DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effect of Dietary Changes on Microbial Populations Within the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effect of Dietary Changes on Microbial Populations Within the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca) Mississippi State University Scholars Junction Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1-1-2011 The Effect of Dietary Changes on Microbial Populations within the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca) Candace Lareine Williams Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td Recommended Citation Williams, Candace Lareine, "The Effect of Dietary Changes on Microbial Populations within the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca)" (2011). Theses and Dissertations. 4338. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/4338 This Graduate Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Scholars Junction. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Junction. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Template Created By: James Nail 2010 THE EFFECT OF DIETARY CHANGES ON MICROBIAL POPULATIONS WITHIN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF THE GIANT PANDA (AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA) By Candace Lareine Williams A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Agricultural Life Sciences (Biochemistry) in the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology Mississippi State, Mississippi August 2011 Template Created By: James Nail 2010 Copyright 2011 By Candace Lareine Williams Template Created By: James Nail 2010 THE EFFECT OF DIETARY CHANGES ON MICROBIAL POPULATIONS WITHIN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF THE GIANT PANDA (AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA) By Candace Lareine Williams Approved: _________________________________ _________________________________ Ashli Brown Scott Willard Assistant Professor of Biochemistry, Professor and Head of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology Plant Pathology Major Professor Committee Member _________________________________ _________________________________ Andrew Kouba Din-Pow Ma Adjunct Professor of Biochemistry, Professor of Biochemistry, Molecular Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology Plant Pathology Committee Member Graduate Coordinator _________________________________ George Hopper Interim Dean of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Template Created By: James Nail 2010 Name: Candace Lareine Williams Date of Degree: August 6, 2011 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Agricultural Life Sciences (Biochemistry) Major Professor: Ashli Brown Title of Study: THE EFFECT OF DIETARY CHANGES ON MICROBIAL POPULATIONS WITHIN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF THE GIANT PANDA ( AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA) Pages in Study: 161 Candidate for Degree of Master of Science Both in -situ and ex-situ giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), display shifts in bamboo species and part preference throughout the year. The effects of this shifting preference on gastrointestinal (GIT) microbiota were observed using traditional culturing methods to characterize normal GIT microflora from fecal samples and behavioral feeding data of adult male and female pandas over a fourteen-month period. Linear and quadratic fits were used to determine any significant relationships between the time of year and part preference on the GIT microflora (P<0.05). Significant values for time of year were observed with the linear fit in total aerobes (P-value=0.0368), streptococci (P- value=0.0120), and lactobacilli (P-value=0.0166) and quadratic fits in streptococci (P- value=0.0382) and Bacteroides spp. (P-value=0.0134) at α=0.05. Significant linear relationships were observed with part preference and lactobacilli and Bacteroides spp., P- values of 0.0028 and 0.0030, respectively, indicating that part preference and time of year may affect the flux of panda GIT microflora. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people that I am greatly indebted to for their continuous assistance and support through the research and thesis writing process. First I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. Ashli Brown. Her role often spanned more than an advisor; in some cases it often resembled more of a therapist and friend. I owe her the greatest gratitude for her constant support and guidance. To my other committee members, Dr. Scott Willard and Dr. Andrew Kouba, I thank you both for your support and patience through this process and for the many opportunities to which you both have given me. Another group of people who were possibly the most instrumental in this process would be the China Keepers at the Memphis Zoo. Kim Sopchak, Kathy Fay, Suzie Zaledzieski, Emily Macklin, Kendra Bell, and Scott Lincoln were always so helpful to me in sample collections and would answer all my questions. Your assistance was crucial, and I owe you so many thanks. Other members of the Memphis Zoo research department also deserve thanks. Thank you so much Fields Falcone and Jen Germano for your help and friendship. To my lab and office mates, Whitney Crow Smith, Erik Mylroie, Katherine McGinley, Chandler Pace, Miriam Revellame and Andrew McDaniel, I owe you many, many thanks for the support and help you have all given me. To Dr. Natalie Calatyud, Cecilia Langhorne and Tricia Rowlison, I also thank