytoplankton species on ballast water, • Computer simulation and experimental validation of the hydrodynamic of water on the ballast tank;

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The main result of these research studies is the development of a remote monitoring system of ballast water quality which, at this moment, is ready to be installed into a ballast ship tank. This system is able to register physico-chemical parameters of ballast water as turbidity, conductivity (salinity), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, temperature, CDOM/FDOM, Hydrocarbons, Blue and Green Algae and Chlorophyll in vivo. These data are tagged with the geographical position, date and time during the ship trip or when the ship operates the ballast pump. The data are recorded in an unchangeable control and storage electronic system and transferred remotely via satellite to a land base. The main contribution of this system is to show the correct position where the ship exchanges the ballast water and the biological and physic chemical quality of this water. The system has the potential to reduce mistakes presented in ballast water reporting forms, providing a more reliable information to supervisory port authorities than those presented by the ship crews. In fact, this system opens the possibility of to create an electronic ballast water reporting form collected and storage automatically, without human interference. On the other hand, this system can generate cost reduction for ship inspection operations by any Maritime Authority. Ship ballast water quality data can be received remotely at Port State or Flag State Controls. To validate the developed system, the prototype it will be installed as soon as possible on board a ship to verify its applicability and efficiency.

A2 Ballast Sediments Ship Ballast Tank Sediment Reduction Methods BSc. Geert J. Prange - Dr. Newton Narciso Pereira E-mail: [email protected] This paper proposed alterations in the deballasting system of ships with the purpose to minimize the deposit of sediments. The proposed changes can be implemented in- dividually or in integrated form in existing ships, as well as in the design and construction of new vessels. This paper was published by NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL, June 2013, No. 125-2. Pag. 127-134. Experimental and computational studies on the mixing and sedimentation inside ballast tanks Dr. Newton Narciso Pereira, Dr. Cheng Liang Yee, E-mail: [email protected] Computer simulations have been performed to evaluate the mixing of different particles inside of ballast water ship tanks. These simulations are based on the Moving Par- ticles Semi-Implicit (MPS). The (MPS) method is a computational method for the simulation of incompressible free surface flows. It is a macroscopic, deterministic par- ticle method (Lagrangian meshfree method) developed by Koshizuka and Oka (1996). Then, the focus of this computational study is support the: • Investigation of the mixing, sedimentation and removal process inside the ballast water tanks; • Influence of sloshing and internal structures on the mixing, sedimentation and distribution of suspension materials in ballast water during sailing and berth operation;

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• Effects of tank’s geometry and water circulation on the removal of reten- tion/sediments during the exchange and discharge operations in double bottom tanks; • Assessment of temporal variation of the concentration of suspension materials like sediments and species; • Evaluation and improvement of the exchange methods. The results show that is possible to evaluate the mixing inside of ballast water ship tanks using different size of particles with MPS method. We identified that the time for mixing different size particles into of the ship tanks is short and it depends on the frequency of ship movement. If the ship excitation is higher it could be mixed quickly. It suggests that, if a ship is deballasting on the port and could be influenced by waves, the water deballasted can be mixed with sediments and other elements inside of bottom of ballast water tanks. From this simulation we also can identify the regions of ship tanks where could occur more sedimentation. The next step of these simulations is the inclusion of characteristics marine species (size and shape) in the model. After that, we will use a scale model ship tank to experimental validate of the computer model.

A3 Hull Fouling A4 Others (e.g. Sea Chests or Other Ship Vectors; Artificial Structures in the Marine Environment) B VECTOR MANAGEMENT

B1 Ballast Water Treatment Technologies and Practices B2 Sampling and Analysis Methods for Treatment Testing B3 Methods or Tools for Compliance Testing B4 Programs for Early Detection or Control of Invasive Species Microfluidic biochip for DNA detection Dr. Marcelo N. P. Carreño E-mail: [email protected] The project deals with the design, fabrication and testing of a microfluidic "Lab-on- Chip" system to perform DNA analysis and detect pathogenic micro-organisms that can be found in ballast water into ship tanks, such as Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera. and Enterococcus faecalis. The microfluidic bio-chip is based on DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA of interest and measure the fluorescence emitted by fluorocromics compounds intercalated into the amplified DNA. Thus, the project targets three specific objectives: (1) design, manufacture and characterization of a microfluidic thermo cycler device to perform the PCR amplification of DNA of interest (i.e. from E. coli, V. cholerae or E. faecalis ); (2) Implement and test an electro-optical "setup" to measure the fluorescent signal emitted by the amplified DNA and (3) to integrate these two components into a "Lab- on-a- Chip" system. This corresponds to the development of a miniaturized, portable and fully operational system for Real Time PCR, capable of quantitative detection of DNA of interest. With this, we intend to contribute to the development of biological diagnostic systems for application in ballast water monitoring as well for water quality monitoring. At moment, we had developed the thermo cycler device and are starting the amplification experiments with testing DNA samples.

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Microfluidic biochip for phytoplankton cell counting Dr. Marcelo N. P. Carreño E-mail: [email protected] A prototype of PDMS-based microfluidic device for automatic counting of phytoplankton cells in culture solution was developed. The results demonstrate the reliability of the automatic counting experiments, which are in accordance with manual counting methods. The concentration measured with the two methods exhibited similar devia- tions for the same aliquots (25 μL) and this deviation could be explained by the intrinsic cell dispersion in the main cell culture. Also, it should be considered the possibility to use the device for continuous enumeration, allowing quantifying cells concentration during different growth phases. This paper was published in the Microelectronics Technology and Devices (SBMicro), 2013 Symposium on. IEEE, 2013. C RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACHES Ballast water: a threat to the Amazon Basin

Newton Narciso Pereira, Rui Carlos Botter, Rafael Dompieri Folena1; José Pinheiro Fragoso Neto Pereira, Alan Cavalcanti da Cunha2 E-mail: [email protected]

1Department of Naval Architecture and Oceanic Engineering, School of Engineering - University of São Paulo

2 Universidade Federal do Amapá, This paper was accepted to be published in the Marine Pollution Bulletin (2014). Ship BW reporting forms were collected from the Captaincy of Santana and some ships were visited near the Port of Santana, located in Macapá (Amazon River), to evaluate the BW quality onboard. We evaluated data submitted in these BWR forms and concluded that the BWE efficacy might be compromised, because data contained in these BWR indicate that some ships did not change their BW. We found mistakes in filling the BWR forms and lack of information. Moreover, these ships had discharged BW with high level of salinity, E. coli and Total Coliforms into the Amazon River. We concluded that the authorities of the Amazon Region need to develop more efficient proceedings to evaluate the ballast water reporting forms and BW quality, as there is potential risk of future invasion of exotic species in Brazilian ports. D OCCURRENCE OF NEW SHIP-MEDIATED INTRODUCED SPECIES E IMPACT OF INTRODUCED SPECIES F OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION G REFERENCES

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3.2 Canada Submitted By: Sarah Bailey: [email protected] Cynthia McKenzie: [email protected] Summary: Shipping vector research in Canada currently focuses on risk assessment and vector management, with particular emphasis on the Arctic region. Vector management studies include shipboard trials to examine a combination strategy (ballast water exchange plus treatment) as a means to protect low salinity waters, and examination of operational efficacy and environmental safety of ballast water management systems operated in cold (winter/Arctic) conditions. In addition, a study has been recently completed to evaluate the response of freshwater organisms to vital stains used to assess compliance with ballast water discharge standards. The Canadian Aquatic Inva- sive Species Network (CAISN) continues to work on projects related to early detection and rapid response strategies, understanding aquatic invasive species as part of multiple stressors affecting aquatic ecosystems, and reducing uncertainty in prediction and management. In addition to commercial shipping, Canada has been investigating recreational boating as a vector for the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species. There have been no reports of new ship-mediated invasive species in the last year, although monitoring programs are limited. Full Report: A TRANSPORT VECTORS

A1 Ballast Water A2 Ballast Sediments A3 Hull Fouling A4 Others (e.g. Sea Chests or Other Ship Vectors; Artificial Structures in the Marine Environment) B VECTOR MANAGEMENT

B1 Ballast Water Treatment Technologies and Practices Examination of ballast water exchange plus treatment to achieve enhanced protection of low salinity waters Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Can- ada, Burlington, Ontario Sarah Bailey: [email protected] In the near future, ships may be required to undertake ballast water treatment (BWT) to meet numeric performance standards, and BWE may be phased out of use. However, there are concerns that BWT systems may not operate reliably in fresh or turbid water, or both. Consequently, it has been proposed that BWE could be used in combination with BWT to maximize the positive benefits of both management strategies for protection of freshwater ports. Results of three land-based tests conducted at the Great Ships Initiative Facility in Superior, Wisconsin in 2011 have been published (Briski et al. 2013). Three shipboard tests were conducted in partnership with Stephan

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Gollasch (Germany) and Matej David (Slovenia) in 2013 and 2014. Sample processing is currently underway and results are anticipated by late 2014. Examination of operational efficacy and environmental safety of ballast water management systems in cold waters Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Can- ada, Burlington, Ontario Sarah Bailey: [email protected] Most vessels will need to install a ballast water management system (BWMS) to com- ply with the performance standard in the Convention. These systems, which use physical and/or chemical processes to reduce the number of viable organisms in ballast water discharges, are being developed for the primary global markets (temperate/tropical areas). Concerns have arisen that some BWMSs may not operate as expected in cold environments – for example, neutralization of active substances may take much longer, with potentially hazardous impact on receiving Arctic environments. Labora- tory-scale testing is being conducted to assess the effect of temperature on various ballast water management processes. This work is being conducted in partnership with the IMARES Research Institute of the Wageningen University and Research Centre (Netherlands).

B2 Sampling and Analysis Methods for Treatment Testing Evaluating the response of freshwater organisms to vital staining Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Can- ada, Burlington, Ontario Sarah Bailey: [email protected] Proposed international regulations for ballast water management will require enumeration of viable plankton in ballast water. In this study, the efficacy of vital stains fluo- rescein diacetate (FDA) and FDA+5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) was evaluated with freshwater macroinvertebrates, zooplankton, and phytoplankton. Ma- croinvertebrates were cultured in laboratory, while plankton were collected from Hamilton Harbour and ballast tanks of commercial vessels. Organisms were subjected to various treatments (i.e. heat, NaClO, and NaOH) to establish efficacy of stains for viable and non-viable organisms. No significant difference in accuracy rate was found between stains, regardless of treatment, within groups of organisms, indicating that the addition of CMFDA is superfluous in the sample region studied. False positive er- rors, in which dead organisms fluoresced similarly to live organisms, occurred in most groups and were significantly different between test groups. The FDA/FDA+CMFDA vital staining methods provide useful tools for viability analysis of freshwater phytoplankton, soft-bodied invertebrates and zooplankton, and may be used for viability analysis of the ≥ 10 µm to < 50 µm size fraction in compliance testing of ballast water. However, viability analysis of larger freshwater crustaceans with vital stains should be undertaken with caution. Results will be published in 2014 (Adams et al. in press).

B3 Methods or Tools for Compliance Testing B4 Programs for Early Detection or Control of Invasive Species NSERC Canadian Aquatic Invasive Species Network II Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario

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Hugh MacIsaac: [email protected] The national network consisting of some of the world’s leading researchers, explorers and innovators in the field of aquatic invasive species has received funding for an additional five years (2011-2016). A coordinated set of comprehensive studies are planned, directed at four research themes pertaining to Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS): i) early detection strategies; ii) rapid response strategies; iii) AIS as part of multiple stressors affecting aquatic ecosystems; and iv) reducing uncertainty in prediction and management. Selected projects under each theme are meant to further understanding of the AIS issue, with particular focus on early detection and rapid response. What's more, CAISN will be conducting its first series of research efforts in the Arctic, where increased shipping, due in part to climate change, has put it at greater risk than ever before for aquatic invasion. It is also worthwhile to note that numerous publications resulting from the shipping vector research conducted during CAISN I are now available. See www.caisn.ca for more information on CAISN II research projects and links to publications from CAISN I. C RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACHES Climate related changes in marine invertebrate communities and Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) risk in the north Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba Kimberly Howland: Kimberly. [email protected] The objectives of this study are to improve the existing baseline information on coastal marine invertebrate communities and to spatially model future climate change-related invasion risk using hydro-climatic variables in the Canadian Arctic. More specifically we are: 1) Developing an inventory of existing biota and environmental conditions in areas of the Arctic with the highest risk for introduction by non-indigenous species (high use ports); 2) Comparing species lists from current biodiversity studies in high risk port areas with historical survey information in order to identify new species and to evaluate if new records are most likely to represent introductions, range expansions or increased survey effort in a given location; 3) Assessing the relative risks for future AIS incursions across the Canadian Arctic; 4) Predicting species-specific potential spatial distributions (habitat matches) and assessing the probability of establishment for a subset of higher risk AIS under various climate changes scenarios using ecological niche modelling based on known environmental ranges for these species. A publication (on objectives 1 and 2) has been submitted (December 2013) An investigation of the risk posed by recreational boating as a vector in the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species in Atlantic Canada Institute Maurice-Lamontagne, Mont-Joli, Quebec; Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Cen- tre, St. John, Newfoundland and Labrador; Gulf Fisheries Centre, Moncton, New Brunswick; St. Andrews Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick Nathalie Simard (Quebec Region): [email protected] Cynthia McKenzie(Newfoundland and Labrador Region); Cynthia.mckenzie@dfo- mpo.gc.ca Andrea Locke (Gulf Region): [email protected] Jennifer Martin (Maritime Region): [email protected]

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The four eastern Canadian DFO regions are collaborating to determine the risk posed by recreational boating as a vector in the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species in Atlantic Canada. This multiyear project obtains data through direct contact (by phone and in person) with harbour managers including harbour authorities, small craft harbours, and marina and yacht club managers as well as boat owners. The use of a standard questionnaire allows comparison between regions. Video surveys of docks, wharves and boat hulls will be conducted at high risk harbours. scuba diver surveys are also conducted at some locations. The objectives of the project are: to determine risk of introduction and spread of AIS in Atlantic Canadian waters via regional and international recreational boating traffic as vectors; to determine locations of harbours that are a particularly at high risk for introduction and spread of AIS; to com- municate and inform recreational boaters on the risk of AIS movement and measures that they can take to prevent the spread of AIS. D OCCURRENCE OF NEW SHIP-MEDIATED INTRODUCED SPECIES E IMPACT OF INTRODUCED SPECIES F OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION G REFERENCES

Adams, JK, Briski E, Ram JL and SA Bailey. (In press) Evaluating the response of freshwater organisms to vital staining. Management of Biological Invasions accepted 17 Feb 2014.

Briski E, LE Allinger, M Balcer, A Cangelosi, L Fanberg, TP Markee, N Mays, CN Polkinghorne, KR Prihoda, ED Reavie, DH Regan, DM Reid, HJ Saillard, T Schwerdt, H Schaefer, M Ten- Eyck, CJ Wiley and SA Bailey. 2013. A multidimensional approach to invasive species prevention. Environmental Science and Technology 47: 1216-1221.

3.3 Croatia Submitted by: Marijana Pećarević and Josip Mikuš, University of Dubrovnik, Cro- atia Contact: [email protected]; [email protected] A TRANSPORT VECTORS • IPA CBC Adriatic project regarding ballast water is ongoing in the Republic of Croatia from November 2013. Ballast water management system for Adri- atic Sea protection (BALMAS) which includes partner from all countries on Adriatic Sea. BALMAS project partners will prepare a common Ballast Wa- ter Management (BWM) Plan for the Adriatic Sea area, and implement the BALMAS BWM decision support system (DSS) including compliance control and enforcement (CME), compliant with the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship´s Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) considering local specifics. Croatian participants are Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Institute Ruđer Bošković, Rovinj and University of Dubrovnik A1 Ballast - No data. A2 Hull Fouling - No data. A3 Sediments - No data. A4 Sea Chests - No data.

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A5 Others - No data. B INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT

B1 Eradication Programmes No new dana.

B2 Management and Control of Invasive Species No new data C RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACHES No new data D OCCURRENCE OF NEW SHIP-MEDIATED INTRODUCED SPECIES

Year Location Possible of first of first introduction Invasion Taxon record record vector* Status** Reference

Spongia Paraleucilla 2011 Port of shipping first record Cvitković et al., magna Ploče 2013

Cnidaria Oculina 2011 Port of shipping established Cvitković et al., patagonica Split 2013

Pisces Lagocephalus 2012 Island Lessepian first record Sulić Šprem et al., sceleratus Jakljan migrant in press * Duplication with WGITMO report if the vector is unknown ** When spreading see details in Section E E IMPACT OF INTRODUCED SPECIES At the moment, there are no impacts of introduced species on native flora and fauna. F OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION G REFERENCES

Cvitković, I, Despalatović, M, Grubelić, I, Nikolić, V, Pleše, B, Žuljević, A. 2013. Occurrence of Paraleucilla magna (Porifera: Calcarea) in the eastern Adriatic Sea. Acta Adriatica 54(1): 93- 99.

Cvitković, I, Despalatović, M, Nikolić, B, Žuljević, A. 2013. The first record of Oculina patagonica (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) in the Adriatic Sea. Acta Adriatica 54(1): 87-92.

Sulić Šprem, J, Dobroslavić, T, Kožul, V, Kuzman, A, Dulčić, J. First record of a Lessepsian migrant Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) (Actinopterygii: Tetraodontidae) in the Adriatic Sea (Croatian coast). Cybium. in press.

