Cost Model for the Construction of Rural Pre-School Building in Sarawak

COST MODEL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF RURAL PRE-SCHOOL BUILDING IN SARAWAK

YVONNE NG SHIN PING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA P DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT

Author’s full name : YVONNE NG SHIN PING

Date of birth : 21ST JUNE 1988

Title : COST MODEL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF RURAL

PRE-SCHOOL BUILDING IN SARAWAK

Academic Session : 2013/2014

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COST MODEL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF RURAL PRE-SCHOOL BUILDING IN SARAWAK

YVONNE NG SHIN PING

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the awards of the degree of Bachelor of Quantity Surveying

Faculty of Built Environment Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JAN 2014

DECLARATION

I declare that this thesis entitled “Cost Model for The Construction of Rural Pre- School Building In Sarawak” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature : a Name : YVONNE NG SHIN PING a Date : a

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DEDICATION

To my beloved father, mother and sisters, Thanks for understanding and all the financial and moral supports.

Supervisor and lecturers from Department of Quantity Surveying, Thanks for giving me guidance throughout the study.

And to him who has given me the courage to move forward. Thanks for always be there for me.

Thanks for Everything….

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to express my highest gratitude to those who has been helping me throughout the study. The research would not have been successful without the great assistance, supports, sacrifices and generous contributions from various parties.

First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Yahya Bin Mohamad Yatim who has given me meaningful advice regarding my study especially the way I should present my writing for the study. Besides that, I would like to thank the data provider Mr Yeo S.H., Miss Yvonne Ngu and all the staff from PEB Consulting QS Sdn Bhd who had spent their precious time supporting me during the data collection.

Moreover, I would like to thank all my friends and family members who has supported and dedicated me throughout the completion process of this study.

Thank you very much.

ABSTRACT

Sarawak is the largest state in Malaysia. The state has relatively slow development until rapid development from the government’s plans has increased the construction activities in the state. Under the NKRA, the government has allocated a sum of RM1.2 billion to provide quality pre-school education in the year 2013. Therefore, it is important for estimator to obtain a firm cost forecast basis in order to estimate the construction cost in the preliminary stage. However, there is no proper documentation and collection of cost data for the building of pre-schools in the remote area of Sarawak. This study is carried out with the objective of identify the cost elements and design specification for the construction of remote pre-schools in the state. Besides, the study also analysed the optimum cost for pre-school construction in Sarawak. To ensure the objectives are achieved, cost data and design of pre-schools was obtained directly from the consultants involved in the pre-schools project. A total of 17 rural pre-schools cost data were collected and analysed. Based on the analysis, it appears that the design and specification for the pre-school building in Sarawak under the NKRA was identical. For the construction cost, Kapit division was recorded to be highest in terms of both functional unit cost and functional area cost. As a whole, the results shown locality as the factor that resulted in the cost varies.

ABSTRAK

Sarawak merupakan negeri yang terbesar di Malaysia. Negeri ini menghadapi perkembangan yang agak perlahan sehingga pembangunan pesat daripada rancangan kerajaan yang telah meningkatkan aktiviti-aktiviti pembinaan di negeri ini. Di bawah NKRA, kerajaan telah memperuntukkan sebanyak RM1.2 bilion untuk menyediakan kualiti pendidikan prasekolah pada tahun 2013. Oleh itu, adalah penting bagi jurukur bahan untuk mendapatkan asas ramalan kos yang kukuh bagi menganggarkan kos pembinaan pada peringkat awal. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak ada dokumentasi dan pengumpulan data kos bagi pembinaan prasekolah di kawasan pedalaman Sarawak. Kajian ini dijalankan dengan objektif untuk mengenal pasti elemen-elemen kos dan spesifikasi reka bentuk untuk pembinaan prasekolah pedalaman di negeri ini. Selain itu, kajian ini juga dianalisis kos yang optimum untuk pembinaan prasekolah di Sarawak. Bagi memastikan objektif tercapai, data kos dan reka bentuk pra -sekolah telah diperolehi secara langsung daripada pakar perunding yang terlibat dalam projek prasekolah. Sebanyak 17 prasekolah luar bandar kos data telah dikumpul dan dianalisis. Berdasarkan analisis, didapati bahawa rekabentuk dan spesifikasi bagi pembinaan prasekolah di Sarawak di bawah NKRA adalah serupa. Kos pembinaan, bahagian Kapit yang dicatat ialah tertinggi dari segi kos unit berfungsi dan kos luas berfungsi. Secara keseluruhannya, keputusan menunjukkan jarak tapak sebagai faktor yang menyebabkan kos yang berbeza-beza .

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION TITLE PAGE i DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv LIST OF APPENDICES xvi

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Problem Statement 2 1.3 Research Questions 3 1.4 Objectives 4 1.5 Scope 4 1.6 Significance of the study 4 1.7 Research Methodologies 5 1.7.1 Literature Review 5 1.7.2 Documentation Search 6 1.7.3 Formation of data recorded tools 6 1.7.4 Data Collection 6

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1.7.5 Data Analysis 7 1.7.6 Summary 7 1.7.7 Suggestion 7 1.7.8 Flow Chart of Research Methodology 8

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Definition of Cost Model 9 2.3 Definition of Cost Estimate 10 2.4 Estimating Methods 12 2.4.1 Conference Estimate 14 2.4.2 Financial Method 14 2.4.3 Unit Method 15 2.4.4 Superficial Area Method 16 2.4.5 Superficial Perimeter Method 17 2.4.6 Cube Method 17 2.4.7 Storey-Enclosure Method 18 2.4.8 Approximate Quantities 19 2.4.9 Elemental Estimating 20 2.4.10 Resource Analysis 20 2.4.11 Cost Engineering Methods 21 2.4.12 Cost Modelling Methods 23 2.5 Factors Influencing Cost Modeling 27 2.5.1 Type and Function of Building 27 2.5.2 Design Specification 28 2.5.3 Cost Elements 29 2.6 Pre-school Education 30 2.6.1 Introduction 30 2.6.2 Background of Malaysian Pre-school Education 31 2.6.3 School Selection Criteria 32 2.7 Sarawak 33 2.7.1 Introduction 33 2.7.2 Population 35

2.7.3 Early Education 36 2.8 Summary 38

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Preliminary Study 40 3.3 Literature review 40 3.4 Data Collection 41 3.4.1 Elemental Cost Analysis (ECA) 41 3.4.1.1 Form 1 – Information on Project and 42 Analyzed Building 3.4.1.2 Form 2 – Summary of Element Cost 44 3.4.1.3 Form 3 – Brief Specification 46 3.5 Document Analysis 47 3.6 Data Analysis 47 3.7 Summary 48

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Sample Details 50 4.2.1 Sample Analysis 50 4.2.2 Pre-schools Name and Location 50 4.2.3 Project Participants 52 4.3 Cost Elements of Pre-school 54 4.4 Design Specification of Pre-school 58 4.4.1 Layout 58 4.4.2 Roof 61 4.4.3 Wall Height 64 4.4.4 Finishes Specification 65 4.5 Optimum Cost for Pre-School 66 4.5.1 Overall Construction Cost 66 4.5.2 Functional Cost 69 4.5.2.1 Functional Area Cost 69

4.5.2.2 Functional Unit Cost 73 4.5.3 Analysis on Elemental Cost 74 4.5.3.1 Substructure 75 4.5.3.2 Superstructure 77 4.5.3.3 Finishes 79 4.5.3.4 Services 81 4.5.3.5 External Works 83 4.6 Summary of Analysis 85

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction 86 5.2 Conclusion 86 5.3 Limitations 88 5.4 Recommendation for Future Study 88

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Estimate Types 12

2.2 Method of Pre-Tender 13

2.3 Number of Pre-School Classes and Children Enrolled 31

2.4 Administrative Divisions and Districts in Sarawak 34

2.5 Sarawak’s Population by District 36

3.1 Manual for preparation of ECA Form 2 44

4.1 Name and Location of Pre-school 51

4.2 Project Participants 53

4.3 Cost Elements of Pre-school 55

4.4 Differentiation of Piling of Pre-school 56

4.5 Differentiation in External Works 57

4.6 Measurement for GFA for both pre-school design Type A and 58 Type B

4.7 Finishes Specification 65

4.8 Sarawak division land size 67

4.9 Functional Area Cost of Pre-school 69

4.10 Functional Unit Cost of Pre-school 73

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4.11 Substructure Cost Data 75

4.12 Superstructure Cost Data 77

4.13 Superstructure Cost/m2 78

4.14 Finishes Cost Data 79

4.15 Finishes Cost/m2 80

4.16 Services Cost Data 81

4.17 Services Cost/m2 82

4.18 External Works Cost Data 83

4.19 Functional Cost of Pre-school 85

5.1 Average Functional Area Cost of Pre-school 87

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Research Methodology Steps 8

2.1 Cost Estimating Activity as Part of the Business Activity 11

2.2 Superficial Area Method 16

2.3 Process of Cost Modelling 26

2.4 Expansion of Pre-school Education 32

2.5 Sarawak’s Administrative Division 35

2.6 Malaysian Citizens Literacy Rate 2010 37

3.1 Elemental Cost Analysis Form 1 43

3.2 Elemental Cost Analysis Form 2 45

3.3 Elemental Cost Analysis Form 3 46

4.1 Number of Pre-school Based on District 51

4.2 Ground Floor Plan of design Type A 59

4.3 Ground Floor Plan of design Type B 60

4.4 Roof Plan of design Type A 62

4.5 Roof Plan of design Type B 63

4.6 Elevation of design Type A 64

4.7 Elevation of design Type B 64

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4.8 Pre-school Construction Cost 66

4.9 Mean and Standard Deviation of Construction Cost based 68 on Division

4.10 Functional Area Cost of Pre-school 72

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BCIS - Building Cost Information Service

ECA - Elemental Cost Analysis

NKRA - National Key Result Areas

LNG - Liquified Natural Gas

RICS - Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors

WBLFF - Work Below Lowest Floor Finish

RC - Reinforced Concrete

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LIST OF APPENDICES

A - SK Temenggong Muip, Miri

B - SK Tudan, Miri

C - SK Suai 1, Batu Niah

D - SK Asyakirin, Bintulu

E - SK Sg Tisang, Bintulu

F - SK Agama (M.I.S), Bintulu

G - SK Batu 10 Jalan Oya, Sibu

H - SJK Thian Chin, Sibu

I - SJK Hing Ung, Sibu

J - SJK Hin Hua, Song

K - SK Ng Bawai, Kapit

L - SK Long Gang, Belaga

M - SK SLDB No.1, Mukah

N - SJK Ek Hua, Mukah

O - SK Bukit Luba, Limbang

P - SK Tang Lapadan, Lawas

Q - SJK Soon Hwa Sundar, Lawas

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Cost estimate is a vitally important part in the preliminary stage of any construction work. Proper cost estimation needs sufficient cost information and updated cost data on the particular type of building. In the preliminary stage, a quantity surveyor bears the responsibility to provide his client with an indication of possible cost for the proposed project. On the other hand, cost estimate is also very important to contractors to enable them to produce competitive bid in order to continue their business in the industry. In other words, a high accuracy cost model is indeed needed by both quantity surveyors and contractors to forecast the cost of construction.

Construction estimating is the compilation and analysis of many items that influence and contribute to the cost of a project (Adnan, et al., 2005). Cost elements for instance the sub-structure and super-structure works are part of the contribution to cost estimation. Besides cost elements, the design specification of a particular building shall be detailed to differentiate the type of cost model used. Hence, a production of cost model should starts with identifying the cost elements and design specifications for the type of building.

Cost model is a tool to forecast the construction cost. Cost models underlie all the techniques used in construction cost and price forecasting, yet until relatively recently, industry has been unfamiliar with their characteristics and properties (Ronald and Vernon, 1999). In the Malaysian construction industry, accurate cost model are seldom produced and kept by estimator. Indeed, not all the projects undertaken are the same or not even few of them are. Furthermore, producing a valid cost model will take a long period resulted in the unpopularity of production for detailed cost model. Hence, this study is conducted to establish a suitable cost model for pre-schools project in selected area.

1.2 Problem Statement

Having land area of 124,450km2 (Sarawak State Planning Unit, n.d.), Sarawak is the largest state in the country where there are huge area of the state remain undeveloped. To start a construction and to get costing information in the rural area of Sarawak with local people neighboring to the site is very inconvenient where accessibility is obstructed and there is a lot of unexpected cost to be considered. Estimator needs to be alert of cost forecasting process where large amount of unseen item are to be included.

