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Canada Du Canada Acquisitions and Direction Des Acquisitions Et Bibliographie Services Branch Des Services Bibliographiques National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographie Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa. Ontario O"aoo (Onlaoo) K1AON4 K1AON4 NOTICE AVIS The quality of this microform is La qualité de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the dépend grandement de la qualité quality of the original thesis de la thèse soumise au submitted for microfilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour assurer une qualité ensure the highest quality of supérieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the communiquer avec l'université degree. qui a conféré le grade. Some pages may have indistinct La qualité d'impression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser à . pages were typed with a poor désirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originales ont été university sent us an inferior dactylographiées à l'aide d'un photocopy. ruban usé ou si l'université nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualité inférieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, même partielle, this microform is governed by de cette m!croforme est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, à la Loi canadienne sur le droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et subsequent amendments. ses amandements subséquents. Canada • THE ORIGINS AND EMERGENCE OF QUEBEC'S ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT: 1970 - 1985 JANE E. BARR Geography Department McGiII University, Montreal May, 1995 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of • the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts, 1995 ©, Jane E. Barr 1995. National Ubrary Bibliothèque nationale .+. of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographie Services Branch des services bibiiographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) K1A DN4 K1A DN4 Yovt flle VOlf6 f.'SrttnCfI Our Ille Noirs rdférenctl THE AUTHOR HAS GRANTED AN L'AUTEUR A ACCORDE UNE LICENCE IRREVOCABLE NON-EXCLUSIVE IRREVOCABLE ET NON EXCLUSIVE LICENCE ALLOWING THE NATIONAL PER.METTANT A LA BIBLIOTHEQUE LIBRARY OF CANADA TO NATIONALE DU CANADA DE REPRODUCE, LOAN, DISTRIBUTE OR REPRODUIRE, PRETER, DISTRIBUER SELL COPIES OF mSIHER THESIS BY OU VENDRE DES COPIES DE SA ANY .MEANS AND IN ANY FORM OR THESE DE QUELQUE MANIERE ET FORMAT, Mlù<ING TmS THESIS SOUS QUELQUE FOR.ME QUE CE SOIT AVAILABLE TO INTERESTED POUR METTRE DES EXEMPLAIRES DE PERSONS. CETTE THESE A LA DISPOSITION DES PERSONNE INTERESSEES. THE AUTHOR RETAINS OWNERSHIP L'AUTEUR CONSERVE LA PROPRIETE OF THE COPYRIGHT IN mSIHER DU DROIT D'AUTEUR QUI PROTEGE THESIS. NEITHER THE THESIS NOR SA THESE. NI LA THESE NI DES SUBSTANTIAL EXTRACTS FROM IT EXTRAITS SUBSTANTIELS DE CELLE­ MAY BE PRINTED OR OTHERWISE CI NE DOIVENT ETRE IMPRIMES OU REPRODUCED WITHOUT mSIHER AUTRE.MENT REPRODUITS SANS SON PERMISSION. AUTORISATION. ISBN 0-612-05357-1 Canada • - • Et cette révolution écologiste, tout le monde peut y participer à sa manière. L'action de ceux qui vivent discrètement en économie douce, en pratiquant l'écosociété, est aussi essentielle que l'action de ceux qui militent et paraissent être au coeur de la lutte. Il faut bien qu'il y ait des gens qui 'vivent' la révolution écologiste pour que d'autres puissent en parler! Michel Jurdant, Le défi écologiste 1984b, 418. The way things ehange is because lots of people are working ail the lime ... wherever they happen to be, and they're building up the basis for popular movements which are going ta make ehanges. That's the way everything has happened in history. Vou know, whether it was the end of slavery or whether it was the democratic revolutions or anything yau want, you name it, that's the way it worked. Noam Chomsky, from the film Manujacturing Consent (Aehbar & Wintoniek 1992). i CONTENTS Abstract Il • Resumé 111 List ofTables IV List ofAppendices V PREFACE VI 1: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND MErHODOLOGY 1 Social Movements 2 Social MovementTheories 4 Study Methodology 16 2: ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS: HISTORICAL ROOTS AND EMERGENCE 22 Defining the Environmental Movement 23 Historical Roots 26 Emergence ofEnvironmental Movements 37 3: THE EMERGENCE OFTHE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT IN QUEBEC 52 Definition and Classification 52 Precursors to the Contemporary Environmental Movement 54 The Birth of Quebec's Environmental Movement 57 4: CONTEXT, MOBILIZATION, AND MOTNATiON 74 The Context: Data at the Macro Level 74 Mobilization: Dataat the Meso Leve! 81 Vignettes of Six ENGOs 81 Resources 96 Motivation: Data al the Micro Level 98 Socio-Psychological Factors 99 Socio-Demographic Factors 103 5: THEANALYSIS 107 Macro Level ofAnalysis: Structural Conditions 107 Meso Leve! ofAnalysis: Mobilization 119 Micro Level ofAnalysis: Motivation 126 The Distinctive Characteristics ofQuebec's Environmental Movement 129 Summary and Conclusions 138 Appendices 144 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 154 G10ssary of French TerniS 156 References 158 ü • AB8TRACT This qualitatively-oriented thesis explores, describes, and inlerprels lhc emergence of Quebec's environmental movemenl, placing Il in ils proper historical and socio-polilical setting. Analysis is undertaken in light of lhe many variables suggested by resource mobilization theory, new social movement theory, and Inglehart's approach; description is aided by exploring links with conservation and urban sani tation movemenls of lhe past, by sorne eomparisons with environmental movements elsewhere, and through comprehension of the different ideological strands that eharacterize contemporary environmental thought. The environmental movement was one of the myriad of new social movements that arose in the 1960s and '70s in western nations. Although it transcended national boundaries, development of environmental movements in Europe and North America differed, just as they did at more regional levels, depending on cultural distinctions, the structures of opportunity, and the amount of available resources, arnong other things. With ils Quiet Revolution, Quebec society gained a new pluraIism, secularism, and liberalism that gave the rising middle class and the large proportion of educated youth a greater say in deeisions and fostered the development of public interest groups, such as environmental groups. These were aided by government grants that became available after the October Crisis in 1970. Between 1970 and 1980, environmentalism in Quebec becarne a legitimate societal eoncern as various associations and individuals began working separately and together on urban air and water pollution problems, recycling projects, and transportation and energy issues, arnong others. The impetus to acl on behalf of the province's environment was due in part to the severily and distribution of pollution problems and to the moral and ideologieal convictions of group leaders and core members of environmental groups. InformaI social and communication networks, sueh as the counlerculture, the antinuclear movement, and health-food coops provided the burgeoning environmental movement with ideologies, members, and solidarity. Unlike its parallel in the United States, Quebec's movement had few historical or ideologicallinks with efforts to preserve wilderness and it developed social­ rather than nature-protection principles. • ili • RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse est une recherche qualitative qui décrit et interprète la naissance du mouvement écologiste québecois, le replacant dans son cadre histop'~I'1C et socio-politique. L'analyse se fait à la lumière de plusieurs variaL':es suggérées par la théorie de la mobilisation des ressources, la théorie des nouveaux mouvements sociaux et l'approche d'Inglehart. La description est facilitée par l'exploration des liens avec les anciens mouvements de conservation de la nature et d'hygiène urbaine, par des comparaisons avec les autres mouvements écologistes et par la compréhension des diverses tendances idéologiques qui caractérisent la pensée écologiste contemporaine. Le mouvement écologiste fut l'un des très nombreux mouvements sociaux qui se sont développés dans les pays occidentaux pendant les années 60 et 70. Même s'ils débordaient les frontières nationales, les mouvements écologistes européen et nord-americain distinguaient, tout comme aux niveaux plus régionaux, à cause des différences culturelles et sociales et des quantités de ressource disponibles, entre autres choses. Avec la révolution tranquille, il s'est développé au Québec un nouveau pluralisme, un mouvement laïque et un libéralisme qui a permis à la classe moyenne émergente et à la majorité de lajeunesse fortement scolarisée de prendre une plus grande part aux décisions, favorisant ainsi le développement des groupes d'intérêt public, comme les groupes écologistes. Après la crise d'octobre 1970, des subventions gouvernmentales vinrent appuyer ces groupes. Entre 1970 et 1985, l'écologisme au Québec est devenu une préoccupation sociale légitime à mesure que différentes associations et individus ont commencé à s'attaquer aux problèmes de pollution de l'eau et de l'air, de transport et d'énergie, et de recyclage. L'urgence d'agir pour protéger l'environnement de la province était dictée d'une part par la sévérité, l'étendue et la diversité des problèmes de pollution, et d'autre part par les convictions morales et idéologiques des leaders et membres influents des groupes écologistes.
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