3.4 Estonia Submitted By: Henn Ojaveer. Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu. Lootsi 2a, 80012 Pärnu. Estonia Summary:

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Port monitoring was conducted according to HELCOM protocol in one Estonian port (Muuga Harbour, Port of Tallinn) in spring, summer and autumn 2013 within the frame of HELCOM ALIENS 3 project. The monitoring included recording of key environmental conditions (incl. CTD profiles) and sampling of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, sessile and mobile epifauna. The specifically dedicated and governmentally funded alien species monitoring program, started in 2010, was continued in 2013. One of the subcomponents is to monitor high risk areas of primary invasions. In this purpose, vicinity areas of the two largest ports - Port of Tallinn and Port of Sillamäe (Gulf of Finland), were sampled. In addition, surveys in the long-term dynamics of selected key alien species were continued and the ecological impact of several NIS summarized. The IMO’s BWMC is still not yet ratified because the socio- economic analysis performed does not provide full-scale overview on the implications related to joining the Convention. Currently, the still missing information is being collected. Full Report: A TRANSPORT VECTORS

A1 Ballast Water A2 Ballast Sediments A3 Hull Fouling A4 Others (e.g. Sea Chests or Other Ship Vectors; Artificial Structures in the Marine Environment) PhD project by L. Rostin on ‘Changes in benthic littoral vegetation as a reflection of shifting Baltic environment caused by climatic shifts and human influence’. It also involves research on biofouling of artificial substrata such as windmill pillars (see also Rostin et al. 2013). B VECTOR MANAGEMENT

B1 Ballast Water Treatment Technologies and Practices B2 Sampling and Analysis Methods for Treatment Testing B3 Methods or Tools for Compliance Testing B4 Programs for Early Detection or Control of Invasive Species The specifically dedicated and governmentally funded alien species monitoring program, started in 2010, was continued in 2013. The alien species monitoring consists of three major subcomponents: 1) monitoring of high risk areas of primary invasions; 2) tracking long-term performance of selected most important alien species and 3) evaluation of ecological and socio-economic impacts caused by alien species. Monitoring of high risk areas of primary invasions – vicinity of ports – has been conducted in Port of Tallinn (since 2010) and Port of Sillamäe (since 2012), both located in the Gulf of Fin- land. Several stations were sampled in port vicinity and also in more distant localities called also as reference sites. Importantly, all data and annual reports are freely available, though unfortunately written in Estonian only (Anon. 2014) C RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACHES Participation in the project ‘Test, further development and operationalization of the HELCOM biological survey protocols and A-4 risk assessments in the Baltic Sea (HEL- COM ALIENS3)’. The project was aimed at testing and further developing the harmonized system for granting exemptions according to Regulation A-4 of the IMO BWM

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Convention (BWMC) in intra-Baltic traffic, developed within the HELCOM ALIENS 2 project. The overall aim was to give the Contracting Parties a possibility to test the regionally harmonized A4 process before the entry into force of the BWMC. In Estonia, sampling was conducted in one port (Muuga Harbour, Port of Tallinn) in spring, summer and autumn 2013. The monitoring included recording of key environmental conditions (incl. CTD profiles) and sampling of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, sessile and mobile epifauna. D OCCURRENCE OF NEW SHIP-MEDIATED INTRODUCED SPECIES A new polychaete species was found at very high densities in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea in Estonia in 2012. The species represented the sabellid genus Laonome Malmgren, 1866, but it could not be assigned to any of its previously described species. The species survived a very cold winter and by now has established a permanent population. The polychaete was described by examining living specimens and with scan- ning electron and light microscopic methods. Morphological analyses were supplemented by molecular characters from sequences of the mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA and the nuclear 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA genes. Laonome armata Bick and Kotta sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of acicular spines on first thorax chaeti- gers, dorsal pinnular and ventral radiolar appendages. Sequences of each of the four gene fragments also serve as unique taxonomic barcodes. The abundance of L. armata sp. nov. exhibited a strong seasonal variation, peaking between July and November. Besides seasonality, the quantity of decomposed microalgae in the sediment and exposure to waves contributed most to explaining the abundance variation in the niche model. Laonome armata sp. nov. now reaches high densities locally at low salinity area of the Baltic Sea. The species may potentially modify sediment morphology and chem- istry, disrupt natural infaunal communities by establishing new ecological relation- ships, displacing or completely disassembling native communities but likely also facilitating some native species through the provision of alternative substrata and/or food to them (Kotta et al., under review). E IMPACT OF INTRODUCED SPECIES Ecological impact of NIS is being summarized and documented for the alien species monitoring purposes. The report includes information for the following NIS: the cirri- ped Balanus improvisus, the gibel carp Carassius gibelio, cladocerans Cercopagis pengoi and Evadne anonyx, the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha, the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, the amphipod Gammarus tigrinus, the polychaete Marenzelleria neglecta, the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii and the round goby Neogobius melanostomus. The most impacting NIS in the Estonian coastal sea (due to wide-scale and very abundant presence) are C. pengoi, M. neglecta and N. melanostomus while the least impacts (due to their low abundances currently) are posed by E. anonyx and E. sinensis. However, R. harrisii and G. tigrinus can be locally very abundant, and therefore their ecological impacts might be substantial, but restricted to a few localities currently (Anon. 2014). No economic impacts evaluations were performed. F OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION The IMO’s BWMC is still not yet ratified because the socio-economic analysis performed does not provide full-scale overview on the implications related to joining the Convention. Currently, the still missing information is being collected. G REFERENCES Anon 2014. Operational monitoring of Estonian coastal sea. Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu. Final report, Tallinn.

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Kotta J, Bick A, Bastrop R, Väinölä R and Kotta I. Description and ecology of the invasive polychaete Laonome armata sp. nov. (Sabellida, Sabellidae) in the Baltic Sea (under review). Rostin, Liis; Martin, Georg; Herkül, Kristjan (2013). Environmental concerns related to the construction of offshore wind parks: Baltic Sea case. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment (131 - 140).WIT Press

3.3 Finland Submitted By: Maiju Lehtiniemi, Finnish Environment Institute: [email protected] Summary: The ports having the most active ship traffic in Finland were identified in order to prioritize port monitoring to those ports in the future. Port monitoring was conducted according to HELCOM protocol in three Finnish ports in spring and late summer 2013. The monitoring included sampling of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, sessile and mobile epifauna. Finnish board on invasive species issues was set up and started its work in September 2013. The ratification of the IMO's BWM Convention by Finland was again delayed and will take place during 2014. One new alien species was found in Finnish waters in 2014. It is at present an unknown gastropod species. The identification is underway with molecular analysis. Full Report: There is not much research going on in Finland concerning ship mediated introductions of alien species. The two research projects conducted focused more on risk assessments related to the intensity of ship traffic to Finnish ports and to port monitoring. The first project recognized the most active ports in terms of ships discharging ballast water in the ports in order to estimate the risk of new introductions and to focus port monitoring to ports having the largest number of port of calls. The other project tested further the port monitoring protocol developed under HELCOM in three ports having international ship traffic in Finland. A TRANSPORT VECTORS

A1 Ballast Water A2 Ballast Sediments A3 Hull Fouling A4 Others (e.g. Sea Chests or Other Ship Vectors; Artificial Structures in the Marine Environment) B VECTOR MANAGEMENT

B1 Ballast Water Treatment Technologies and Practices B2 Sampling and Analysis Methods for Treatment Testing B3 Methods or Tools for Compliance Testing B4 Programs for Early Detection or Control of Invasive Species C RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACHES Project: Test, further development and operationalization of the HELCOM biological survey protocols and A-4 risk assessments in the Baltic Sea (HELCOM ALIENS3)

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Coordination: The project was coordinated by the HELCOM secretariat. Maiju Lehti- niemi (Finnish Environment Institute) is the Principal investigator in Finland. Duration: January 2013-January 2014 HELCOM ALIENS3 project tested and developed further the harmonized system for granting exemptions according to Regulation A-4 of the IMO BWM Convention (BWMC) in intra-Baltic traffic, developed within the HELCOM ALIENS 2 project. The project supported the work of the HELCOM-OSPAR Task Group for Ballast Water Management Convention Exemptions (HELCOM-OSPAR TG BALLAST), with plans to further develop and adapt the outcome of the HELCOM ALIENS 2 project for the combined North Sea-Baltic region (HELCOM 2013). The overall aim was to give the Contracting Parties a possibility to test the regionally harmonized A4 process before the entry into force of the BWMC. Thus sampling was conducted in three Finnish ports (Kotka/Hamina, Kilpilahti and Kokkola ports) during spring and summer 2013 in addition to the two ports that were sampled 2012. The data were submitted to the port database developed in ALIENS2 project by Germany and maintained at present by HELCOM. Thus the data can be used for risk assessments in assessing the risk of IAS transfer for exemptions from the BWM Convention. Project: Increasing knowledge of invasive alien species (IAS) in Finland - distribution, dispersal, risk management, pathways for entry (HAVINA). Coordination: The project was coordinated by the Finnish Environment Institute, Maiju Lehtiniemi. Duration: March 2012-March 2014 HAVINA project developed a national web portal for non-indigenous species (NIS) issues to collect information of new sightings, further spread and abundance of NIS from citizens and from environmental monitoring programs, to spread information on IAS and on their mitigation and eradication methods. The portal covers both aquatic and terrestrial NIS. The marine part of the project recognized the ports hosting the most active shipping traffic in Finland in order to prioritize monitoring to those ports in the future and studied the volume of ballast water discharged in one of the most active ports (Kilpilahti). Based on the results the most important ports to monitor would be Hamina/Kotka, Helsinki (Vuosaari), Hanko, Kilpilahti, Rauma, sekä Kokkola ports. These ports cover the whole Finnish coastline from the eastern Gulf of Finland to the northern Gulf of Bothnia and thus port monitoring would also deliver important data for Marine Strategy Framework Directive purposes. D OCCURRENCE OF NEW SHIP-MEDIATED INTRODUCED SPECIES One new alien species was found in Finnish waters in 2013, a gastropod species in the Gulf of Finland, northern Baltic Sea. Several specimens were found in benthos samples from the shallow littoral. The identification of the species is underway in several laboratories with molecular methods. E IMPACT OF INTRODUCED SPECIES The NIS mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and Mytilopsis leucophaeata) are spreading in the Gulf of Finland and Dreissena is dominating the community in the eastern Gulf. The mud crab (Rhithropanopeus harrisii) is still increasing in abundance in the Archipelago Sea, northern Baltic Sea. It has colonized the soft bottom habitats of the Archipelago Sea from 1 to 10 m depths burying to the mud and is found in stomachs of several fish species (Fowler et al. 2013).

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F OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION The National Strategy on Invasive Species (coordinated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry) was accepted by the parliament in 2012. To better implement the Strategy a Board on invasive species issues was set up and started its work in September 2013. The Board is led by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and attended by representatives of all authorities and research institutes involved in invasive species issues in Finland. In addition a group dealing with NIS monitoring issues was set up and will work in contact with the Board. Finland is going to ratify the International Maritime Organization’s International Con- vention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (the BWM Convention) during 2014. G REFERENCES

Fowler Amy E., Tiia Forsström, Mikael von Numers, Outi Vesakoski 2013: The North American mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould, 1841) in newly colonized Northern Baltic Sea: distribution and ecology. Aquatic Invasions.

HELCOM (2013) Joint HELCOM/OSPAR Guidelines on the granting of exemptions under the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sed- iments, Regulation A-4. 2013 HELCOM Ministerial Declaration. 46 pp.

3.4 France Submitted By: Daniel MASSON ( [email protected]) A TRANSPORT VECTORS

A1 Ballast Water -Phycoport project: now achieved; the results are published in Marine Pollution Bulle- tin N° 77(2013) These results will be soon presented and commented to La Rochelle port authorities, for awareness and to initiate the reflection on specific ballast water-sediments management measures, in this area so close to the most important oyster farming area in Eu- rope, to be effective at the Convention entry in force. -Interreg project BWAMA (network of experts, roadmap for regional agreement with Portugal ,Spain, France and United Kingdom…)scored 55( 60 required) has not been retained by EU. As the score is not too bad, a new try should be done at the closest opportunity. -Project with Observatoire Global du Saint Laurent (Quebec), is on stand-by stage, due it seems, to funding problems. -The WMU (Malmö) PHD has stopped (student has resigned) The project therefore suffered some delays but is still on with another student; normally, sampling cam- paigns should be carried in Tromsö area (and possibly Murmansk too) the next summer. The results will be used as an example for arctic navigation risk assessment, main objective of this study.

A2 Ballast Sediments A3 Hull Fouling A4 Others (e.g. Sea Chests or Other Ship Vectors; Artificial Structures in the Marine Environment)

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B VECTOR MANAGEMENT

B1 Ballast Water Treatment Technologies and Practices B2 Sampling and Analysis Methods for Treatment Testing B3 Methods or Tools for Compliance Testing B4 Programs for Early Detection or Control of Invasive Species The early detection of non indigenous and possibly noxious phytoplankton is carried by the REPHY watching network since 1984. C RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACHES D OCCURRENCE OF NEW SHIP-MEDIATED INTRODUCED SPECIES Although not signalled the previous years, a toxic bloom of Pseudonitzschia australis occurred in 2010 after Xynthia storm in the Pertuis Charentais area (around La Ro- chelle) and led to shellfish sales prohibition. As this species was unknown here before, after the work carried in PHYCOPORT program, we strongly suspect an introduction by ship’s ballast waters: this species was observed for the first time in Brest area, and the small bulk carriers coming there ( from Iberian peninsula) are coming in La Ro- chelle too. E IMPACT OF INTRODUCED SPECIES F OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION Before entry in force of the BWM Convention, French Ministry of Ecology, Sea and Transport anticipate the coming demands for ballast water management exemptions (for particular ships, as ferries and others with always the same route/travel): a working group will be formed to set standards for the mandatory criteria/processes used in the risk analysis, part of the ship owner’s demands as stipulated in the Convention. This, to avoid a multiplication of risk analysis, carried with different criteria/processes. It is the first Administration-Scientists working group on ballast water/sediments management in France. A joint research group on toxin producing phytoplankton, PHYCOTOX (Ifremer-Uni- versity of Brittany) will submit research programs on this topic, including watching and detection methods, using among others molecular taxonomy, studying toxin producing phytoplankton life cycles (particularly Dinophysis and Alexandrium genera), early warning of new exotic species detected. The spectrum of intended activities is large. The results could prove very useful for invasive species and (subsequently) ship’s ballast management. G REFERENCES

MASSON, D. ; THOMAS, G. ; GENAUZEAU, S. ; LE MOINE, O. ; DERRIEN, A.

Merchant ships discharging unwanted marine species in close proximity of a French aquaculture area: risks involved. Marine Pollution Bulletin 77 (2013) p 315-319

Nezan, E., Chomerat, N., Bilien, G., Boulben, S., Duval, A., Ryckaert, M. Pseudo-nitzschia australis on French Atlantic coast-an unusual toxic bloom 2010 Harmful Algae News, N° 41, April 2010

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3.5 Germany Submitted By: Stephan Gollasch: [email protected] Stefan Kacan: [email protected] Summary: Germany has ratified the IMO International Convention for the Control and Manage- ment of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments (BWMC) in June 2013. For the entry into force of this convention additional countries with ca. 5.5 % world fleet tonnage need to ratify. The German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) continues approving ballast water management systems (BWMS) and considers to apply for the Independent Laboratory status of the US Coast Guard. Direct negotiations with the USCG are in preparation. The comprehensive Ballast Water Opportunity project comes to an end this summer. A “Platform for Information Exchange on Neobiota” has been established in the framework of the “Federal and Federal States Marine Monitoring Programme”. Full Report: A TRANSPORT VECTORS

A1 Ballast Water Germany ratified the IMO Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) in June 2013 (Figure 1). As per the IMO homepage, the BWMC is now (February 2014) ratified by 38 countries representing 30.38% of the world fleet tonnage. For its entry into force 30 countries with 35% world fleet tonnage need to ratify this instrument.

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Figure 1. Germany handed over the ratified IMO Ballast Water Management Convention to the Secretary General.

Project Ballast Water Opportunity Stefan Kacan: [email protected] (WP2) Stephan Gollasch: [email protected] (WP4) The Interreg IVB funded project Ballast Water Opportunity (BWO) will run another half a year. Within the different work packages the project deals with regional cohesion (coherence, harmonization and transparency), ballast water treatment systems (knowledge transfer, innovation, test bed, demonstration and certification of ballast water treatment systems), detection for monitoring and compliance control, strategies and dissemination. Germany is responsible for WP2 (BSH) and WP4 (GoConsult). The end-of-project report is currently in the making. Key achievements of WP2 include: Submissions to IMO and other international bodies WP2 submitted several papers to the IMO MEPC and Sub-Committes BLG and PPR. Some important achievements are:

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A generic Emission Scenario Document (ESD) was developed by the German Federal Environmental Agency (UBA) and was announced in IMO documents MEPC 61/INF.13, MEPC 61/INF.5, MEPC 62/INF.19. The ESD now is an essential part in the GESAMP- Ballast Water Working Group (BWWG) methodology. The German Federal Agency for Risk Assessment (BfR) led one of the working groups that worked on the further development of a Human Exposure Scenario (HES) of active substances in ballast water management systems. In the document MEPC 60/2/13, Re- port of the Second Stocktaking Workshop on the Activity of the GESAMP-BWWG the group underlined the necessity for using such an assessment tool. HES now is also an essential part in the GESAMP-BWWG methodology. A proposal regarding the development of a common understanding for exercising the discretion of port States for ballast water sampling during an interim period and of common standards for self-monitoring of BWMS was prepared and submitted as MEPC 64/2/15 - Monitoring and sampling of certain ballast water management systems; BLG17/4/2 - Further comments and details on the monitoring and sampling of certain ballast water management systems. The summary of key parameters, listed in Annex of BLG17/4/2 was discussed in a video conference with colleagues from France, US and Korea. BSH conducted a "Competition to identify promising technologies to conduct efficient controls on board ships to assess the compliance with the regulations of the Interna- tional BWMC and its relevant guidelines." This competition aimed to further develop existing sampling approaches. The main focus of the competition was to develop a practical procedure for sampling and analysis of treated ballast water and to develop a system that delivers unambiguous results. A report of the main results was submitted to MEPC 66. BWO WP2 was involved in the development of a guidance on ballast water exchange and granting exemptions from ballast water management requirements in a HELCOM correspondence group led by Netherlands Ministry of Transport. The issue was transferred to OSPAR and last year the “Joint HELCOM/OSPAR Guidelines on the granting of exemptions under the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, Regulation A-4” were released. Publications regarding Risks from BWT Several scientific publications regarding the secondary risk from ballast water treatment were compiled. See the publications list. Key achievements of WP4 include: Knowledge Transfer Centre For the entire BWO duration GoConsult has served as a centre for scientific and technical knowledge transfer regarding shipboard tests of ballast water management systems (BWMS). Information has been provided to ship owners, BWMS manufacturers, ballast water analysis and monitoring system manufacturers, national and international organizations involved in ballast water management as well as the general public - by adding the WP4 project reports to the BWO homepage - and to the scientific area - by adding relevant BWO reports to the www.researchgate.com account of Stephan Gollasch. Quality Assurance