Under the National Key Result Areas of Government Transformation Programme, the Ministry of Education targets to create a holistic growth in the education sector by addressing fundamental issues (Prime Minister Office, 2011). Maintenance and re-built of pre-schools has become one of the focuses where a total of RM300 million has be allocated for the purpose of increasing pre-school enrolment. The Malaysian government is paying attention to the pre-schools education in the country where in the year 2012, there were 1,500 new pre-school classes built and 3,089 more in the year 2012. More pre-schools are to be built and more risk to face especially for the pre-schools proposed in the rural area.

In Sarawak state, large numbers of pre-school were involved in the NKRA where most of the projects are located at rural area such as Baram, Kapit, and Belaga. In the recent Budget 2013 speech, a sum of RM1.2 billion will be allocated to provide quality pre-school education in the coming 2013. Having facing the risk of under estimate for the cost of future pre-schools projects in rural area, the accuracy of cost estimate is the main concern of this study.

Mills (2001) states that “The construction industry is one of the most dynamic, risky, and challenging businesses”. This industry is arguably one of the most important in the growth of Malaysian economics. Wilfred, et al. (2008) found that quantity surveying still encounters serious data compatibility problems. In any construction project, client requires reliable strategic cost consultancy from estimator to enable client to access his project’s viability. Hence, estimator needs to have a quality forecasting model in the formulation of strategic advice.

Based on the above mentioned limitations, this study is carried out to create a high accuracy cost model where in other words Seeley (Ferry and Brandon, 1986; Seeley, 1983) stated that “to estimate the building cost of a future project, before the building has been designed in detail and contract particulars prepared”.

1.3 Research Questions

Based on the problem statement mentioned earlier, the research questions are:

1. What is the cost element and design specification for the construction of rural pre-school buildings in Sarawak? 2. What is the optimum cost for pre-school construction in Sarawak?

1.4 Objectives

The aim of this study is to find out the optimum cost for Sarawak rural pre- school construction to provide a basis for cost forecasting of similar projects. This will be achieved through the following specific objectives:

1. To identify the cost elements and design specification for the construction of rural pre-school buildings in Sarawak. 2. To analyze the optimum cost for the pre-school construction in Sarawak.

1.5 Scope

In order to produce a quality cost model for the particular building:

1. The study only focuses on pre-school buildings. 2. The study only focuses on the building located in rural area of Sarawak.

1.6 Significance of the study

The study is implemented to develop a cost model for rural area project in Sarawak state and form a better understanding to raise awareness towards the cost estimation for Sarawak rural area. This study helps related quantity surveyors to prevent cost overrun later during the construction which may lead to variation order, arise of disputes, claim of extension of time and other unnecessary issue that will affect the performance of project. Also, the cost model allows quantity surveyors to

5 have the fundamental knowledge of cost estimation of such project which can ensure them to foresee the risks they ought to face in the later stage of cost estimating process. This cost model for pre-schools enable continuing growth of pre-schools construction in state of Sarawak where there is large area still under considered as rural and excess to basic education.

1.7 Research Methodologies

The methodology used to conduct this study will be documentation analysis. This will be done by obtaining contract document from the involved profession on the pre-schools project and conduct a detail analysis to produce a cost model to achieve the objective. The stages of methodology will be explained and flow chart will be shown as below.

1.7.1 Literature Review

Literature review is a critical and systematic reference based on all the documents that contained information related to this study to produce better idea and obtain valid data for the study. References for literature review are from journals, book, article and any printed documents that are related to this study.

Here in this study, literature review plays an important role where it provides sufficient information on the cost model process to enable researcher to proceed with this study and to avoid duplication of research.

1.7.2 Documentation Search

From the topic of study, a wide range of study can be carried out. To avoid confusion while doing the study, concentration of study field must be set before conducting the study. The secondary data will be analyzed to set the range of study and method used. In this case, study will be conducted only to pre-schools construction in rural area of Sarawak due to the problem statement stated.

When the scope is set, the document needed for research will be searched from all the related profession related to the research field whose are willing to help.

1.7.3 Formation of data recorded tools

In order to achieve the objective, the tools of research are very important for this study. A proper recorded tool needs to be critically design to answer the objective where all the required detail can be included in the recorded sheet. A recorded sheet in this case have to be easily understand by readers, appropriately linked to suitable formula and can be revised.

1.7.4 Data Collection

In this part, document collected in the earlier part of research will be observed using the recording sheet formulated. Cost of building will be properly divided based on element and concluded to obtain the average.

1.7.5 Data Analysis

Once all the relevant data was reviewed and appraised, the information and data were analyzed and presented in the most effective way. The different cost studies are being critically analyzed and summarized as a whole to give a clear picture of the different cost results obtained. This cost items will then being formulated into a formula which represent the cost model for a pre-school construction of rural area in Sarawak.

1.7.6 Summary

In summary part, researcher will use the primary data collection approach which is the analysis made before. The main literature sources are data collected and analyzed for the related field. This part will review the objectives of study to make sure the objectives are achieved. The report will then be formulated accordingly.

1.7.7 Suggestion

From the summary made for the result of study, researcher will then come out will suggestion to enhance the future study on such area.

1.7.8 Flow Chart of Research Methodology

Identify a Broad Area of Study

Select Topic of Study

Secondary Data from Journals, Literature Review Books, Articles, etc.

Documentation Search

Formulate Data Recorder Tool

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Summary Consolidation and Learnings Suggestion

Figure 1.1: Research Methodology Steps

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Cost model is arguably important to a Quantity Surveyor in the pre-tender stage which is for cost estimating purpose. Cost model involve mathematical equations which contained variables to estimate the cost of a project. This chapter will discuss on the definition, purpose of cost model, classification of cost model, factors influencing cost model, elements of cost models, tools and methodologies for cost model formulation, and provides overview of the concept of this study.

2.2 Definition of Cost Model

Cost model is a systematic representation of a procedure that delivers adequately acceptable output for an established series of input data (Ng C. Hock, Zakaria H. and Abdul-Rahman, 2000). It enables designers to consider the construction implications of design decisions and design alternatives by simulating 10 the thought processes used by construction planners in terms of selecting plant and allocating labour to a project (Beeston, 1973).

Ferry and Brandon (1991) defined cost modeling as one symbolic representation of a system expressing the content of the system in terms of the factors which influence its cost while Willis and Ashworth (1987) describe it as a modern technique to be used for forecasting the estimated cost for a proposed construction project.

A cost model is for use in early stage cost forecasting, which is sensitive to both construction method and construction duration (Bowen, 1993). Bowen also mentioned that the model is based upon the use of default critical path method networks, with the injection of algorithms to determine the duration of construction activities (1993).

In the nineties, Skitmore and Marston (1999) explained cost models as aids which enable management decisions to be made in the context of building design. In a more specific meaning, the management decisions supported by cost models are:

(a) Forecasting the total cost of construction (b) Comparing the economic effort (c) Forecasting the economic (Skitmore and Marston, 1999)

2.3 Definition of Cost Estimate

Rodney D. Stewart (1982, pp. 14) states that “cost estimate is a judgement or opinion of the cost of a process, product, project, or service”. It is an attempt to predict the future, so it is at best fraught with hazard and at worst approaching the impossible (Jack S., 1997). From both definitions, importance of cost estimate can

11 be conclude as to provide the means whereby decision can be taken by investor for the development of proposed project.

Keith Collier (1984) defined it as the process of measuring the cost of works based on the possibilities. Rodney D. Stewart, et al. (1995) found that to be a truly powerful, credible and useful function, cost estimating must be considered a dynamic and integral part of the technical and financial functions of an organization or business activity. The three functions said are cost estimating, cost accounting and cost management.

Cost Accounting Cost Estimating Inputs • Accounting • Product/service Standard definition

Cost Management Outputs • Management oversight requirements

Figure 2.1: Cost Estimating Activity as Part of the Business Activity (Rodney D. Stewart, 1995)

As a whole, cost estimate involves the practice evaluating, measuring and determining all the cost needed for a project to assist investor in allocating financial budget to obtain best value for money. Therefore, the accuracy of cost estimate is important where it leads to the feasibility of the project. All estimating are prediction based on consideration and experience (Donald S. Barrie, 1984).

2.4 Estimating Methods

There are various methods in estimating cost of construction project that suit each and every stages in the construction process with different levels of accuracy. The attractiveness for each of the methods is their ease of application, familiarity, speed and an element of accuracy (Allan Ashworth, 1982).

The task of cost estimates is essential and important in project management since through cost estimates budget forecasting and cost control (Ching-Hwang Wang and Yu-Chun Huang, 2000). The tender estimating types can be classified as below:

Table 2.1: Estimate Types (Allan A., 1994)

Stage Activity Plan of Work Estimating Cost Planning Types Process 1 Project Consultation Preliminary Initial estimate identification 2 - Brief Feasibility Firm estimate 3 - Investigation Viability Preliminary cost plan 4 Project Construction Authorization Final cost plan definition detail 5 - Working Final budget Cost check drawing 6 Project Construction Control - execution

Senior academic advisor of Built Environment Allan Ashworth (1994) in his book ‘Cost Studies of Building’ also mention that early price estimating can be established using methods as below:

Table 2.2: Method of Pre-Tender

No. Method Notes 1 Conference Based on a consensus viewpoint. 2 Financial Method Used to determine cost limits or the building costs in a developer’s budget. 3 Unit Applicable to projects having standard units of accommodation. Often used to fix cost limits for public sector building projects. 4 Superficial Still widely used, and the most popular method of approximate estimating. Can be applied to virtually all types of buildings. 5 Superficial Never used in practice. perimeter 6 Cube Used to be a popular method amongst architects, but now in disuse. 7 Storey-enclosure Largely unused in practice. 8 Approximate Still a popular method on difficult and awkward quantities contracts and where time permits. 9 Elemental Not strictly a method of appropriate estimating, but more estimating associated with cost planning; used widely in both public and private sectors for controlling costs. 10 Resource analysis Used mainly by contractors for contract estimating and tendering ans tendering purposes. 11 Cost engineering Mainly used for petrochemical engineering projects. 12 Cost models Still in the course of development. These methods may eventually prove to be superior to the existing methods.

In the construction industry today, some of these methods of pre-tender estimates mentioned above have been discarded yet some are still in their development stage where changes are made. Nurul Azam H, et al (n.d.) has made a further explanation of the methods of estimate for pre-tender stage which is as below:

2.4.1 Conference Estimate

This is a technique that can be used for the preparation of the earliest price estimate given to the client. It is based on a collective view of a group of individuals, and may at this stage not be qualified in any particular way. As for the result, it has been sown that the group concerned must have relevant experience of estimating the costs of similar projects. It is used in circumstances where historical cost data may not be appropriate, as in the case of a prototype project. It also offers a qualitative viewpoint to reinforce or otherwise a measured estimates.

2.4.2 Financial Method

These are methods that fix a cost limit on the building design, based on either units of accommodations or rental values. The estimated cost of a project may be fixed in relation to the number of pupils who are likely to attend a completed school. The architect must then ensure that the design can be constructed within such a cost limit. In the private sector, projects are often evaluated in terms of their selling price or rental value. For example, in connection with a speculative housing development a market research survey would determine the possible selling price of dwellings on a new estate. The builder would then deduct other development costs and profit from the total selling price, and the remainder would represent the amount to be spent on building. Alternatively, building and other development costs (excluding land) and profit could be calculated and deducted from the total selling price

in order to determine a maximum price to be paid for the land. This method is used to avoid or reduce the risk or embarking on a profitless venture. The assessment will take place at the outset, and certainly before payment of the site purchase.

2.4.3 Unit Method

The unit method of approximate estimating consists of choosing a standard unit of accommodation and multiplying this by an approximate cost per unit. The standard units may represent, for example:  Schools – costs per pupil  Hospitals – costs per bed  Car parks – cost per car space

The technique is based on the fact that there is usually some close relationship between the cost of a construction project and the number of functional units it accommodates. Functional units are those factors which express the intended use of the building better than any other. This method is extremely useful on occasions where the building’s client requires a preliminary estimate based on little more information than the basic units of accommodations.

The method of counting the number of units is extremely simple, but considerable experience is necessary in order to select an appropriate rate. This rate can be obtained by the careful analysis of a number of recently completed projects of a similar type, size and construction. However, adjustments based on professional view will always need to be made to take into account the various site conditions, specification changes, market conditions regional changes and inflation. It is one of the simplest and quickest methods to implement, but it must be used with care. It suffers from the major disadvantage of lack of precision, and should only be used for

establishing general guidelines. It is advisable, therefore, to express cost within a range of prices that can be useful for budgetary estimating.

2.4.4 Superficial Area Method

This is still the most common method in use for early price estimating purposes. The estimate of cost is easy to calculate and thus is expressed in a way that is fairly and readily understood by those in the industry and the average construction industry clients. The area of each of the floors is measured and then multiplied by the cost per square meter. In order to provide comparability between various schemes, the floor areas are calculated from the internal dimensions of the building.

