HVDC Technologies & ABB Experience

Le Tang, ABB , April 22, 2013 HVDC Technologies & ABB Experience

DOE Workshop – Applications for High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission Technologies Why is DC important in the Transmission Grid ? Capacitance and Inductance of Power Line Cable Overhead Line I = I 0 -IC U U=U 0-UL I0 0 L G load G load ω ω UL= LI 0 C IC= CU 0

In cable > 50 km (>30 miles), most of AC In overhead lines > 200 km (>120 miles), current is needed to charge and discharge most of AC voltage is needed to the “C“ (capacitance) of the cable overcome the “L” (inductance) of the line

⇒ C& L can be compensated by reactors/capacitors or FACTS ⇒ or by use of DC, which means ωωω = 2 πν = 0

1200 5000 AC 500 kV 1000 800 kV 4000

800 DC ±320 kV 500 kV 3000 HVDC 600 2000 AC 345 765 kV 400 kV AC 230 kV 1000 Transmission Capacity TransmissionCapacity [MW] 200 500 kV HVAC

0 [MW] CapacityTransmission 0 0 50 100 150 0 200 400 600 800 1000 © ABB Group Length of Cable [km] Length of Transmission Line [km] April 22, 2013 | Slide 2 Benefits of HVDC vs. HVAC

Different technologies: Higher transmission capacity Same power transmitted Possibility to use underground and subsea cables

Overhead line with AC Lower losses on long distances

Overhead AC line with FACTS HVAC: 2 x 400 kV VSC HVDC* 10% 1 x ±400 kV 1200 A 1620 mm 2 HVDC overhead line HVDC: 1 x ±400 kV conductors 5% HVAC 2 x 400 kV Underground line with VSC Losses Energy 2 x 1200 mm 2 HVDC or AC cable AC/DC conversion losses conductors

500 1000 Transmission Line [km]

HVDC Classic Capacity up 6 times Transmission capacity (MW) since 2000; 800 Voltage up from 6,000 +/- 100kV to +/- 600 800kV since 1970

4,000 kVVoltage Xiangjiaba - Shanghai ± 800 kV UHVDC. 2,000 World’s most powerful link 200 commissioned

1970 1990 2010

Capacity up 10 HVDC Light times; losses down from 3% to 1% per 1000 Losses % converter station since 2000 800 BorWin: 400 MW, 200km subsea and underground 400 3 World’s most remote offshore 1 wind park

2000 2010

15 March 2012 | Slide 4 ABB’s track record of HVDC innovation Many firsts – some examples

China Germany Norway- Netherlands

World’s longest / highest Integrating the world’s World’s longest power capacity - first 800 most remote offshore underwater power link kV commercial link - wind farm Norway Australia Namibia

World’s first offshore World’s longest World’s first HVDC Light platform connected to underground cable link on an overhead line shore power

Key components for HVDC transmission systems Converters High power semiconductors HV Cables

Conversion of AC to DC and Silicon based devices for Transmit large amounts of vice versa power switching power- u/ground & subsea

24 April 2012 | Slide 6 ABB - Leading Supplier of High Voltage DC Cables Market Segments

A key enabler for emerging trends

Borwin, Germany Troll A, world’s Murraylink, Australia, BritNed, high-voltage integrating the world’s first offshore world’s longest direct -current (HVDC) most remote platform connected underground cable submarine power cables offshore wind farm to shore supply between UK and NL

Offshore Wind farms Offshore Oil and Gas Undergrounding Interconnector

Export cables Export cables from land Land cables replacing Land and sea cables connecting wind farms electrifying offshore traditional overhead lines, between countries or to land based grid platforms mainly in and around city regions centers

Hällsjön Troll 1&2 FennoSkan 1&2 Nelson River 2 Highgate Troll 3&4 Estlink Skagerrak 1-3 Châteauguay CU-project Skagerrak 4 Gotland 1-3 Vancouver Island Outaouais Valhall Gotland Light Pole 1 Quebec- NorNed NordBalt New England Konti-Skan SwePol Tjæreborg Baltic Cable BorWin1 DolWin1 Kontek Hülünbeir- Liaoning EWIC Dolwin 2 English Lingbao II Extension Channel Dürnrohr Three Gorges-Changzhou Sardinia-Italy Three Gorges-Shanghai Italy-Greece Rapid City Sapei Sakuma Square Butte Cross Sound Gezhouba-Shanghai Pacific Intertie Mackinac Xiangjiaba-Shanghai Eagle Pass Jinping - Sunan Pacific Intertie Sharyland Upgrading Chandrapur Three Gorges-Guandong Phadge Leyte-Luzon Vizag II Pacific Intertie Rio Madeira Broken Hill Expansion Itaipu Rihand-Dadri Intermountain Inga-Shaba Vindhyachal IPP Upgrade Caprivi Link North East Agra New Zealand 1&2 Apollo Upgrade Blackwater Cahora Bassa 58 HVDC Classic Projects since 1958 Brazil-Argentina Directlink Interconnection I&II 14 HVDC upgrades since 1990 Murraylink 19 HVDC Light Projects since 1997

22 April 2013 | Slide 9 DC grid vision first conceived in 1999 Now a shared vision Future developments Multi-taps / DC grids / Mixed AC/DC grids Hydro 200 GW Why DC grids vs DC single links Hydro power Solar power Wind power • Optimize investment & system performance DC transmission • Need for renewable integration Wind 300 GW ; 25000 km 2 5000 x 10 km • Technology advance How

Solar • From point to point connections to small 700 GW ; 8000 km 2 90 x 90 km multi-terminal HVDC and taps to pan- mainstreamrp.com pepei.pennnet.com wind-energy-the-facts.org continental HVDC grids Statnett Technology gaps to close

wikipedia/desertec DC breaker Desertec-australia.org Control and protection Statnett Power flow control claverton-energy.com Cables with higher power ratings Other gaps to close

Political consensus/Regulatory framework

Option 1 (2011): Option 2 (2012) : Semiconductor Hybrid Breaker: Breaker Mechanical + 500 kV High losses Semiconductor Lower Losses 300 kV

Main challenges: 3kV - Energy

Existing products - Speed (Short circuit current)

1kV - Losses

LV CB Traction CB DC Grid Breakers

Modular design of Main DC Breaker for improved reliability and enhanced functionality Fast DC current measurement for control and protection Disconnecting residual DC current breaker isolate arrester banks after fault clearance

Current Limiting Breaking timeline Reactor

Residual DC Current Ultrafast Disconnector Load Commutation Switch Breaker

1-2 ms 2 ms xx ms

Imain breaker 0.25 ms UDC

IUFD Iarrester

Fault Main breaker opens Fault clearance

Load commutation switch opens