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Following an internal quality review GoConsult together with its strategical partner Dr. Matej David Consult d.o.o. prepared an extended Quality Management Plan and a Quality Assurance Project Plan and submitted this to BSH (WP2) for external review. The quality information will likely become part of an application to the USA for an Independent Laboratory status, to ensure that the results generated are also accepted by the USA. Organism Detection Technologies The majority of the WP4 work was spent to screen for potential technologies for organism detection to proof compliance with the requirements for ballast water management and to evaluate such technologies for practical work by Port State control. It became clear that present technologies for organism detection enable both an indicative and a detailed inspection of ballast water samples in a laboratory. This conclusion was also based upon practical work conducted at the BWO partners NIOZ, CytoBouy, Ovizio, Zebra Bioscience, while candidate technologies were tested on board of commercial vessels. It seems that the most suitable group of organisms addressed by the D-2 standard for an indicative sample analysis are the phytoplankton organisms in the size group less than 50 micrometres in minimum dimension and greater than or equal to 10 micrometres in minimum dimension. For such organisms Pulse Amplitude Modu- lated (PAM) fluorometry is considered as suitable detection tool as it shows semi-quan- titatively the content of living algae in a sample, the systems are portable and easy to use with minutes to a result. Therefore this seems like a suitable approach for port State control activities delivering results minutes after sampling on board a vessel. Risk Assessment A ballast water management related risk assessment approach for intra North Sea shipping was prepared. This risk assessment is based upon the relevant IMO Guideline G7. The three different risk assessment approaches as outlined in G7 were evaluated for their applicability in the region. The first approach, i.e. the biogeographic risk assessment approach, is not directly applicable as the ballast water movements considered here are limited to intra North Sea shipping, i.e. not undertaken between different bi- oprovinces, but may be integrated in the species-specific assessment. It became clear that essentially needed data (i.e. on species in the North Sea ports) are missing, but would be required to undertake the second risk assessment approach, i.e. a species-specific risk assessment based on target species. However, a target species selection process may be conducted based upon the selection criteria in G7. Target species can thereby be identified, but a risk assessment based upon target species is only possible with the knowledge of their occurrence and abundance in ballast water donor and recipient areas. This highlights the need for baseline surveys and monitoring in ports. Risk assessment based upon an environmental match is enabled with water salinity as key feature. Salinity is believed to be a relatively solid indicator for species compatibil- ity and survival in a new environment. At the same time this information is relatively easy available for ballast water donor and recipient areas. A high risk is assessed should the salinity match between ballast water donor and recipient regions, e.g. marine to marine, marine to brackish or freshwater to brackish environments. A mismatch of salinity is assumed when ballast water is moved between freshwater (< 0.5 PSU) and fully marine conditions (> 30 PSU), indicating a low risk. Low risk scenarios may become acceptable only provided the ballast water is in no instance mixed with ballast water from other sources.

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The risk assessment background prepared during BWO was taken as a starting point to develop the HELCOM risk assessment in the project ALIENS1. HELCOM agreed that this risk assessment is the most suitable for the region and it clearly follows IMO requirements and agreements. It was thereafter decided that a joint risk assessment in the HELCOM and OSPAR regional would be beneficial and both organizations developed a joint risk assessment approach taking the BWO effort as a starting point. In the opinion of the authors of this study some basic principles were changed so that the new OSPAR/HELCOM risk assessment approach is not fully in line with the intentions of all IMO requirements, as well it is not fully integrating the precautionary principle as recommended by the European Commission. For further details see:

David M, Gollasch S 2010. Ballast water risk assessment for intra North Sea shipping. Final report. Prepared for Interreg IVB North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity project: 33 pp.

David M, Gollasch S, Leppäkoski E 2013. Risk assessment for exemptions from ballast water management – The Baltic Sea case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 75, 205–217 Suggested changes of G8 The IMO Guideline G8 addresses the test requirements for BWMS. It was adopted at IMO in 2005 and once marginally edited in 2008. This guideline requires that the BWMS performance should be challenged in land-based and shipboard tests. Approx- imately ten test teams are involved in these shipboard tests worldwide, and GoConsult is the one with the longest lasting history and experience from more than 80 test voyages conducted since 2004 on which more 1000 samples were taken. This experience was used in BWO to consider possible adjustments and improvements of G8. Sugges- tions made include possible changes in the challenge water requirements for example regarding salinity, organism content and total suspended solids to better represent the water conditions in commercial ports where the ballast water is taken up. At a later stage, i.e. when the BWM Convention is in force, this may be communicated to IMO. Algae survival According to G8 test requirements the samples should be analysed as soon as possible after sampling, and analysed live within 6 hours or treated in such a way so as to ensure that proper analysis can be performed. This becomes particularly challenging for the shipboard analysis when the sampling team sails with the test vessel. A vessel voyage between ballast water uptake and discharge during the shipboard tests seems essential as the treatment system needs to proof its reliability in normal ship operations so that this can only be simulated during a voyage. In these situations laboratory equipment needs to be flown to the departure port. GoConsult is experienced to work this way, but we have not yet found a reliable, robust and portable method for phytoplankton analysis which does not need to be re-calibrated in a laboratory environment after transport. The easiest way seems to overcome this problem would be the use of a microscope with larger magnification. However, there are difficulties to operate this on board as the ships main engine generates vibrations so that in larger magnifications the objects in the sample (debris, sediment, living and dead algae) become indistin- guishable. All other instruments are either too sensitive to be routinely transported, too heavy for air travel or not sufficiently accurate. Instead of bringing the sample processing equipment to the vessel the sampling team may take the sample to be processed to the laboratory. In this approach a question arose how the storage time and conditions would influence algae survival. During BWO GoConsult in cooperation with NIOZ undertook several experiments to address this point and it became clear that the samples should be stored in the dark in a slightly cooler environment as the original

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sample temperature to slow down the metabolism of the organisms but not to expose the samples to too cool or warm conditions to avoid a tempearture shock of the organisms. A temperature difference between the ambient sampling conditions and during storage of 10 to 15 °C seems appropriate to avoid such a temperature shock. It was also found that when properly stored a storage time of up to 10 days has little influence on the organism viability. These results were summarized in a BWO report and were cir- culated for the consideration of members of the global network of test facilities of ballast water treatment systems (GloBalTestNet). More details regarding this project and an activity update are available at http://projects.nioz.nl/northseaballast/ Project Vectors of Change in Oceans and Seas Marine Life, Impact on Economic Sec- tors (VECTORS) Stephan Gollasch: [email protected] Matej David: [email protected] Stephan Gollasch and Matej David are responsible in this project for several aspects, including coastal alien species (Portugal to Norway, excluding the British Isles and Ireland), a summary of BWMS (see below), BWM related risk assessments and decision support systems. Both contributed to the development of the AquaNIS database. VEC- TORS continues until 2015. For more information visit http://www.marine-vectors.eu/ http://www.corpi.ku.lt/databases/index.php/aquanis Project NIS Port-monitoring for MSFD baseline and HELCOM Cristian Lieberum: [email protected] Rolf Karez: [email protected]. In coordination with the other federal states of Germany with a coastline in the Baltic or North Sea, GEOMAR (Kiel) as contractor of the State Agency for Agriculture, Envi- ronment and Rural Areas (LLUR) will survey ports and marinas in Schleswig-Holstein for NIS in 2013 and 2014. The main purpose is to find all NIS that already invaded the German coastal waters, which will serve a baseline for an MSFD-indicator that will assess the environmental status by monitoring new invaders (on top of the baseline). A second purpose is a test application of the HELCOM “Joint HELCOM/OSPAR Guidelines for the Contracting Parties of OSPAR and HELCOM on the granting of exemptions under International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments”. The monitoring will include various methods and biota (scraping, settlement plates, traps, grabs, plankton samples, invertebrates, algae, pathogens, heavy metals and water parameters). Project: Collect and assessment of non indigenous species in coastal waters of Meck- lenburg-Western Pommerania according to MSFD and HELCOM"". Jörg Scholle: [email protected] Detlef Henning: [email protected] Aim of the project is to test two methods (rapid assessment, HELCOM protocol 2013), to gain background data for further assessments and to develop monitoring strategies. Duration: August 2013 to March 2015

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Project: Rapid-assessment of non-native species in German Coastal Waters including further development of the trend indicator. Dagmar Lackschewitz: [email protected] Christian Buschbaum: [email protected]

A2 Ballast Sediments No planned or ongoing projects addressing this vector.

A3 Hull Fouling No planned or ongoing projects addressing this vector. However, Stephan Gollasch contributed to a summary of recent biofouling research to address one of the VECTORS activities. A recently published study (Borges et al 2014) found that a total of nine teredinid species are known as established in European coastal waters. Seven were considered cryptogenic and two were considered alien species. Teredo navalisand Nototeredo norvagica were the species with the widest distribution in European waters. Recently, T. navalis has been reported occurring further east in the Baltic Sea but it was not found at a number of sites on the Atlantic coast of southern Europe. The Atlantic lineage of Lyrodus pedicellatus was the dominant teredinid in the southern Atlantic coast of Eu- rope. In the Mediterranean six teredinid species occurred in sympatry, whereas only three of these occurred in the Black Sea. The species that pose the greatest hazard to wooden maritime structures in European coastal areas are T. navalis and the two lineages of L. pedicellatus. The observed trends of species range extension or contraction in Teredo navalis and in the two lineages ofLyrodus pedicellatus seem to emphasize the importance of temperature and salinity as determinants of the distribution of teredinids, whereas their life- history strategy seems to play an important role on competition. Teredo navalis and pedicellatus-like Lyrodus species should be monitored due to their destructive capability.

A4 Others (e.g. Sea Chests or Other Ship Vectors; Artificial Structures in the Marine Environment) No planned or ongoing projects addressing other vectors. B VECTOR MANAGEMENT

B1 Ballast Water Treatment Technologies and Practices Certification and performance tests of ballast water management systems The Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) is responsible for the type approval of ballast water management systems (BWMS) in Germany. Since the last reporting period Germany has granted one Type Approval and one is currently in preparation. Various other BWMS are at different stages in the approval process. GoConsult continued to test BWMS on board of commercial vessels according to the IMO G8 guidelines. GloBal TestNet A new formal group of organizations involved in testing for the certification of BWMS has been established as the “GloBal TestNet” to facilitate increased standardization and harmonization of test procedures and information exchange. The group was

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formed in 2010. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) establishing the GloBal TestNet was signed in October 2013 by representatives of 16 BWMS testing organizations, during a pre-conference event held as part of the 5th Global Ballast Water Man- agement R&D Forum and Exhibition in Busan, Republic of Korea. Diversity of ballast water management systems Matej David and Stephan Gollasch are in the very final phase to submit their ballast water management book manuscripts to the publishing house Springer. In one book chapter a summary of BWMS which are currently in use and developing is given. Until December 2013 information of 104 different BWMS were located of which 100 apply the treatment at uptake, some require also a treatment during discharge (in-line treatment) and three apply treatment only during the voyage (in-tank treatment). Most BWMS make use of filtration or a combination of hydrocyclone and filtration as pre- treatment step. The dominating treatment process is to use active substance(s), of which most are generated on board by electrolysis/electrochlorination. The second most frequent treatment process is UV. Until December 2013 more than 30 BWMS completed all tests and documentation and were type approved. Phytoplankton sample storage When conducting on board performance tests of ballast water management systems it became clear that phytoplankton analysis on board of commercial vessel may be difficult because the needed high magnification microscopes or counting machines are fragile or not portable it was concluded that the best way forward is to transport the samples to a land-based laboratory as soon as possible after the sampling is completed. In addition to the gear shipment problems, it was noted that processing of algae under high magnifications on board, while the ships main engine is running, is difficult as the vibrations caused by the engine result in an unclear vision through the microscope so that a living/dead judgement of algae becomes difficult. It was questioned whether or not the sample holding time and shipment period has an impact on the number of living algae in a sample. A review of previous studies in this regard revealed five relevant studies (Appendix 1). Based on this it may be concluded that a sample holding time of up to 10 days one week with samples stored in a dark and cool environment, preferably not more than 10 to 15 °C different from the ambient sample temperature, has little influence on the organism viability. This indicates that an up to 10 days one week time duration between sample taking and quantitative viability measurement may not be very critical. However, in all cases, the samples should be transported to the laboratory as soon as possible and kept under proper temperature conditions.

B2 Sampling and Analysis Methods for Treatment Testing GoConsult jointly with Dr. Matej David Consult d.o.o. prepared comprehensive Stand- ard Operating Procedures (SOPs) addressing representative in-line ballast water sampling for compliance checks with all organism groups of the D-2 standard including a step-by-step approach. This material was submitted to IMO as document MEPC 66/INF.27. Project Shipboard tests of ballast water exchange plus treatment Stephan Gollasch: [email protected] Matej David: [email protected] Sarah Bailey: [email protected]

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Elizabeta Briski: [email protected] The International Ballast Management Convention includes provisions for two ballast water management options: ballast water exchange (BWE) and ballast water management systems (BWMS). While BWMS are expected to remove or exterminate most taxa from ballast water, BWE is particularly protective for freshwater ports by introducing a salinity barrier that reduces survival of freshwater taxa. As a result, a combination strategy using both BWE and BWMS might provide best available protection for freshwater ports. As mentioned in the last year a project is carried out for Sarah Bailey also involving Elizabeta Briski (Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada) to test the efficacy of ballast water exchange in combination with and without ballast water treatment. During this project it is planned to uptake the ballast water in a freshwater port. The project started in March 2013 with the first test voyage (Hamburg, Germany to Algeciras, Spain), a second voyage was undertaken in November 2013 and the third and last voyage ended in March 2014. Four BWM scenarios were selected for the test on the first voyage: 1 ) control (no treatment), this tank was filled in the freshwater Port of Ham- burg; 2 ) BWE alone, this tank was filled in Hamburg, and exchanged in the Bay of Biscay >50 nautical miles from nearest shore in waters >200 metres depth; 3 ) BWMS alone; this tank was filled and treated on uptake using filtration and electrochlorination in Hamburg; and 4 ) BWE plus BWMS, this tank was filled and treated on uptake in Hamburg, and exchanged in the Bay of Biscay, with the incoming exchanged water again treated. All four tanks were discharged before arriving in Algeciras (Spain). Results from the first voyage indicate that the plankton (>50µm in minimum dimension) density decreased in all cases: BWMS alone (99.8%), BWE+BWTS (99.3%), control (90.3%) and BWE alone (89.8%). The same was observed for the phytoplankton smaller than 50 micrometres in minimum dimension and greater than or equal to 10 micrometres in minimum dimension with BWE+BWMS resulting in no detectable viable organisms, followed by the BWMS alone (98.7 %), BWE (94.9 %) and control (62.5 %). Additional work is underway to determine if taxa present after BWE are expected to have low survival if introduced to a freshwater port. The project ends in March 2014.

B3 Methods or Tools for Compliance Testing See above written summary of key achievements of WP4 in the BWO project.

B4 Programs for Early Detection or Control of Invasive Species C RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACHES See above written summary of key achievements of WP4 in the BWO project. The first applicants for an exemption from BWM requirements approached the BSH and the first meetings were held to evaluate how to approach this issue with sampling events in the ballast water donor and recipient area and a risk assessment being of key importance. The applicant operates ferries between Denmark and Germany. However, Germany believes that no exemption can be granted until the BWMC is in force. D OCCURRENCE OF NEW SHIP-MEDIATED INTRODUCED SPECIES During a rapid assessment project of non-indigenous species in September 2013 the researcher team of the Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde (IOW), the ponto-

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caspische Mysidacee Paramysis lacustris was for the first time recorded in the coastal waters of the Oderhaff. The most up-to-date list of alien species in German coastal waters may be found at www.aquatic-aliens.de E IMPACT OF INTRODUCED SPECIES No planned or ongoing projects in this regard. F OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION A proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species was released in September 2013 and is open for Member States to comment. The basic components of the instrument include avoidance of new alien species introductions, early recognition of new aliens and management of established (wide-spread) aliens. The proposal encourages a shift towards a harmonized and more preventive approach, increasing efficiency and lowering damage costs and the cost of action over time. It addresses the EU Resource Efficiency Roadmap and the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2020 and refers to IMO´s biofouling and ballast water instruments: “Action should include voluntary measures, such as the actions proposed by the International Maritime Organization's Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ships' Biofouling, and mandatory measures and should build on the experience gained in the Union and in Member States in managing certain pathways, including measures established through the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments.” The proposed instrument requires Member States to develop an action plan and to document pathways of invasive alien species to identify the pathways which require priority action. This action plan should be designed to include the measures of the BWMC. First concerns were raised that a reference to the BMWC may not be possible because this instrument is not yet into force. “Platform for Information Exchange on Neobiota” has been established in the framework of the “Federal and Federal States Marine Montitoring Programme” the national body concerning the duties arising from national and international obligations. In- volved in the group are representatives from different federal agencies, federal state agencies and research facilities. One of the key activities of this group is to address the Good Environmental Status (GES) for the EU Marine Strategy Frameworks Directive (MSFD), i.e. to identify which baseline this should be related to and how to evaluate the changes in GES. The German alien species targeted monitoring programmes as reported last year continue and include sampling stations in ports along the Baltic and North Seas. The sam- plings are conducted annually between August and October (Buschbaum pers. comm.). However, not all habitats and all species groups are monitored in the same level of detail. Most efforts focus on benthos and to a lesser degree on zooplankton. G REFERENCES

Borges LMS, Merckelbach LM, Sampaio I, Cragg SM. 2014. Diversity, environmental requirements, and biogeography of bivalve wood-borers (Teredinidae) in European coastal waters. Frontiers in Zoology doi:10.1186/1742-9994-11-13

David M, Gollasch S (eds.) (in prep.). Global maritime transport and ballast water management– Issues and solutions. To be published by Springer with a planned release date in 2014. Ac- cording to our knowledge this is the first comprehensive book on BWM worldwide. This book provides an overview of the possible solutions to the complex issue of BWM and will

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further outline consequences and implications to address the ballast water "problem" following the provisions of the BWM Convention. There is a need for good insights to the ship ballast operations, environmental and other aspects of the issue as well as international requirements. Further in-depth knowledge is needed on options how to approach or manage it in a most effective way, especially considering specifics on a case-by-case basis. The edi- tors and authors of this book are scientists of different disciplines including professors of universities in the maritime sphere and biological arena who have been involved in or are leading researchers in this field. This includes the involvement in the policy-making processes at the highest international (IMO), national and regional levels. Experience of this group has been gained through years of committed work in this field, which gave an unique opportunity to gain specific knowledge and experience to offer an in-depth insight and some possible solutions to the related issues. Complimentary, the book contributions reflect the industry, administrations and academic views regarding BWM. Therefore, the book is expected to be of primary interest to students and scientists in various fields, including maritime transport, naval architecture, biology, decision and policy-making at national and international levels, especially related to the shipping industry and environmental protection. The book is also written to be of interest to the wider public to broaden the scope of audience and to raise awareness to the topic.