Figure 2.2: Superficial Area Method

It is largely a post-1945 method, and became appropriate for projects such as schools and housing where storey heights were similar. Storey heights, plan shape and methods of construction are particularly important when deciding on the rate to be used. Another consideration which favour the use of this method is that rates are readily available from many different

sources already operating, alternatively, they can be calculated very easily from existing scheme cost data.

2.4.5 Superficial Perimeter Method

This method of approximate estimating is a variation on the superficial floor area method. It was devised by John Southwell and published in the RICS paper Building Cost Forecasting (1971). Southwell, realizing that floor area was the greatest single variable-correlated price, produces a formula that showed an increase in the accuracy of early price prediction. The formula combined floor area with the length of the building’s perimeter. This is the second most important variable, and attempts to take into account plan shape when linked with floor area. The wall/floor area ratio is known to be an important factor in the economic design buildings. Tests have indicated that more accurate results can be obtained than when using floor area alone. Due to the reluctance of surveyors to change to this method of approach and of cost data sources to publish appropriate rates, this method has not been used in practice.

2.4.6 Cube Method

The cube method of approximate estimating was used extensively at the beginning of this century, but has since been superseded because of its inherent disadvantages. It was a method extensively used by architects. All architects’ offices used to keep a ‘cube book’ for future estimating purposes. Once the contract was signed its costs would be divided by the cubic content and entered into office price book. The cost of a new job could then be determined by calculating its volume and selecting an appropriate rate from the book. Even with such a primitive method it was necessary to provide some rule for comparable quantification of purposes.

2.4.7 Storey-Enclosure Method

In an attempt to overcome the many disadvantages of the other single- price methods of estimating, James (1954) devised a new method using the following rules of calculation. i. Twice the area of the lowest floor ii. The area of the roof measured on plan iii. Twice the area of the upper floors, plus an addition of 15% for the first floor, 30% for the second floor, 45% for the third floor, etc. iv. The area of the external walls

Main factors that should be taken into account are: i. Building layout - measuring external wall area ii. Gross floor area - measuring area of each floor iii. Vertical Positioning of floor areas in the building - using various multiplying factors for each floor iv. Storey height - proportion of floor and roof area to external wall area v. Overall building height - ratio of roof area to external wall area vi. Extra cost of providing usable floor area below ground - using increased multiplying factors for work below ground level

When estimate is done using this method, the following works shall be measured separately: i. External works ii. Internal services provided by Specialist consultants iii. Curved work

iv. Features which are not part of a general building such as canopies and boilers.

2.4.8 Approximate Quantities

Approximate quantities provide a more detailed approximate estimate compared to the methods described above. They represent composite items which are measured by combining or grouping together typical bill-measured items. Whereas the methods described above estimate costs on the basis of measurement and some cost relationship, this method relates to the importance of measurement. This method does provide a more detailed and reliable method of approximate estimating, but involves more time and effort than any of the methods (1)-(7). Somehow, this method acts as a good basis and allows more efficient cost checking during the later design stage of a project.

No particular rules of measurement exist for this method, and the composite items resulted from the experience of each individual surveyor. Also, considerably more information is required from the designer if the method is to be applied in practice. The method is therefore suited to a more advanced design stage. It is, however, more reliable when one is attempting to estimate the costs of major refurbishment projects. Approximate quantities should not be confused with the bill of approximate quantities. The latter would be based on an agreed method of measurement. The former, which is used for approximate estimating purposes, would be much briefer because several of the bill items would be grouped together within a single description. Contractors favor this method when they have to prepare tenders on the basis of a drawing and specification projects.

2.4.9 Elemental Estimating

The first stages of cost planning can be used to determine the approximate cost of a construction project. This method analyses the cost of the project on an elemental basis, attempting to make use of the cost analyses from other similar projects. Cost planning, however, also seeks to do much more. It provides cost advice during the design process, offering the client better value for money. It keeps the designer fully informed of all the cost implications of the design in relation to an approved approximate estimate and is likely to be accepted as the tender sum. Full cost planning services today would also incorporate the attributes of life-cycle costing and value engineering. Two alternative forms of cost planning have been developed, although in practice a combination of both is now generally used. The first form is known as elemental cost planning, where the project must be designed within an overall framework of a cost limit. It is often referred to as ‘designing to a cost’. In practice it is more appropriate to public sector projects, which often incorporate some form of cost limit. The other alternative form is comparative cost planning, where alternative designs can be examined within an economic context. This method is referred to as ‘costing a design’.

2.4.10 Resource Analysis

This is a method that is traditionally adopted by contractors’ estimators to determine their individual rates for measured items in bills of quantities. Each individual measured item is analyzed into its constituent parts such as labour, materials and plant. Each part is then costed on the basis of output, gang size, material quantities, plant hours, etc. Particular emphasis is placed on such project features as type, size, location, shape and height as important factors affecting the contractor’s costs. In theory the contractor will make extensive use of feedback, although some evidence suggests that

the whole process is largely determined by value judgements on the basis of previous experience. Alternative analytical method, can be calculated based on resource costs on the basis of operations rather than individual bill items.

Resource estimating is not strictly a pre-tender method of price prediction, because of the amount of time and the type of data required. It can, however, be applied in circumstances where, for example, a new material or construction process is envisaged. In these circumstances, where existing cost data are not available the design team may have few alternatives available other than to refer to resource-based estimating.

2.4.11 Cost Engineering Methods

There are three methods used for capital cost estimating in the process-plant industry. These are:

i) Functional unit Bridgewater (1974) states that ‘the average cost of a functional unit in a process is the function of the various process parameter’. The estimated cost may therefore be represented in the following way: Cost = F ( Q, T, P, M, CCI )

Where Q = capacity throughout T = temperature P = pressure M = materials of construction, and CCI = construction cost index

ii) Factor estimating This method relies on costing from only a portion of the scheme and then multiplying this by a factor to obtain the total

cost. Thus the total cost of a building project may be estimated by multiplying the cost of the shell by, say, 1.6. A range of factors have been derived emprirically for different sorts of fixed capital equipment. For example:

Solid processing plant: factor = 3.9 Solid-fluid processing plant : factor = 4.1 Fluid processing plant : factor = 4.8

Several different factors are now widely recognized. Some use a single factor; others apply different factors to the variousparts of the project. iii) Exponent estimating

The costs of similar plants or pieces of equipment of different sizes vary with the size raised to some power. Jelen and Black (1983) expressed this mathematically as follows:

Where C2 is the cost of the desired capacity Q2 and C1 is the

cost of the known capacity Q1. A frequent value of x is 0.6, and so relationship is often referred to as the six-lengths rule. The exponent x can be determined by plotting actual historical costs for the equipment or plant. These methods can also be used for estimating the costs of building and civil engineering works.

2.4.12 Cost Modelling Methods

Cost modelling is a more modern method that can be used for forecasting the preliminary cost of a proposed construction project. Although they were first suggested during the early 1970s, there is still only scant evidence of their use in practice. However, considerable research has been undertaken in an attempt to convert the theories into practice (Ashworth A., 1994).

The uncertainties about calculating project costs have been discussed in several papers. Hemphill (1980) assumes a normal distribution for various cost items and uses the probablity estimating method with a 95% confidence level as the estimation limit. Diekmann (1983) discusses various probability estimating methods and explains their applicability. He emphasizes that the correlation between cost items must be considered in the probability estimating methods when this correlation is significant. Jaafari (1988 ) uses the unit cost of resources to calculate the expected unit cost of the product under different alternatives. He also compares the calculation results with the possible expected unit cost so as to obtain a basis for selection. The unit cost of each resource is also considered as a random variable, so that the distribution as well as the probability of the unit product cost can be computed.

The use of the computer has allowed more numerical methods such as statistical and operational research techniques to be applied to the forecasting of construction costs. Without computer facilities such applications would not be possible. These models attempt to formulate a better representation of construction costs than do their predecessors, by trying to discover the true determinants of construction costs. There is, however, little evidence at the present time that cost models offer any superiority over the traditional methods in terms of forecasting performance (Ashworth A., 1994). Computer application became stronger with the fast development of mini and micro-computers and especially with the availability of software packages

24 like spreadsheets and statistical packages, such as SPSS, SAS, BMB and others (Bell L.C. & McCullouch B.G., 1983). During the early phase of their development it was assumed that estimating generally was solely a numerical process. This assumption is now believed to be erroneous, and the models, to have any chance of future practical application, must consider the input and expertise of the surveyor or estimator (Ashworth A., 1994).

Cost models are developed to advance five major aspects of cost information (Ferry and Brandon, 1991)

(a) Provide cost information quicker (b) Provide more information for a more informed decision (c) Provide more reliable cost information (d) Provide information at an earlier stage in the design process (e) Provide information in a more understandable form

Causal or empirical models, regression models, simulation, heuristics, and expert systems are example of tools used for cost modelling. Causal or empirical models are symbolic models which are based on relationships between the design variables and cost, and which have been derived from observation, experiment and intuition. Application of these models can be conducted manually or by using computer aided system. This method is easy to understand and can be related quickly to the construction projects. One good example of causal or empirical models is bills of quantities (Ashworth A., 1994).

Regression analysis is a technique that uses the best fitted mathematical equation to express the relationship between the variables studied. In any statistical analysis of relationship, exact relationships are not generally observed. The simplest form of regression analysis involve only one independent variable and one dependent variable, this is called linear regression analysis. In the actual practice, one dependent variable is affected by more than one independent variable. Therefore in describing their

25 relationship, a multiple regression analysis would be applied. The equations developed are used for the purpose of estimating (Ashworth A., 1994).

A simulation model seeks to duplicate the behaviour of the system under investigation by studying the interactions among its components. Simulation is done to avoid direct experiment error and it contains more variability if compared to other research methods. The advantages using the simulation model is when problems occur it can be resolved quickly is not possible if it is done analytically. Secondly, it is easier to understand, and the assumptions to be made are fewer (Ashworth, 1994).

Heuristic are rule-of-thumb procedures which enable a near-optimum solution to be produced once the model has been built. It involves trial and errors based on the knowledge from experiences and skills of those involved. In other words, heuristic method of solution relies on intuitive or empirical rules that have the potential to determine an improved solution relative to the current one. But unfortunately, there was too little attention given on these rules of thumb in recent years (Ashwoth, 1994).

Expert system is computer programs that embody human expertise (Mishkoff, 1985). It can acts as intelligent assistants to human expert, the expert’s rule-of-thumb are stored in the computer to help others to solve problems. Potential application of expert systems in the area of construction project monitoring and control are described in a paper written by McGartland and Hendrickson in year 1985.

Formulate the Problem

Collection of Data

Analysis of Data

Model Building

Optimum Model

Evaluation of Model

Testing

Application

Figure 2.3: Process of Cost Modelling (Allan. A, 1994)

2.5 Factors Influencing Cost Modeling

In order to produce a good cost model formula, various factors should be considered whereby they can bring huge impact on the cost model. These factors can be defined as below:

2.5.1 Type and Function of Building

Generally, building type can be categorized as below:

1) Residential building

- premises used or intended to be used wholly or principally for human habitation

2) Commercial building

- used for the carrying on of any trade or business where the primary purpose is the sale of goods or foodstuff by retail or the provision of services - used as a place of business and for conducting administrative work

3) Industrial building

- Building for industrial activities in which the processes carried on or the machinery installed

4) Educational building

- an institute designed for various activities where people receive educations

5) Government building

- building in which diplomats live or work

6) Religious building

- building for public worship, religious teaching, studies, seminars, and includes seminaries

7) Transportation building

- includes Bus, Mass Rapid Transit and Light Rail Transit depot and interchange

8) Military building

- structure designed to house functions performed by a military unit

9) Agricultural building

- structures associated with farming and the agricultural industry

10) Public building

- building that belongs to a town or state, and is used by the public

2.5.2 Design Specification

Building design specifications are important and explicit document which form the contract. According to Cyon Research (2003) design is an iterative process through which a set of requirements such as – physical,

aesthetic, performance, and so on – are creatively manipulated, resulting into a design.

2.5.3 Cost Elements

Based on the Institute of Surveyor, Malaysia (n.d.), cost elements can be divided as below:

1) Substructure - Piling - Below Lowest Floor Finish

2) Superstructure - Frame - Upper Floors - Roof - Stairs - External Walls - Windows & External Doors - Internal Walls & Partitions - Internal Doors

3) Finishes - Internal Wall Finishes - Internal Floor Finishes - Internal Ceiling Finishes - External Finishes

4) Fittings and Furnishing - Services - Sanitary Appliances - Plumbing Installation

- Refuse Disposal - Air-cond & Ventilation System - Electrical Installation - Fire Protection Installation - Lift & Conveyor Installation - Communication Installation - Special Installation - Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services - Builder's Work in Connection With Services

5) External Works - Site Work - Drainage - External Services - Ancillary Buildings - Recreational Facilities

2.6 Pre-school Education

2.6.1 Introduction

Pre-school is the first formal place for children to start socialize and interact with people outside from home. In Europe, preschool education has been established since the 19th century and in United States since the 20th century. In Malaysia, pre-school programme has begun in the era of 1950s. Back then, the education of pre-school was influenced by British education system where by pre-school education is given only to those who is affordable due to the pricey fees.

