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The History of Scotland from the Accession of Alexander III. to The

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA THE GIFT OF MAY TREAT MORRISON IN MEMORY OF ALEXANDER F MORRISON ,,%>> y< 0///- ^P ^ j n v:) jo M i \NGELfj: HISTORY SCOTLAND. THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND, ACCESSION OF ALEXANDER III. TO THE UNION. BY PATRICK FRASER TYTLER, ' * F.R.S.E. AND F.A.S. NEW EDITION. IN TEN VOLUMES. VOL. I. EDINBURGH: WILLIAM P. NIMMO. 1866. 760 v.t NOTE TO THE NEW EDITION. THIS New Edition has been carefully cor- rected ; the authorities have been re-examined ; the quotations and references compared and tested by the originals. 438723 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. I HAVE commenced the HISTORY OF SCOTLAND at the accession of Alexander the Third, because it is at this period that our national annals become particularly interesting to the general reader. During the reign of this monarch, Eng- land first began to entertain serious thoughts of the reduction of her sister country. The dark cloud of misfortune which gathered over Scot- land immediately after the death of Alexander, suggested to Edward the First his schemes of in ambition and conquest ; and perhaps, the history of Liberty, there is no more memorable war than that which took its rise under Wallace in 1297, and terminated in the final establish- ment of Scottish independence by Robert Bruce in 1328. In the composition of the present work, I have anxiously endeavoured to examine the most authentic sources of information, and to convey Vlii PREFACE. to my reader a true picture of the times without prepossession or partiality. To have done so, partakes more of the nature of a grave duty than of a merit ; and even after this has been accomplished, there will remain ample room for many imperfections. If, in the execution of my plan, I have been obliged to differ on some points of importance from authors of established cele- brity, I have fully stated the grounds of my opinion in the Notes and Illustrations, which are at the end of each I printed volume ; and trust that I shall not be blamed for the freedom of my remarks, until the historical authorities upon which they are founded have been exa- mined and compared. EDINBCKGH, April 12, 1828. CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME. CHAP. I. ALEXANDER THE THIRD. 1149-1292. Page MEMOIR OF THE AUTHOR, xvH Accession of Alexander III. 1 State of the Kingdom 2-5 Coronation 6-7 The King's Marriage 7-9 Jealousy of English Influence 10 Change of Councillors 12 Visit of Alexander and his Queen to England . 14 The English faction put down by the Comyns . 15 Unhappy State of the Country 17 Second Visit of Alexander and his Queen to the English Court 19 Birth of the Princess Margaret at Windsor ... 20 Jealousies between Alexander and Haco king of Norway . 21 Haco invades Scotland . 23 Details of the Norwegian Expedition 24-30 Distress of the Norwegian fleet 31 Battle of Largs 33-35 36 Defeat of the Norwegians i Death of King Haco in Orkney 38 Birth of a Scottish Prince 39 Submission of Man and the Western Isles, and settlement of the quarrel with Norway 40 Demands of Fieschi the Papal Legate on the Scottish Clergy 41 Their spirited resistance . 42 Marriage of Robert de Bruce, father of King Robert Bruce, to Marjory countess of Carrick ..... 43 X CONTENTS. Page Death of Henry III. of England 43 Accession of Edward 1 44 Alexander III. and his Queen attend the Coronation of Ed- ward ib. Alexander deputes the Earl of Carrick to perform homage to Edward in his name, for the lands which he holds of him 46 Marriage of Princess Margaret of Scotland to Eric king of Norway 47 Marriage of the Prince Royal of Scotland . 48 Death of the Prince Royal, and his sister Margaret queen of Norway ib. Settlement of the succession, and second marriage of Alex- ander III 49 Death of Alexander III 50 Reflections on his reign ....... 50-53 Accession of Margaret, the grand-daughter of Alexander III., and appointment of a Regency ..... 54 Precarious state of the kingdom 55 Projects of Edward ib. Convention of Bruce the Competitor, and his friends at Turn- berry ib. Eric king of Norway sends Plenipotentiaries to treat with Ed- ward 57 Conferences at Salisbury 58-60 Meeting of the Scottish Estates at Brigham . 61-62 Articles of the Treaty of Brigham 63-65 Edward's demand for the delivery of the Scottish castles . 66 It is refused ib. Death of the Maiden of Norway ib. Troubled state of the kingdom 67 Edward's measures . 68 Conference at Norham 70 Edward's claim as Lord Paramount ..... ib. The competitors for the Crown assemble at Norham . 72 Recognise Edward as Superior 73 Proceedings at Norham 74-76 Edward's progress through Scotland ib. He meets the Competitors at Berwick . 