Banerji, S., Werschkun, B., & Höfer, T. (2012). Assessing the risk of ballast water treatment to human health. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 62(3), 513-522.

David M, Gollasch S, Leppäkoski E 2013. Risk assessment for exemptions from ballast water management – The Baltic Sea case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 75, 205–217

David M, Gollasch S, Pavliha M 2013. Global ballast water management and the “same location” concept: a clear term or a clear issue? Ecological Applications 23(2): 331–338

Gollasch S, Flipsen H, van der Laak J 2013. BWO Extension to the budget or alternative grant applications to expand the work. Final report. Prepared for Interreg IVB Project Ballast Wa- ter Opportunity as Deliverable 4-5. 5 pp.

Gollasch S, Flipsen H, van Weeghel, R 2013. Feasibility of Immune Magnetic Separation and Detection of Human Pathogens in Ballast Water On Board. Prepared for Interreg IVB North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity project: 10 pp.

Gollasch S, Kerckhof F, Craeymeersch J, Goulletquer P, Jensen K, Jelmert A, Minchin D (in prep) Current Status of Invasions by the Marine Bivalve Ensis directus. ICES Cooperative Research Report.

Gollasch S, Peperzak L 2013. Demonstration of RT PCR for compliance control, feasibility and requirements for compliance control (Deliverable D4-8) and Demonstration immune detection of human pathogens for compliance control, feasibility and requirements for compliance control (Deliverable D4-9). Prepared for Interreg IVB North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity project: 10 pp.

IMO 2014. Ballast water sampling methods for assessing compliance with the standards of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sed- iments, 2004. Submitted by Germany as document MEPC 66/INF.27 to the Marine Environ- ment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization. 79 pp.

Jha U, Jetter A, Lindley JA, Postel L, Wootton M 2013. Extension of distribution of Pseudodiapto- mus marinus, an introduced copepod, in the North Sea Marine Biodiversity Records,3 pp

Lehtiniemi M, Ojaveer H, David M, Galil B, Gollasch G, McKenzie C, Minchin D, Occhipinti- Ambrogi A, Olenin S, Pedersson J. (in prep.). Monitoring marine non-indigenous species to serve legislative requirements

Ojaveer H, Galil BS, Minchin D, Olenin S, Amorim A, Canning-Clode J, Chainho P, Copp GH, Gollasch S, Jelmert A, Lehtiniemi M, McKenzie C, Mikuš J, Miossec L, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A, Pećarević M, Pederson J, Quilez-Badia G, Wijsman JWM, Zenetos A 2014. Ten recommendations for advancing the assessment and management of non-indigenous species in marine ecosystems. Marine Policy 44, 160–165

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Olenin S, Naršcius A, Minchin D, David M, Galil B, Gollasch S, Marchini A, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A, Ojaveer H, Zaiko A 2013. Making non-indigenous species information systems practical for management and useful for research: An aquatic perspective. Biological Conservation. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.07.040

Peperzak L, Gollasch S (eds) (in prep). NIOZ Flow Cytometer Workshop, Comparing organism detection instruments in measuring 2-10 µm and 10-50 µm plankton cells. Final report, prepared for Interreg IVB Project Ballast Water Opportunity

Rabitsch W, Gollasch S, Isermann M, Starfinger U, Nehring S 2013. Erstellung einer Warnliste in Deutschland noch nicht vorkommender invasiver Tiere und Pflanzen. BfN-Skripten 331. 154 pp.

Shipway JR, Borges LMS, Müller J, Cragg SM 2014. The broadcast spawning Caribbean ship- worm, Teredothyra dominicensis (Bivalvia, Teredinidae), has invaded and become established in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Biol Invasions. DOI 10.1007/s10530-014-0646-9

Tagliapietra D, Ahrens MJ, Appelqvist C, Björdal C, Borges L, Cragg SM, Carannante A, Distel DL, Dunkley M, Gregory DJ, Hoppe K, Hoppert M, Hutalle-Schmelzer KML, Keppel E, Lana P, Libralato G, Paalvast P, Palanti S, Palma P, Shipway R, Sigovini M, Sivrikaya H, Volpi-Ghirardini A, Weigelt R 2013. The Boring fraternity. A research network on marine woodborers. Poster presentation at VI EUROLAG & VII LAGUNET 16-19 December 2013 LECCE – ITALY

Werschkun B, Banerji S, Basurko OC, David M, Fuhr F, Gollasch S, Grummt T, Haarich M, Jha AN, Kacan S, Kehrer A, Linders J, Mesbahi E, Pughiuc D, Richardson SD, Schwarz-Schulz B, Shah A, Theobald N, von Gunten U, Wieck S, Höfer T (accepted). Emerging risks from ballast water treatment: The run-up to the International Ballast Water Management Con- vention. Chemosphere

Werschkun, B., Sommer, Y., & Banerji, S. (2012). Disinfection by-products in ballast water treatment: An evaluation of regulatory data. Water research, 46(16), 4884-4901.

Wittfoth AKJ, Zettler ML 2013. The application of a Biopollution Index in German Baltic estuarine and lagoon waters. Management of Biological Invasions. 4(1): 43–50

David M, Gollasch S 2010. Ballast water risk assessment for intra North Sea shipping. Final report. Prepared for Interreg IVB North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity project: 33 pp.

Appendix 1: Phytoplankton survival over time Introduction Since it became clear that phytoplankton analysis on board of commercial vessel may be difficult because the needed high magnification microscopes or counting machines are fragile or not portable it was concluded that the best way forward is to transport the samples to a land-based laboratory as soon as possible after the sampling is completed. In addition to the gear shipment problems, it was noted that processing of algae under high magnifications on board, while the ships main engine is running, is difficult as the vibrations caused by the engine result in an unclear vision through the microscope so that a living/dead judgement of algae becomes difficult. It was questioned whether or not the sample holding time and shipment period has an impact on the number of living algae in a sample and this document gathered relevant information to support the conclusions drawn in the end. Methods

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To document the potential impact on algae mortality during the holding time several experiments were done and a literature search was conducted recently. The results are presented here. Study 1 (long-term viability) The algae viability was measured with a red laser Pulse-Amplitude Modulated fluo- rometer (PAM-fluorometry) device purchased from Walz, Germany. The PAM user protocol as provided by Walz was followed. The water source was off Skagen, North Sea. Starting with the 24th of November 2009 daily measurements were made until the end of the observation period on the 10th of February 2010, i.e. 79 days. The sample water was mixed prior each PAM measurement and measurements were undertaken daily on board at approximately the same daytime until leaving the vessel on the 27th of November 2009. Having left the vessel the sample was brought to the laboratory at GoConsult, Hamburg, i.e. using the same transfer protocol as described in this QAPP, and stored in a fridge. Daily measurements continued on land until the 10th of February 2010. On the 24th of December 2009 the sample was split into three transparent bottles of which one was kept in the fridge, the second placed in a dark environment at room temperature and the third put in front of a window with natural light exposure at room temperature (Gollasch, own observation). Study 2 (viability and cell counts) A Wadden Sea algae sample was taken in March 2013 near NIOZ, Texel, the Nether- lands, and was stored dark and cool (fridge) and analysed daily over a period of 18 days for viability and over 11 days for cell counts of living algae. The viability was documented by using a PAM and the viable cell count by using CMFDA and a Coulter Counter, i.e. using the same methods for phytoplankton analyses as described in this QAPP. The samples were processed by the NIOZ ballast water team (Peperzak, per. comm.). Study 3 (viability and cell counts) Whole water samples from Moss Landing Harbour (USA) were collected and processed according to the ETV Guidelines (v.5.1) for ballast water analysis. For the time- series experiment of 4 days duration the samples were counted by FDA-marked flow cytometry using 10 and 50 µm calibration beads to define the IMO/ETV size limits for counting (Welschmeyer, Golden Bear test facility, pers. comm.). Study 4 (viability and cell counts) To assess the impact of time on viable algal cell counts, in a previous on board sampling study to evaluate the performance of a treatment system, the uptake samples were flown from a remote place to the analytical labs and a second set of samples was kept on board and reached NIOZ together with the discharge samples after the end of the test voyage. The courier transported uptake samples reached the laboratory ca. 3 days after sample taking, whereas the second set of uptake samples reached NIOZ after a ca. 9 day holding time (Peperzak, pers. comm.). Study 5 (viability and cell counts) Resulting from the literature search are the findings of an algae viability over time study undertaken at the Newcastle University. The viability was assessed by using FDA and the enumeration was done by the FlowCAM of FluidImaging, USA (Source: Carney et al. 2011). Results

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Study 1 Phytoplankton in the sample put in the fridge showed the lowest viability reduction over time with no viability loss during the first 4 weeks of the experiment. In the con- tinuation of the experiment a reduced viability value over the remaining observation time occurred until it reached a level of 0,200 Fv/Fm value after 79 days indicating that the organisms are affected/dead and do not show any recovery potential. This viability reduction over time increased in scale towards the end of the experiment (Figure 1). The organisms in the sample stored without light at room temperature showed the strongest reduction of the viability measurement. In contrast organisms in the sample stored at room temperature with light exposure increased in their viability measurement from the first day after they were taken out of the fridge and with one exception (5th of February 2010) the viability values were always above those of the other two samples which were stored in the dark.

Algae viability over time water source: off Skagen, Denmark

0,700

0,600

0,500

0,400

0,300

0,200 fridge (10.6-14.6 °C) PAM measurement no light (21.8-23.5 °C) 0,100 light (20.9-25.4 °C)

0,000

24.11.200901.12.200908.12.200915.12.200922.12.200929.12.200905.01.201012.01.201019.01.201026.01.201002.02.201009.02.2010

Figure 1. Long-term algae viability of a ballast water sample.

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Study 2 The recent NIOZ study showed that the alga viability keeps stable towards holding day 16 (with a slight increasing trend during the middle of the experiment time). After day 16 the viability drops significantly, especially for the diluted sample with low algal concentrations. The study also showed that the daily counts of living cells in the undiluted sample showed a higher variation of concentration (Figure 2, middle) compared to the alga test with lower cell concentrations (Figure 2, bottom).

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.700 .600 .500 .400 .300 Fv/Fm .200 undiluted .100 10x diluted .00 0 5 10 15 20 Day

40 35 30 25 20

Cells/ml 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20

Day

Figure 2. Viable cell count over time in recent NIOZ study. Top figure shows alga viability over time, the middle figure the cell count of living cells over time of the non-diluted sample and the bottom figure alga viability in a 10 times diluted sample.

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Study 3 The data as shown in Figure 3 document that cells in the 10-50 µm size class and 1-10 µm size class did not show a significant difference in viability and concentration during the entire four day holding time of the experiment.

Figure 3. Time-series of live counts using flow cytometry (Welschmeyer, Golden Bear test facility, pers. comm.).

Study 4 In this study the counts of living algae in the identical ballast water uptake sample, but with different holding times and sample transport routes, is shown (Figure 4). For the uptake control sample after 9 days a lower count of living cells was observed. For the second sample (uptake treated = before the treatment system) the living cell count has even marginally increased in the longer stored sample.

Figure 4. County of viable algal cells 50 – 10 µm as per different holding times of the identical sample.

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Study 5 By daily cell counts of the dark stored sample bottles over a period of 29 days an overall decrease of the Chlorophyll a content and cell count was observed, although this state- ment may be a bit misleading because the Chlorophyll a drop is much stronger compared to the cell count, which only shows a minimal decrease of live cell numbers over time. Please note on day 29 the samples were exposed to light which resulted in cell number increase. Two experiments with natural seawater were undertaken, one in autumn (Figure 5) and another in spring (Figure 6) and the results of both show a similar trend, i.e. stable organism count in lower concentrations.

Figure 5. Number of living cells per ml in sampled stored in the dark (autumn experiment). The vertical line indicates experimental light exposure after the 29 day holding time in darkness (mod- ified after Carney et al. 2011).

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Figure 6. Number of living cells per ml in sampled stored in the dark (spring experiment). The vertical line indicates experimental light exposure after the 29 day holding time in darkness (mod- ified after Carney et al. 2011).

Conclusions In ship board tests of ballast water treatment systems the samples with the longest holding time before being analysed are those taken during the uptake of the ballast water. For those samples possible cell mortality would result in a disadvantage to the treatment system manufacturer because of the possible cell mortality the minimum organism intake concentration for a valid test may not be reached. Further, these samples are not as relevant to document the system performance as the discharge samples, which will reach the laboratory in a shorter time. For the discharge samples it should be noted that the phytoplankton viability is measured by the PAM method on board directly after sampling. In cases where a treatment system works and no viability is documented in the on board PAM measurement, the transport and holding time of the samples is seen as uncritical as potential stress during sample holding time and transport would not have an impact as the organism were already shown to be dead by the on board PAM measurement. In fact, in these cases a shipment of samples could also be avoided because the cell death was already documented by the on board PAM measurement, but an additional sample analysis at NIOZ is planned to confirm the results generated on board. Should the ballast water discharge sample PAM measurement on board indicate that algae have survived the treatment process, improper sample storage may result in cell mortality thereby delivering a false compliant result. To identify the maximum holding time and proper sample transport conditions, the results of the above mentioned studies were considered. Study 1 showed algae survival to last up to 79 days and that during the first 4 weeks of the experiment the viability remains almost unchanged with a minor almost un- noticeable downwards trend. The strongest viability reduction was measured for the sample stored without light at room temperature. Therefore it was concluded that the best sample storage condition is in a dark and cool environment. In contrast samples kept dark in room temperature showed the highest cell mortality and samples kept with light at room temperature showed growth. Both these sample storage approaches

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would result in biased organism counts as these were either decreasing or increasing due to the sample storage conditions. In study 2 it was observed that the algae viability keeps stable over a period of 16 days and that the number of living cells is stable during the first three days of the experiment. Thereafter and until day 7 the number of living cells marginally declines and after day 7 a stronger drop of living cells was observed (Peperzak, pers. comm.). In study 3 no significant difference in algae vaibility occurred during the entire four day holding time of the experiment. Study 4 showed that a 6 day long sample holding time has in one sample a slightly decreasing cell count effect and in a second sample no decrease was observed but a slight increase. The time-series with daily cell counts documented in study 5 showed an overall decrease of the Chlorophyll a content and cell count over the 29 day investigation period. However, the Chlorophyll a drop is much stronger compared to the cell count, which only shows a marginal decrease of live cell numbers over time. These results match the experience of Louis Peperzak and Peter Paul Stehouwer (NIOZ) and Marcel Veldhuis (MEA). It was also noted that diatoms are particularly hardy to survive dark periods and they are the main taxa found in the 10-50 size fraction (Stehouwer pers. comm.). It may therefore be concluded that a sample holding time of up to 10 days with samples stored in a dark and cool environment, preferably not more than 10-15 °C different from the ambient sample temperature, has little influence on the organism viability. This indicates that a one week time duration between sample taking and quantitative viability measurement may not be very critical. However, in all cases, the samples should be transported to the laboratory as soon as possible and kept under proper temperature conditions. References

Carney, K.J., Delany, J.E., Sawant, S., Mesbahi, E. 2011. The effects of prolonged darkness on temperate and tropical marine phytoplankton, and their implications for ballast water risk management. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62, 1233–1244

3.5 Ireland Submitted By: Dan Minchin and Rick Boelens General information In Ireland, the maritime authorities have not yet ratified or implemented the Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention apart from issuing the Marine Notice (No. 47 of 2011) notifying the Irish marine community of the impending ratification of the Con- vention. There are no published records of the number or tonnage of ballasted vessels visiting Irish ports and port authorities have not so far issued requirements applicable to ballasting operations . Two former Irish state employees, both marine scientists, have been actively involved internationally with technical aspects of ballast water management. One conducts research into marine invasive species in a global context and has been involved in the testing of ballast water treatment systems. One unexpected finding was several specimens of the copepodite stage of a caligid copepod found in discharged ballast water a day after uptake in an estuary..