2.6.2 Background of Malaysian Pre-school Education

Education in Malaysia is the responsibility of the Federal Government. In the December of 1991, the Cabinet instructed the Ministry of Education to implement pre-school programme in Malaysia. Then in the January of 1992, a pilot project of 1,131 pre-schools classes were established under the National Education Philosophy after a meeting between ministries (Malaysian Ministry of Education Portal, 2012).

Pre-school education is part of Malaysian education system governed by the Education Act 1996. Cabinet meeting on 6th June 2001 directed the expansion of pre-school programme implementation by the Malaysian Ministry of Education. Number of public pre-school classes and children enrolment from 1992 to 2007 (Malaysian Education Statistics, 2007) are shown as below:

Table 2.3: Number of Pre-School Classes and Children Enrolled Item 1992 1995 2000 2005 Number of Pre- 1,131 1,131 1,053 3,287 school Classes Children 26,000 27,883 26,718 93,376 Enrolment

Meanwhile, a significant expansion on the number of pre-school in the country throughout the years is shown from the Malaysian Ministry of Education (2012):

Total Number of Pre-school 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1992 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total 1131 1231 2731 3231 3931 4583 5907 6846 7196 7511 8216 8664

Figure 2.4: Expansion of Pre-school Education (Malaysian Ministry of Education Portal, 2012)

2.6.3 School Selection Criteria

The suitability of building pre-school has been categorized by the Ministry of Education (n.d.) as below:

a) Inland rural

b) First year pupils who did not access to pre-school - The Ministry of Education will receive a report showing that many pupils in Year One in the area do not enter any preschool.

c) No other nursery operators - The ministry found in an area that has little or no kindergarten / pre-school either by private parties or other statutory bodies.

d) Consideration of Primary one pupils enrollment for the following year (more than 15 person)

e) Renovation or build classroom - If the school has extra space to accommodate a room or building preschool.

f) Demand from local communities - Usually the local community will make a motion to apply provided preschool in their area.

2.7 Sarawak

2.7.1 Introduction

Being the largest state in Malaysia, Sarawak is built up of 124,449 sq.km land. The state is initially divided in to nine divisions which headed by on resident each. Divisions in Sarawak are divided into districts which are headed by a district officer. In year 2002, two new divisions had been created making a total of 11 divisions in Sarawak. Development of division in Sarawak is based on the needs of each division. These divisions and districts are divided as below:

Table 2.4: Administrative Divisions and Districts in Sarawak (Sarawak State Planning Unit, 2012) DIVISION DISTRICTS SUBDISTRICTS Kuching Siburan, Padawan KUCHING Bau Lundu Sematan Samarahan Asajaya SAMARAHAN Serian Tebedu Simunjan Sebuyau Sri Aman Lingga, Pantu SRI AMAN Lubok Antu Engkelili Betong Maludam, Debak, Spaoh, Pusa BETONG Saratok Kabong, Roban, Budu Sarikei Meradong SARIKEI Julau Pakan Sibu SIBU Kanowit Selangau Mukah Balingian Dalat Oya MUKAH Daro Belawai Matu Igan Bintulu Sebauh BINTULU Tatau Kapit Nanga Merit KAPIT Belaga Sungai Asap Song Miri Sibuti, Niah-Suai MIRI Marudi Beluru, Long Lama Limbang Ng. Medamit LIMBANG Lawas Sundar, Trusan

Figure 2.5: Sarawak’s Administrative Division (Wikipedia)

2.7.2 Population

The capital city of Sarawak which is well-known as Kuching has the highest population which is approximately 28 percent of the total population. This is followed by Miri and Sibu, with 14.6 percent and 11.9 percent. With relatively huge land area compare to the population, other divisions in the state are categorize as less developed area where most of them are remote and hardly reach. The Sarawak’s population in the year 2010 is as below:

Table 2.5: Sarawak’s Population by District (Sarawak Planning Unit)

2.7.3 Early Education

Realizing the importance of early education, the State government is committed to the development of preschools. There are plans to establish preschools in rural longhouses and villages to ensure children in these areas get the head start they deserve educationally (Sarawak Government Portal,

n.d.). The Sarawak Children’s Early Education Development Council is focusing on the registering preschools in Sarawak. Meanwhile, SeDidik Sdn Bhd which is a non-profit organization is assigned to manage the Child and Family Development Programme for the Sarawak Economic Development Corporation (SEDC). The programmes are operated in 58 urban and rural centres, serving over 2,000 children. Furthermore, the state government is has put on effort in providing lands in the remote area with high population to the Malaysia Ministry of Education to develop pre-schools in the state.

Based on the report on literacy rate among Malaysian citizens age 10- 64 years, Sarawakians was seen to be in the lowest position among all the states. This

Figure 2.6: Malaysian Citizens Literacy Rate 2010 (The Malaysia Chief Statistician Office, 2013)

2.8 Summary

This chapter has reviewed on the theories related to the building cost estimate. There are various type of cost estimating techniques mentioned earlier that each suit different stage in a project development. Quantity Surveyors need to have knowledge on the limitation of each type of cost estimate in order to ease their work on tender estimate. In order to estimate the optimum cost for preschool, the background and school selection criteria of pre-school are described in this chapter.

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter will describe on the research methodology that guided the author in achieving the stated objectives of study. This study was carried out using five methods. Firstly, preliminary study will be established to observe the issue within the Malaysian construction industry which is related to the budgeting and construction of pre-school. Secondly, literature review was used to gather information related to the research. The third step is data collection where documents were obtained from the consultants of pre-schools projects to be analyzed. The forth step is through conducting of documentation analysis where information of related elements was extracted to be scheduled. Finally, data analysis was done to identify the optimum cost for pre-school building in the state.

3.2 Preliminary Study

Preliminary Study is done to identify the issue in Malaysian construction industry through lecture, magazine, journal, conference proceeding and newspaper. For this study, government budget distribution and plan on education achievement for pre-school’s construction is the issue matter. From this, the topic of studying the cost model of pre-school building is formed. Cost model for pre-school can bring benefit to the future government projects on pre-school construction. Here, background of study is being detailed to obtain the specification and design of pre- school in Malaysia. Finally, scopes of study are determined for pre-school building in Sarawak.

3.3 Literature review

Literature review has been carried out to study for background knowledge and collect information pertaining to the study area in order to achieve the objectives. The source of literature review includes related journals, published books, conference proceedings, case studies, magazines, newspapers, websites and other published research work. This collection of literature review is then arranged in a proper manner that brings out the elementary knowledge of cost model. The literature review here provided a basis for the author to select the cost model formulation method.

3.4 Data Collection

Data collection is an important aspect in the research methodology where it determines what data the author needed to achieve the objectives. The data collecting tools for this study is through documentation analysis which is a quantitative approach. Documentation analysis will be done by studying the document contract of pre-school projects and collect the data using the form of Elemental Cost Analysis (ECA). It provides the same function with standardized work section in a building independent of quantity, work specification and rate, which allows meaningful comparisons to be made (Ivor H. Seeley, 1996). Target respondent for getting the required documents of this study are consultants that involved in those projects. This people are who directly control the costing in both pre and post-contract stages.

For this study, Sarawak state is chosen because Malaysian government has allocated a huge sum of budget for the construction of pre-school in the 2013. Also under the National Key Result Areas of Government Transformation Programme, the government planned to create a holistic growth in the education sector. Target document to be collected is 20 pre-schools project.

3.4.1 Elemental Cost Analysis (ECA)

Elemental Cost Analysis is a tool to collect cost data to allow estimator foresee and control the cost of a project. It is the most widely used method to evaluate element cost for building construction and for used of preliminary cost estimate for similar future projects. The Building Cost Information Centre (BCIC) of the Institution of Surveyors in Malaysia has established a uniform format to collect, compile, collate, analyze and publish cost information of the building constructed in the country (The Institution of Surveyor, Malaysia, n.d.). The cost information will be collected form the bill of quantities in the tender documents of completed projects. In addition,

overall information and brief specification of the project will be also collected in the form of ECA. The ECA format produced by BCIC consists of three from which is the project information page, the summary of elemental cost page and the brief specification page.

3.4.1.1 Form 1 – Information on Project and Analyzed Building

This for is generally divided into two sections, the overall information on the project and the information and analysis of a single building.

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1

JOB TITLE CLIENT :

SUB-PAKEJ : LOCATION : TENDER DATE : INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract :

Market Conditions :

Contract Particulars : Competitive Tender List

Type of Contract : Cost Fluctuation : Yes RM Int (Jv)/L No Basis of Tender Open/Selected Bills of Quantities Competition Government

Bills of Appr. Quant. Negotiated Private

Sched. of Rates/ Serials Provisional Sum RM Spec. & Drawings Prime Cost Sum RM Contract Period Stip. by Client : Preliminaries RM Contract Period Offered by Buliders : Contingencies RM Number of Tenders Issued : Contract Sum RM Number of Tenders Received :

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with classroom, toilet and pantry.

Areas : Functional Unit : Design/Shapes Percentage of Gross Floor Area Lower Ground Floor m2 Ground Floor m2 External Wall Area (a) Below Grd. Flr % % = Upper Floor m2 Gross Floor Area GROSS FLOOR AREA m2 = (b) Single Storey % % Construction Usable Area m2 Circulation Area m2 (c) Two-storey % % Ancillary Area m2 Storey Heights : Construction Internal Division m2 GROSS FLOOR AREA m2 Av. below Grd. Floor (d) 3-storey % Construction Floor Space NOT Enclosed m2 At Ground Floor (e) 2-Storey % % Roof Area m2 Above Ground Floor Construction (Structural & Plant Rooms) Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM excluding external works : Prime Cost Sums RM Preliminaries RM being % of remainder Contingencies RM being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies Figure 3.1: Elemental Cost Analysis Form 1

Each and every of the information required in this form has its own significant for the user. Manual for the preparation of ECA is published to serve as a guide for the preparation of ECA throughout the industry.

3.4.1.2 Form 2 – Summary of Element Cost

In this form, breakdown of costs of elements is given systematically. It provides information on the total cost of element, cost per m2 of Gross Floor Area, element unit quantity, elements unit rate, ratio of element per m2 Gross Floor Area and important cost data which will be used to make a realistic estimate and to prepare the cost plan for future similar projects.

Table 3.1: Manual for preparation of ECA Form 2

ELEMENT MANUAL

Total cost of element All the total cost shall be extracted from Bills of (RM): Quantities

Cost/m2 GFA (RM) : Calculated by dividing Total Cost of element with Gross Floor Area.

Element Unit Quantity : All areas shall be the net areas, for example, area for external walls shall omit area of windows and doors, and any opening on the walls

Element Unit Rate (RM) : Calculated by dividing Total Cost of Element with Element Unit Quantity.

Element Ratio /m2 GFA : Calculated by dividing Element Unit Quantity with Gross Floor Area

Reinforced Concrete Quantity of reinforced concrete in elements in cubic (m3) : metre

Reinforcement (kg) : Quantity of reinforcement in kilogramme

Formwork (m2) : Quantity of formwork in square metre

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : m2 TENDER DATE :

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m2 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish Group Element Total

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 2B Upper Floors 2C Roof 2D Stairs 2E External Walls 2F Windows & External Doors 2G Internal Walls & Partitions 2H Internal Doors Group Element Total

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 3B Internal Floor Finishes 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 3D External Finishes Group Element Total 4 Fittings and Furnishing 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 5B Plumbing Installation 5C Refuse Disposal 5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System 5E Electrical Installation 5F Fire Protection Installation 5G Life & Conveyor Installation 5H Lift & Conveyor Installation 5J Special Installation 5K Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services 5L Builder's Work in Connection with Services Group Element Total Sub-total exc. External Works, Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Work 6B Drainage 6C External Services 6D Ancillary Buildings 6E Water Reticulation 6F Sewerage Reticulation 6G Fencing & Gate 6H Linkway & Footpath 6I Turfing 6J Recreational Facilities Group Element Total Provisional Sum Preliminaries TOTAL (less Contingencies) Figure 3.2: Elemental Cost Analysis Form 2

3.4.1.3 Form 3 – Brief Specification

Form 3 provides brief information on the specification based on each element in the project. It describes the types and quality of material used to give brief picture of the building standards and quality.

