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1 Concepts of Europe in a Polish Political Tradition

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1 Concepts of Europe in a Polish Political Tradition Notes 1 Concepts of Europe in a Polish political tradition 1. 3 May 1791 Constitution. Prepared by J. Kowecki, Warszawa, 1981, pp. 81–101. 2. The manuscript of this plan can be found in the Nancy library. Stanisl/aw Leszczyn´ski was elected king of the United Republic 1704–1710 and again in 1733 when he was driven out by the Russians. He was strongly influenced by the Enlightenment and advocated the cause of reform in Poland. 3. E. Cie´slak, Stanisl/aw Leszczyn´ski, Wrocl/aw–Warszawa–Kraków, 1994, p. 214. 4. S. Leszczyn´ski, Inédits, Plans de paix, Nancy de L’Eglise, Nancy, 1984. 5. S. Skrzetuski, Projekt czyli ul/o˙zenie nieprzerwanego w Europie pokoju, Warszawa, 1775. 6. S. Staszic, ‘My´sli o równowadze politycznej w Europie’, in Dziela Stanisl/awa Staszica, Warsaw, 1816, pp. 1–28. 7. M. Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861, Westport, CT, Greenwood Publishers, 1981, 1st pub. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1955, p. 45. 8. A.J. Czartoryski, Essai sur la diplomatie, Paris, 1830, pp. 407–19. 9. Kukiel, p. 45. 10. S. Kalembka, O nasza˛ i wasza˛ wolno´s´c. Studia z dziejów polskiej my´sli politycznej doby romantyzmu, Olsztyn, OBN, 1997 pp. 77–8. 11. B. Urbankowski, Filozofia i codzienno´s. My´sl romantyczna, Warsaw, 1995, pp. 113–14. 12. ibid., p. 115. 13. S. Buszczynski, Ameryka i Europa. Studium historyczne i finansowe, Kraków, 1876. 14. A. Molska, Pierwsze pokolenie marksistów polskich. Wybór pism i materialów zródlowych z lat 1878–1886, Warsaw, 1962, p. 83. 15. ibid., pp. 76–7. 16. B. Limanowski, ‘Jaka˛ droga˛ doszedl/em do socjalizmu ?’ in Socjalizm, demokracja, patriotyzm, Kraków, 1902, pp. 85–7. 17. B. Limanowski, ‘Naród i pan´stwo’, in B. Limanowski, Socjalizm jako konieczny objaw dziejowego rozwoju, Wybór pism by J. Sztumski, Warsaw, 1989, p. 433. 18. B. Limanowski, Historia demokracji polskiej w epoce porozbiorowej, Warsaw, 1946, pp. 2, 358. 19. Roman Dmowski founded the National Democratic Movement in 1897 and in 1919 headed the Polish Delegation to the Peace Conference. He wanted a Poland for the Poles, rejecting expansion after the war into the ethnically non-Polish territories of the former Rzeczpospolita. Pil/sudski, first a socialist then a nationalist, was accepted as President and then Commander in Chief in the Russo-Polish war 1920–21. His idea of Poland was an extensive federation of Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine. 20. J. Pil/sudski, Pisma, Mowy, Rozkazy, vol.V, Warszawa, 1937, p. 390. 21. M. Niedzial/kowski, Demokracja parlamentarna w Polsce, Warsaw, 1930, p. 12; J. Pil/sudski, Pisma, Mowy, Rozkazy, vol.V, p. 390. 235 236 Notes 22. B. Urbankowski, Józef Pil/sudski marzyciel strateg, vol.2, Warsaw, 1997, p. 390; M.K. Dziewanowski, ‘Pil/sudski’s Federal Policy, 1919–1921’, Journal of Central European Affairs, vol.10, no.2, July 1950, Part I, pp. 119–22. 23. M.M. Drozdowski, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Zarys Biografii politycznej, Warsaw, 1981, p. 133. 24. That is, the expansion of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Jagiellonian dynasty, 1385–1572. 25. During the 1930s he published a magazine called Przeglad Wschodni entirely devoted to the problems of the Soviet Union. 26. J. Grzegorzewski, Ku czarnomorzu. Zarys bal/tycko – czarnomorskiej dynamiki ludów, Kraków, 1979, p. 19. 27. J. Lewandowski, ‘Pierwsze próby integracji Europy Srodkowej´ po i wojnie ´swiatowej na tle rywalizacji polsko-czechosl/owackiej’, in R. Gerber ed., Studia z dziejów ZSRR i Europy Srodkowej´ , vol.II, Wrocl/aw – Warsaw – Kraków, 1967, pp. 147–8. 28. ibid., pp. 153–5. 29. ibid., pp. 156–7. 30. Emmanuel Malynski, How to Save Europe, London, Cecil Palmer, 1925, first pub. France, 1922. 31. Feliks Gross and M. Kamil Dziewanowski, ‘Plans by Exiles from East European Countries’, in Walter Lipgens ed., The European Idea 1914–1932, Chapel Hill and London, University of North Carolina Press, 1983, p. 158; John Pomian ed., Józef Retinger: Memoirs of an Eminence Grise, London, Sussex University Press, 1972, p. 72. 32. Vojtech Mastny, ‘The Historical Experience of Federalism in East Central Europe’, East European Politics and Societies, vol.14, no.1, Winter 2000, p. 79; ‘News from Invaded Nations’, New Europe, vol.1, no.8, July 1941. 33. For an extended discussion of Retinger’s career see, for example, Thierry Grosbois, ‘The Activities of Józef Retinger in Support of the European Idea: 1940–1946’, in Thomas Lane and Marian S. Wolan´ski eds, Poland and European Unity: Ideas and Reality, Wrocl/aw, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocl/awskiego, 2007. 34. ‘O polska˛ teze˛ bezpieczen´stwa’, Kurier Warszawski, 29 March 1936. 2 A fine idea 1. Józef Garlin´ski, Poland in the Second World War, London, Macmillan, 1985, p. 25; John Erickson, ‘The Red Army’s March into Poland, September 1939’, in Keith Sword ed., The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces 1939–41, Basingstoke, Macmillan in assn. with SSEES, 1991, pp. 20–2. 