five | The Americas 149 18 | Crash into me, baby: America’s implicit music censorship since 11 September ERIC NUZUM
‘Freedom has been attacked, but freedom will be defended.’ These were the words of President George Bush shortly after the 11 September terrorist attacks on the United States. Bush went on to say that the terrorists ‘cannot touch the foundation of America’ and ‘we go forward to defend freedom’.1 Despite Bush’s rhetoric, the actions of the US government demonstrated a slightly different tactic for protecting the American way of life. Within hours of the attacks, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) installed its controversial Carnivore system at some Internet providers to monitor and eavesdrop on electronic communications, especially those to and from accounts with Arabic names and words in the user IDs. Within two days, the US Senate had adopted legislation making it easier for the FBI to obtain warrants. Also, within a week of the attacks, many elected representatives were promoting ‘anti-terrorism’ legislation designed to allow law enforcement to gather private financial and education records and information, to expand the definition of ‘terrorist’ to anyone who knows or should know that an organ- ization they support in any way is a terrorist organization, and to seize the property of those so suspected.2 The words of other politicians didn’t match those of their commander-in- chief. US Senators Jon Kyl (Republican, Arizona) and Trent Lott (Republican, Mississippi), and House Democratic Leader Richard Gephardt (Democrat, Missouri), all said that the erosion of civil liberties was ‘inevitable’. ‘We’re in a new world,’ Gephardt said, ‘we have to rebalance freedom and security.’ Ver- mont’s governor, Howard Dean, said the crisis would require ‘a re-evaluation of the importance of some of our specific civil liberties’. The American people seemed to get the message sent by their government: in order for us to protect you, you’ll need to give up some of your freedom. The message resonated with the public, with an ABC-Washington Post poll finding 66 per cent of Americans willing to give up some civil liberties to combat terrorism. Further complicating the protection of civil rights in the United States was the myopic jingoism permeating America, creating an atmosphere of visceral intolerance. Peace activists and civil libertarians were branded as ‘un-American’
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153 Crash into me, baby me, into Crash The Americas | 18 152 bad taste and a disregard for recognized moral standards’. In 1967, the ABC the 1967, In standards’. moral ‘show recognized for they disregard a claiming and artists,taste bad R&B black of radio rid to effort 1954 a behind youth,America’s of morality thesafeguard to order In messages).transmissioncodedtheof allow might listenerrequests (fearing it of suspension a and attacks), air plan enemies help weather might on (which forecasts ban a including practices, wartime of list a broadcasters radio its most fundamental, is freedom. isfundamental, most its human. fully be we to ability our inhibit we music, as impede Thus, nature. evocative demonstrated music’s disregard completely actions their potential, provocative suggested music’s on based actions their justify censors While life. of dullness occasional the from us distract to and intense feelings focus activities, to our both mundane of significantmost and perhapsmorethanallother forms artcombined.of We usemusicthemostin does. Diamonds’ with Sky the in ‘Lucy or Heaven’ to or ‘Stairway hear to excite ability the Americans, of not number large a may on impact directly laws search-and-seizure of wire- boundaries electronic the While and periphery. tapping their on even – liberties civil protecting definition.that of edge cutting whatonyoudefine freedom. as Music’s reach and pervasiveness theputs on it should artistic liberties be cast aside in a time of national crisis? That depends comparatively trivial in the wake of these horrible and gruesome tragedies. But imaginecanwhere thisendsup. criticizesgovernment.thatmusicplaythe You