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 3

BRIEF SPECIFICATION GROSS FLOOR AREA m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 ELEMENT SPECIFICATION 1 Substructure 1A Piling 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish Finish 2 Superstructure 2A Frame 2B Upper Floor 2C Roof 2D Stairs 2E External Walls 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 2G Windows 2H Doors 3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 3B Internal Floor Finishes 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 3D External Finishes 4 Fittings and Furnishings 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 5B Cold Water Services 5C Soil and Waste Services 5D Air-Conditioning & Ventilation system 5E Electrical Installation 5F Fire Protection Installation 5G Lift & Conveyor Installation 5H Special Installation 5J Builder's Profit & Attendance on services 5k Builder's Work in Connection with Services 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 6B Drainage 6C Foul Drainage 6D Ancillary Buildings 6E Water Reticulation 6F Sewerage Reticulation 6G Fencing & Gate 6H Linkway & Footpath 6I Turfing 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support Figure 3.3: Elemental Cost Analysis Form 3

3.5 Document Analysis

In document analysis, we are talking about documents as a source of data, similar to data gathered in surveys, interviews and observations (Zina O’Leary, 2004). In this stage, the assembly and erection of pre-school cost element will be tabulated using computer. Data will be presented in two different methods which table form and graph form. The discussion of this part will mainly base on the evaluated results obtained from document analysis. The results will then being use for data analysis of the study which is the key point to achieve the stated objectives.

3.6 Data Analysis

In this stage, author will interpreted the document analysis results into an optimum cost. Microsoft Excel 2010 will be used as the tools for formulation of the optimum cost. This software is used due to its sufficiency and easiness to obtain the required result. Application of this software will ease the reader in understanding the model formulation steps. This software also enables faster work progress and minimum mistake of calculation. A graph will be established to show the overall flow of each of the 17 evaluated pre-school projects. The average will then be obtained as the basis for optimum cost.

3.7 Summary

This chapter will discuss on the analyzed data and formula. A conclusion will be drawn by the author. This part is a discussion on findings related to the objectives of the study, which is the optimum cost for pre-school in Sarawak.

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

The concept of elemental cost analysis was introduced and developed by BCIS for more than 50 years in the United Kingdom. However in Malaysia, this Standard Form of Cost Analysis needs more adaption to improve the objectives of ECA where the accuracy of cost information is critical during cost forecasting. T hus, proper collection of various ECA is vital to allow effective cost information and increase the accuracy of cost forecast. This study was conducted to analyze the optimum cost for pre-school building in Sarawak state.

This chapter focuses on the analysis of samples obtained in order to achieve the objectives of this study. It is divided into three sections which is to identify the cost elements and design specification, and also to analyze the optimum cost for the construction of pre-schools in Sarawak remote area. The data collected is analyzed and tabulated in the form of charts and graphs for better understanding of the reader. Eventually, conclusion and recommendations were drawn from the findings.

4.2 Sample Details

4.2.1 Sample Analysis

The data were collected through Elemental Cost Analysis form which focuses on the remote pre-school projects that were constructed from the year 2010 to 2011. Throughout the data collection process, 17 ECA of pre- schools were collected from 10 remote districts in 6 divisions of Sarawak state. These 17 schools were built under the National Key Result Areas of Government Transformation Programme. Apart from cost data, drawing of pre-school design was obtained from consultant team to be analyzed.

4.2.2 Pre-schools Name and Location

A total of 17 pre-schools were taken into analysis of this study. Based on the data collected, the 17 pre-school were shown built in remote areas in the districts where less development occur. The name and location of pre- schools are shown in Table 4.1.

It can be viewed in Table 4.1 that there are 12 samples from Sekolah Kebangsaan and 5 samples from Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan being analysed in this study. For Miri division, cost data of three pre-school were taken as sample, they are from SK Temenggong Muip, SK Tudan and SK Suai 1. SK Asyakirin, SK Sg Tisang and SK Agama (M.I.S) for Bintulu division; SK Batu 10 Jalan Oya, SJK Thian Chin and SJK Hing Ung for Sibu division; SJK Hin Hua, SK Ng Bawai and SK Long Gang for Kapit division and SK Bukit Luba, SK Tang Lapadan and SJK Soon Hwa Sundar for Limbang division. There was only two samples obtained for Mukah division which is SK SLDB No.1 and SJK Ek Hua.

Table 4.1: Name and Location of Pre-school

No. Name of Pre-School Division District

1 SK Temenggong Muip Miri 2 SK Tudan Miri Miri 3 SK Suai 1 Niah-Suai 4 SK Asyakirin Bintulu 5 SK Sg Tisang Bintulu Bintulu 6 SK Agama (M.I.S) Bintulu 7 SK Batu 10 Jalan Oya Sibu 8 SJK Thian Chin Sibu Sibu 9 SJK Hing Ung Sibu 10 SJK Hin Hua Song 11 SK Ng Bawai Kapit Kapit 12 SK Long Gang Belaga 13 SK SLDB No.1 Mukah 14 SJK Ek Hua Mukah Mukah 15 SK Bukit Luba Limbang 16 SK Tang Lapadan Limbang Lawas 17 SJK Soon Hwa Sundar Lawas

Number of Pre-school Based on Disctrict

2 2 Miri Niah-Suai 1 1 Bintulu Sibu 2 Song 3 Kapit Belaga 1 Mukah 1 Limbang 1 3 Lawas

Figure 4.1: Number of Pre-school Based on District

Figure 4.1 illustrates the number of pre-schools analyzed based on district in Sarawak. Three pre-schools project data were collected from Bintulu and Sibu and two projects from Miri, Mukah and Lawas. The remaining pre-schools were collected each from Niah-Suai, Song, Kapit, Belaga and Libang. The data collected is significant to achieve the objectives of study where the core of study is on remote area’s projects.

4.2.3 Project Participants

Under the NKRA, construction of pre-schools was accomplished in all the remote area in the country. In Sarawak, an Architect firm was appointed to develop the design of pre-school based on the guidance of Ministry of Education and to suit the Sarawak land profile. As refer to Table 4.2, the result shows that the consultant team for the 17 pre-school projects is from the same consultancy companies. This outcome apparently supports the validity of the source of data for the first objective which is the identification of the cost elements and design specification for the pre-schools. Since design was produced by the same architect firm, the trend of design specification can be determine from the drawing and also the Form 3 of ECA where brief specification was recorded.

As depicted in Table 4.2, the client of pre-school project is the Malaysian Ministry of Education. The consulting Architect firm was Arkitek Seni Kenyalang Sdn Bhd, Perunding ISKFIT as the Civil and Structure Engineer, KTA (Sarawak) Sdn Bhd as the Mechanical and Electrical Engineer and PEB Consulting QS Sdn Bhd as the Quantity Surveying consultant. Since the samples were obtained from a few packages of projects, the contractors were from 4 different construction companies which are Cekapplex Sdn Bhd, Betakota (M) Sdn Bhd, Urusinar Resources Sdn Bhd and Binamas Jaya Sdn Bhd.

Table 4.2: Project Participants

Civil Mechanical & & Quantity No. Name of Pre-School Contractor Client Architect Structure Electrical Surveyor Engineer Engineer 1 SK Temenggong Muip, Miri Cekapplex 2 SK Tudan, Miri Sdn Bhd

3 SK Suai 1, Batu Niah

4 SK Asyakirin, Bintulu Betakota (M) 5 SK Sg Tisang, Bintulu Sdn Bhd

6 SK Agama (M.I.S), Bintulu 7 SK Batu 10 Jalan Oya, Sibu 8 SJK Thian Chin, Sibu 9 SJK Hing Ung, Sibu 10 SJK Hin Hua, Song Urusinar Resources 11 SK Ng Bawai, Kapit Sdn Bhd 12 SK Long Gang, Belaga Perunding ISKFIT

13 SK SLDB No.1, Mukah (Sarawak) KTA Sdn Bhd

PEB Consulting PEB Sdn QS Bhd Ministry of Ministry Education Malaysia 14 SJK Ek Hua, Mukah Seni Arkitek Kenyalang Bhd Sdn 15 Sk Bukit Luba, Limbang Binamas Jaya 16 SK Tang Lapadan, Lawas Sdn Bhd 17 SJK Soon Hwa Sundar, Lawas

4.3 Cost Elements of Pre-school

Among the 17 pre-school cost data obtained, the cost elements are significant in providing a strong basis for the cost estimate for cost forecasting of future pre- school projects in the state. Based on the collected data, the cost elements can be concluded as shown in Table 4.3.

In order for tenderer to cost the items listed, they have to determine the quantity and specification of that particular item. For example, to price the cost for piling, tenderer have to estimate the quantity based on the drawing attached to tender document. For some tenderer, quantity stated in the Bills of Quantity certainly a guide to pricing, but when it comes to extra item to be listed by tenderer, extra careful is needed during measurement of tender drawing.

The massive growth of Malaysia construction industry must be taken into account where the price changes occurred. The relative price changes with measure the price between two periods must be applied to the cost elements to prevent the tenderer from facing underestimate.

As for labour rate, tenderer need to make serious consideration based on the labour supply near the particular site, also the experience of labour. Labour rate may also include the insurance and levy of the labour. On the other hand, plant cost is where tenderer fill in the cost of machineries and plants required for the work stated in the tender. These machineries and plants can be purchased or rented by the tenderer. At this point, tenderer have to study on the economics of the machineries and plants whether to purchase or to rent in order to allow him to make the best offer to the client.

Table 4.3: Cost Elements of Pre-school

No. Building Works Costing Consideration 1 Substructure Piling Based on site condition Work Below Lowest Floor Finish Design fixed 2 Superstructure Frame Design fixed Roof Design fixed External Walls Design fixed Internal Walls & Partitions Design fixed Windows Design fixed Doors Design fixed 3 Finishes Internal Wall Finishes Design fixed Internal Floor Finishes Design fixed Internal Ceiling Finishes Design fixed External Finishes Design fixed 4 Services Sanitary Appliances Design fixed Cold Water Services Design fixed Soil and Waste Services Design fixed Electrical Installation Design fixed Fire Protection Installation Design fixed Builder's Work in Connection with Services Design fixed 5 External Works Site Clearance & Earthworks Based on site condition Drainage Based on site condition Foul Drainage Based on site condition Fencing & Gate Based on site condition Linkway & Footpath Based on site condition Turfing Based on site condition Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support Based on water supply at site 6 Provisional Sum Educational furniture 7 Preliminaries Standard item 8 Labour Rate Rate to be priced as appendix 9 Plant Cost Rate to be priced as appendix 10 Cost Index Updated regularly by CIDB

Based on Table 4.3, there is indeed differentiation between the pre-school cost elements. For substructure, piling is different for every site based on the soil condition; this is determined by the Structural Engineer after a soil investigation is reported. It is illustrated in Table 4.4, there are 13 pre-schools using 200 square millimeter diameter reinforced concrete pilling as foundation of the school. The remaining 4 pre-schools was using 250 square millimeter diameter reinforced concrete pilling. Thus, piling shall be a vitally important consideration when estimator is doing elemental cost forecasting. It can be clearly seen in the cost data in Table 4.11, piling for pre-school range from RM 35 thousands to RM 181 thousands.

Table 4.4: Differentiation of Piling of Pre-school 200 x 200 RC 250 x 250 RC No. Name of Pre-School Pile Pile

1 SK Temenggong Muip, Miri

2 SK Tudan, Miri

3 SK Suai 1, Batu Niah

4 SK Asyakirin, Bintulu

5 SK Sg Tisang, Bintulu

6 SK Agama (M.I.S), Bintulu

7 SK Batu 10 Jalan Oya, Sibu

8 SJK Thian Chin, Sibu

9 SJK Hing Ung, Sibu

10 SJK Hin Hua, Song

11 SK Ng Bawai, Kapit

12 SK Long Gang, Belaga

13 SK SLDB No.1, Mukah

14 SJK Ek Hua, Mukah

15 Sk Bukit Luba, Limbang

16 SK Tang Lapadan, Lawas

17 SJK Soon Hwa Sundar, Lawas

Another different that can be observed from the cost element is the external work. External work cannot be designed based on Architect knowledge and favour but must base on the site profile and building requirements. From the analysis, all

57 the 17 samples are shown to have the cost elements of site clearance and earthwork, drainage, foul drainage, fencing and gates, and turfing under external work section. Somehow, there are differentiations between the cost elements under external work section.

Out of 17 pre-schools, there are five pre-schools built without the element Linkway and Footpath; these schools are SK Batu 10 Jalan Oya, SJK Hin Hua, SK Ng Bawai, SK SLDB No.1, and SJK Soon Hwa Sundar. This can be explained that these 5 schools have their existing linkway and footpath that is sufficient to accommodate new pre-school students. It is shown in the table below that only 4 schools required the construction of rainwater harvest tank support. These 4 schools are located at the district of Niah-suai, Kapit, Mukah and Lawas. Based on the geographical location of these pre-schools, cold water is hardly supply to these are as they are too remote and inaccessible. For instant, Kapit and Mukah district can be reach via boat or light aircraft only.