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The other scientist has worked with GESAMP and IMO in drafting and editing technical documents to support ballast water management, particularly in developing regions of the world. The latter has played a very active role as a consultant to the GloBallast Partnerships (GBP) programme which was initiated in 2000 by two UN agencies (GEF and UNDP) to assist developing countries in reducing the transfer of harmful organisms’ via ships’ ballast water and in implementing the BWM Conven- tion. In the past 3 years he has been responsible for editing documents on Equivalency in Testing Alternative BWM Systems, Guidelines on BW Risk Assessment and Guide- lines on Port Biological Baseline Surveys. In 2011 he was commissioned by IMO to conduct the obligatory and extensive Mid-Term Review of the entire GloBallast Pro- gramme. Non-indigenous brackish and marine species In Ireland the study of non-indigenous species (NIS) has covered both Northern Ire- land and Ireland, whereas the management of ballast water would come under separate jurisdictions. The species new to the island of Ireland found in 2012 were the brown kelp Undaria pinnatifida (only very recently arrived to one locality), and the co- lonial tunicate Perophora japonica. New to Northern Ireland was U. pinnatifida, the bryozoa Bugula neritina, Watersipora subtorquata. Not reported but known from an earlier time was the alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla in Northern Ireland and Ireland. The species that has been found at most localities is the southern cold water tunicate Corella eumyota, which is self-fertile. There were over fifty NIS range expansions found during the study. These species were located during a rapid assessment of marinas mainly occurring in Northern Ireland involving pontoons, marinas and some shores. The study used the abundance and distribution range, part of the biopollution method of Olenin et al. (2007). The method is practical and can be rapidly undertaken provided there is familiarisation of the target list of the species selected. The study took place to determine the relative risk that marinas pose for the spread of NIS. (www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/marina_report_final.pdf). The previous survey was in 2006 and it is clear that surveys such as this need to be repeated at a greater frequency. The ADR method has also been applied to freshwater lakes (Management of Biological Inva- sions 2014, 5(1): ) and in marinas for a single species (Mar. Poll. Bull. 2012, 64(10): 2146- 2150) Individuals of the Japanese prawn Masupenaeus japonicus was captured in trawls off the south coast of Ireland. It is though that these may have been surviving escapees from an aquaculture facility to the south. Non-indigenous freshwater (and brackish species) The Asian clam, first recognized in 2010, has been found in five separate localities. It was first located in the freshwater tidal area in the Barrow River on the south coast of Ireland where currently densities of up to 19,000 m-2 have been found (J. Caffrey, pers. com.) Inland there has been a rapid expansion of the tube building amphipod Cheli- corophium curvispinum and the free-living Gammarus tigrinus and Crangonyx pseudogra- cilis. The mysid Hemimysis anomala is an aggressive predator and in winter co-exixts with the native Mysis salemaai which migrates into shallow water at this time. A study on the red alga Bangia atropurpurea in one Irish lake may have been introduced by barges and its abundance greatly increased after a cold winter when there was extensive lake ice. Lakes do not normally endure such cold winters. Study of marinas

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Since marinas are frequently occurring in port regions, any seminal introduction by shipping may result in leisure craft becoming fouled that will have the capability of spreading species intra-nationally. Of particular concern is the transmission of fouled craft that may have had little or no seasonal use. It is also recognized that leisure craft may introduce species internationally and perhaps to either side of oceans. Heavily fouled craft occur in most marinas and develop fouling burdens from lack of use and maintenance. Of interest is the preponderance of NIS tunicates and bryozoa in particular, such as Styela clava, Didemnum vexillum, Corella eumyota, Botrylloides violaceus, and Bugula neritina and Tricellaria inopinata in Irish watersIn freshwater the main fouling species are Dreissena polymorpha and more recently Chelicorophium curvispinum. Pathways spreading species to and through the Arctic Several non-indigenous species (NIS) have been spread between northern oceans arising from stocking and aquaculture activities enabling some NW Pacific species, and their associates, to successfully colonize North Atlantic waters as a result of direct transport by aircraft. Few NIS are known to have spread between these regions with vessels because of a persistent surface ice-barrier preventing most high latitude shipping activities, and the physiological intolerance for temperate and boreal organisms carried through tropical seas. This situation is likely to change as Arctic ice seasonally recedes and cold water trading routes and exploitation of resources at high latitudes develop. This may enable both local and long distance poleward extensions to the ranges of NIS from the North Atlantic and Pacific oceans as conditions become more suitable for their existence. The different pathways by which such spread to, and through, Arctic seas, arising from sea-ice depletion, include natural spread, fishing dis- cards, ships’ ballast and biofouling, aquaculture and stocking. References

Boelens R, Minchin D (2013) The cryptogenic red alga Bangia atro purpurea in Lough Derg, Shan- non River. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 113(2): 1-9.

Brenner M, Frazer D, Van Nieuwenhove K, O’Beirn F, Buck BH, Mazurie J, Thorarinsdottir G, Dolmer P, Sanchez-Mata A, Strand O, Flimlin G, Miossec L, Kamermans P (2014) Bivalve aquaculture transfes in Atlantic Europe. Part B: Environmental impacts of transfer activities.. Ocean and Coastal Management 89: 139-146.

Caffrey JM, Evers S, Millane M, Moran H (2011) Current status of Ireland’s newest invasive species – the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774). Aquatic Invasions 6(3): 291-299

Cranford PJ, Kamermans P, Krause G, Mazurie J, Buck BH, Dolmer P, Fraser D, Van Nieu- wenhove K, O'Beirn FX, Sanchez-Mata A, Thorarinsdottir GG, Strand Oivind (2012) An ecosystem-based approach and management framework for the integrated evaluation of bivalve aquaculture impacts. Aquaculture Environment Interactions 2(3): 193-213.

Dick JTA, Gallagher K, Avlijas S, Clarke HC, Lewis SE, Leung S, Minchin D, Caffrey J, Alexander ME, Farnsworth KD, Penk M, Ricciardi A (2012). Ecological impacts of an invasive predator explained and predicted by comparative functional responses. Biological Invasions 15: 837- 846.

Gellardo B, Aldridge DC (2013) The ‘dirty dozen’: socio-economic factors amplify the invasion potential of 12 high-risk aquatic invasive species in Great Britain and Ireland. Journal of Applied Ecology 50(3): 757-766.

Kelso, A. & Wyse Jackson, P.N. 2012. Invasive bryozoans in Ireland: first record of Watersipora subtorquata (d’Orbigny, 1852) and an extension of the range of Tricellaria inopinata d’Hondt and Occhipinti Ambrogi, 1985. BioInvasions Records 1: 209-214

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Kochmannhttp://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/103/5/661.short - corresp-1 J, Carlsson J, Crowe TP,Stefano Mariani S , 2012 Genetic Evidence of the Uncoupling of Local Aquacul- ture Activities and a Population of an Invasive Species—A Case Study of Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) J Hered (2012) 103 (5): 661-671.

Lucy FE, Karatayev AY, Burlakova LE (2012) Predictions for the spread, population density and impacts of Corbicula fluminea in Ireland. Aquatic Invasions 7(4): 465-474.

McNeill, G., Nunn, J. & Minchin, D. 2010. The slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata Linnaeus, 1758 becomes established in Ireland. Aquatic Invasions 5 Supplement 1: S21-25

Millane M, O’Grady MF, Delahunty K, Kelly-Quinn M (2012) Abn assessment of fish predation on the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) after recent colonization of two brown trout managed lake fisheries in Ireland. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 112(1): 1-9.

Minchin D (2012) Rapid assessment of the bryozoan, Zoobotryon verticillatum (Delle Chiaje, 1822) in marinas, Canary Islands. Marine Pollution Bulletin 64(10): 2146-2150.

Minchin D, Cook EJ, Clark PF (2012) Alien species in British brackish and marine waters. Aquatic Invasions 8(1): 3-19.

Minchin D, Jażdżewski K, Anderson R (2013) Further range expansions of two North American amphipods in Ireland. Irish Naturalists Journal 32(1): 13-18.

Minchin D, Lodola A, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A (2012) The occurrence of Caprella scaura (Amphip- oda: Caprellidae) in marinas in Lanzarote Island (Canary Archipelago, Macaronesia) Ma- rine Biodiversity Records. doi: 10.1017/S175526721200098X; Vol 5 e113; 2012

Minchin D, Nunn J (2013) Rapid assessment of marinas for invasive alien species in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland Environment Agency Research and Development Series No. 13/06. http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/marina_report_final.pdf

Minchin D, White B (2014) A rapid assessment method for an invasive mollusc in an Irish lake. Management of Biological Invasions 5(1):

Minchin D, Zaiko A (2013) Variability of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) impacts in the Shannon River system. In: T. Nelapa and D. Schlosser (eds) Quagga and zebra mussels: biology, impacts and control. Taylor and Francis. pp 597-599.

Mineur F, Cook EJ, Minchin D, Bohn K, Macleod A, Maggs CA (2012) Changing coasts: marine aliens and artificial surfaces. Oceanography and Marine Biology 50:189-234.

Mineur, F., Le Roux, A., Stegenga, H., Verlaque, V., Maggs, C.A. (in press) Four new exotic red seaweeds on European shores. Biological Invasions 14(8): 1635-1641

Narščius A, Olenin S, Zaiko A, Minchin D. (2012) Biological invasion impact assessment system: from idea to implementation. Ecological Informatics 7(1): 46-51.

Nunn, J.D., Goodwin, C. & Picton, B.E. 2012. First record of the marine alien bryozoan Tricellaria inopinata in Northern Ireland. Porcupine MNHS Newsletter 32: 54

Ojaveer H, Galil BS, Minchin D, Olenin S, Amorim A, Canning-Clode J, Chainho P, Copp G, Gol- lasch S, Jelmert A, Lehtiniemi M, McKenzie C, Mikus J, Miossec L, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A, Pecarevic M, Pederson J, Quilez-Badia G, Jeroen Wijsman J, Zenetos J (2013) Ten suggestions for advancing assessment and management of non-indigenous species in marine ecosystems. Marine Policy 44: 160-165.

Olenin S, Minchin D (2012) Biological Introductions to the systems: macroorganisms. In: Treatise on estuarine and coastal science. D. McClusky and E Wolanski (eds) Vol 8, 149-183.

Olenin S, Narščius A, Minchin D, David M, Galil B, Gollasch S, Marchini A, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A, Ojaveer H, Zaiko A (2013) Making non-indigenous species information systems practical for management and useful for research: An aquatic perspective. Biological Conservation. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.07.040

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Penk MR, Minchin D (2014) Seasonal migration of a glacial relict (Crustacea) into the littoral zone and its co-occurrence with an introduced competitor in Lough Derg (Ireland). Hydrobiolo- gia 726: 1-11.

Quigley, D. T. G., Herdson, D., and Flannery, K., 2013. Occurrence of the kuruma prawn Mar- supenaeus japonicus (Spence Bate, 1888) in the Celtic Sea, English Channel and Northwest France. BioInvasions Records 2(1): 51-55.

Ryland, J.S., Bishop, J.D.D., De Blauwe, H, El Nagar, A., Minchin, D., Wood, C. & Yunnie, A.L.E. 2011. Alien species of Bugula (Bryozoa) along the Atlantic coasts of Europe. Aquatic Invasions 6: 17-31

3.5 The Netherlands Submitted By: A.C. Sneekes (IMARES Wageningen UR) e-mail: [email protected] C. ten Hallers (CaTO) e-mail: [email protected] Summary: For quite some years, the Netherlands is a very productive country regarding ballast water research holding three test facilities: Royal NIOZ, the national oceanographic institute, MEA-nl B.V., a private limited liability company and IMARES Wageningen UR, a non-profit research institute part of Wageningen University and Research groups. The newest test facility of IMARES Wageningen UR was built in 2013 and designed specifically to test for confidence on ballast water treatment techniques additionally to standard certification testing. The test facility cooperates closely with the test facility of NIOZ. Together they provide ballast water treatment builders the full set of land-based testing and research (www.INballastwater.nl). In the search for confidence of ballast water treatment systems tests were executed in the search for limits on sludge, UV-transmittance, temperature and salinity. The project Interreg IV B North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity (NSBWO), which is coordinated by NIOZ boosted innovation in science and technology and in advanced BWM policies; the project finalized four new reports in 2013, organized a few meetings/workshops and focused on training of maritime professionals. In a joint initiative of Damen Shipyards with Dutch marine research institute IMARES Wageningen UR, Groningen Seaports, Van Gansewinkel, MEA-nl, and Evers Manders a new project has started in 2013 which is partially subsidized by the Waddenfonds, an organization that focuses on the preservation of the Dutch Wadden area. The projects aims to develop a mobile ballast water treatment unit placed on a special ship that helps preserve the Wadden area by providing ship owners who can’t afford their own treatment system with a suitable alternative. The ship is scheduled to be finished in 2015 and will operate in the Groningen Seaports (Eemshaven and Delfzijl). The Netherlands has been interested in the polar regions for many decades. The decrease of sea ice during the Arctic summer facilitates commercial shipping and offshore activities in hitherto pristine areas. Very little is known about the sensitivity of these areas to new human activities. Wageningen UR has initiated an Arctic research programme on sustainable Arctic development. One of these projects looks at the development of a cumulative environmental risk assessment methodology to quantify and quality the effects of activities (profit) on the ecosystem in reconciliation with people and planet (TripleP@Sea). Research was done to investigate the potential risks of ballast water treatment in the Arctic regions. It could be concluded that although not much is really known, there is a risk for ballast water efficacy and systems that use

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active systems might pose an environmental threat. Laboratory studies on the effect of low temperatures on BWTS with active substances are ongoing. Full Report: A TRANSPORT VECTORS

A1 Ballast Water Project North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity. Coordinated by Dr. Jan Boon and Dr. Louis Peperzak / NIOZ. (NSBWO; EU - Interreg North Sea, www.NorthSeaBallast.eu) Project duration: 2009-2013; extended to mid-2014 Two NL institutes (NIOZ and IMARES) and one SME , CaTO Marine Ecosystems and, are partners in the North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity Project. The project focus is to prepare the countries around the North Sea for the ratification and implementation of the IMO Ballast Water Management Convention and to increase the regional cohesion in BWM policies. The project, which is coordinated by NIOZ, has led to a boost in innovation in science and technology and in advanced BWM policies; it also resulted in several submissions to IMO-MEPC and other international policy bodies (e.g. EMSA, OSPAR/HELCOM). The highlights of the project in 2013 are four written reports, NSBWO project meetings, workshops and trainings. Reports:

Rep. Date no. Report title Authors finished

R15 Feasibility of immune magnetic separation and Gollasch, S., Flipsen, 2013-6 detection of human pathogens in ballast water on H. & van Weeghel, board R. R16 Algal Growth Detection from Remote Sensing. A Stelzer, K. 2013-8 Study on the applicability of satellite data for algal bloom detection. R20 Report on the workshop on aspects of certification Fuhr, F., van der 2013-11 and compliance enforcement purposes: counting Star, I. & Peperzak, zooplankton larger than 50 μm L. R21 What to do with ballast water? Prent, P. (fact sheets 2013-11 of reports)

Meetings: NSBWO Conference 'Ballast water Management Conference' from Concept to Reality at Europort maritime Exhibition, , Rotterdam, 6 & 7 November Annual meeting, 11 and 12 March, Malmö, Sweden

Workshops: At annual meeting, 11 and 12 March, Malmö, Sweden. - Training and capacity building - Transparency - CME and ballast water sampling statistics

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Trainings: Ballast water treatment training courses for maritime professionals (ProSea foundation): NL: Amsterdam, 5 March 2013 NSBWO in cooperation with KVNR, DE: Ham- burg & Leer, 11 and 12 September. NSBWO in cooperation with VDRE (Vereins Deutscher Reeder). Project demonstration of a mobile ballast water treatment unit. An initiative of Damen Shipyards with Dutch marine research institute IMARES Wa- geningen UR, Groningen Seaports, Van Gansewinkel, MEA-nl, and Evers Manders; partially subsidized by the Waddenfonds, an organization that focuses on the preservation of the Dutch Wadden area. Project duration: 2013-2014 The projects aims to develop a mobile ballast water treatment unit placed on a special ship that helps preserve the Wadden area by providing ship owners who can’t afford their own treatment system with a suitable alternative. The vessel will be fitted with a filtration system with a capacity of 600 m3/h. Ballast water is discharged to Damen’s mobile treatment unit, where it will be cleared of living organisms and sediment and subsequently put overboard. The filtration system was tested in the Wadden Sea and the IJsselmeer in 2013. The treatment system is now awaiting IMO approval. The ship is scheduled to be finished in 2015 and will operate in the Groningen Seaports of Eems- haven and Delfzijl. The projects includes setting up monitoring of the ports where the mobile treatment unit is envisaged. Global TestNet (2009-ongoing) NIOZ, IMARES Wageningen UR and MEA-nl participate in the international harmonization group for ballast water test facilities: Global TestNet. NIOZ and IMARES Wa- geningen UR have taken part of the discussions since 2009 ongoing and MEA-nl since 2012. On a yearly bases the steering group, consisting of three people representing Asia, Europe and North America changes. Etienne Brutel de la Riviere from MEA-nl was chosen as new member of the steering group 2013-2014.

A2 Ballast Sediments See A1. No additional specific projects on ballast sediments.

A3 Hull Fouling Project SETL: Fouling community study (2006-ongoing) Dr. Adriaan Gittenberger / GiMaRIS (www.GiMaRIS.com) - Continuous monitoring project (since 2006) focusing on monitoring of settlement of fouling species all along the Dutch coast from the Wadden Sea to Zee- land with the focus on harbours. Detailed information can be found in the National report of 2011.

A4 Others (e.g. Sea Chests or Other Ship Vectors; Artificial Structures in the Marine Environment) B VECTOR MANAGEMENT

B1 Ballast Water Treatment Technologies and Practices Project(s) on BWM certification testing from the Dutch test facilities: - NIOZ: filter testing and completion of reporting for a full-scale land-based test.

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- MEA-nl: Different BWT technologies were tested including different filters (from 6 micron until 50 micron; 4+), UV (3+), Peraclean (1), electrochlorination (2) and inert gas/de-oxygenation (1). - IMARES Wageningen UR: filter testing and confidence testing for BWTS using UV.

B2 Sampling and Analysis Methods for Treatment Testing Project: Testing operational efficiency and environmental safety of ballast water management systems in Canadian waters. N.H.B.M. Kaag & A.C. Sneekes / IMARES Wageningen UR (www.IMARES.nl) Project duration: 2013-ongoing The aim of the project is to determine the influence of low water temperatures (<5°C) on the functioning of BWMSs. These conditions are characteristic for Arctic waters and for the Great Lakes during winter and early spring. Functioning of a BWMS is described here as its ability to remove organisms from the ballast water taken in (efficacy), as well as the residual toxicity of active substances at discharge (environment risk). Method: Using new technologies to assess viability of different treated ballast water. MEA-nl - At the moment research is focusing on viability stains and in particular to relation to different Ballast Water Treatment options. Method: Shanghai test NIOZ - A method to test filters was developed using a high sediment load and a grain size distribution similar to the Yangtse river, the so-called Shanghai test. Method: Ballast-box concept NIOZ - The ballast-box concept was developed to allow samples from ships from all over the world to be sent and analysed at the NIOZ laboratory on the isle of Texel. Method: Community testing for risk assessment IMARES Wageningen UR - Development of protocols to test for potential ecological risk of discharge ballast water using local communities of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Method: Testing UV-transmittance tolerances of UV-systems in freshwater IMARES Wageningen UR - Methodology to create freshwater with known UV-transmittance to search for limits of ballast water treatment systems using UV. Method: Creating different types of sludge to test BWTS tolerances IMARES Wageningen UR - Sludge can consist of sandy particles which can be tested using materials like Arizona dust, but can also be caused by high organism load, like an algae

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bloom. Different types of sludge were investigated to represent many natural circumstances.