to want not may they timenext security;domesticjeopardize or tragedy by affectedthose offend to want not permissions.rightsintomightturnmonth,radio Thiswe little– a even – ship is the same. When we open up the question of ‘tasteful’ or ‘appropriate’ censor ferent back then, but the reason such potential censorship needs to be resisted Dragon)’. Magic (The ‘Puff and High’, Miles ‘Yellow‘EightSubmarine’,included songs of list Their use. drug condoning songs all remove to them warning owners radio all to telegram a administration and working with a list of songs compiled by the US Army – sent Nixon the from pressure under – Commission Communications Federal the remove all songs from airplay that ‘glorify sex, blasphemy, and drugs’. In 1970, to tried Committee Mothers’ American the called group a and network radio Music doesn’t have to be patriotic, sensitive or even make sense. Music, at Music, sense. make even or sensitivepatriotic, be to have doesn’t Music form,otherartanythanday a musicexposedmoreinAmerica,are toInwe of importance the of example multifarious a is rights artistic of Defence as Americans some by dismissed easily is music defendingUnfortunately, consideredwhatwasideaofThe offensive dangerous or havebeendifmay It just needs to be there. be to needs just It 153 Billboard magazine gotmagazine
- - Crash into me, baby me, into Crash The Americas | 18 hn ae ple hr ie fr Aeia Lf’ Te ie’ srn anti-war lookalike.BushGeorge a grenadetolive imageryincluded Madonna tossinga strong video’s The Life’. ‘American for video her pulled later then concert. the following days several for media American the in point discussion a was incident The back. money theirdemanding concert, the left and booed othersactions, the cheer did fans some While it. on jumped repeatedly and ground the to it knocked then stand, microphone a on W.Bush George President US of mask a placed YorkPost The singer. pop Iraqi exiled an featured that song anti-war an releasing for him rebuking calls phone and letterscountless received he that reporting to Specific war, the toopposition open war. his for chastised widely was KravitzLenny music: the discuss to status public and celebrity their using from writers and actors musicians, keep to efforts to devoted were programmmes Websites, shortfuse asregards any anti-war statement made bycelebrities inany media. a have to seemed war the of support in Those war. the supporting public the from and media the in treatmentvituperative and harsh receivedmovement) of points even (or focal movement anti-war were the who musicians many However, few. were censorship interestamonganti-war advocatesmostgrass-rootseventhe at level. much ignite to failed music anti-war of selection the companies, media and duepartinthetodecidedly pro-war stance takenmany bylarge entertainment and airplay. While some suggested that the limited effect of anti-war music was songswar States. United the in discussion the on impact significant a of much make to failed unilaterally,music almost Unfortunately,andoverseas. serving troops US for and actiongovernment’s the for support show to organizedefforts opposing extent,lesser far a to as, well as war the oppositionto in rolecentral a play to globally.anddomestically both intense, been has action military this for justifications the over Debate destruction. mass of weapons alleged its of country the ridding and Hussein Saddam of regime thetoppling at aimed Iraq incampaign military ainitiated Iraq, 2003 Since this chapter was first written in September 2002, the United States has Sensing the brewing hostility towards anti-war music, Madonna edited edited Madonna music, anti-war towards hostility brewing the Sensing VedderEddie singer Jam, Pearl group rock the by concert April 1 a During music direct of incidentscampaign,military the during and to up Leading As in past military conflicts involving the United States, musicians attempted 13 Although significanta roster musiciansof recorded and released anti- referred to Kravitz as the ‘enemy’s pal’. ‘enemy’s the as Kravitz to referred 15 , 14 newspaper editorials and many current-events radio and television only one (System of a Down’s‘Boom’)(Systemaoneonlysignificant sawof distribution 17 perceived 154 to be associated with the anti-war the with associated be to 16 New
