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Assessing the Implications of Technology on Sustainability of Rural Water Supply in Dodoma, Tanzania Ephraim M. Tonya Dissertati

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Assessing the Implications of Technology on Sustainability of Rural Water Supply in Dodoma, Tanzania Ephraim M. Tonya Dissertati View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Library of Open University of Tanzania ASSESSING THE IMPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY ON SUSTAINABILITY OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN DODOMA, TANZANIA EPHRAIM M. TONYA DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTERS DEGREE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT OF THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA 2015 ii CERTIFICATION The undersigned certifies that he has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by the Open University of Tanzania a dissertation paper entitled assessing the implications of water supply technology on the sustainability of rural water supply in Dodoma region, Tanzania, in fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Project Management of the Open University of Tanzania. …………………………………………………….. Dr. Salum Mohamed Supervisor …………………….……………….. Date iii COPYRIGHT No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval System, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, Photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the Author or the Open University of Tanzania in that behalf. iv DECLARATION I, Ephraim M. Tonya, do hereby declare that this is my own original work and that has not been presented and will not be presented to any other University for a similar or any other degree award. ……………………………………………. Ephraim M. Tonya …………….………………… Date v DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my beloved wife Advocate Margaret Alex Mbona and our daughter Livia Ephraim Tonya “Nothing could have been possible without your love” vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Many people have provided support in writing this research and the names that will appear in this part are not in order of priority. I would like to thank the Almighty God for the strength and good health during the whole course of my study. It would have been impossible to concentrate much in writing this work without a good education foundation that has been laid down by my parents, Ephrem B. M Tonya (Snr) and Hawa A. Msuya. No words can suffice to express my thanks you. Thanks to you my lovely wife Margaret A. Mbona thanks for being passionate and a good wife during the whole period of study and my daughter Livia E. Tonya, you are still young to understand the strength you are giving me every time I think of you. I find myself wordless when I remember the material and skills support from my supervisor, Dr. Salum Mohamed from the Open University of Tanzania. Thank you for your guidance all the way towards writing this research. To the acting District Water Engineers, Mr. Buhoro of Bahi, Mr. Mzuli of Chamwino and your officers, I say thank you! To the communities where I happened to survey during data collection, the village leaders and development committees represented by the Village Water Committees, Community Owned Water Supply Organizations, MAMADO; you are so many that is hard to write names of everyone of you here but I value so much your contribution in achieving this milestone. vii ABSTRACT This study assessed sustainability of rural water supply projects in Bahi and Chamwino districts, Dodoma, central Tanzania. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design. In order to study different types of projects two strata were created basing on extraction methods used. A total of 24 projects were surveyed across the study area and 136 respondents were interviewed. Multiple data collection methods such as FGDs and Interviews were used. The collected data were processed and analysed using descriptive analysis method. The study found that there was very limited involvement of the beneficiaries in the decision of the type of affordable and appropriate water supply technologies. Nearly all the respondents denied to have been involved in decision on water supply technology options that would suit their needs. A majority of the surveyed projects were found to be functional; however, the remaining small fraction of 10.3% and 30.4% non functional schemes in Bahi and Chamwino respectively signified that there were some communities that did not have access to safe and clean water supply due to technical challenges caused by the chosen water supply technologies. The study established a very strong negative correlation coefficient (r = -91.99%) between the technology used and sustainability of the project. It was recommended to the external actor side that transparency should be well observed at community level thereby sharing with the beneficiaries on all the technological options, their advantages and disadvantages, and wherever possible to consider and respect technologies in which the communities have experience so as to enhance sustainability of the particular rural water supply projects. viii TABLE OF CONTENT CERTIFICATION ................................................................................................. II COPYRIGHT ...................................................................................................... III DECLARATION ................................................................................................. IV DEDICATION ....................................................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................... VI ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ VII TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................... VIII LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................XIV LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ XV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................XVI CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the Research Problem.............................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem ................................................................. 3 1.3 Research Objectives .......................................................................................... 5 ix 1.3.1 General Research Objective ............................................................................. 5 1.3.2 Specific Research Objectives ........................................................................... 5 1.4 Research Questions ........................................................................................... 5 1.5 Significance of the Study ................................................................................... 6 1.6 Scope of the Study ............................................................................................. 6 1.7 Organization of the Study ................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................... 8 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Conceptual Definitions ...................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Sustainability ................................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 Rural Water Supply .......................................................................................... 9 2.2.3 Defining Water Supply Technology ................................................................. 9 2.3 Theoretical Review ............................................................................................ 9 2.3.1 Dependency Theory ....................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 Demand-Responsiveness Theory .................................................................... 10 2.3.3 Modernization Theory .................................................................................... 11 2.3.4 Community Participation ............................................................................... 13 2.3.5 Type of Rural Water Supply Technologies ..................................................... 15 2.3.6 Technology Affordability ............................................................................... 16 2.3.7 Sustainability Dimensions .............................................................................. 16 x 2.3.8 Sustainability against Design Period and Cost Recovery ................................ 17 2.3.9 Policy Review ................................................................................................ 18 2.3.9.1 Sector Direction Guided by the National Water Policy 2002 ....................... 18 2.3.9.2 Rural Water Supply in Tanzania .................................................................. 18 2.3.9.3 Management Practices of Community Based Water Projects in Tanzania .... 19 2.4 Empirical Literature Review .......................................................................... 19 2.5 Research Gap .................................................................................................. 26 2.6 Conceptual framework ................................................................................... 28 2.7 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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