you; it‟s been great working with ii the “A team.” I consider you all dear friends, and I am so grateful to have such a great group of people to work with. I would also like to thank my family. My parents have always encouraged me to do my best and continue asking why. I think their guidance over the course of my life has led me to where I am today, and I am very grateful. I would also like to thank my sisters, Carron Williams Bryant, Cristen Williams Dembrun and Cary Williams and my brother Leigh Williams. I thank you all for always being there and reminding me that I can always find my feet with my family regardless of the situation. Finally I must thank the giant pandas of the Memphis Zoo. Without their cooperation none of this would be possible; thank you YaYa and LeLe for making this experience nothing short of interesting. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER ...........................................................................................................................1 I. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................1 The Giant Panda .................................................................................................1 Threats to Giant Panda Survival ........................................................................2 Habitat loss...................................................................................................3 Gastrointestinal disease ................................................................................6 Bamboo Diet ......................................................................................................8 Feeding strategy .........................................................................................11 Dietary Fiber ....................................................................................................16 Adaptations ......................................................................................................18 Digestive System .............................................................................................21 Digestion of Structural Carbohydrates .............................................................22 Microflora ........................................................................................................24 The Role of Microflora in Digestion ...............................................................26 Microbial digestion: use of structural carbohydrates .................................27 Synergistic sequence of microbial digestion ..............................................29 Microbial Digestive Enzyme Systems .............................................................30 Non-aggreagate systems ............................................................................31 Aggregate systems .....................................................................................31 Cellulolytic Organisms ....................................................................................32 Clostridium species ....................................................................................33 Bacteroides species ....................................................................................35 Dietary Influences on Microflora .....................................................................36 Influence on fibrolytic organisms ..............................................................36 Influence on beneficial organisms .............................................................38 Microflora and Health Status ...........................................................................39 Relationship between Microorganisms ............................................................39 Health Enhancement through Fiber Fermentation ...........................................40
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DUIM VAN DE PANDA Gratis Epub, Ebook
    DUIM VAN DE PANDA GRATIS Auteur: Stephen Jay Gould Aantal pagina's: 303 pagina's Verschijningsdatum: none Uitgever: none EAN: 9789025400255 Taal: nl Link: Download hier Paleontoloog-superster overleden Je reageert onder je Twitter account. Je reageert onder je Facebook account. Houd me via e-mail op de hoogte van nieuwe reacties. Houd me via e-mail op de hoogte van nieuwe berichten. Spring naar inhoud. De extra duim van de panda Posted on januari 30, by kaspar55 — Plaats een reactie. Share this: Twitter Facebook. Vind ik leuk: Like Laden Geplaatst in De Pandabeer , Panda artikel , Panda informatie. Geef een reactie Reactie annuleren Vul je reactie hier in Vul je gegevens in of klik op een icoon om in te loggen. Uw vraag. Verstuur mijn vraag. Alle boeken zijn compleet en verkeren in normale antiquarische staat, tenzij anders beschreven. Kleine onvolkomenheden, zoals een ingeplakte ex- libris of een naam op het schutblad, zijn niet altijd vermeld U handelt deze order direct af met In libris libertas Na uw bestelling ontvangen u en In libris libertas een bevestiging per e-mail. In de e-mail staan de naam, adres, woonplaats en telefoonnummer van In libris libertas vermeld De Koper betaalt de verzendkosten, tenzij anders overeen gekomen In libris libertas kan betaling vooraf vragen Boekwinkeltjes. Als u een geschil hebt met één of meer gebruikers, dient u dit zelf op te lossen. U vrijwaart Boekwinkeltjes. Onthoud mijn gegevens. Uit onderz De ondernemings​rechtbank verwerpt het reddings​plan voor de plantagegroep van Hein Deprez. Hij staa Lees de volledige krant digitaal. Mijn DS Mijn account Afmelden.