B3 Methods or Tools for Compliance Testing Pending project: Fast reliable compliance control equipment testing. M. Veldhuis / MEA-nl, 2013-2014 - PAM (focus: organism quantification at low densities) and fast quantification analysis of organisms bigger than 10 micron in minimum dimension by using one tool. Key objective is to provide reliable and accurate detection tools for port state control and monitoring. Project: Development of a rapid test method using ATP C. van Slooten / NIOZ - In 2013 the test method to test the biological efficacy of BWMS by means of measuring the concentration of ATP, the energy carrier of all life on earth, as a rapid test method for inspection of BWTS by port authority was further perfected.

B4 Programs for Early Detection or Control of Invasive Species Planned project: Neobiota Wadden Sea Trilateral Wadden Sea project proposal for LIFE+ including Dutch parties (NIOZ, GiMARIS, Damen shipyards & Dutch government) - Early warning program to manage the introduction and spread of invasive species in the Wadden Sea, a World Heritage protected ecosystem. C RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACHES Project: Ballast water treatment techniques: review and suggestions regarding use in the Arctic and Great Lakes A. van den Brink, K. Kaag & A. Sneekes / IMARES Wageningen UR Project duration: 2013 (finished) Report summary (IMARES report C148/13): The retreating ice cover opens up the opportunity for new shipping routes, and consequently shipping traffic in the Arctic region is increasing and with this the risk of introducing non-indigenous species (NIS) via ballast water. Ballast water must therefore be treated to prevent the transport of NIS in an environmentally friendly way to minimize the environmental impact of the treatment. There is, however, limited information on the suitability of different ballast water treatment methods for use specifically in Arctic conditions. A literature study was conducted to identify and summarize different ballast water treatment methods, evaluate their potential for use in the Arctic, and to identify gaps in the current knowledge of Arctic ballast water treatment for further investigation. As winter conditions on the Great Lakes present a useful an- alogue for Arctic operation, these conditions were also included in the scope of work. Three basic methods for ballast water treatment were addressed: mechanical systems, physical disinfection, and chemical treatments. In ballast water treatment systems often a combinations of these techniques is applied. From the literature, each technique was described and evaluated regarding key environmental conditions present in the Arctic and Great Lakes regions, such as salinity, temperature and turbidity. It became clear that the ideal ballast water treatment system for application in the Arctic region

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and the Great lakes is not yet available. The use of filters or hydrocyclones forms a good first treatment step in ballast water treatment that can be applied at all conditions that can be expected during transport between the freshwater Great lakes and the marine Arctic, although ice forming can affect the performance. However, since filters and hydrocyclones do not remove the smallest organisms additional physical or chemical treatment is always required. For this second treatment step most existing techniques have pros and cons. A combination is necessary to cope with all conditions that can be encountered when traveling between the Great Lakes (freshwater) and the marine Arc- tic. Electric field technology and cavitation might be future methods with good performance under all conditions. However, these need further development and testing. From the study it was concluded that there are major knowledge gaps in terms of the effect of Arctic conditions on the treatment methods, especially with respect to the impact of low water temperatures. Therefore, the recommendations are based on information collected in other environments and on expert judgement. Further research is necessary to develop more reliable conclusions. Project: Arctic handbook Maritime Innovation Platform, Involved parties: IMARES Wageningen UR Heerema Marine Contractors, Boskalis, IHC Merwede, Bluewater, SBM Offshore, MARIN, TNO, DNV and Canatec. (http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/show/The-Arctic-Handbook.htm) Project duration: 2012 – ongoing This Joint Industry Project aims to identify and carry out the necessary investigations to enable the formulation of guidelines for specific Dutch offshore contractors’ skills. The project also aims at contributing to internationally accepted standards and guidelines for Arctic operations. The operational restraints in the Arctic environment and best practice limitations will be defined, so that working seasons can be better assessed and hopefully increased, and overall risks reduced. The Dutch offshore industry has the ambition to execute operations at a large-scale in Arctic areas, for instance for installation and operation of oil- and gas production facilities and pipelines. The term Arctic refers to areas where ice, permafrost and low temperatures may influence offshore operations and field development. The areas can be found in e.g. the Beaufort Sea but also the Caspian Sea. Currently, there is no standard for safe operations by service companies in Arctic offshore areas. To support this industry and to ensure development steps towards minimum environmental impact for the service capabilities to be available, it is proposed to develop guidance/standards for such operations, focused on dredging, trenching, pipe lay, installation and decommissioning activities. Detailed design of facilities & equipment is not covered as it is already supported through ISO 19906 for Arctic Struc- tures. The development of guidelines and regulations in modern industry is functional (goal based) and depends on methods and technology used, in this case for Arctic operations. International accepted standards and guidelines require links between the subject project initiative and i.e. Class Societies, Arctic Governmental Authorities and international standards organizations like ISO and IMO. D OCCURRENCE OF NEW SHIP-MEDIATED INTRODUCED SPECIES No specific monitoring to discover new ship-mediated introduced species is in place. E IMPACT OF INTRODUCED SPECIES

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F OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION Newsletter: “Kijk op exoten” (looking at alien species) This newsletter started in 2012 and describes interesting information of alien species in the Netherlands and is part of the “Signaleringsproject Exoten”. Team Invasive Exotic Species (TIE)/ Nederlandse Voedsel en Warenautoriteit. Goal of this project is to raise awareness of the public and cooperation in registration of non-indigenous species. Expert group meeting on the Ballast Water dossier was organized by Dutch Ministry I&M. #5. Den Haag. Dick Brus. At this meeting, Dutch experts in the field of ballast water research discuss activities that are ongoing in the Netherlands at that moment. The group consists of people from the government, test facilities, research institutes, ship owners, ship builders, harbours, and other interested parties. Expert group meeting on hull fouling issues was organized by Dutch Ministry I&M Den Haag, Dick Brus. At this meeting, Dutch experts in the field of hull fouling issues discuss activities that are ongoing in the Netherlands at that moment. The group consists of people from the government, research institutes, ship owners, ship builders, harbours, and other interested parties. G REFERENCES

Fuhr, F., van der Star, I. & Peperzak, L. (2013): Report on the workshop on aspects of certification and compliance enforcement purposes: counting zooplankton larger than 50 μm. Report number R20.

Gollasch, S., Flipsen, H. & van Weeghel R. (2013): Feasibility of immune magnetic separation and detection of human pathogens in ballast water on board. Report number R15.

Prent, P. (2013): What to do with ballast water? Factsheet of reports. Report number R21

Stelzer, K. (2013): Algal Growth Detection from Remote Sensing. A Study on the applicability of satellite data for algal bloom detection. Report number R16.

Van den Brink A., Kaag K., Sneekes A. (2013): Ballast water treatment techniques: review and suggestions regarding use in the Arctic and Great Lakes. IMARES Wageningen UR. Report number C148/13.

3.6 Norway Author(s) and contact details: Anders Jelmert, Institute of Marine Research Flødevigen Research Station Nye Flødevigvn. 55, N-4817 His, Norway [email protected]

Stephanie Delacroix

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NIVA- Norwegian Institute for Water Research Gaudstadalleen 21 NO-0349 Oslo- Norway E-mail: [email protected] A TRANSPORT VECTORS

A1 Ballast 1.1 Biology of Ballast Water NIVA/Norwegian UV-BWMS (2014-2016): ongoing research project for: - biological and chemical characterization of ballast water samples - development and validation of MPN culture methodology for estimation of viable >10-50µm organism in ballast water samples. NIVA (2013): Robustness of algae species from arctic waters to UV treatment. Results not published yet. Univ of Tromsoe: The results of previously sampled vessels at Svalbard has been published (Ware et al. 2013) 1.2 Ballast Water Treatment NIVA: BWMS testing at NIVA’s test facility: Since 2005: completion of full-scale land- based tests for 12 different BWMS, and shipboard tests for 6 different BWMS. http://www.ballasttech-niva.no/ NIVA/Norwegian UV-BWMS (2014-2016): ongoing research project for UV-BWMS technology optimization according to USCG requirements by testing of a new innova- tive filtration technology and by improvement of UV treatment. NIVA: validation testing of several different instruments for compliance testing (2013). NIVA in 2011-2013: study on disinfection by-products and ecotoxicity of ballast water after oxidative treatment. Results in 2013 publication. Ballast Water Sampling NIVA: - Testing of new ballast water sampling prototype (2013). - Study for in-tank and in-line sampling comparison regarding biological count (2013-2014). 1.3 Ballast Water Legislation/Regulations NIVA since 2013 included in USCG/EPA Technical Panel Expert for MPN method for validation of the culture method for estimation of viable >10-50µm organism in ballast water samples. 2 meetings in Baltimore (June 2013 and January 2014, and several telephone conferences) NIVA’s testing facility applies for USCG IL approval as subcontractor of DNV (2014).

A2 Hull Fouling A project on polar ship routes have been proposed and partly funded. (2013) If additional funds becomes available, the project aims to study hull fouling on vessels having travelled through the Northern Sea Routes. Getting access to ships having travelled the

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PRS has been a challenge. Currently inquiries are being made to Russian authorities for acess to ports and eventually to ice-reakers (Rosatomflot). The results from the Svalbard project (2009-2011) has now been published (Ware et al. 2013) and one more paper is forthcoming.

A3 Sediments Nothing to report

A4 Sea Chests See 1.1 and 2.1

A5 Others B INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT Norway have had mandatory BWM by-laws requiring vessels to meet the D1-Standard (Ballast water exchange) since 2009. Nothing new to report.

1 Eradication Programmes Eradication efforts on the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the American lobster (Not regularily funded by government agencies, voluntary efforts from fishers) , (Homarus americanus). Neither of these directly related to BOSV.

2 Management and Control of Invasive Species Norway have had BW treatment requirements according to D-1 Since 2009. The (Restocking, not shipping transferred) King crab has for several years been subjected to a two tier management.(Also reported for WGITMO). East of 26°E, a targeted fishery for males (and a minimum carapace size) has been conducted. The goal has been to maintain a healthy stock and a sustainable fishery. Surprisingly, the protection of females has not had the anticipated result. Apparently the large females are dependent on large males for protection while mating. Smaller males seem unable to provide sufficient protection to the females (molting and very vulnerable for cannibalism, when mating and the stock is now declining. (A.M. Hjelset, IMR, Pers, Comm). West of 26°E a free “culling” fishery has been allowed. As little if any significant S-SV migration has been observed, the effort may have the desired effects for the time being (But it is too early to conclude that the management work, we can currently not rule out other factors governing the range distribution). C RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACHES Ware et al. (2013) Environmental match of ports connected to Svalbard was evaluated under present and future environmental conditions (2050 and 2100 predicted under the RCP8.5 emissions scenario). Risk of NIS introduction was then estimated based on the potential for known NIS to be transported (in ballast water or as biofouling), environmental match, and a qualitative estimate of propagule pressure. D OCCURRENCE OF NEW SHIP-MEDIATED INTRODUCED SPECIES No new confirmed ship mediated observations beyond the 2012 report (see below)

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Year of Possible first Location of introduction Invasion Taxon record first record vector* Status** Reference

Styela clava 2012§ Stavanger 58 Hull Established, Husa et al. 55.912N, 05 fouling/recreational spreading 2012a 51.007E boats Diadumene 2012 Eigersund Hull Established, Husa et al. lineata 58 28.03N fouling/recreational small 2012b 05 58.04E boats numbers Gracilaria 2012$ Nøtterøy Hull Established, Husa et al. vermiculophylla 59 fouling/recreational 3 sites in SE 2012c 14.927N boats. (In a Marina Norway close to a harbour) 10 25.564E * Duplication with WGITMO report if the vector is unknown. Note that shipping HAS NOT been confirmed as vector, it is one of several possible options. ** When spreading see details in Section E § Not necessary first observations, but local spread detected by Rapid Coastal Surveys (Husa et al., 2012, a,b,) $ First observation, 2012 a) Within one region (Nordland County) in Northern Norway, a general marine inventory in the litoral zone was undertaken during summer. While not targeted specifically, alien species were looked for as well. Several of the sites were in the vicinity of the ore- exporting harbour Narvik. N 68° 26.512', E 17° 23.275' Analysis and reporting is underway. b) For >10 years, harbour sampling have been undertaken at the LNG harbour “Mlekøya” Close to the North cape in Northern Norway. The study includes square analysis in the littoral zone, On-gowth plates (granite tiles), boxcore sampling for soft- bottom fauna and “rope traps” for mobile meiofauna. In the Barents sea, there are 4(5) known marine NIS. Neither in the baseline-study, nor the sampling in 2005 and 2008+2010 any NIS were found (!). IMPACT OF INTRODUCED SPECIES Some reappearance of Mnemiopsis leidyi in the IMR surveys, during 2013. The (for the time being) cryptogenic species Chionoecetes opilio is growing rapidly, but mainly in the Russian EEZ of the Barents sea.

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Trawl station (black dots) and distribution of snow crab in the Barents sea, 2013. Russian scientists have now estimated the SSB of the snow crab to be ten times (!) the biomass of the king crab (Mainly in the Russian sector. Norway and Russia is negoti- ating on how to manage a directed fishery for the snow crab. F OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION Conferences, etc. The Arctic Frontiers Conference in Tromsø: http://www.arcticfrontiers.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=1&lay- out=blog&Itemid=444&lang=en G REFERENCES

Alsos I.G., Ware, C., Berge, J., Sundet, J.H., and Arneberg, P. 2012.

Arctic Stowaways,: the potential for species introduction to occur in Svalbard associated with shipping. Preliminary project report.

http://www.sysselmannen.no/hoved.aspx?m=45704&amid=3182343

Delacroix S, Vogelsang C, Tobiesen A., Liltved H. 2013. Disinfection by-products and ecotoxicity of ballast water after oxidative treatment - Results and experiences from seven years of full- scale testing of ballast water management systems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 73(1):24-36.

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Chris Ware, Jørgen Berge, Jan H. Sundet, Jamie B. Kirkpatrick, Ashley D. M. Coutts, Anders Jelmert, Steffen M. Olsen, Oliver Floerl, Mary S. Wisz, Inger G. Alsos. Climate change, non- indigenous species and shipping: assessing the risk of species introduction to a high-Arctic archipelago. Diversity and Distributions, 2013

Ware, C., Alsos, I.G., Kirkpatrick, J.B., Berge, J., Sundet, J.H., Jelmert, A., Coutts, A.DM. 2013, The potential for high-latitude species invasions via an Arctic shipping network. Oral presentation, Arctic Frontiers Conference, Tromsø, Norway 21.-25 Jan.,2013

3.8 Spain Submitted By: Dr. Gemma Quilez-Badia Fisheries Officer WWF Mediterranean Programme Office Carrer Canuda, 37 3er 08002 Barcelona Tel.: +34 933056252 (office) +34 626 540 174 (cell) Fax: +34 932788030 e-mail: [email protected] Summary: Three new NIS species, likely introduced by vessels, have been reported from Spain: Chiton cumingsii (in Las Palmas Port (Gran Canaria, Canary Islands) (28º06’N, 15º25’W) in August 2012), Ensis directus (in three locations of the Bay of Biscay, N Spain, in 2011: Otur sandy beach (43.16º N, 2.15º W), Musel Port of Gijón (43.32º N, 5.42º W), and Villaviciosa estuary (43.31º N, 5.23º W)), and Theora lubrica (in two sites in the Nervión Estuary (43º18’51”N, 02º59’26”W and 43º18’36”N, 02º58’45”W) and two other sites in the Pasajes Port (43º19’09”N, 01º54’43” W and 43º19’13” N, 01º54’33” W) – both in the Bay of Biscay - on 6 October 2010 and 21 May 2010, respectively). Full Report: A TRANSPORT VECTORS

A1 Ballast Water A2 Ballast Sediments A3 Hull Fouling A4 Others (e.g. Sea Chests or Other Ship Vectors; Artificial Structures in the Marine Environment) B VECTOR MANAGEMENT

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D OCCURRENCE OF NEW SHIP-MEDIATED INTRODUCED SPECIES

Year of Possible first Location of first introduction Invasion Taxon record record vector* Status** Reference

Chiton 2012 Las Palmas Port Ship fouling. Arias and cumingsii (Gran Canaria, Anadón, Canary Islands) 2013 (28º06’N, 15º25’W) Ensis 2011 Bay of Biscay in: The most likely Spreading Arias and directus Otur sandy beach vector to Musel Anadón, (43.16º N, 2.15º Port is ballast 2012 W), Musel Port of water, and its Gijón (43.32º N, subsequent 5.42º W), and spread along the Villaviciosa coast of the Bay estuary (43.31º N, of Biscay is 5.23º W) probably a result of larvae drifting with water currents. Theora 2010 Bay of Biscay in; Shipping. Established Adarraga lubrica Nervión Estuary and (43º18’51”N, Martínez, 02º59’26”W and 2011 43º18’36”N, 02º58’45”W) and Pasajes Port (43º19’09”N, 01º54’43” W and 43º19’13” N, 01º54’33” W)

E IMPACT OF INTRODUCED SPECIES No impact has been found for Chiton cumingsii (Frembly, 1827). In the Villaviciosa estuary, Ensis directus (Conrad, 1843) was the only Solenaceae that could be found, but in the past the native species Ensis arcuatus (Jeffreys, 1865) and Ensis siliqua (Linnaeus, 1758) were commonly found (Ortea 1974, Anadón et al. 1997). Therefore, if E. directus populations were to become very large it could compete with and/or displace other native Ensis species like in the case of E. arcuatus and E. siliqua in the Villaviciosa estuary (Arias and Anadón, 2012). Theora lubrica (Gould, 1861), the Asian semele, can have positive effects, such as processing contaminated sediments by filtering (bioturbation) and providing a supplementary food source (Ruth, 2005). But the negative impacts can be the possible alteration of habitats and biogeochemical cycles by liberating nitrogenous compounds from bottom sediments (Yamada and Kayama, 1987). In addition, these organisms can accumulate discharged contaminants and pathogens to harmful levels, which can affect species population levels, and in turn, impact on community and ecosystem structures. These toxic substances can also adversely affect the health of any organism feeding on them (Chen & Chend, 1999; Champ, 2000; Morrison et al., 2000; Baudrimont et al., 2005). Nevertheless, the effects of T. lubrica in the Nervión Estuary and Pasajes Port are still uncertain (Adarraga and Martínez, 2011).