2. Keith Sword, with Norman Davies and Jan Ciechanowski, The Formation of the Polish Community in Great Britain, 1939–1950, London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, 1989, p. 37; Malcolm J.Proudfoot, European Refugees 1939–1952: A Study in Forced Population Movement, Evanston IL, Northwestern University Press, 1956, p. 35; Michael Hope, Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union: Origins of Post-War Settlement in Great Britain, London, Veritas Foundation Publication Centre, 1998, p. 6; Garlin´ski, p. 55. Notes 237 3. Sword, with Davies and Ciechanowski, p. 37; Garlin´ski, pp. 55, 88; Hope, pp. 6–8. 4. Hope, p. 8; Keith Sword, Identity in Flux: The Polish Community in Britain, London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, 1996; Jerzy Zubrzycki, Polish Immigrants in Britain: A Study of Adjustment, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1956, p. 54. 5. Sword, with Davies and Ciechanowski, pp. 40–50; Proudfoot, pp. 65–6; Zubrzycki, p. 55. For a broad overview of the exodus of Polish combatants and civilians to Britain see Thomas Lane, Victims of Stalin and Hitler: The Exodus of Poles and Balts to Britain, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. 6. J. /Laptos and M. Misztal, ‘American Debates on Central European Union 1942–1944’, in Documents of the American State Department, Brussels, PIE-Peter Lang, 2002, p. 19. 7. Wiadomo´sci Polskie, 15 November, 1940, quoted in Walter Lipgens ed., Documents on the History of European Integration, vol.2, Berlin and New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1986, VIII ‘East European Plans for the Future of Europe: The Example of Poland’, p. 627. 8. Thomas G. Masaryk, The New Europe (The Slav Standpoint), Lewisburg, Bucknell University Press, 1918, p. 77. 9./ Laptos and Misztal, p. 28. 10. Polish Library and Cultural Institute (henceforth POSK) London, Retinger Papers 1280/Rps, no.24a, ‘My Part in the Movement for the Unity of Europe’, p. 8. 11. Feliks Gross and M. Kamil Dziewanowski, ‘Plans by Exiles from East European Countries’, in Walter Lipgens ed., Documents on the History of European Integration, vol.2, Plans for European Union in Great Britain and in Exile, 1939–1945, Berlin, New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1986, p. 359. 12. Gross and Dziewanowski, p. 357; Lawrence L. Barrell, ‘Poland and East European Union 1939–1945’, The Polish Review, vol.III, nos. 1–2, Winter–Spring 1958, p. 101; the original and extended title of New Europe was New Europe and World Reconstruction, which indicated its initial universalist aspirations. 13. Gross and Dziewanowski, pp. 358–60. 14. Gross, Crossroads, pp. 25–6; Gross, ‘Views of East European Transnational Groups on the Postwar Order in Europe’, in Lipgens ed., Documents, vol.2, 1986, pp. 754–5; Barrell, p. 94. 15. Files of the Central and East European Planning Board, New York, 14 January, 1942; the civilian organisations were complemented by an organisation made up of officers and men of the Polish Second Army Corps in Italy called Intermarium, a precursor of a post-war organisation of the same name. This too called for a federal union of all countries between the four seas, the Baltic, Black, Aegean and Adriatic, Gross and Dziewanowski, p. 360. 16. Gross, ‘Views’, p. 775; Gross, Crossroads, pp. 40–1; Stephen Borsody, The Tragedy of Central Europe: Nazi and Soviet Conquest and Aftermath, revised ed. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1980, p. 104. 17. See for a brief discussion of this topic Oscar Halecki, ‘The Problem of Federalism in the History of East Central Europe’, The Polish Review, Summer 1960. 18. Dov Biegun, ‘A Mid-European Confederation’, September 1943, in Lipgens ed., Documents, vol.2. 238 Notes 19. Ilia Neustadt, Regional Understanding and Federalism (rept. From the Czechoslovak Year Book of International Law, 1942), London, Czechoslovak Branch of the International Law Association, 1942, p. 141. 20. In a speech to the Central and East Europe Planning Board, 27 November 1942, the Public Record Office London (now National Archives, henceforth NA), NA FO371 34560 C231/231/55, 1 January 1943. 21. Lipgens ed., Documents, 1986, 2, VIII, pp. 628–9. 22. Gross, Crossroads, pp. 35–6. 23. Feliks Gross, ‘United Europe or Spheres of Influence?’, New Europe, vol.IV, no.10, December 1944; Adam Zól/towski, Germany Russia and Central Europe, Free Europe Pamphlet no.4, London, March 1942, pp. 6–9. 24. A. Suha, Economic Problems of Eastern Europe and Federalism, Cambridge, Galloway and Porter, 1942; Zól/towski, p. 25. 25. The Polish Review, vol.III, no.1, 4 January 1943; Gross, Crossroads, p. 20. 26. Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London, (henceforth PISM), Wszelaki papers, KOL 39/19, ‘The Problem of Central and South-Eastern Europe’, mem- orandum of Polish Government to Anthony Eden, December 1942, pp. 1–2. 27. PISM Wszelaki papers, KOL 39/35, ‘The Doctrine and the Practical Aspects of a Central and East European Union of Nations’, lecture by Jan Wszelaki to the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 17 March 1943, pp.
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