155 Crash into me, baby me, into Crash The Americas | 18 154 anti-war musicians involved the country group the Dixie Chicks. In-between Chicks. Dixie the group country the involved musicians anti-war video.’ the of meaning the misinterpret might who anyone offending risk to want not do I for, pray and support I who forces, armed the for respect and sensitivity of out and world According to a statement released by the singer: ‘Due to the volatile state of the 10
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157 Crash into me, baby me, into Crash The Americas | 18 156 www.freedomforum.org aftermath ofattacks’, Notes Shelly Fabares; ‘Jump’, Van Halen;‘Jumper’,ThirdEyeBlind; ‘KillerQueen’,Queen; the EndofWorld asWe KnowIt’,REM;‘Jet Airliner’,SteveMiller;‘JohnnyAngel’, ‘In theYear 2525’,Yager andEvans;‘Intolerance’, Tool; ‘Ironic’,AlanisMorissette;‘It’s on Fire’,JohnMellencamp;‘Imagine’, JohnLennon;‘IntheAirT Carole King;‘IGotoPieces’,Peter andGordon; ‘I’monFire’,BruceSpringsteen; ‘Hit MewithYour BestShot’,Pat Benatar;‘Holy Diver’,Dio;‘IFeel theEarthMove’, AC/DC; ‘Hey Joe’,JimiHendrix;‘HeyMan,NiceShot’,Filter;‘HighwaytoHell’, AC/DC; Heavy, He’sMyBrother’,Hollies;‘HeadLikeaHole’,NineInch Nails;‘Hell’sBells’, Lee Lewis;‘HarvesterorSorrow’,Metallica;‘HaveYou SeenHer’,Chi-Lites;‘HeAin’t Together’, Youngbloods; ‘Goin’Down’,BruceSpringsteen;‘GreatBallsofFire’, Jerry The Cult;‘FlyAway’,LennyKravitz;‘Fly’,SugarRay; ‘FreeFallin’’, Tom Petty; ‘Get Days’, Soundgarden;‘Fire’,ArthurBrown;‘FireandRain’, JamesTaylor; ‘FireWoman’, ing AwayfromMe’,Korn; ‘Falling fortheFirstTime’,BarenakedLadies;‘Fell onBlack of Destruction’,BarryMcGuire;‘EvilWays’, Santana;‘Fade toBlack’,Metallica;‘Fall the Wind’,Kansas; ‘EndoftheWorld’, SkeeterDavis;‘EnterSandman’,Metallica;‘Eve in Chains;‘DreadandtheFugitive’,Megadeth;‘DuckRun’, 3DoorsDown;‘Dustin ferno’, Tramps;‘DoctorMyEyes’,JacksonBrown;‘Down’,311; ‘Down inaHole’,Alice the BlueDress’,MitchRyderandDetroitWheels;‘DirtyDeeds’, A Oingo Boingo;‘DeathBlooms’,Mudvayne;‘DevilinDisguise’,Elvis Presley;‘Devilwith Halen; ‘Daniel’,EltonJohn;‘DeadMan’sCurve’,JanandDean;P Down’, JohnMellencamp;‘DancingintheStreets’,MarthaandV ‘Crash andBurn’,SavageGarden;intoMe’,DaveMatthewsBand;‘Crumbling House’, Talking Heads;‘ChopSuey!’,SystemofaDown;‘ClickClickBoom’,Saliva; Wings’, SmashingPumpkins;‘Burnin’forYou’, BlueOysterCult;‘Burning Downthe Limp Bizkit;‘BridgeoverTroubledWater’, SimonandGarfunkel;‘BulletwithButterfly ‘Boom’, P.O.D.; ‘BoundfortheFloor’,LocalH;‘BrainStew’,Green Day;‘BreakStuff’, Soundgarden; ‘Blowin’intheWind’,Peter Paul andMary;‘Bodies’,DrowningPool; Pieces’, DaveClarkFive;‘BlackisBlack’,LosBravos;‘BlowUptheOutsideW mack; ‘Benny&TheJets’,EltonJohn;‘BigBangBaby’,StoneTemple Pilots;‘Bitsand Tears; ‘Another OneBitestheDust’,Queen;‘BadDay’,Fuel;Religion’, Gods Neil Diamond;‘American Pie’,DonMcLean;‘And WhenIDie’,BloodSweatand World withoutLove’,Peter andGordon;‘Aeroplane’, Red HotChiliPeppers; ‘America’, loons’, Nina;‘A DayintheLife’,TheBeatles;‘A SignoftheTimes’,Petula Clark;‘A alphabetically bytitle,originalspellingsleftintact):‘99LuftBalloons/99Red Bal articles/1450559/20011107/story.jhtml>. Message Intact’, 2 1 6 5 4 Quotefromthelyricsto‘NewYork CityCops’byTheStrokes: 3 They ain’ttoosmart New York Citycops I saideverynighteverynight,justcan’tstopsayin’ Darling I’msomewhereinbetween The authoritiesthey’veseen The list,asreportedinthepress,containsfollowingsongs(listrearranged Jean Patman, ‘FirstAmendmentadvocatesfearerosionofrightsin ‘Poll: AmericansBackBush;ExpectWar’, Reuters, 16September2001. Internet: - - Crash into me, baby me, into Crash The Americas | 18 of theirreleaseschedules inlightofthemood Americatoday Operating OfficerofClearChannel.