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F OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION G REFERENCES

Adarraga, I., Martínez, J. (2011) First record of invasive of Theora lubrica (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Semelidae) in the Atlantic Ocean. Marine Biodiversity Records 4: e100, 1–7.

Anadón, N., A. Anadón, C. Santos-Salas & C. Álvarez-Claudio (1997) Macrozoobentos de la Ría de Villaviciosa (Asturias, Norte de España). Bol. Cien. Nat. 44:201–206.

Arias, A., Anadón, N. (2012) First Record of Mercenaria mercenaria (Bivalvia: Veneridae) and Ensis directus (Bivalvia: Pharidae) on Bay of Biscay, Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Shellfish Research 31(1): 57-60.

Arias, A., Anadón, N. (2013) Tonicia atrata and Chiton cumingsii (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae): First records in European waters. Zootaxa 3626 (4): 593–596.

Baudrimont M., Schafer J., Marie V., Maury-Brachet R., Bossy C., Boudou A. and Blanc G. (2005) Geochemical survey and metal bioaccumulation of three bivalve species (Crassostrea gigas, Cerastoderma edule and Ruditapes philippinarum) in the Nord Medoc saltmarshes (Gironde Estuary, France). Science of the Total Environment 337, 265–280.

Champ M.A. (2000) A review of organotin regulatory strategies, pending actions, related costs and benefits. Science of Total Environment 258, 21–71.

Chen M. and Chend C. (1999) Bioaccumulation of sediment-bound heavy metals in grey mullet, Liza macrolepis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 39, 239–244.

Morrison H.A., Whittle D.M. and Haffner G.D. (2000) The relative importance of species invasions and sediment disturbance in regulating chemical dynamics in western Lake Erie. Ecological Modelling 125, 279–294.

Ortea, J. A. 1974. Moluscos marinos gasterópodos y bivalvos del litoral asturiano entre Ribade- sella y Ribadeo, con especial atención a la subclase Opistobranquia, vol. I. PhD. diss., Uni- versidad de Oviedo. 342 pp.

Ruth O. (2005) Distribution and biology of the marine invasive bivalve Theora lubrica (Semelidae). PhD thesis. University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 213 pp.

Yamada H. and Kayama M. (1987) Liberation of nitrogenous compounds from bottom sediments and effect of bioturbation by small bivalve, Theora lata (Hinds). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 24, 539–555.

3.9 Sweden Submitted By: Lena Granhag, Maritime Environment research group, Department of Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden [email protected] phone: +46 31 7721461 Summary: Sweden ratified the BWMC in 2009 and much focus has in recent years been on the exemption-questions (under Regulation A.4 in the BWMC). Among ships operated by Swedish interests there are vessels in regular traffic on relatively short international crossings (3-250 NM), for example ferry-lines operating across the Baltic Sea. Within the Joint HELCOM/OSPAR group Ballast work is performed with aim to harmonize

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the procedure of exemption-applications between Baltic and North Sea countries. Ex- emption-applications are to include data of the species abundant in the harbours of concern for the exemption. Sweden participated in the HELCOM ALIENS 3 project under 2013 to evaluate the protocols for port sampling of species present in Gothen- burg harbour. Researchers at Gothenburg University are performing work to model invasive risk zones associated with climatic change and movement of biological material such as ballast water or aquacultures. Full Report: A TRANSPORT VECTORS

A1 Ballast Water Project title: Ship as vector for transfer of marine alien species –detection of alien species in Gothenburg harbour Primary investigator: Lena Granhag Address: Department of Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden E-mail: [email protected] Project duration: 2013-2015 Key objectives: In this project the marine species in Gothenburg harbour are investigated with aim to detect alien species. By using and evaluating a port survey protocol developed within the HELCOM ALIENS projects, sampling has been conducted for benthic infauna, mobile epifauna, plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton including gelatinous forms) and hard bottom/ fouling organisms (from PVC-plates), during summer season 2013. For fouling organisms there are ongoing projects (2014) to survey also organisms from the winter/ spring season. Aslo the importance of different mi- crotopographies/structures of PVC-plates for settlement is investigated. website: http://www.chalmers.se/en/staff/Pages/lena-granhag.aspx

A2 Ballast Sediments A3 Hull Fouling A4 Others (e.g. Sea Chests or Other Ship Vectors; Artificial Structures in the Marine Environment) B VECTOR MANAGEMENT

B1 Ballast Water Treatment Technologies and Practices B2 Sampling and Analysis Methods for Treatment Testing B3 Methods or Tools for Compliance Testing B4 Programs for Early Detection or Control of Invasive Species C RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACHES Project title: Ecological niche modelling of Baltic invasive species Primary investigators: Sarah J. Bourlat, Matthias Obst Address: Göteborg University, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 463, SE-405 30 Göteborg Sweden, Tel: +46 (0) 317863827

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E-mail: [email protected] Project duration: 2011-2014 Key objectives: In this study we developed and used a general-purpose suite of ecological niche modelling workflows to prepare data for and model invasive risk zones associated with climatic change and movement of biological material such as ballast water or aquacultures. The workflows work across large geographical and taxonomic scales and utilize a range of environmental variables data. Using a ‘black species list’ of 18 invasive species for Northern Europe with the main focus to the Baltic Sea, the Data Refinement Workflow was used to mobilize and integrate more than 22,000 occurrence records from public databases and literature. With this information and using the BioClim and Ecological Niche Modelling workflows we were able to model and statistically analyse potential species distributions for four ecological groups of marine invaders, i.e. zoo- and phytobenthos as well as zoo- and phytoplankton. The results describe the invasive potential for each individual species with regard to extent and intensity of the suitable habitat in the area of interest. In addition, using Statistical Workflows we were able calculate the accumulated risk for invasions and identified invasive risk zones for each ecological group, as well as cold spots with minimal potential for invasive spread. We discuss the potential of these results with regard to current approaches for managing ballast water and marine ecosystems. The study shows the utility of e-science approaches to provide scalable tools for rapid integration of biodiversity data and for producing predictive models that improve the management and prevention of marine invasions. website: http://www.bioenv.gu.se/english/staff/obst_matthias/ D OCCURRENCE OF NEW SHIP-MEDIATED INTRODUCED SPECIES E IMPACT OF INTRODUCED SPECIES The zebra mussel was reported to cause injuries to the bathing/ recreational activities in lake Glan. F OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION Expanded range is reported for the round goby Neogobius melanostomus and the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. During fish monitoring the round goby was found at more sites than previous year, expanded range south and westward and is now considered established in Sweden. Also the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha expanded range, southwestward, into the lake Glan where it during summer was found in high abundances. In Sweden there are from shipowners many questions related to exemptions (under Regulation A.4 in the BWMC). Work has been conducted to categorize the predicted ships that will seek exemptions and to summarize ports expected to received the most applications. Sweden participates in the joint HELCOM/OSPAR group Ballast where work is performed to harmonize the procedure of exemption-applications between Baltic and North Sea countries. In September a workshop around BWMC and Exemptions was held at Chalmers Uni- versity of Technology with 20 participants from authorities, harbours and ship owners from Sweden and Finland. G REFERENCES

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Stelzer K, Heyer K, Bourlat SJ, Obst M (2013) Application of Niche Modelling and Earth Observation for the risk assessment and monitoring of invasive species in the Baltic Sea. Report to the European Space Agency.

3.10 United Kingdom Submitted By: Lyndsay Brown [email protected] Contributions from: Jenni Kakkonen [email protected] Adrian Macleod [email protected] Chris Nall [email protected] Leanne Page [email protected] Rachel Shucksmith [email protected] Paul Stebbing [email protected] Gabe Wyn [email protected] Summary: Institutes throughout the UK continue to collaborate on vector research, pathways and monitoring programmes. Various projects are currently underway while some have been completed since last reporting for WGBOSV. A PhD project that has assessed the potential of offshore renewable energy devices in Scotland to act as refuges for non-native species has been published. A molecular study investigating UK populations of Didemnum is near completion with results showing that all collected samples are Didemnum vexillum. A paper for review will be prepared shortly. A study into fouling communities present on vessels trading within the North Sea is currently under peer review. Ongoing work in the UK includes a strong focus on monitoring programmes and biosecurity. Work currently in progress includes CEFAS-led UK-wide project on marine non-native species monitoring and risk management which aims to reduce the risk associated with pathways by which marine invasive non-native species may be introduced into the British Isles. Collaborative institutes include the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Natural England, Natural Resources Wales - Cyfoeth Naturiol Cymru, Scottish Natural Heritage, Marine Scotland, Irish Sea Fisher- ies Board - Bord Iascaigh Mhara, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Bangor University, Marine Biological Association and Cornish Wildlife Trust. A monitoring and recording system for marine non-native species at Scapa Flow and Loch of Stenness (Orkney) is underway which is part of Orkney Islands Council Re- vised Ballast Water Management Policy and the development of a monitoring programme and biosecurity plan for Shetland, which will provide supplementary guidance to that already contained in Shetland Islands’ Marine Spatial Plan. Current molecular work includes the CEFAS project MIMIS – Molecular Identification of Ma- rine Invasive Species. This project is looking into the potential use of molecular tools for the monitoring and rapid identification of invasive species by detecting the presence of DNA shed into the water (environmental DNA). A survey of the presence and distribution of non-native species around the Pentland Firth and Orkney has been conducted, providing the first baseline survey in the area. This survey is part of a study investigating the effects of floating marine structures on the colonization and spread of non-native species, in particular structures associated with wave and tidal energy farms that are being developed in the area, and associated vessel movements.

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Full Report: A TRANSPORT VECTORS

A1 Ballast Water Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) update Leanne Page [email protected] Maritime and Coastguard Agency, Spring Place - Bay 2/01, 105 Commercial Road, Southampton SO15 1EG The MCA continues to work through the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in ensuring that the Ballast Water Management Convention enters into force in the near future.

A2 Ballast Sediments A3 A4 Hull Fouling Native and non native marine biofouling species present on commercial vessels using Scottish dry docks and harbours Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK Tracy McCollin [email protected] Lyndsay Brown [email protected] This project has now finished and a manuscript has recently been submitted for peer review. Biofouling samples from the hulls of commercial vessels using Scottish dry docks and harbours were collected to investigate which species are being transported into Scottish waters. During 2009 – 2012 a total of 29 vessels were surveyed in three dry docks and a dive team was used to sample a further six vessels at two busy North Sea harbours. The vessels were representative of those servicing the North Sea oil industry e.g. tugs, supply and safety stand by vessels and provide a good indication of the type of fouling found on vessels that typically trade in Scottish coastal waters. The biofouling consisted of typical North Sea species and four established non native species, Jassa marmorata, Caprella mutica, Austrominius modestus and Amphibalanus amphi- trite, were recorded. No new non native species were recorded during this study.

A5 Others (e.g. Sea Chests or Other Ship Vectors; Artificial Structures in the Marine Environment) Marine non-native species in north Scotland and the implications for the marine renewable industry – the baseline survey Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Ormlie Road, Thurso, Caithness, KW14 7EE, UK Chris Nall [email protected] A comprehensive survey of marine non-native species was undertaken across a number of harbours/ marinas in northern Scotland, July/ August 2012 by the Environmental Research Institute. Large-scale development of wave and tidal energy farms is planned in the Pentland Firth and Orkney waters, northern Scotland. This survey provides the first dataset of presence and distribution of non-native species in the area, and can be

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used as a baseline to monitor the potential for this development to facilitate the introduction and spread of non-native species. Fouling marine non-native species known to be in Scotland were targeted in these surveys. Nine of the targeted species were found during the surveys: Austrominius modestus, Botrylloides violaceus, Caprella mutica, Codium fragile ssp. fragile, Corella eumyota, Heterosiphonia japonica, Neosiphonia harveyi, Schizoporella japonica and Tricellaria inopinata. The non-native bryozoan Bugula simplex which was not targeted was also found and this constituted the first confirmed Scottish record. The surveys provided sixty new locality records and extended the northward national range for most of the non- native species found. The number of non-native species found in the surveyed harbours/ marinas was positively associated with the presence of floating structure and the vessel activity indices: number of vessels and perimeter of quayside. The role of marine renewable energy structures and biofouling communities in promoting self-sustaining populations of non-native species Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK [email protected] Adrian Macleod has published his PhD ‘The role of Marine Renewable Energy structures and biofouling communities in promoting self-sustaining populations of Non- Native Species’ which is available on request. Novel environments and biological communities created by the large-scale deployment of Marine Renewable Energy Devices (MREDs) have the potential to promote the spread of non-native species (NNS). Knowledge of how community composition resi- dent on MREDs is shaped by geography, local hydrodynamics and the duration of deployment, will clarify how these technologies will interact with natural habitats, including the provision of suitable habitat for NNS. A network of navigation buoys was used to study biofouling communities in areas proposed for MRED deployment. Significant differences in community structure were observed in different geographic areas. A significant reduction in number of taxa present and community wet-weight was observed where buoys were deployed in greater tidal flow rates. However, overall community composition was not significantly different between ‘high’ (>1 ms-1) and ‘low’ (<1 ms-1) flow areas and for buoys deployed for different time durations (1-7 years). These finding have important implications for the longevity of devices and their interaction with natural habitats, including proposed ‘artificial reef’ effects. In total five non-native species were identified on the buoys sampled, supporting the need to monitor MREDs as the industry grows. Hydrodynamic and biotic features of the epibenthic communities were used to predict the presence of the most prevalent NNS, the amphipod Caprella mutica, in addition to other native amphipod species. Caprella mutica presence was found to be significantly affected by increasing flow speed compared with the native amphipod Jassa herdmani. Behavioural flume studies investigating flow-related processes governing the presence of non-native amphipods supported these findings. This study details how the hydrodynamic and biological environments created by MREDs determine their suitability for the establishment of self- sustaining populations, and therefore their dispersal potential for NNS. These findings inform design criteria and management options to minimize the biosecurity risk that these structures will pose as the industry expands.

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B VECTOR MANAGEMENT

B5 Ballast Water Treatment Technologies and Practices Ballast Water Management Policy for Scapa Flow Orkney Islands Council, Marine Services, Harbour Authority Building, Scapa, Orkney KW15 1SD UK Jenni Kakkonen [email protected] In order to maintain pristine environmental status in Scapa Flow the Orkney Islands Harbour Authority has developed an all-encompassing Ballast Water Management Policy that allows for this whilst exceeding international standards. In doing so the Harbour Authority has developed an extensive mathematical model of northern North Sea and very detailed mathematical model of Scapa Flow which includes all known available data and has been accepted as such by statutory consultees. This model was used in all statutory and public consultations and in development of Monitoring and Recording System for Marine Invasive Non-Native Species; Scapa Flow and Loch of Stenness. The development of revised Ballast Water Management Policy was started in 2009 and was completed with adoption of the Ballast Water Management Policy of Scapa Flow by Orkney Islands Council on the 10th December 2013. Baseline survey for marine non-native species in Scapa Flow and Loch of Stenness was planned as part of Orkney Islands Council’s proposed Revised Ballast Water Manage- ment Policy in 2012. The ‘Monitoring and Recording System for Marine Invasive Non- Native Species; Scapa Flow and Loch of Stenness’ report outlined the survey methods to be used during baseline survey and during monitoring phase. The baseline survey for non-native species in Scapa Flow and Loch of Stenness was conducted in 2013. Phase 1 survey was completed in February, March and April 2013 when 14 sites were visited and 33 samples collected. Phase 2 surveys were completed in July, August and September 2013 when 14 sites were visited and 55 samples were collected. During Phase 1 survey three non-native species were recorded; Japanese skeleton shrimp (Caprella mutica), Jenkin’s spire shell (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) and red seaweed (Bon- nemaisonia hamifera). All of these have been recorded in Orkney previously. At time of writing only Phase 1 results were available.

