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Evolution of Alteration and Mineralization at the Red Chris Cu-Au Porphyry Deposit East Zone, Northwestern British Columbia, Canada

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Evolution of Alteration and Mineralization at the Red Chris Cu-Au Porphyry Deposit East Zone, Northwestern British Columbia, Canada Evolution of Alteration and Mineralization at the Red Chris Cu-Au Porphyry Deposit East Zone, Northwestern British Columbia, Canada by Jessica Rose Norris B.Sc., Hons., The University of Alberta, 2006 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Geological Sciences) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April, 2012 © Jessica Rose Norris 2012 i Abstract Located in northwestern British Columbia within the Stikine terrane, the Red Chris Cu- Au porphyry deposit is hosted in the Late Triassic Red Stock (~203.8 Ma). The Red Stock is a quartz monzodiorite to monzonite intrusion hosted in the broadly contemporaneous volcanic rocks of the Stuhini Group. Red Chris has features that are characteristic of calc-alkalic and alkalic porphyry deposits and shares many similarities with the Ridgeway deposit of the Cadia district in New South Wales, Australia. A combined measured and indicated resource of 936 million tonnes at 0.374 % Cu, 0.385 g/t Au, and 1.224 g/t Ag has been outlined from the Main and East zones. Copper and gold are associated with bornite, chalcopyrite and lesser pyrite, hosted in quartz veins and stockworks as disseminations and fracture-controlled veinlets. High-grade mineralization is directly associated with high quartz vein density. Copper-iron sulphide minerals are laterally zoned, with a bornite > chalcopyrite core, grading outward to a chalcopyrite > pyrite shell and outward and upward to a pyrite > chalcopyrite halo. Five major groups of veins are recognized, of which the oldest two sets contain much of the copper and gold. Stable isotopic analysis indicates the presence of magmatic and mixed magmatic- meteoric hydrothermal fluids. Evidence from sulphur isotopes demonstrates a high temperature oxidized magmatic fluid was responsible for transporting and depositing much of the copper and gold. A vertical and lateral zonation in sulphur isotopes exists, whereby deep regions exhibit δ34S values between -1.9 to -0.9 ‰ and transition to near-surface regions in the pyrite halo that exhibit δ34S values between +0.9 to +1.9 ‰. Isotopic analysis of oxygen and deuterium of hydrothermal alteration minerals provide evidence for a magmatic fluid (secondary biotite and muscovite) and a mixed magmatic-meteoric fluid (illite and kaolinite). Low temperature clay alteration (illite-kaolinite; intermediate argillic assemblage) significantly overprinted high temperature alteration (K-silicate, phyllic) in the upper levels of the system and gradually diminished intensity with depth. Carbonate veins and alteration also characterize the shallow levels and isotopic analysis of carbon and oxygen suggest a magmatic source with the possibility of minor mixing with an external meteoric fluid. ii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ ix List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... xv Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... xvii Dedication .................................................................................................................................. xviii 1 Introduction and Rationale for Study ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Alkalic and Calc-alkalic Porphyry Deposits .................................................................... 3 1.2 Red Chris .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Exploration History and Discovery of High-Grade to Depth ................................... 7 1.2.3 Alkalic and Calc-alkalic Associations ...................................................................... 8 1.2.4 Low Temperature Clay Alteration Overprint ........................................................... 9 1.2.5 Carbonate Veins and Alteration ................................................................................ 9 1.2.6 Similarities with the Cadia District ......................................................................... 10 1.3 Thesis Objectives and Outline of Thesis ........................................................................ 11 1.4 Support for Project ......................................................................................................... 12 2 Tectonic and Geological Settings of Porphyry Deposits of the Canadian Cordillera ................ 14 2.1 The Canadian Cordillera and Intermontane Superterrane .............................................. 14 2.1.1 Morphogeological Belts of the Canadian Cordillera .............................................. 14 2.1.2 The Intermontane Superterrane ............................................................................... 17 2.1.3 Quesnellia ............................................................................................................... 19 2.1.3.1 Volcanic Rocks of Quesnellia ......................................................................... 20 2.1.3.2 Plutonic Rocks of Quesnellia .......................................................................... 21 2.1.4 Stikinia .................................................................................................................... 22 2.1.4.1 Volcanic Rocks of Stikinia .............................................................................. 23 2.1.4.2 Plutonic Rocks of Stikinia ............................................................................... 24 2.2 Porphyry Deposits of the Canadian Cordillera .............................................................. 25 2.2.1 Pre-Accretionary Calc-alkalic Porphyry Deposits of the Canadian Cordillera ...... 27 2.2.2 Pre-Accretionary Alkalic Deposits of the Canadian Cordillera .............................. 28 2.3 Regional Geology and Structure of Red Chris ............................................................... 29 2.3.1 Stratified Rocks ....................................................................................................... 33 2.3.1.1 Late Paleozoic Stikine Assemblage ................................................................. 33 2.3.1.2 Late Triassic Stuhini Group Volcanic and Sedimentary Rocks ...................... 33 iii 2.3.1.3 Triassic-Jurassic Conglomerate ....................................................................... 33 2.3.1.4 Jurassic Hazelton Group .................................................................................. 34 2.3.1.5 Middle Jurassic Bowser Lake Group............................................................... 37 2.3.1.6 Cenozoic Maitland Volcanics .......................................................................... 38 2.3.2 Intrusive Rocks ....................................................................................................... 38 2.3.2.1 Early Mississippian Granodiorite .................................................................... 38 2.3.2.2 Red Stock, Ealue Stock and Related Intrusions .............................................. 39 2.3.2.3 Edon, Rose and Related Intrusions .................................................................. 39 2.3.2.4 Regional Structures.......................................................................................... 39 2.3.2.5 Red Chris Deposit Structures .......................................................................... 40 2.3.3 Environment of Formation ...................................................................................... 41 2.4 Comparison of Selected Northern Stikinia Porphyry Deposits with Red Chris ............ 41 2.4.1 GJ ............................................................................................................................ 43 2.4.2 Schaft Creek ............................................................................................................ 44 2.4.3 Galore Creek ........................................................................................................... 46 2.4.4 Comparisons with Red Chris .................................................................................. 48 2.4.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 50 3 Red Chris and the Porphyry Cu Model: Lithology, Alteration, Veins and Mineralization ....... 52 3.1 Methods: Field Data Collection ..................................................................................... 52 3.2 Lithology ........................................................................................................................ 54 3.2.1 Stuhini Group Volcanic Rocks and Mafic-Derived Sedimentary Rocks ................ 54
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