Table 4.5: Differentiation in External Works

Linkway Rainwater No. Name of Pre-School & Harvest Tank Footpath Support

1 SK Temenggong Muip, Miri 1 - 2 SK Tudan, Miri 1 - 3 SK Suai 1, Batu Niah 1 1 4 SK Asyakirin, Bintulu 1 - 5 SK Sg Tisang, Bintulu 1 - 6 SK Agama (M.I.S), Bintulu 1 - 7 SK Batu 10 Jalan Oya, Sibu - - 8 SJK Thian Chin, Sibu 1 - 9 SJK Hing Ung, Sibu 1 - 10 SJK Hin Hua, Song - - 11 SK Ng Bawai, Kapit - 1 12 SK Long Gang, Belaga 1 - 13 SK SLDB No.1, Mukah - 1 14 SJK Ek Hua, Mukah 1 - 15 Sk Bukit Luba, Limbang 1 - 16 SK Tang Lapadan, Lawas 1 1 17 SJK Soon Hwa Sundar, Lawas - -

4.4 Design Specification of Pre-school

4.4.1 Layout

Based on the drawing provided by the Architect of pre-school in Sarawak, the layout can be concluded as perfectly identical. Design of pre- school in Sarawak is generally divided into two types; Type A and Type B. Type A will be built at flood free land whereas Type B design was used at flood zone. This typical layout was designed to suit site profile of remote area in Sarawak.

Figure 4.2 shows the layout plan of Type A design and Figure 4.3 shows the layout plan of Type B design. From the layout plan, measurement was carried out is below:

Table 4.6: Measurement for Gross Floor Area (GFA) for both pre-school design Type A and Type B

Location Unit Length Width Total Learning & Activity Area m2 9.00 7.50 67.50 Dining m2 4.30 7.50 32.25 Kitchen & Preparation m2 3.00 5.50 16.50 Utility m2 3.00 2.00 6.00

Toilet (Teacher) m2 2.04 2.19 4.47 Toilet (Girl) m2 2.04 2.19 4.47 Toilet (Boy) m2 2.04 2.19 4.47 Corridor m2 1.50 16.30 24.45 Total 160

From the total area shown in Table 4.6, the pre-school enclosed area is undeniable to be 160 square meter. This design is used to accommodate 25 children and two teachers as it match the basic regulation of pre-school admission.

Figure 4.2: Ground Floor Plan of design Type A

The only different in the layout plan of both designs is that there is addition element in design Type B which is a staircase due to flood risk consideration. As illustrated in Figure 4.3, the staircase is attached to the pre- school building externally; this allows internal layout of pre-school to be identical and the cost of enclosed area to be completely equivalent.

Figure 4.3: Ground Floor Plan of design Type B

4.4.2 Roof

Roof is an important part of a building where it protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather and the invasion of animals. Especially in the remote area of Sarawak, roof protects the internal of the building against rain which can be huge during the monsoon from June to October. As illustrated in Figure 4.4 and Figure 4.5, undoubtedly the roofing design of both types is practically uniform. It means that the material and cost for roof is the same for all the pre-school in Sarawak should be similar despite the factor of factor influencing the construction cost.

Figure 4.4: Roof Plan of design Type A

Figure 4.5: Roof Plan of design Type B

4.4.3 Wall Height

As refer to Figure 4.6 and Figure 4.7, the height of the wall of pre- school can be clearly seen to be 3 metres above the finished floor level of each site. In order to prevent the internal of pre-school to be damaged by flood, the pre-school is raised to above the flood level of that particular site.

Figure 4.6: Elevation of design Type A

Figure 4.7: Elevation of design Type B

4.4.4 Finishes Specification

Finishes specification in the study shall discuss on the type of material used to increase the aesthetic value of pre-school and to suit its’ function.

Table 4.7: Finishes Specification Cement render finish Floor Finishes 197mm x 197mm 'MML' or approved equivalent non- slip homogeneous tiles laid to selected colour & paterns Cement render painted with primer, undercoarts & 2 coats of final layer paint finish to specification Wall Finishes 197mm x 197mm 'MML' glazed ceramic wall tiles or approved equivalent laid to selected colour & patterns to ceiling height 1200mm x 1200mm x 4.5mm thick 'UAC Superflex' boards on 50mm x 50mm H.W noggings & hangers at 600mm & 1200mm centres with 25mm x 12mm H.W joint beadings at 1200mm centre both ways, paint finish

Ceiling Finishes 9mm thick fibrous plaster ceiling boards with G.I. C- channel ceiling noggings & hangers at 600mm & 1200mm centres, paint finish 1200mm x 1200mm x 6mm thick cemboard ceiling board on 50mm x 50mm H.W ceiling nogging at 600 mm c/c

Finishes used for pre-school is similar as the typical finishes used in ordinary government schools as shown in Table 4.7. Floor finishes used for wet area such as toilet is non-slip homogeneous as this can ensure the safety of users. Somehow, due to budget restraint from the ministry, the functional area such as dining, learning and activity area applied cement render as floor finished.

Cement render is seen to be applied at the all the area excludes kitchen and toilets. For the kitchen and toilets, glazed ceramic wall tile is used to prevent structure from getting wet and weaken. As for the ceiling, fibrous plaster board is used as all internal and external ceiling except at toilet. For the toilet, ‘UAC superflex’ is chosen due to its damp proof ability.

4.5 Optimum Cost for Pre-School

To analyze the cost of pre-school, ECA were collected for 17 pre-school which were built from year 2010 to 2011 at remote area in Sarawak. In order to compare apples-to-apples, samples were selected from same type of design which is Type A (for flood free zone).

4.5.1 Overall Construction Cost

Overall construction cost of pre-school includes preliminaries, provisional sum, piling works, building works, mechanical and electrical services and external works.

Pre-school Construction Cost

SJK Soon Hwa Sundar 622,388.91 SK Tang Lapadan 633,893.97 Sk Bukit Luba Limbang 617,551.25 SJK Ek Hua 556,880.48 SK SLDB No.1 Mukah 530,797.65 SK Long Gang 870,585.30 SK Ng Bawai 561,908.53 SJK Hin Hua Kapit 549,435.30 SJK Hing Ung 638,537.00 SJK Thian Chin 594,547.23 SK Batu 10 Jalan Oya Sibu 480,395.66 SK Agama (M.I.S) 451,294.40 SK Sg Tisang 498,382.54 SK Asyakirin Bintulu 516,175.14 SK Suai 1 555,770.97 SK Tudan 600,972.02 SK Temenggong Muip Miri 564,700.55

Figure 4.8: Pre-school Construction Cost

Figure 4.8 depicts the cost of construction for pre-school based on division. The highest construction cost is obviously SK Long Belaga which is located at Kapit division. Construction cost for this pre-school is recorded to be almost twice the lowest construction cost of the same type of pre-school. Based on the data collected earlier, it can be concluded that the division of Kapit owns the largest land size in the state which made up of 38,934 square kilometer. As SK Long Belaga is located at the Belaga district in Kapit division, the pre-school was built extremely far from town where construction material and labour were hardly obtained.

Table 4.8: Sarawak division land size

Division Area (sq.km) Kuching 4,559.50 Samarahan 4,967.40 Sri Aman 5,466.30

Betong 4,180.80 Sarikei 4,332.40 Sibu 8,278.30 Mukah 6,997.60

Bintulu 12,166.20 Kapit 38,934.00 Miri 26,777.10 Limbang 7,790.00 Total 124,449.60

Based on the assessment of collected cost data, a trend can be observed from Figure 4.8 on the construction cost of pre-school. Generally, construction cost for pre-schools in the same division has very near gap to each other. This indicates that cost of construction in Sarawak depends on the area where the site is located. The average construction cost and its standard deviation based on division are reflected in Figure 4.9.

Mean and Standard Deviation of Construction Cost 700,000.00 600,000.00 500,000.00 400,000.00 300,000.00 200,000.00 100,000.00 - Miri Bintulu Sibu Kapit Mukah Limbang Mean 573,814.51 488,617.36 571,159.96 660,643.04 543,839.07 624,611.38 Standard Deviation 23,939.13 33,524.57 81,623.49 181,922.26 18,443.35 8,394.98

Figure 4.9: Mean and Standard Deviation of Construction Cost based on Division

The highest mean value of RM 660,643.04 shows that the average construction cost of pre-school in regards on Kapit division, subsequently a cost of RM 624,611.38 for Limbang division and RM 573, 814.51 for Miri Division. Sibu, Mukah and Bintulu have achieved lower mean score in construction cost. Based on the data collected in regards to overall construction cost, it can be concluded that division is a huge factor in considering the construction cost in Sarawak.

Standard deviation indicates the variation of construction cost based on division from the average cost. It is one important element to prove the validity of the collected data. Based on Figure 4.9, Limbang division shows the lower standard deviation which is RM 8394.98, following by Mukah division with score of RM 18,443.35, Miri division with score of RM 23,939.13 and Bintulu division with score of RM 33,524.57. Among the highest dispersion is Sibu division with RM 81,623.49 and the highest goes to Kapit division which scored RM 181,443.35. The land size of each division in Sarawak clearly reflects the score obtained for standard deviation. Larger land size resulted in bigger variation of construction cost among the division due to the topography of each construction site and the distance from the nearest town or source of construction materials.

4.5.2 Functional Cost

4.5.2.1 Functional Area Cost

Functional area cost is calculated by dividing the overall construction cost exclude piling works by usable floor area. Piling works ought to be excluded for the reason that piling cost would be different for each pre-school due to diverse soil condition. Functional area cost also excludes taking the account of external works. External works is different for every project due to the size of the site, the building requirements and the distance to nearest services supply.

Table 4.9: Functional Area Cost of Pre-school Functional Average No. Design Name of Pre-School Division Area Cost Cost Type (RM/m2) (RM) 1 A SK Temenggong Muip 4,584.72 2 A SK Tudan Miri 4,739.24 4,555.05 3 A SK Suai 1 4,341.18 4 A SK Asyakirin 4,094.71 5 A SK Sg Tisang Bintulu 3,763.10 3,811.44 6 A SK Agama (M.I.S) 3,576.51 7 A SK Batu 10 Jalan Oya 3,685.17 8 A SJK Thian Chin Sibu 4,625.74 4,431.71 9 A SJK Hing Ung 4,984.21 10 A SJK Hin Hua 4,612.10 11 A SK Ng Bawai Kapit 4,286.98 5,286.18 12 A SK Long Gang 6,959.45 13 A SK SLDB No.1 3,969.48 14 A SJK Ek Hua Mukah 4,470.66 4,220.07 15 A SK Bukit Luba 4,882.94 16 A SK Tang Lapadan Limbang 4,897.37 4,895.81 17 A SJK Soon Hwa Sundar 4,907.13 * Functional Area for design Type A is 119.46m2

Functional area cost for pre-schools in Miri division can be observed as around Rm4,300 to RM4,700. It shows that the range of differences in the functional area cost is quite small. From this, it can be understood that supply of materials and labours in Miri is similar for each site. The average functional area cost for pre-school in Miri division is RM 4,555.05/m2.

For Bintulu division, it is seen to be lower in the cost/m2 compares to Miri division. The functional area cost range from around RM3,600 to RM4,100. The average cost/m2 for pre-school building in Bintulu is the lowest among all the division which is RM 3,811.44. From the understanding throughout the study, Bintulu is the major industrial centre in the state. Bintulu port area in Kidurong hosts the Petronas Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Complex, which is now the world’s largest liquefied natural gas production facility on a single site. The development in the division allows good access to the division. Supplies of materials and labours would be easier due to the rapid developmet in the industry of the the division.

For the 3 samples obtained for Sibu division, the cost/m2 of building cost range from around RM 3,700 to RM 5,000. The deviation of cost/m2 in Sibu seems to be wide which is approximately RM 1,300. In fact, Sibu division has experienced a slower growth rate compare to other towns and cities in the state and also the country. The decline is probably the main reason to the cost/m2 is higher in compare to cost/m2 in Bintulu division.

There are indeed similarity in the trend of cost between construction cost and functional area cost. In both case, SK Long Gang in Kapit division has obtained the highest cost in the analysis. Correspondingly, pre-school in Mukah, Bintulu and Sibu division are seen to be among the lower in functional area cost. Functional area cost is further illustrates in Figure 4.10 below.

For Kapit division, functional area cost for pre-school building range from around RM 4,300 to RM 7,000. It is indeed a huge gap for around RM 2,700 for the cost/m2. Kapit is the largest state in the state which is about 8.5

71 times larger than the Kuching the capital city. Somehow, the division is only accessible by boat which is slightly more than 2 hours from Sibu or by light aircraft which is costly. The hardly accessible site resulted in the highest cost/m2 for the construction of pre-school building in the state.

