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The Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Variations on Household Food Status in Bahi District, Tanzania

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The Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Variations on Household Food Status in Bahi District, Tanzania Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.6, No.12 2016 The Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Variations on Household Food Status in Bahi District, Tanzania Helena E. Myeya 1 * Abdallah A. Kamangu 2 1.Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Geography, Mkwawa University College of Education, P.O.Box 2513, Iringa, Tanzania 2.College of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Dodoma P.O.Box 395, Dodoma, Tanzania Abstract This paper is an attempt to examine the socio-economic factors influencing variations on household food status in Ibugule and Kigwe villages, Bahi district, Tanzania. A mixed method approach through cross sectional research design was employed to 130 household heads aged 18 years and above. Interviews, focus group discussion, documentary review and field observation techniques were used in data collection. Descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages were used to analyze quantitative data while content analysis has been used to analyze qualitative data. The relationship between demographic characteristics and the status of household food security was tested through Pearson Chi-square Tests at 5% significant level. The main socio- economic factors identified as influencing variations on household food status were demographic variables such as sex, age, marital status, household sizes and household heads’ occupations. Other factors include labour variations, variations on the use of agricultural inputs and equipments as well as improper usage of household grains. The correlation results indicate significant influence of sex, marital status, education level, household size and occupation on household food status variations while age had insignificant influence. It is concluded that, variations on household food status in Bahi district is aggravated by socio-economic characteristics though the amount of grain harvested is mainly controlled by climatic factors. Therefore, in addition to providing food aid at times of dire food shortages caused by recurring droughts, other measures such as education on post-harvest loses, proper use of the harvested grains, availability of soft loans and provision of agricultural education on good farming techniques ought to be effected in order to improve crop production and supply consequently, reduce transitory households food insecurity. Keywords: Socio-economic factors, household food status, transitory food insecurity, grains, Bahi, Tanzania 1. Introduction Food insecurity has become a chronic and widespread problem in the world including Tanzania. The problem is on the increase, even in advanced industrialized countries like Canada where each year an estimated 833,098 people each month depend on food banks (Rosen et al, 2014; Tarasuk, Mitchell and Dachner, 2014; Shawn and Diana, 2013). About 17.9 million people in the United States are reported to be unable to buy enough food to maintain good health (Coleman et al, 2011). Like Europe, African continent has been suffering from food shortages for several centuries (FAO and WFP, 2014; Mthuli et al, 2012). The severity of the problem varies from one African sub-region to another however; the situation is reported to be extremely worse in sub Saharan Africa (FAO, 2014; Mthuli et al, 2012; Thornton, 2011). The region remains the most malnourished in the world where one in every four children under the age of five years is underweight (FAO, 2014). East Africa with a far smaller population has more than twice 42% of hungry people as compared to West Africa which is more populated than any other African sub-region with only 18% lowest number of hungry people. The proportion is also higher in Central and Southern Africa which are also far more lightly populated (Mthuli et al, 2012; Mukhabi, 2011). Tanzania has had a long history of famines in both pre and post-independence period and these have largely been blamed on the vagaries of climate and sometimes pests (Bryceson, 1990; Banyikwa, 1990). Drought has been singled out as the most important cause (FAO, 2014; WFP, 2014; Mthuli et al, 2012). Of all parts affected by drought and food shortages, Dodoma region seems to be the most severely affected (Gosbert, 2012). It is a region in which food security problems abound. Reference to food insecurity in this region is linked to its history of periodic droughts. Literature shows a pattern of crop failure after every four years because of drought or pests. This leads to serious food shortages in such years usually calling for food aid from outside the region (Liwenga 2003; Banyikwa 1990). The problem however, is not confined to such years only. Transitory (seasonal) food shortage is reported to occur almost every year in many parts of Dodoma region (Brown, 2013; Gosbert, 2012). Transitory food shortage is more pronounced in Bahi district than in any other district in Dodoma region. The district is the poorest with a larger number of people who are food insecure since its establishment in 2006 (BDC, 2008). The problem intensifies in the period of January to March before the new harvest. Households tend to have used all the preserved food while the anticipated new harvests are not yet ripe. The 42 Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.6, No.12 2016 causes for food crises are mainly pegged on natural factors. Very little is said concerning socio-economic factors that may either, by themselves cause food insecurity or aggravate the problem already triggered by natural factors. This study therefore, intends to examine the socioeconomic factors influencing transitory household food insecurity in Bahi district, Dodoma region, Tanzania. 2. Methodology 2.1 Description of the Study Area Bahi district is one of the six districts of Dodoma region. The district is found in the central plateau of Tanzania, west of Dar es Salaam city. The District extends between latitudes 6° 00' and 6° 30' south and between longitudes 35° 00' and 37° 00' east. It has a total land area of 6,100 square kilometers. Administratively, it is divided into four divisions namely Mwitikira, Chipanga, Bahi and Mundemu. These are further sub-divided into 20 wards and 56 villages. The studied wards are shown in Map 3.1. They are Ibugule and Kigwe from Bahi and Mwitikira divisions respectively. Map 1. Location of Bahi District showing Ibugule and Kigwe wards 2.2 Research Design and sampling procedures The study employed a cross sectional research design. The design was used on the grounds that, it allows the collection of data from different groups of respondents at a time. Both purposive and simple random sampling techniques were employed to select the study area and sample households. Purposive sampling was used to select the district and villages for study where Bahi district and its villages of Kigwe and Ibugule were sampled for study. Simple random sampling was employed to select two studied wards out of twenty wads in Bahi district. All the twenty wards were written in pieces of paper, mixed up in a box and then one piece after another was picked without replacement. Kigwe and Ibugule wards were selected after the exercise. A total of 130 households were selected, approximately 5.6% of the total households. According to Boyd et al, (1981) five percent of the study population can suffice a sample under a certain circumstances. To get proportional sample of each village, 5.6% of the total households were taken. The exercise resulted to a sample of 50 households in 43 Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.6, No.12 2016 Ibugule and 80 households in Kigwe, thus making a total of 130 households. Thereafter Key Informants (KI) were purposively selected. These comprised two village agricultural extension officers, the District Agricultural Officer (DAO), two Village Executive Officers (VEOs) and ten villagers constituting males and females. The ten villagers (five from each village) formed the Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The selection of these respondents was done with the help of the VEOs who provided to the researcher the names of people whom were thought could provide the required information. 2.3 Data collection methods, analysis and presentation The study involved both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods including interviews, focus group discussion, documentary review and field observations. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to households’ heads with age 20 and above. The age 20 was chosen as a starting point because many people in that age especially in villages have families. In-depth interviews were conducted between the researcher and village leaders who provided information on transitory food insecurity in their villages and documentary review was used to supplement missing information. Conversely, focus group discussion and field observation were used to collect qualitative data. Focus Group Discussions were conducted to ten selected elders both males and females. The purpose was to get general information on the causes of transitory food insecurity in the area. Field observation was used to cross check the physical availability of food and other behaviours related to the use of grains. Furthermore, descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages and mean were carried out with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 16.0) and Microsoft Excel 2003). Content analysis was employed in analyzing qualitative data collected through key informants interviews and FGD. Thematic analysis was employed in cording and analyzing qualitative data obtained from the field. Results on quantitative data have been presented through tables and figures while the qualitative data were presented through quotations. 3. Results and Discussions 3.1 Available food and food status in the study area The total amount of food available in a household in a year determines whether the household is food secure or insecure (FAO, 2009).
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