77 Arguments of Bruce and Baliol 78-83 Edward decides in favour of Baliol 84 Baliol's Coronation . 85 He swears homage to Edward ib. CONTENTS. XI CHAP. II. JOHN BALIOL. 1292-1305. Page Edward treats Baliol with harshness 88 Baliol's subjection 89 Summoned to England . ..... 90 His reply 92 Parliament at Scone 93 Baliol confined by the Scots, and a Regency appointed . 95 Treaty with France . ib. A war with England ib. Edward invades Scotland ....... 96 Siege and sack of Berwick 97-98 Baliol's renunciation of his homage ..... 99 Defence of Dunbar by Black Agnes 100 Defeat of the Scots at Dunbar 101 Edward's continued success 102 Baliol's feudal penance ....... 103 He is sent with his son to the Tower 104 INTERREGNUM. Edward's progress through Scotland 105 Carries the stone of Scone, and the Scottish Regalia, to West- minster ib. Holds his Parliament at Berwick 106 Settlement of Scotland 106-107 Hatred against the English 108 Rise of WILLIAM WALLACE 109 His first exploits 110-111 He is joined by Sir William Douglas 112 Surprises and routs Ormesby, the English Justiciary . ib. Wallace joined by the Steward of Scotland, and other barons 113 Inconsistent conduct of Bruce ib. Henry Percy invades Scotland 115 Convention at Irvine 116 Wallace's successes 117-118 Critical position of the English army .... 119-121 Battle of Stirling, and defeat of the English . 122-124 Xll CONTENTS. Page Surrender of Dundee to Wallace 125 He occupies Berwick ib. Wallace invades England 127-129 Lord Robert Clifford invades Annandale . 130 Wallace chosen Governor of Scotland 131 Edward's decided measures 133 Earl of Surrey advances to Roxburgh 134 Edward invades Scotland 136 Difficulties of Wallace 137 Edward advances to Templeliston, now Kirkliston . 138 Critical situation of the English army . 140 Treachery of the Earls of Dunbar and Angus . 141-142 Position of the two armies 143-144 Defeat of the Scots at Falkirk 145-146 Edward's Progress after the battle 147 Retreats to Carlisle 148 Wallace resigns the office of Governor .... 149 A Regency appointed 150 The King of France's efforts to bring about peace . 151 Baliol retires to France 154 Edward assembles an army . 155 The Scottish Regents become masters of Stirling . 156 Edward invades Scotland 157 His difficulties 158 A truce ib. The Pope claims Scotland as belonging to the Church of Rome 159-161 Edward's indignation 162 Parliament at Lincoln . 163 Letter of the barons and community of England to the Pope 164-165 Edward invades Scotland . 166 The Scots deserted by the Pope and by Philip . 167-168 English defeated at Roslin 170 Ungenerous conduct of Philip 171 Distresses of the Scots 172 Edward invades Scotland 173 His desolating progress . 174 His success 175 Submission of Comyn the Governor 177 Wallace retreats into the mountains . 178 and Siege reduction of Stirling castle .... 179-182 Edward's severity 183 CONTENTS. Xlll Page Wallace betrayed by Sir John Menteith . 185 His trial and execution . 186 Settlement of Scotland by Edward 187 CHAP. III. ROBERT BRUCE. 1305-1314. Early character of Brace 189 His great estates and connexions 190 Rivalry with the Comyns 193 Is in favour with Edward I. 194 Relative situation of Bruce and Comyn . 195 Agreement between Bruce and Comyn . 196 Comyn betrays the design ib. Comyn slain by Bruce and Kirkpatrick . 198 Critical situation of Bruce 199 He openly asserts his right to the Crown .... 200 He is crowned at Scone . 201 Measures taken by Edward 204 He proceeds to Carlisle 206 Bruce defeated at Methven ...... 207 Bruce and his friends driven into the mountains . 208 Attacked by the Lord of Lorn 209 Sends his Queen to Kildrummie castle . 210 Bruce takes refuge in Rachrin 212 Edward's severity ib. Cruel imprisonment of the Countess of Buchan . 213 Execution of Nigel Bruce and Christopher de Seton . 214-215 Execution of the Earl of Athole 216 Execution of Sir Simon Eraser 217 Bruce and his adherents excommunicated . 218 Bruce in Arran 219 He passes over to Carrick and attacks Lord Percy . ib. Sir James Douglas storms Douglas castle . 221 Execution of Thomas and Alexander Bruce . 222 Bruce attacked by John of Lorn and Lord Pembroke . 223 Bruce defeats Pembroke at Loudon Hill . 228 He defeats the Earl of Gloucester , . 22SI VOL. L CONTENTS. Pag* Death of Edward 1 229 230 Bruce, and Edward Bruce, invade Galloway . Edward II. appoints the Earl of Richmond, Governor of Scotland .231 He attacks Bruce, who retreats to the north of Scotland . ib. Bruce's dangerous sickness 232 He defeats the Earl of Buchan at Inverury . 233 Continued success of Bruce 234 Indecision of Edward II ib. Edward Bruce reduces Galloway .... 236-237 Successes of Sir James Douglas 238 Randolph taken prisoner by Douglas ib.
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