B6 Sampling and Analysis Methods for Treatment Testing B7 Methods or Tools for Compliance Testing B8 Programs for Early Detection or Control of Invasive Species Molecular identification of Marine Invasive Species (MIMIS) Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK. Paul Stebbing [email protected] Work is being conducted by Cefas examining the potential use of molecular tools in monitoring for marine non-native species. Tools are being developed to rapidly assess the presence of certain non-native species that are difficult to ID using standard taxonomic techniques. Molecular tests have been developed and are currently being tested against known positive field samples. Metabarcoding will be conducted to cross validate the material that is being used for testing PCR is positive/ negative; demonstrate the number of closely related species in the sample, proving that the PCR primers designed are not cross amplifying; and demonstrate the ability of metabarcoding to ID

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many species at once, without having to preselect an assay, in an open-ended, non-bias manner. It is hoped that this work will assist in the development of monitoring programme under the MSFD with a rapid turnaround time. Result from this study should be available in April 2014. Marine non-indigenous species monitoring and risk management Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK. Paul Stebbing [email protected] Hannah Tidbury [email protected] The marine pathways project, which started in 2013, aims to reduce the risk associated with pathways by which marine invasive non-native species may be introduced into the British Isles. The main objectives of the project are: • The assessment of the presence and distrbution of existing marine INNS. • Development of monitoring programmes to detect the introduction of invasive non native species. • Assessment of high risk regions/pathways for marine invasive non native species introduction • Raising awareness of marine INNS with stakeholders and developing codes of practise to reduce the risk of introduction and spread. • Research and trialling of strategies for the control and eradication of marine INNS to increase preparedness in the event of their introduction. The project is a collaborative programme of work including input from Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), Natural England, Natural Resources Wales - Cyfoeth Naturiol Cymru, Scottish Natural Heritage, Marine Scotland, Irish Sea Fisheries Board - Bord Iascaigh Mhara, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aqua- culture Science (Cefas), Bangor University, Marine Biological Association and Cornish Wildlife Trust. The project is being coordinated by Cefas and funded by Defra and Natural Resource Wales. Much of the work conducted will assist in the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Results will be delivered throughout the life of the project, which will end in March 2015. Monitoring and recording system for marine invasive non-native species; Scapa Flow and Loch of Stenness Orkney Islands Council, Marine Services, Harbour Authority Building, Scapa, Orkney KW15 1SD UK Jenni Kakkonen [email protected] As part of the Orkney Islands Council’s proposed Revised Ballast Water Management Policy in 2012, a baseline survey for marine non-native species in Scapa Flow and Loch of Stenness has been planned. The ‘Monitoring and Recording System for Marine In- vasive Non-Native Species; Scapa Flow and Loch of Stenness’ report outlined the survey methods to be used during baseline survey and during monitoring phase. The baseline survey for non-native species in Scapa Flow and Loch of Stenness was conducted in 2013. Phase 1 survey was completed in February, March and April 2013 when 14 sites were visited and 33 samples collected. Phase 2 surveys were completed in July, August and September 2013 when 14 sites were visited and 55 samples were collected. During Phase 1 survey three non-native species were recorded; Japanese skeleton

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shrimp Caprella mutica, Jenkin’s spire shell Potamopyrgus antipodarum and red seaweed (Bonnemaisonia hamifera). All of these have been recorded in Orkney previously. At the time of writing only Phase 1 results were available. Marine Invasive Species in Shetland: Monitoring and biosecurity planning North Atlantic Fisheries College (NAFC) Marine Centre, Department of Marine Sci- ences and Technology, Port Arthur, Scalloway, Shetland ZE1 0UN Katrina MacIver [email protected] Rachel Shucksmith [email protected] The NAFC Marine Centre has been undertaking invasive species monitoring at Shet- land’s ports, marinas and aquaculture sites since 2012. This has included both rapid assessment surveys and the use of settlement panels. Information leaflets and identification guides have also been produced and distributed providing information to various marine users on the main invasive non-native species (INNS) risks in Shetland, and how to prevent the introduction and spread of INNS. Leaflets have been compiled for the aquaculture industry, divers, ports and harbours, marinas, and marine users. These are publically available on the NAFC Marine Centre web page (http://www.nafc.ac.uk/non-native-species-in-shetland.aspx). The NAFC Marine Centre is also in the process of compiling a Biosecurity Plan for Shetland, a document which will provide supplementary guidance to that already contained in Shetland Islands’ Marine Spatial Plan (Fourth Edition) (www.nafc.ac.uk/smsp.aspx). The Biosecurity Plan will provide information on biosecurity legislation, a description of existing and potential biosecurity risks to the islands, assessment of likely methods of introduction, management and control advice, pathway analysis, and what steps are currently being taken to reduce and mitigate invasive non-native species populations in Shetland. Additionally, a section will be included which provides sectorial specific guidance in order to make operating under best practice guidelines a simple, straightforward task for both commercial and recreational marine users. Funding for this work has been provided by the NAFC Marine Centre and Marine Scotland. C RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACHES D OCCURRENCE OF NEW SHIP-MEDIATED INTRODUCED SPECIES The non-native red algae Chrysymenia wrightii, Griffithsia schousboei and the brown algae Dictyota cyanoloma have been found in Falmouth by Francis Bunker. Gracilaria vermiculophylla (red alga) has been found recently southern England by the Marine Biological Assosiation. Asterocarpa humilis ascidian was found at Holyhead and Milfod Haven, Wales, in 2012 by Rohan Holt. E IMPACT OF INTRODUCED SPECIES F OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION Genetic analyses of Didemnum populations present in the UK Marine Scotland Science, marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK Catherine Collins [email protected] Jennifer Graham [email protected]

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MSS are progressing with the genetic study of UK Didemnum populations. Samples were collected from seven sites in the UK (Largs, Fairlie Pier, Hunterston, Darthaven, Gosport, Holyhead and Kent). PCR products obtained confirmed that all samples were Didemnum vexillum. The sequences showed a low level of genetic variation. A paper detailing the work will be submitted for publication shortly. G REFERENCES

http://www.orkneyharbours.com/ballast_water_management.asp?t=1

http://www.nafc.ac.uk/non-native-species-in-shetland.aspx

www.nafc.ac.uk/smsp.aspx

3.11 United States Submitted By: Lisa Drake, [email protected] Judith Pederson, [email protected] Allegra Cangelosi, [email protected] Mario Tamburri, [email protected] Fred Dobbs, [email protected] Summary: Shipping (ballast water and hull fouling) continue to be a major vector for marine introductions. Hull fouling on commercial ships is being examined by the Maritime En- vironmental Resource Center (MERC), the Key West Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) by comparing methods of hull cleaning and documenting the niche areas and hull wetted areas as first step. The US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), the Great Ships Initiative (GSI) Northeast-Midwest Institute (NE-MWI), and MERC continue to conduct research on sampling and analysis of ballast water; MERC and GSI evaluated treatment systems and components. Regarding land-based and shipboard testing, the Environmental Pro- tection Agency (EPA) Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program has convened a task group to investigate additional approaches, particularly the most probable number (MPN) method, to determine the status of treated organisms in the ≥10 µm and <50 µm size class. With MERC, NRL developed a framework for assessing compliance tools. Risk assessments are being conducted under the auspices of GSI, and GSI and MERC are conducting an assessment of the biological, physical, and chemical properties of harbours. One new species was identified in the Northwest Atlantic, and only one specimen was found. Full Report: A TRANSPORT VECTORS

A1 Ballast Water A2 Ballast Sediments A3 Hull Fouling a. Maritime Environmental Resource Center (Mario Tamburri, Director, [email protected], +1 410.326.7440) i. Continued evaluations of ship biofouling as a source of invasive species, including remotely operated vehicle and diver

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fouling surveys of vessels in Baltimore; this work is conducted in collaboration with SERC. b. US Naval Research Laboratory (Lisa Drake, Ballast Water Science and Technology Program director, [email protected], +1 305.293.4215) i. Determining the (1) wetted surface area and (2) the niche areas of vessels in the global, commercial fleet (project in collaboration with MERC and SERC): 1. Using available data on the number and size of vessels in the commercial fleet, the total wetted surface area of the hulls has been calculated (manuscript in prep.), and next, the surface area of the niche areas will be calculated.

A4 Others (e.g. Sea Chests or Other Ship Vectors; Artificial Structures in the Marine Environment) B VECTOR MANAGEMENT

B1 Ballast Water Treatment Technologies and Practices a. A Task Group of the Technical Panel of the US Environmental Protec- tion Agency (EPA) Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Pro- gram was convened (“Enumeration Method Task Group” of the “UV Ballast Water Stakeholder Group”), and its purpose is to investigate additional approaches, particularly the MPN method, to determine the status of treated organisms in the ≥10 µm and <50 µm size class. Since June 2013, the group has met in person twice, held several conference calls, and collected preliminary data. b. Great Ships Initiative, Northeast-Midwest Institute (Allegra Cangelosi, President, [email protected]; +1 202.464.4014) i. Filter System (FS) Tests (9 FS, 5 weeks of tests)

1. Purpose: to i) provide FS vendors, ballast water management system (BWMS) developers, ship owners, and regulators a clearer idea of FS performance in FW under controlled conditions; ii) empirically explore any trade-offs between operational and biological performance endpoints; and iii) support FS and BWMS performance improvements 2. General Approach: land-based evaluation at validated GSI facility; FSs tested in pairs to minimize intake condition variation; each FS test consisted of 4 half-day test cycles; flow rate and volumes treated per test set to FS vendor specifications; results anony- mous unless FS vendor chooses to affiliate name

3. Analysis endpoints: Biota sorted by morphological category; physical and chemical parameters, as well as operational parameters

4. Findings under development

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ii. GSI UV Bench Scale Dose Effectiveness Tests on FW Organ- isms

1. Cultured freshwater organisms; 2. Known UV dose via a “Merry-go-Round” reactor; 3. Tests Underway c. Maritime Environmental Resource Center i. Completed testing of multiple ballast water management systems and filter systems onboard the MERC Mobile Test Plat- form ii. Continued investigations of discharge toxicity associated with the neutralization of chlorine treated ballast water iii. Held an international expert workshop with NRL to quantify impacts of chemical ballast water treatment systems on vessel ballast tank coatings, and/or other components of ballast systems, by altering rates of corrosion, wearing, pitting, cracking, etc.; the report is in the process of being released iv. Published “Economic and Logistical Feasibility of Port-based Ballast Water Treatment: A Case Study at the Port of Balti- more (USA)” UMCES Technical Paper 2013-011, May 7, 2013 (King and Hagan) v. Published “Economic Impacts of US Ballast Water Regula- tions” in Sustainable Shipping, September 24, 2013 (King) vi. Published “’Muddling through’ without Gaming Ballast Wa- ter Regulations” in Sustainable Shipping, February 26, 2013 (King) d. Old Dominion University (Fred Dobbs, Professor, [email protected], +1 757.683.5329) i. Published the results of a study about Vibrio cholerae (serotypes O1 and O139) in ballast tanks (samples from nearshore waters were also analysed). Varying degrees of antibiotic resistance were found in the isolates. In nearly all cases when resistance was present, it was to ampicillin; resistance to multiple antibiotics was uncommon. In addition, the ctxA gene (cholera toxin) was assayed—but not found—in any of the 284 isolates. Two of the isolates contained the tcpA gene (toxin- coregulated pilus).

B2 Sampling and Analysis Methods for Treatment Testing a. US Naval Research Laboratory i. Published the results of sampling organisms as concentrations vary during ballast water discharge (First et al., 2012): 1. To determine the degree of stratification, water from full-scale and model ballast tanks was sampled at two experimental facilities as the tanks were drained after water was held for 1 or 5 days. Living organisms ≥50

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µm were counted in discrete segments of the drain (e.g. the first 20 min of the drain operation, the second 20-min interval, etc.), thus representing different strata in the tank. In 1- and 5-day trials at both facilities, concentrations of organisms varied among drain segments, and the patterns of stratification varied among replicate trials. From numerical simulations, the optimal sampling strategy for stratified tanks is to collect multiple time-integrated samples spaced relatively evenly throughout the discharge event. ii. Published a paper describing sampling living organisms aboard ships using a filter skid (Drake et al., 2013): 1. A third prototype of a shipboard filter skid (p3SFS)— which consisted of two housings (each containing a 35-µm mesh filter bag) and its own pump and computer controller—was designed and constructed. Ad- ditionally, the skid had a “drip sampler”, which collected a small volume (~10 L) of whole (unfiltered) water immediately upstream of the housings. Valida- tion of the p3SFS occurred in two segments: (1) land- based trials, in which the collection of organisms ≥50 µm (nominally zooplankton) by the p3SFS was compared to a plankton net, and (2) shipboard trials, in which ballast water was sampled aboard a ship. In both types of trials, the data collected showed the filter skid to be an appropriate flow-through sampling device. iii. Published a review paper on detecting living micro-organisms following exposure to UV light and chlorine dioxide (First and Drake, 2013b): 1. Both ambient micro-organisms from an oligotrophic marine environment and laboratory cultures of marine algae were evaluated following exposure to two types of ballast water treatment, UV light and chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Micro-organisms in two size classes (<10 µm; ≥10 µm and <50 µm) were quantified using regrowth assays and vital staining, and samples were evaluated using two rapid approaches: (1) chlorophyll a fluorescence and photochemical yield (Y) were measured using a variable fluorescence fluo- rometer and (2) the concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was measured with a hand-held luminometer. The response of micro-organisms to UV and ClO2 was evident in measurements of Y, as Y decreased at high doses. However, initial values of Y were variable and species-specific. Oddly, in some trials, initial fluorescence increased at intermediate UV doses; this phenomenon could lead to overestimation of total biomass. In samples treated with UV light,

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ATP was not significantly different among any of the doses used; however, concentrations of ATP were significantly lower at the highest dose of ClO2 than control samples. These results show that an understanding of the treatment-specific limits and sensitivities of these approaches—or any approaches used in ballast water testing—is needed. iv. Determining the effects of UV radiation on micro-organisms in ballast water (review paper, (First and Drake, 2013a): 1. Several rapid alternatives to regrowth assays are described and evaluated; they were categorized based upon the complexity of the analysis and the means used to determine the status of micro-organisms (either as viable or living): 1. Instantaneous growth and cell replication, 2. Cell activity and metabolic rates, 3. Cell structural integrity, and 4. Biomolecule presence and status. With the suite of approaches currently available, it is not possible to determine the viability of organisms rapidly, that is, within minutes of collecting a ballast water sample. Measurements of the photosystem integrity via variable fluorescence and the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are currently the most promising for rapidly estimating concentrations of living cells in compliance testing of ballast water discharges; however, extensive validation is required to verify the applicability of these approaches for the complexity of real-world samples. b. Great Ships Initiative, Northeast-Midwest Institute i. GSI Demonstration and Evaluation of US EPA Environmental Technology Verification Draft Shipboard Protocol 1. 4 Test Cycles on board an operating vessel; 2. Final report under review. c. Maritime Environmental Resource Center i. Completed a demonstration project of eight independent sen- sors (variable fluorescence) for compliance monitoring of ballast water discharge regulations.

B3 Methods or Tools for Compliance Testing a. US Naval Research Laboratory i. Selecting tools for compliance testing: 1. A manuscript (in review) discusses the need for expert input, evaluation of standard parameters (e.g. accuracy), laboratory and field trials, and selection of field-ready tools

B4 Programs for Early Detection or Control of Invasive Species C RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACHES

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a. Great Ships Initiative, Northeast-Midwest Institute i. Experimental mesocosm investigations to determine the risk- release relationship for a surrogate FW invader, Bythotrepes 1. 24 mesocosms 2. 3 doses 3. 5 replicate trials/per year b. Harbour/Ship Discharge Survey design for monitoring risk-release relationship in real time i. Target organism ii. Target harbours iii. Target ships iv. GIS mapping of high opportunity habitat and harbour locations (proximity to out- fall) D OCCURRENCE OF NEW SHIP-MEDIATED INTRODUCED SPECIES There was one new report of an introduced species in the Northwest Atlantic (WGITMO 2013 Annual Report): a single specimen of the painted shiny lobster, Panu- lirus versicolor was found in the state of Georgia. It was probably introduced from ballast water or an aquarium release. E IMPACT OF INTRODUCED SPECIES The single specimen of P. versicolor may not establish; no known impact at this time. F OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION

a. Great Ships Initiative, Northeast-Midwest Institute and Maritime En- vironmental Resource Center i. Harbour characterization (Literature and data review) 1. Physical, chemical and biological characteristics relevant to BWMS performance 2. Harbours globally across salinities, climate zones 3. Preliminary report under preparation G REFERENCES

Dobbs FC, Goodrich AL, Thomson FK III, and Hynes W (2013) Pandemic serotypes of Vibrio cholerae isolated from ships’ ballast tanks and coastal waters: Assessment of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes (tcpA and ctxA). Microbial Ecology 65:969-974

Drake LA, Moser CS, Robbins-Wamsley SH, Riley SC, Wier TP, Grant JF, Herring PR, and First MR (2014) Validation trials of a Shipboard Filter Skid (p3SFS) demonstrate its utility for collecting zooplankton. Marine Pollution Bulletin 79:77-86 http://ac.els- cdn.com/S0025326X13007923/1-s2.0-S0025326X13007923-main.pdf?_tid=182ff490-93f6- 11e3-bdf0-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1392217272_2c049e4260e396f3f5b0f07a4d49a8de

First MR and Drake LA (2013a) Approaches for determining the effects of UV radiation on micro- organisms in ballast water. Management of Biological Invasions 2:87-99

First MR and Drake LA (2013b) Life after treatment: detecting living micro-organisms following exposure to UV light and chlorine dioxide. Journal of Applied Phycology 26(1): 227-235

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http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10811-013-0049-9?no-access=true

First MR, Robbins-Wamsley SH, Riley SC, Moser CS, Smith GE, Tamburri MN, and Drake LA (2013) Stratification of living organisms in ballast tanks: How do organism concentrations vary as ballast water is discharged? Environmental Science & Technology 47:4442-4448

King DM (2013) “Muddling through” without gaming ballast water regulations. Sustainable Shipping, February 26, 2013

King DM (2013) Economic impacts of US ballast water regulations. Sustainable Shipping, Sep- tember 24, 2013

King DM and Hagan PT (2013) Economic and logistical feasibility of port-based ballast water treatment: A case study at the Port of Baltimore (USA)” UMCES Technical Paper 2013-011, May 7, 2013

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Annex 4 Proposed Terms of Reference for 2015

2014/x/SCICOMxx The ICES/IOC/IMO Working Group on Ballast and Other Ship Vectors (WGBOSV), chaired by Sarah Bailey, Canada will meet in Bergen, Nor- way from 16-18 March 2015, with a full day joint meeting with the Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms (WGITMO) to: a ) Continue to critically review and report on the status of shipping vector research with an emphasis on studies of shipping transport vectors, shipping vector management activities and risk assessment. (ToR lead Sarah Bailey) b ) Further discuss and evaluate sample collection, storage, and analysis strategies for type approval and compliance testing of ballast water management systems under consideration at IMO or by other regulators (e.g. US Coast Guard); consider need for submission of an information paper to IMO regarding additional validation procedures related to the trial period of the Ballast Water Manage- ment Convention. (ToR lead Lisa Drake) c ) Further discuss and evaluate available information on the effects of treated or exchanged ballast water on the aquatic environment and provide input on strategies which could be used to increase confidence surrounding environmental safety of treated ballast water being discharged. (ToR lead Andrea Sneekes) d ) Investigate and report on new developments in non-native species issues associated with biofouling (e.g. artificial structures in the marine environment and recreational boating) (joint Term of Reference with WGITMO). (ToR lead Andrea Sneekes) e ) Investigate and report on new developments in non-native species issues in the Arctic, as a result of climate change and resource developments (joint Term of Reference with WGITMO). (ToR lead Anders Jelmert) f ) Investigate and report (incl. via AquaNIS) on new molecular tools for identification, early detection and monitoring of non-native species, in collaboration with ICES Working Group on Integrated Morphological and Molecular Taxon- omy (WGIMT). (ToR lead Maiju Lehtiniemi)

Supporting Information

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Ballast Water Sampling guidelines in several ways. The issue has been discussed at the annual meetings of the Working Group The working group has previously submitted documents to meetings at IMO to support the development of guidelines. This type of input helps ensure that the guidelines are based on accurate scientific information and supports the implementation of the Ballast Water Management Convention.

Resource requirements: None

Participants: The Group is normally attended by some 25–35 members.

Secretariat facilities: None.

Financial: No financial implications.

Linkages to advisory committees: ACOM