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The University of Vermont History Review, Volume XXIII 2012-2013

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The University of Vermont History Review, Volume XXIII 2012-2013 UVM History Review THE UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT HISTORY REVIEW Volume XXIII 2012-2013 1 The UVM History Review is a yearly publication of the University of Vermont History Department. It seeks to publish scholarly essays and book reviews of an historical nature from current and past UVM students. EDITORIAL BOARD Senior Editor Derek Salisbury Faculty Advisor Dr. Sean Field Fall 2012 Spring 2013 Mark Alexander Kayleigh Carreño Kayleigh Carreño Alix Heintzman Alanna Freedman Mahnke Patrick Maguire Sam Turner Mitchell Alanna Freedman Mahnke Sarah Virginia Wilds Clayton Willets Clayton Willets For ordering information please contact Kathy Carolin at The University of Vermont History Department 201 Wheeler House 133 South Prospect Street Burlington, Vermont 05405 Cover: Engineering Blueprints for Wheeler House, which now houses UVM’s History Department. Courtesy of the University of Vermont Library Special Collections UVM History Review LETTER FROM THE EDITOR III URBAN PLANNING AND THE IDEOLOGY OF MODERNIZATION IN VENEZUELA, 1870-1888 BY JIM OSBORN 1 IMPERIAL SEXUALITY: A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW BY RUBY DAILY 13 A TALE OF TWO INTELLECTUALS: RACHEL CARSON AND MURRAY BOOKCHIN ON SCIENCE, NATURE, AND HUMANITY BY ERIK WALLENBERG 29 THE DIRE CONSEQUENCES OF IMPERIALIST DESIRES: UNITED STATES TERRITORIAL EXPANSION, 1840-1917 BY MATT LAURO 39 VERMONT’S SHORT LIVED REBELLION: EDITORIAL REACTION TO THE 1850 FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT AND THE STATE HABEAS CORPUS LAW BY TOM MCMURDO 47 KEEP YOUR POWDER DRY: MOTION PICTURE PRODUCTION AND THE PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN SOLDIERS DURING WORLD WAR II BY BRANDON MOBLO 67 THE STORMTROOPER: PARAMILITARY POLITICS AND THE RISE OF THE STURMABTEILUNG BY MICHAEL ANDREW STURGES 81 CONTINUITIES AND THEIR COMPLEXITIES: GERMAN CONQUEST AND GENOCIDE IN SOUTHWEST AFRICA AND EASTERN EUROPE BY G. SCOTT WATERMAN 94 TRANSFORMATIVE SLAVERY IN MADAGASCAR: FROM SMALL BEGINNINGS TO INDUSTRIAL CENTER BY SAM VANDERWATER 108 THE FAILURES OF NICARAGUAN SOCIALISM: HOW MISKITU PARTICIPATION IN THE CONTRA WAR CONTRIBUTED TO THE FALL OF THE SANDINISTAS BY SAM MITCHELL 121 DEPARTMENT NEWS 134 ABOUT THE EDITORS 137 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 138 2012 INDUCTEES TO THE UVM CHAPTER OF PHI ALPHA THETA 139 ii UVM History Review LETTER FROM THE EDITOR Dear Readers, I am pleased to present to you the 2012-2013 University of Vermont History Review, which collects the very best historical work composed by the UVM undergraduate and graduate student body. Below you will find a host of interesting and well-researched articles from post-independence urban planning in Venezuela to German conquest and genocide in Africa; from a historiography of British imperial sexuality to the consequences of US imperial aspirations; from the successful intellectual revolution of American environmentalism to the failed revolution of Nicaraguan socialism; from the rise of the Sturmabteilung, a paramilitary wing of the Nazi party to WWII American cinema’s depiction of women in Keep Your Powder Dry; and finally from the use of slavery to industrialize Madagascar to the reaction of Vermont’s press to the Fugative Slave Act of 1850. The temporal, thematic, and regional scope of the papers collected here are not only indicative of the high caliber of students currently enrolled in the university’s history program but also the quality of the department’s faculty who have helped shape the intellectual pursuits of their students. In this regard I am proud to have played a small role in showcasing the history program’s academic output. I am also very proud to have worked with such an excellent editorial staff over the course of the past year. The editors of the History Review collaborated closely with the authors to ensure that each article was refined and revised until it was ready for publication. Their tireless work and scholarly input, for which I owe a considerable debt of gratitude, were invaluable in creating this year’s Review. As senior editor, I would like to thank each author and editor for his or her contributions to this year’s publication. I would also like to give special thanks to Professor Sean Field, the publication’s faculty liaison, for repeatedly aiding me throughout the year and keeping the whole process on track. I would also like to express my gratitude for the work of Kathy Truax and Kathy Carolin who have graciously endured my many emails and questions over the past nine months. Lastly, I would like to thank the staff at the University of Vermont’s Library Research Annex, specifically Ms. Sylvia Bugbee and Mr. Chris Burns who went above and beyond to find and scan the cover