    [Show full text]
  • Comptes Rendus Palevol Bite Force of the Extinct Pleistocene Cave Bear
    C. R. Palevol 9 (2010) 31–37 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Contents lists available at ScienceDirect provided by RERO DOC Digital Library Comptes Rendus Palevol www.sciencedirect.com Systematic palaeontology (Vertebrate palaeontology) Bite force of the extinct Pleistocene Cave bear Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller from Europe Force de la morsure de l’ours des cavernes Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller du Pléistocène d’Europe Aurora Grandal-d’Anglade Instituto Universitario de Xeoloxía, Universidade da Coru˜na, Campus de Elvi˜na s/n, 15071 A Coru˜na, Spain article info abstract Article history: In this paper, I have made a theoretical calculation of the Cave bear’s bite force (BF) following Received 7 April 2009 the “dry skull method” and I present for the first time BF data that can be of interest to Accepted after revision 6 October 2009 elucidate the mechanisms underlying the dietary choice of the Cave bears. In the skulls Available online 22 December 2009 studied, males show higher BF than females in absolute terms, but more similar with regard to their body mass, which partly compensates for the smaller size of the females. The whole Presented by Philippe Taquet sample studied shows lower BF in the upper carnassial than those of large cats, similar to the one calculated for the Giant panda and higher than that of Polar bear. Keywords: © 2009 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. Ursus spelaeus Bite force Sexual dimorphism Herbivore feeding résumé Mots clés : Dans ce travail, j’ai réalisé un calcul théorique de la force de morsure (BF) de l’ours des cav- Ursus spelaeus ernes, en suivant la « dry skull method », et j’y présente, pour la première fois, des données Force de morsure de BF sur cette espèce, qui peuvent être d’un grand intérêt pour comprendre les mécan- Dimorphisme sexuel ismes qui interviennent dans les préférences trophiques de l’ours des cavernes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ailuropoda Melanoleuca)
    Naturwissenschaften (2011) 98:107–116 DOI 10.1007/s00114-010-0748-x ORIGINAL PAPER Cranial shape transformation in the evolution of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Borja Figueirido & Paul Palmqvist & Juan A. Pérez-Claros & Wei Dong Received: 17 August 2010 /Revised: 16 November 2010 /Accepted: 17 November 2010 /Published online: 4 December 2010 # Springer-Verlag 2010 Abstract In this study, landmark-based methods of Ailuropoda lineage, as previously thought, but underwent a geometric morphometrics are used for investigating the number of changes during more than 2 Myr. main aspects of cranial shape transformation in the evolution of the giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Keywords Ailuropoda . Cranial morphology. Evolution . Specifically, we explore if the highly derived cranial Geometric morphometrics adaptations for bamboo feeding of the living panda were developed early in the panda's lineage. Results obtained show that the overall cranial morphologies of the oldest Introduction known panda, the “pygmy” Ailuropoda microta,andthe late Pleistocene Ailuropoda baconi are both very similar The evolutionary history of the giant panda, Ailuropoda to that of their closest living relative, A. melanoleuca, melanoleuca, has been debated for decades and is still a which agrees with a previous proposal based on qualita- matter of controversy today. The central core of the debate tive criteria. However, we also describe several differ- lies in the phylogenetic relationships of Ailuropoda,an ences between the crania of A. microta, A. baconi,andA. issue that is not clarified by the scarce fossil record melanoleuca, including the development of the postor- available for the panda lineage (Bininda-Emonds 2004; bital process, the orientation of the occipital region, and Hunt 2004; Jin et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Virtual Cranial Endocast of the Oldest Giant Panda (Ailuropoda Microta) Reveals Great Similarity to That of Its Extant Relative