Average cost/m2 of pre-school in Mukah is RM 4,220.07 which is among the lowest cost/m2. Mukah is a relatively small division in compare to Miri, Bintulu and Kapit. The development is fast where the construction of Mukah Town Extension Phase 2 is in the process. This allows good access to materials and labours in lower cost in compare to other division which is having slower development.

The last division discussed in the study is Limbang division. Cost/m2 of functional area for pre-schools in Limbang is around RM4895.81. The cost/m2 in Limbang is the second highest among the divisions. From the observation, Limbang is completely cut off from the rest of Sarawak's road network. This might be the main reason for the high cost of functional area where supply of construction need is crucial.

Functional Area Cost 8,000.00

7,000.00

6,000.00 6,959.45

5,000.00

4,000.00

4,984.21

4,907.13

4,897.37

4,882.94

4,739.24

4,625.74

4,612.10

4,584.72

4,470.66 4,341.18

3,000.00 4,286.98

4,094.71

3,969.48

3,763.10

3,685.17 3,576.51 2,000.00 Miri Bintulu Sibu Kapit Mukah Limbang 1,000.00

0.00

Figure 4.10: Functional Area Cost of Pre-school

4.5.2.2 Functional Unit Cost

Functional unit cost is calculated by dividing the overall construction cost exclude piling works by the number of children for a pre-school. Piling works will not be included in the cost due to diverse soil condition at each site. Functional unit cost also excludes taking the account of external works where these works are different for every project based on the size of the site, the building requirements and the distance to nearest services supply. The functional unit cost will serve as a multiplier for the preliminary estimate for similar projects in the future.

Table 4.10: Functional Unit Cost of Pre-school

Functional Average Design No. Name of Pre-School Division Unit Cost Cost Type (RM/m2) (RM) 1 A SK Temenggong Muip 21,907.08 2 A SK Tudan Miri 22,645.41 21,765.29 3 A SK Suai 1 20,743.38 4 A SK Asyakirin 19,565.69 5 A SK Sg Tisang Bintulu 17,981.17 18,212.14 6 A SK Agama (M.I.S) 17,089.57 7 A SK Batu 10 Jalan Oya 17,608.79 8 A SJK Thian Chin Sibu 22,103.12 21,175.96 9 A SJK Hing Ung 23,815.98 10 A SJK Hin Hua 20,906.99 11 A SK Ng Bawai Kapit 20,484.42 24,881.88 12 A SK Long Gang 33,254.21 13 A SK SLDB No.1 18,967.31 Mukah 20,164.69 14 A SJK Ek Hua 21,362.07 15 A Sk Bukit Luba 23,332.09 16 A SK Tang Lapadan Limbang 23,401.08 23,393.62 17 A SJK Soon Hwa Sundar 23,447.68 *Functional Unit is based on 25 numbers of pre-school children

4.5.3 Analysis on Elemental Cost

The breakdown of an element Bills of Quantities is based on the group elements defined by the new rules of measurement published by RICS. Elements are group in the order of substructure, superstructure, internal finishes, fittings, furnishings and equipment, services and external works. Next, group elements are sub-divided into elements of building construction. For example, in the group element of superstructure, there are a few elements such as frame, roof, window and door.

As collected from the tender document, the cost data for the 17 samples is tabulated based on element.

4.5.3.1 Substructure

Table 4.11: Substructure Cost Data SK SK SK Sg SK Agama SK Batu 10 SJK Thian SJK Hing PRE-SCHOOL Temenggong SK Tudan SK Suai 1 Asyakirin Tisang (M.I.S) Jalan Oya Chin Ung Muip DIVISION Miri Bintulu Sibu DISTRICT Miri Miri Niah-Suai Bintulu Bintulu Bintulu Sibu Sibu Sibu Substructure Piling 156,613.25 163,208.37 97,702.80 106,414.78 35,085.96 35,085.96 35,985.60 164,247.75 176,232.51 Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 68,590.93 68,590.93 71,679.66 64,528.84 99,190.00 77,654.57 79,625.76 67,402.98 73,263.73 Group Element Total 225,204.18 231,799.30 169,382.46 170,943.62 134,275.96 112,740.53 115,611.36 231,650.73 249,496.24 Average 208,795.31 139,320.04 198,919.44

SJK Hin SK Ng SK Long SK SLDB Sk Bukit SK Tang SJK Soon PRE-SCHOOL SJK Ek Hua Hua Bawai Gang No.1 Luba Lapadan Hwa Sundar DIVISION Kapit Mukah Limbang DISTRICT Song Kapit Belaga Mukah Mukah Limbang Lawas Lawas Substructure Piling 97,702.80 41,983.20 181,558.40 38,984.40 114,765.18 108,976.20 107,993.20 129,762.08 Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 71,679.66 92,896.72 110,276.40 86,261.24 70,561.93 79,954.74 102,955.16 77,193.48 Group Element Total 169,382.46 134,879.92 291,834.80 125,245.64 185,327.11 188,930.94 210,948.36 206,955.56 Average 198,699.06 155,286.38 202,278.29

From the cost data collected for substructure, the trend of cost flow seems to be contrast from the trend of functional area cost analyzed earlier. For substructure, the highest cost goes to Miri division. It is follows by Limbang, Sibu, Kapit, Mukah and the lowest is Bintulu division.

From the 3 samples obtained for Miri division, all the cost for WBLFF (Work Below Lowest Floor Finish) are almost similar. The huge difference in the cost appears for the piling. Piling cost for pre-school at SK Tudan is RM 163 thousands, while the cost of piling for SK Suai 1 was recorded to be RM 97 thousands. It is understands that the piling used for SK Tudan and SK Temenggong Muip were 250 x 250mm RC pile and 200 x 200mm RC pile was used for SK Suai 1. Furthermore, both SK Tudan and SK Temenggong Muip applied Belian Pepper Post to their external works. There is indeed cost varies for different size and type pile that were used to suit the soil condition of each site.

For the lowest average substructure division which is Bintulu division, only one sample applied both RC pile and Belian Pepper Post which caused the substructure cost to be reasonably higher than the other two samples. While on the other hands, the other two samples do not required piling to their drains, manholes, septic tank and fencing. Hence, the overall average cost for this division is lowest among all the divisions.

From the overall view of the substructure cost, it is not suitable to use as a guide to cost forecasting for the future project. Piling is designed based on the site conditions of the projects. Thus, piling shall be excluded for a cost forecast model.

4.5.3.2 Superstructure

Table 4.12: Superstructure Cost Data

SK SK SK Sg SK Agama SK Batu 10 SJK Thian SJK Hing PRE-SCHOOL Temenggong SK Tudan SK Suai 1 Asyakirin Tisang (M.I.S) Jalan Oya Chin Ung Muip DIVISION Miri Bintulu Sibu DISTRICT Miri Miri Niah-Suai Bintulu Bintulu Bintulu Sibu Sibu Sibu Superstructure Frame 24,739.26 25,190.30 27,812.59 25,265.42 24,839.74 24,089.50 25,673.16 24,603.50 26,742.93 Roof 58,641.43 59,902.08 67,343.90 60,080.71 59,068.45 58,561.18 61,071.60 58,526.95 63,616.25 External Walls 9,580.58 9,834.76 10,862.80 9,964.08 9,697.89 9,694.23 10,027.20 9,611.50 10,447.10 Internal Walls & Partitions 3,180.55 3,264.93 3,606.20 3,574.67 3,219.50 3,300.02 3,328.80 3,190.70 3,468.10 Windows 12,822.43 13,162.61 14,537.90 13,201.87 12,979.44 12,747.33 13,419.60 12,860.45 13,978.75 Doors 12,759.00 13,097.51 14,465.83 13,136.56 12,915.23 12,834.32 13,353.06 12,796.87 13,909.61 Group Element Total 121,723.25 124,452.19 138,629.22 125,223.32 122,720.25 121,226.59 126,873.42 121,589.97 132,162.74 Average 128,268.22 123,056.72 126,875.38 Superstructure Cost/m2 based on Division 1,073.73 1,030.11 1,062.07

SJK Hin SK Ng SK Long SK SLDB Sk Bukit SK Tang SJK Soon PRE-SCHOOL SJK Ek Hua Hua Bawai Gang No.1 Luba Lapadan Hwa Sundar DIVISION Kapit Mukah Limbang DISTRICT Song Kapit Belaga Mukah Mukah Limbang Lawas Lawas Superstructure Frame 27,812.59 29,952.02 42,788.60 28,035.09 27,375.92 31,021.79 30,251.54 29,952.02 Roof 66,160.90 72,524.20 101,786.00 67,882.65 65,143.04 73,794.85 73,249.44 71,250.20 External Walls 10,862.80 11,698.40 16,712.00 10,949.70 10,694.00 12,118.30 11,815.38 11,698.40 Internal Walls & Partitions 3,606.20 3,883.60 5,548.00 3,635.05 3,550.24 4,022.90 3,922.44 3,883.60 Windows 14,537.90 15,656.20 22,366.00 14,654.20 14,314.24 16,215.35 15,812.76 15,656.20 Doors 14,465.83 15,578.57 22,255.10 14,581.56 14,243.28 16,135.12 15,734.36 15,578.57 Group Element Total 137,446.22 149,292.99 211,455.70 139,738.25 135,320.72 153,308.31 150,785.92 148,018.99 Average 166,064.97 137,529.49 150,704.41 Superstructure Cost/m2 based on Division 1,390.13 1,151.26 1,390.13

A superstructure is defined as an upward extension above the foundation. For a normal project, elements under this group can be sub-divided into frame, roof, external walls, internal walls and partition, windows and doors.

Substructure cost for pre-schools in the state can be observed as around RM 123 thousands to RM 166 thousands. From the data collected, Miri division which has the highest substructure cost are shown to be among the lowest superstructure cost. From the table, the lowest cost of substructure is recorded to be for Bintulu division. It is then followed by Sibu, Miri, Mukah and Limbang division. Kapit division is shown to own the highest superstructure cost among all the divisions.

From the design and specification discuss earlier, the superstructure of all the 17 samples were shown to be identical. Hence, the only factors that can affect the cost varies is the factor of locality. Although all the samples were built in remote area, SK Long Gang from the Kapit division is shown to be furthest from the nearest town where basic construction materials can be obtained.

From the observation, the average superstructure cost for each division can be used as cost forecast basis for future project. For instance, average superstructure cost for Kapit division is recorded as RM 166,064.97. The superstructure cost per square meter is approximately RM 1038 (average cost divided by gross floor area).

4.5.3.3 Finishes

Table 4.14: Finishes Cost Data

SK SK SK Sg SK Agama SK Batu 10 SJK Thian SJK Hing PRE-SCHOOL Temenggong SK Tudan SK Suai 1 Asyakirin Tisang (M.I.S) Jalan Oya Chin Ung Muip DIVISION Miri Bintulu Sibu DISTRICT Miri Miri Niah-Suai Bintulu Bintulu Bintulu Sibu Sibu Sibu Finishes Internal Wall Finishes 16,099.48 15,270.66 17,200.30 15,111.06 15,789.88 16,254.28 15,877.20 15,215.65 16,538.75 Internal Floor Finishes 8,292.89 7,914.45 8,859.89 7,654.97 8,139.18 8,372.63 8,178.36 7,837.61 8,519.14 Internal Ceiling Finishes 11,277.30 10,677.77 12,048.40 10,633.11 11,060.43 11,385.74 11,121.60 10,658.20 11,585.00 External Finishes 15,983.88 15,061.74 17,076.80 14,754.36 15,195.84 16,137.58 15,763.20 15,106.40 16,420.00 Group Element Total 51,653.56 48,924.62 55,185.39 48,153.49 50,185.32 52,150.22 50,940.36 48,817.86 53,062.89 Average 51,921.19 50,163.01 50,940.37 Finishes Cost/m2 based on Division 434.63 419.91 426.42

SJK Hin SK Ng SK Long SK SLDB Sk Bukit SK Tang SJK Soon PRE-SCHOOL SJK Ek Hua Hua Bawai Gang No.1 Luba Lapadan Hwa Sundar DIVISION Kapit Mukah Limbang DISTRICT Song Kapit Belaga Mukah Mukah Limbang Lawas Lawas Finishes Internal Wall Finishes 17,200.30 18,523.40 26,462.00 16,671.12 16,935.68 19,184.95 17,948.61 18,523.40 Internal Floor Finishes 8,859.89 9,541.42 13,630.60 8,771.29 8,723.56 9,882.20 9,350.59 9,541.42 Internal Ceiling Finishes 12,048.40 12,975.20 18,536.00 11,927.92 11,863.04 13,438.60 12,715.70 12,975.20 External Finishes 17,076.80 18,390.40 26,272.00 16,706.03 16,814.08 19,047.20 17,922.59 18,390.40 Group Element Total 55,185.39 59,430.42 84,900.60 54,076.36 54,336.36 61,552.95 57,937.49 59,430.42 Average 66,505.47 54,206.36 59,640.29 Finishes Cost/m2 based on Division 556.72 453.76 499.25

Building finishes forms the beauty of a building. It comprises the nonstructural elements of the building. Finishes can be divided into interior finishes which is located inside the building and exterior finishes which is located outside the building structure.