“Evensome moviecompanieshavealteredsome ing withadegreeofhypersensitivity,” explainedMarkP. Mays,PresidentandChief play listsshouldbealtered,and ifso,forhowlong. director andgeneralmanagermust takethepulseofhisorhermarkettodetermineif guide theirstation’smusicselections accordingtolocalsensitivities.Eachprogram director andgeneralmanagertounderstandtheirmarket,listen totheirlistenersand Channel believesthatradioisalocalmedium.Ituptoevery stationprogram following lastweek’stragedyinNewYork, Washington andPennsylvania: emails andcallsconcerninganalleged‘listofbannedsongs’on itsU (NYSE: CCU)todayissuedthefollowingstatementasaresultof numerousstories, September 2001. //www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/newsPage.cgi?news02701m01>. songs. Bridge; ‘You DroppedaBombonMe’,TheGapBand;AllRage AgainsttheMachine ‘Wonder World’, SamCooke/Herman’sHermits;‘Worst thatCouldHappen’,Brooklyn You Again’,ThreeDegrees;‘WhenYou’re Falling’, Peter Gabriel;‘Wipeout’,Surfaris; This Place’,Animals;‘WhataWonderful World’, LouisArmstrong;‘WhenWillISee ‘War Pigs’,BlackSabbath;‘War’, EdwinStarr/BruceSpringstein;‘We GottaGetOutof Skynyrd; ‘UndertheBridge’,Red HotChiliPeppers; ‘Walk LikeanEgyptian’,Bangles; Creedence ClearwaterRevival; ‘Travelin’Man’,RickNelson;‘Tuesday’sGone’,Lynyrd Bones’, AliceinChains;‘TickettoRide’,TheBeatles;‘TNT’,A City’, AdLibs;‘TheEnd’,TheDoors;NightChicagoDied’,P Megadeth; ‘That’llbetheDay’,BuddyHollyandCrickets;‘TheBoyfromNewY Sabbath; ‘SundayBloodySunday’,U2;‘SureShot’,BeastieBoys;‘SweatingBullets’, Elmo’s Fire’,JohnParr; ‘StairwaytoHeaven’,LedZeppelin;‘SuicideSolution’,Black Roll’, JudasPriest;‘SpeedKills’,Bush;‘SpiritintheSky’,NormanGreenbaum;‘St AC/DC; ‘Smokin’,Boston;‘SmoothCriminal’,AlienAntFarm; ‘SomeHeadsareGonna Metallica; ‘She’sNotThere’,Zombies;‘ShoottoThrill’,AC/DC; ‘ShotDowninFlames’, of Sorrow’,AliceinChains;‘SeeYou inSeptember’,Happenings;‘Seek andDestroy’, City’, AC/DC; ‘SantaMonica’,Everclear;‘SayHellotoHeaven’,Temple oftheDog;‘Sea ‘Sabbath BloodySabbath’,BlackSabbath;‘Sabotage’,BeastieBoys;‘SafeinNewY ‘Rooster’, AliceinChains;‘RubyTuesday’,Rolling Stones;‘RunLikeHell’,PinkFloyd; ‘Rescue Me’,Fontella Bass;‘Rock theCasbah’,TheClash;‘Rocket Man’,EltonJohn; Broadway’, Drifters;‘OnlytheGoodDieYoung’, BillyJoel;‘Peace Train’,CatStevens; Sinatra; ‘NowheretoRun’,Martha&theVandellas; ‘OblaDi,OblaDa’,TheBeatles;‘On was Gone’,Pretenders;‘NaNaHeyHey’,Steam;‘NewYork, NewYork’, Frank Knife’, BobbyDarin;‘MorningHasBroken’,CatStevens;‘Mother’,PinkFloyd;‘MyCity a Battlefield’, Pat Benatar;‘LucyintheSkywithDiamonds’,TheBeatles; ‘Mackthe Wait andBleed’,Slipknot;‘Live LetDie’,Paul McCartneyandWings;‘LoveIs ‘Learn toFly’,Foo Fighters;‘Leavin’onaJetPlane’,Peter Paul andMary;‘LeftBehind, ‘Knockin’ onHeaven’sDoor’,BobDylan/GunsNRoses; ‘LastKiss’,J.FrankWilson; ‘“In thewake ofthisterribletragedy,thenation’sbusinesscommunityis respond ‘“In ‘Clear ChannelRadio hasnotbannedanysongs fromanyofitsradiostations.Clear San Antonio,TX,September18,2001…ClearChannelCommunications, Inc. For Immediate Release Clear ChannelsaysNational‘BannedPlaylist’doesnotexist 9 8 7 Full textoftheClearChannelpressstatement: Eliza Truitt,‘It’stheEndofWorld asClearChannelKnowsIt’, ‘The Reactions Keep Coming’, Internet: 159 Crash into me, baby me, into Crash The Americas | 18 158 //www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,8842,00.html>; FrankAhrens,‘After Heroics, All theInappropriateSongs’, chronicle/archive/2001/09/18/DD228327.DTL>; MarkArmstrong,‘“Imagine” Chronicle management teamintheirresponsibilitytorespondlocalmarkets.’ port theartistcommunity. Andwesupportourradio stationprogrammingstaffand strongly believesintheFirstAmendmentandfreedomofspeech.W Times 20030331/madonna.jhtml?headlines>. MTV ‘Peace Train’. John Mellencamp,‘To Washington’; MickJones,‘WhyDoMenFight?’;CatStevens, ‘We Want Peace’; BillyBragg,‘ThePriceofOil’;BeastieBoys,‘InaWorld GoneMad’; ‘March ofDeath’;SystemaDown,‘Boom’;REM,‘TheFinalStraw’;LennyKravitz, 19POPL.html?ex=1001895812&ei=1&en=2e0d16964ae0c1ea>. Times //www.villagevoice.com/issues/0139/wolk.php>. Wol, ‘And theBannedPlayOn’, 2001. Internet: Wiederhorn, ‘MadonnaYanks Controversial“American Life”Video’, Washington Post E Online The VillageVoice , 18September2001. Rolling Stone New York Post 159 , 18September2001.Internet: , 26September2001.Internet: - Crash into me, baby me, into Crash