    Naturwissenschaften (2008) 95:1079–1083 DOI 10.1007/s00114-008-0419-3 SHORT COMMUNICATION Virtual cranial endocast of the oldest giant panda (Ailuropoda microta) reveals great similarity to that of its extant relative Wei Dong Received: 27 January 2008 /Revised: 3 June 2008 /Accepted: 4 June 2008 / Published online: 4 July 2008 # Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract Recent development of computed tomography Keywords Giant panda . Paleoneurology. Evolution . and three-dimensional visualization techniques has enabled Computed tomography. Plio–Pleistocene the non-destructive inspection of the endocast morphology of fossil neurocranium, the basic material for paleoneuro- logical study. A virtual cranial endocast was reconstructed Introduction based on the first skull of the oldest giant panda, Ailuropoda microta, discovered recently and dated at more The rarity of natural fossil cranial endocasts as well as than 2 Myr (million years) ago. It was compared with that avoidance of destructive dissection on precious skulls often of the extant giant panda (A. melanoleuca) and that of the hinders paleoneurological research. With the development polar bear (Ursus maritimus), as well as CT slices of the of computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional late Pleistocene A. baconi. The overall endocast morphology visualization techniques, it becomes more and more of A. microta is more similar to that of A. baconi and A. practical for paleontologists to carry out noninvasive melanoleuca than to that of U. maritimus. The absolute dissection on rare and precious fossil skulls to learn endocast size is the smallest in A. microta, largest in A. endocast morphology and undertake quantitative analyses baconi, and intermediate in A. melanoleuca.However,the (Zollikofer and Ponce de León 2000; Falk et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecological Context of the Early Pleistocene Hominin Dispersal to Asia
    THE ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF THE EARLY PLEISTOCENE HOMININ DISPERSAL TO ASIA by Robin Louise Teague A.B. in Anthropology, 2001, Harvard University A dissertation submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 31, 2009 Dissertation directed by Richard Potts Curator of Physical Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Alison S. Brooks Professor of Anthropology The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University certifies that Robin Louise Teague has passed the Final Examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as of June 16, 2009. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. THE ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF THE EARLY PLEISTOCENE HOMININ DISPERSAL TO ASIA Robin Louise Teague Dissertation Research Committee: Richard Potts, Curator of Physical Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Dissertation Co-Director Alison S. Brooks, Professor of Anthropology, Co-Director Lars Werdelin, Senior Curator, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Committee Member ii © Copyright 2009 by Robin Louise Teague All rights reserved iii Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge a number of people who have helped me and guided me through the process of writing my dissertation. First, I would like to thank my committee: Rick Potts, Alison Brooks, Lars Werdelin, Margaret Lewis and Brian Richmond. My advisor, Rick Potts, led me into a stimulating area of research and supported me in pursuing a large and ambitious project. He has encouraged me all through the time I have worked on this dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Skull of the Earliest Giant Panda
    The first skull of the earliest giant panda Changzhu Jin*, Russell L. Ciochon†‡, Wei Dong*§, Robert M. Hunt, Jr.¶, Jinyi Liu*, Marc Jaegerʈ**, and Qizhi Zhu†† *Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; †Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1322; §State Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; ¶Department of Geosciences and State Museum, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0514; ʈJoint Sino–French Laboratory in Informatics, Automation, and Applied Mathematics (LIAMA), Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; **Laboratory of Botany and Bioinformatics of Plant Architecture (AMAP), Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), TA40/PS2, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 05, France; and ††Renmin Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China Communicated by Richard G. Klein, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, May 8, 2007 (received for review January 10, 2007) Fossils of the giant panda Ailuropoda (Order Carnivora, Family Ursidae) are largely isolated teeth, mandibles, and a few rare A B C skulls, known from the late Pliocene to late Pleistocene in China and Southeast Asia. Much of this material represents a Pleistocene chronospecies, Ailuropoda baconi, an animal larger than the living giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca. The earliest certain record of Ailuropoda is the late Pliocene chronospecies, Ailuropoda mi- crota, smaller than either A. baconi or A. melanoleuca, and previ- ously known only from teeth and a few mandibles from karst caves in south China. Here, we report the discovery of the first skull of A. microta, establishing its cranial anatomy and demonstrating that the specialized cranial and dental adaptations of Ailuropoda for durophagous feeding behavior centered on bamboo were already evident in this late Pliocene species.