image. D. A. Salisbury, 9 May, 2013 iii UVM History Review URBAN PLANNING AND THE IDEOLOGY OF MODERNIZATION IN VENEZUELA, 1870-1888 -- JIM OSBORN The reality of urban spatial evolution is an amalgam of factors both planned and unplanned. As such, a city’s conglomerate identity can only be discussed in terms of the tenuous interaction between these factors, wherein the observer inevitably articulates conclusions about the place that reflect a middle ground between the aspirations of the various actors instrumental in its planning and the space’s authentic usage and conceptualization. To study cities on these terms, it is thus important to understand the spatial and ideological objectives of the city’s literal and theoretical architects, as well as the public’s response to and interpretation of these projects. This paper seeks to apply such an analytical framework to the evolution of Caracas, Venezuela, during the Guzmanato of 1870–88. This period, punctuated by the three presidencies of Antonio Guzmán Blanco, witnessed the first intense and widespread series of attempts to develop and modernize Caracas into the urban nucleus of Venezuela. In addition to architectural and infrastructural projects, this paper will examine many of the political and administrative changes that affected the city’s composite identity. Guzmán Blanco’s idea of modernization was spatially manifest through his imposition of European architectural and social patterns taken primarily from the Haussmanian Parisian model. Furthermore, his efforts were neither complete successes nor blatant failures, but his ambitions could not fit the veritable context of his city, nor the Caracas that remained after his departure from office did not fully resemble his ideological ideal. This paper will prove these assertions by contrasting the personal identity and ideology of Guzmán Blanco with the nature of his public works projects, and by studying the trajectory of urban schematics for Caracas throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This paper will also examine secondary sources containing both qualitative and quantitative analyses of demographic and social change in Caracas during this time period. Due to the disparities in subject matter and disciplinary approach throughout this study, this paper is divided into four sections and a conclusion. The first section provides historical context for the Guzmanato. It introduces the specificity of this period and explains why it is of utmost interest to Caracas’ urban development, giving the reader ample context to understand the more specific and analytical arguments appearing later in the paper. The second section is more theoretical, exploring the ideologies that Guzmán extolled both privately and spatially throughout Caracas during his time in power. What were his theoretical foundations, what influenced them, and how can we conceptualize them in the context of Latin American urban development occurring elsewhere in the period? This ideological foundation leads into the third section, the most deliberately argumentative, which confronts the principal concern of how these ideologies were reified spatially and conceptually through Caracas’ urban development. The paper’s fourth section reflects upon Guzmán’s efforts, focusing on the social, occupational, residential, and demographic realities that challenge the fluidity of his objectives. This section introduces nuances to his ideological ideals, and investigates how these nuances compromised the consummate identity of Caracas as an urban environment at the end of the nineteenth century. 1 UVM History Review Historical Context The Guzmanato began on April 27th, 1870, when Antonio Guzmán Blanco entered Caracas and took control of the government from José Ruperto Monagas. This date, the victory of la Revolución de Abril, is significant not as an utter absolution of the troubled century that preceded it, but as the beginning of the nation’s first extended period of relative peace.1 Economic hardship, political fragmentation, and incessant violence had plagued Venezeula since its independence. The central and most chronicled struggle was between the Federalists and the Centralists, two factions that were ideologically distinct in similar ways to competing factions elsewhere in the continent. In Venezuela, however, the conflict was augmented for several reasons, the most salient being the country’s difficult geography, which kept its marginally developed cities significantly isolated from one another. Regional allegiances to caudillos were therefore strong, and the formation of a cohesive national identity was slow when existent well into the century.2 In 1859, the nation’s enduring political hostility climaxed with the Federal War. Guzmán Blanco’s father, Antonio Leocadio Guzmán, was an instrumental figure in the events leading up to the formalization of the war. After being dismissed from the conservative, centralist government
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