    [Show full text]
  • BMC Evolutionary Biology Biomed Central
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo BMC Evolutionary Biology BioMed Central Research article Open Access Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary Johannes Krause1, Tina Unger1, Aline Noçon1, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas2, Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis3,4, Mathias Stiller1, Leopoldo Soibelzon5, Helen Spriggs6, Paul H Dear6, Adrian W Briggs1, Sarah CE Bray7, Stephen J O'Brien8, Gernot Rabeder9, Paul Matheus10, Alan Cooper7, Montgomery Slatkin2, Svante Pääbo1 and Michael Hofreiter*1 Address: 1Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, 2Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA, 3Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, MC5557, New York, NY 10027, USA, 4Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA, 5Departamento Científico Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata. Paseo del Bosque, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 6MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, UK, 7Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia, 8Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA, 9Department of Paleontology, University
    [Show full text]
  • Whole-Genome Sequencing of Giant Pandas Provides Insights Into Demographic History and Local Adaptation
    LETTERS Whole-genome sequencing of giant pandas provides insights into demographic history and local adaptation Shancen Zhao1,2,10, Pingping Zheng1,3,10, Shanshan Dong2,10, Xiangjiang Zhan1,10, Qi Wu1,10, Xiaosen Guo2, Yibo Hu1, Weiming He2, Shanning Zhang4, Wei Fan2, Lifeng Zhu1, Dong Li2, Xuemei Zhang2, Quan Chen2, Hemin Zhang5, Zhihe Zhang6, Xuelin Jin7, Jinguo Zhang8, Huanming Yang2, Jian Wang2, Jun Wang2,9 & Fuwen Wei1 The panda lineage dates back to the late Miocene1 and (QXL)—among the current panda population using frappe7, ultimately leads to only one extant species, the giant panda Admixture8 and an allele-shared matrix (Online Methods) (Fig. 1 and (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Although global climate change Supplementary Fig. 1). Previous studies only showed a distinct QIN and anthropogenic disturbances are recognized to shape cluster9; our larger study revealed that the MIN and QXL populations animal population demography2,3 their contribution to panda were also genetically distinct. We found no population substructure population dynamics remains largely unknown. We sequenced present in the QIN or MIN population but detected two subpopula- the whole genomes of 34 pandas at an average 4.7-fold tions within the QXL population (K = 4; Fig. 1b and Supplementary coverage and used this data set together with the previously Fig. 1): one comprising Xiaoxiangling and some Qionglai individuals deep-sequenced panda genome4 to reconstruct a continuous and the other comprising Daxiangling, Liangshan and the remaining 10 demographic history of pandas from their origin to the present. Qionglai individuals. The fixation index (FST) strongly supported this We identify two population expansions, two bottlenecks and three-population stratification (Supplementary Table 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Anthropologists Discover Remains of Earliest Giant Panda 18 June 2007
    Anthropologists discover remains of earliest giant panda 18 June 2007 Although it may sound like an oxymoron, a species that is known to exist wholly on a vegetarian University of Iowa anthropologist and his diet,” says Ciochon. “The evolution of this unique colleagues report the first discovery of a skull from dietary specialization probably took millions of a "pygmy-sized" giant panda -- the earliest-known years to refine. Our new discovery shows the great ancestor of the giant panda -- that lived in south time depth of this unique bamboo-eating China some two million years ago. specialization in pandas. Thus, pandas have been ‘uniquely pandas’ for many millions of years says The ancestor of today's giant panda really was a Ciochon.” pygmy giant panda, says Russell Ciochon, UI professor of anthropology. Ciochon (pronounced Ciochon says that the find further helps establish schuh-HON) is a co-author of an article published conditions that existed in the region during the in the June 18-22 online edition of the journal varying climatic conditions of the Pliocene and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Pleistocene epochs, stretching back some three Previous discoveries of teeth and other remains millions years before the present. The pygmy giant made between 1985 and 2002 had failed to panda lived in lowland tropical bamboo forests. It is establish the animal's size. often found associated with the extinct elephant-like creature, Stegodon, and the giant extinct ape, Ciochon says that the ancient panda (formally Gigantopithecus. Today's giant panda is isolated in known as Ailuropoda microta, or "pygmy giant mountainous upland bamboo forests, partly due to panda") was probably about three feet in length, the pressure of modern civilization.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus-Sinomastodon Fauna from Juyuan Karst Cave in Boyue Mountain, Guangxi, South China
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287807228 The Early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus- Sinomastodon fauna from Juyuan karst cave in Boyue Mountain, Guangxi... Article in Quaternary International · December 2015 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.071 CITATION READS 1 258 9 authors, including: Yingqi Zhang Jinyi Liu Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 PUBLICATIONS 364 CITATIONS 36 PUBLICATIONS 626 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Wei Dong Chenglong Deng Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 62 PUBLICATIONS 544 CITATIONS 121 PUBLICATIONS 3,264 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: network fault diagnosis expert system View project Zhoukoudian View project All content following this page was uploaded by Yaling Yan on 21 January 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e13 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint The Early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus-Sinomastodon fauna from Juyuan karst cave in Boyue Mountain, Guangxi, South China * Yuan Wang a, b, Changzhu Jin a, , Wenshi Pan c, Dagong Qin c, Yaling Yan a, Yingqi Zhang a, Jinyi Liu a, Wei Dong a, Chenglong Deng d a Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Homology, Evolution, and Proposed Nomenclature for Bear Dentition
    Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition QIGAO JIANGZUO, JINYI LIU, and JIN CHEN Jiangzuo, Q., Liu, J., and Chen, J. 2019. Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear den- tition. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64 (4): 693–710. Bears are a group of carnivores with diverse diets and complicated dental structure. Several large rearrangements of dental structures are known in different lineages of bears, making the homology of dental structures between the different bears difficult to evaluate. By tracing the evolutionary processes of the two lineages of bears with the most complicated dental structure, i.e., the giant panda lineage (Ailuropodinae) and cave bear lineage (Ursinae), we were able to clarify the homology of dental structures of the two subfamilies. We define a new assemblage of dental nomenclature (based mainly on the homology to the giant panda) that can be very useful to infer the evolution of fossil bears. The evolutionary positions of some fossil bears are reviewed based on our results. Key words: Mammalia, Ailuropodinae, Ursinae, dentition, homology, Pleistocene, China. Qigao Jiangzuo [[email protected]] (corresponding author), Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Acade- my of Sciences and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, 10024, USA. Jinyi Liu [[email protected]] (corresponding author), Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China.
    [Show full text]
  • Relógio Molecular (Zuckerland & Pauling, 1962, 1965)
    Bases e Métodos de Datação Molecular Definição de Biogeografia “Biogeografia é o estudo das distribuições geográficas no tempo e no espaço” (Brown & Lomolino, 1998) Estimar de tempos de divergência Dimensão temporal do processo evolutivo Relógio Molecular (Zuckerland & Pauling, 1962, 1965) - Taxa de evolução de sequências Constância na taxa de moleculares (substituição de substituição do DNA aminoácidos, nucleotídeos) é estocasticamente constante ao longo do tempo em diferentes linhagens - Número de substituições de DNA entre duas linhagens é proporcional ao tempo de divergência entre elas - O grau de divergência das sequências (o qual podemos estimar) é então proporcional ao tempo e pode ser usado para estimar a divergência das linhagens Como funciona o relógio molecular? Assumindo: (1) o relógio molecular, (2) uma árvore com ramos proporcionais à taxa de mutação; (3) pelo menos um nó com idade conhecida, pode-se estimar a idade dos outros nós. Neste contexto, o relógio molecular será perfeito se: (1) Taxas de substituição forem realmente constantes; (2) A árvore e o comprimento dos seus ramos estiverem corretos; (3) A idade da calibração estiver correta. No entanto, nós sabemos que: (1) As taxas de substituição são heterogêneas; (2) Existem erros associados à reconstrução das filogenias e respectivos comprimentos de ramos; (3) Existem vários erros associados às idades estimadas pelos pontos de calibração (fósseis ou eventos geológicos). (1) Heterogeneidade nas taxas de substituição de DNA - Taxas de evolução molecular variam de acordo
    [Show full text]