For the pre-school projects in Sarawak, the finishes used were uniform. Hence, the locality factor might be the only reason for the differences in finishes cost. From the samples obtained, Bintulu division which have the lowest superstructure cost is seen to be lowest in the finishes cost among all the division. Following by Sibu division, Miri division, Mukah division, Limbang division and Kapit division.

Basically, the trend of cost is similar to the superstructure. From the analyzed, these finishes cost can be a good basis for the cost forecast for pre-school in the state. The cost of finishes per square meter can be calculated by dividing the average cost for each division by the gross floor area.

4.5.3.4 Services

Table 4.16: Services Cost Data

SK SK SK Sg SK Agama SK Batu 10 SJK Thian SJK Hing PRE-SCHOOL Temenggong SK Tudan SK Suai 1 Asyakirin Tisang (M.I.S) Jalan Oya Chin Ung Muip DIVISION Miri Bintulu Sibu DISTRICT Miri Miri Niah-Suai Bintulu Bintulu Bintulu Sibu Sibu Sibu Services Sanitary Appliances 8,310.51 8,310.51 9,233.90 8,310.51 8,310.51 8,310.51 8,523.60 8,168.45 8,878.75 Cold Water Services 24,536.66 24,536.66 20,094.62 24,536.66 24,536.66 24,536.66 25,165.80 24,117.23 26,214.38 Soil and Waste Services 9,510.46 9,510.46 10,567.18 9,510.46 9,510.46 9,510.46 9,754.32 9,347.89 10,160.75 Electrical Installation 21,890.70 31,753.80 25,272.00 20,416.50 18,942.30 20,416.50 21,948.00 23,241.50 22,862.50 Fire Protection Installation 351.00 351.00 390.00 351.00 351.00 351.00 360.00 345.00 375.00 Builder's Work in Connection with Services 5,696.73 5,696.73 6,329.70 5,696.73 5,696.73 5,696.73 5,842.80 5,599.35 6,086.25 Group Element Total 70,296.06 80,159.16 71,887.40 68,821.86 67,347.66 68,821.86 71,594.52 70,819.42 74,577.63 Average 74,114.21 68,330.46 72,330.52 Services Cost/m2 based on Division 620.41 571.99 605.48

SJK Hin SK Ng SK Long SK SLDB Sk Bukit SK Tang SJK Soon PRE-SCHOOL SJK Ek Hua Hua Bawai Gang No.1 Luba Lapadan Hwa Sundar DIVISION Kapit Mukah Limbang DISTRICT Song Kapit Belaga Mukah Mukah Limbang Lawas Lawas Services Sanitary Appliances 9,233.90 9,944.20 14,206.00 9,233.90 9,091.84 10,299.35 9,944.20 9,944.20 Cold Water Services 27,262.95 21,640.36 36,483.00 20,094.62 26,843.52 30,408.68 21,640.36 29,360.10 Soil and Waste Services 10,567.18 11,380.04 16,257.20 10,567.18 10,404.61 11,786.47 11,380.04 11,380.04 Electrical Installation 23,777.00 30,506.00 36,580.00 26,507.00 23,411.20 26,520.50 23,254.00 22,666.00 Fire Protection Installation 390.00 420.00 600.00 390.00 384.00 435.00 420.00 420.00 Builder's Work in Connection with Services 6,329.70 6,816.60 9,738.00 6,329.70 6,232.32 7,060.05 6,816.60 6,816.60 Group Element Total 77,560.73 80,707.20 113,864.20 73,122.40 76,367.49 86,510.05 73,455.20 80,586.94 Average 90,710.71 74,744.95 80,184.06 Services Cost/m2 based on Division 759.34 625.69 671.22

Services of a building are everything inside a building which makes it safe and comfortable. For the pre-school building, services includes sanitary appliances, cold water services, soil and waste services, electrical installation, fire protection installation and builder’s work in connection with services.

From the cost data tabulated, the lowest services cost goes to pre-schools in Bintulu division. It is followed by Sibu division, Miri division, Mukah division, Limbang division and Kapit division. Since the services designed are uniform, the cost trend is similar to other group of element such as superstructure and finishes. Tenderers or the awarded contractor priced the Bills of Quantities based on the locality factor of the pre-schools.

4.5.3.5 External Works

Table 4.18: External Works Cost Data

SK SK SK Sg SK Agama SK Batu 10 SJK Thian SJK Hing PRE-SCHOOL Temenggong SK Tudan SK Suai 1 Asyakirin Tisang (M.I.S) Jalan Oya Chin Ung Muip DIVISION Miri Bintulu Sibu DISTRICT Miri Miri Niah-Suai Bintulu Bintulu Bintulu Sibu Sibu Sibu External Works Site Clearance & Earthworks 2,925.00 2,082.60 5,720.00 1,965.60 760.50 1,989.00 3,432.00 3,070.50 2,900.00 Drainage 1,421.55 5,896.80 1,228.50 947.70 17,550.00 1,105.65 486.00 8,170.75 5,425.00 Foul Drainage 9,927.45 15,286.05 13,052.00 9,529.65 17,064.45 8,874.45 25,170.00 19,469.50 22,775.00 Fencing & Gate - 9,055.80 8,086.00 9,617.40 10,553.40 8,868.60 9,288.00 7,981.00 7,475.00 Linkway & Footpath 994.50 760.50 650.00 3,217.50 1,170.00 1,462.50 - 1,552.50 2,687.50 Turfing 1,755.00 1,755.00 1,950.00 1,755.00 1,755.00 1,755.00 1,800.00 1,725.00 1,875.00 Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support - - 6,500.00 ------Group Element Total 17,023.50 34,836.75 37,186.50 27,032.85 48,853.35 24,055.20 40,176.00 41,969.25 43,137.50 Average 29,682.25 33,313.80 41,760.92

SJK Hin SK Ng SK Long SK SLDB Sk Bukit SK Tang SJK Soon PRE-SCHOOL SJK Ek Hua Hua Bawai Gang No.1 Luba Lapadan Hwa Sundar DIVISION Kapit Mukah Limbang DISTRICT Song Kapit Belaga Mukah Mukah Limbang Lawas Lawas External Works Site Clearance & Earthworks 845.00 2,520.00 1,400.00 8,736.00 3,200.00 4,147.00 3,920.00 4,970.00 Drainage 143.00 2,079.00 1,080.00 10,933.00 1,209.60 1,587.75 1,134.00 2,464.00 Foul Drainage 14,696.50 25,599.00 17,690.00 18,330.00 9,958.40 16,783.75 23,289.00 15,827.00 Fencing & Gate 9,126.00 10,500.00 15,160.00 10,166.00 6,220.80 8,903.00 10,724.00 10,836.00 Linkway & Footpath - - 900.00 - 320.00 652.50 700.00 - Turfing 1,950.00 2,100.00 3,000.00 1,950.00 1,920.00 2,175.00 2,100.00 2,100.00 Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support - 7,000.00 - 6,500.00 - - 7,000.00 - Group Element Total 26,760.50 49,798.00 39,230.00 56,615.00 22,828.80 34,249.00 48,867.00 36,197.00 Average 38,596.17 39,721.90 39,771.00

External work is an important group element in a building. For the pre- schools in the Sarawak, external works include site clearance and earthworks, drainage, foul drainage, fencing and gate, linkway and footpath, turfing and rainwater harvesting tank support.

For external works, the cost trend is different from the previous few group elements. From observation, elements external works do not applied for all the 17 samples. The need of each element for the samples comes with different quantities. Hence, the external work cost data shall not be included as part of the basis for the cost forecast function.

From the cost data collected, Miri division has the lowest external works cost. This is follows by Bintulu division, Kapit division, Mukah division, Limbang division and the highest is Sibu division. From the Bills of Quantities, observation has been made through the external works of each pre-school. It is indeed huge different in the quantity of each items. For example, foul drainage for SJK Ek Hua is 98 meters, but the foul drainage for SK Tang Lapadan is only 68 meters. For this reason, the cost data for external works is not suitable to use as a cost forecast model.

4.6 Summary of Analysis

Upon the analysis of data collected, it can be concluded that design of pre- school in Sarawak is fixed where there is a standard drawing provided by appointed Architect. This allows uniformity of the characteristic of pre-school structure in the state. In order to ease the tendering process, the cost elements for pre-schools are relatively similar to one another. On the other hand, pre-school in Kapit division has shown the highest construction cost among the 17 pre-school analyzed, following by Limbang division, Miri division, Sibu division, Mukah division and the lowest cost among all the Bintulu division. The functional area cost of pre-school based on division is as below:

Table 4.19: Functional Cost of Pre-school

Functional Functional No. Name of Pre-School Division Unit Cost Area Cost (RM) (RM) 1 SK Temenggong Muip 2 SK Tudan Miri 21,765.29 4,555.05 3 SK Suai 1 4 SK Asyakirin 5 SK Sg Tisang Bintulu 18,212.14 3,811.44 6 SK Agama (M.I.S) 7 SK Batu 10 Jalan Oya 8 SJK Thian Chin Sibu 21,175.96 4,431.71 9 SJK Hing Ung 10 SJK Hin Hua 11 SK Ng Bawai Kapit 24,881.88 5,286.18 12 SK Long Gang 13 SK SLDB No.1 20,164.69 14 SJK Ek Hua Mukah 4,220.07 15 SK Bukit Luba 16 SK Tang Lapadan Limbang 23,393.62 4,895.81 17 SJK Soon Hwa Sundar

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter summarizes the findings from Chapter 4 and collaborates with conclusion. It encompasses the summary of study, its limitations and problems faced throughout the study, and finally the recommendations as suggestion to the future study.

5.2 Conclusion

Based on the analyzed data, there are indeed fixed specification for pre- school design in Sarawak and this study facilitates in determining the design specification of these pre-schools. The Architect appointed for all the pre-schools in the state was the Arkitek Seni Kenyalang Sdn Bhd, this allow the uniformity of design based on the budget provided by the Malaysian Ministry of Education. There are two similar designs created by the respected Architect with same gross floor area but structurally different. Design Type A was used for flood free construction site 87 whereas design Type B was used for flood zone in the remote area of Sarawak. The essential standard gross floor area of these pre-school can be concluded as 160 square meters and the height is 3 meters from finished floor level. This allows homogeneity of design and cost elements in order to ease the execution of pre-school projects.

The analysis and findings of study presented in Chapter 4 shown that the functional area cost for type A pre-school in Sarawak is different based on its division. Based on the study, the highest functional area cost and functional unit cost for same type of pre-schools goes to Kapit division. It can be concluded that Kapit division made up of approximately 31.28% of the total state land. The Kapit division is huge and many of the land remain undeveloped and located in remote area. This resulted in the high construction cost of pre-school where access to the site was tougher, and labour and material need to be imported to the site. The average of pre- school functional cost can be listed as below:

Table 5.1: Average Functional Area Cost of Pre-school

No. Sarawak Average Functional Average Functional Division Area Cost Unit Cost

1. Kapit RM 5,286.18 RM 24,881.88

2. Limbang RM 4,895.81 RM 23,393.62

3. Miri RM 4,555.05 RM 21,765.29

4. Sibu RM 4,431.71 RM 21,175.96

5. Mukah RM 4,220.07 RM 20,164.69

6. Bintulu RM 3,811.44 RM 18,212.14

Overall Average RM 4,533.38 RM 21,598.93

The optimum functional area cost obtained from the study is RM 4,533.38 and the functional unit cost is RM 21,598.93 for pre-school in the remote area of Sarawak or the average cost by division as listed in Table 5.1.

5.3 Limitations

In the process of completing the study, various limitations were faced in ensuring the validity and precision of data collected. Among the limitations of study are:

a) Limitation in terms of obtaining enough number of pre-school cost sample from each division the development of pre-school in some division is fewer than others. In this study, three samples were collected from Limbang, Kapit, Sibu, Bintulu and Miri division. However, only two samples were obtained for Mukah division.

b) Data was collected at the consultant firm. As this cost data is confidential, data collection was made in the consultant firm. The researcher took almost one month staying at the consultant office in order to collect sufficient data for the study. By doing this, researcher need to apply for leave from the faculty and had to absent for few classes during data collection.

5.4 Recommendation for Future Study

A few recommendations are offered concerning the future study:

89 a) Further improvement on the standard Elemental Cost Analysis to improve the variable of cost data in the study to ensure more cost data is taken into account. b) To expand the scope of study from the Sarawak state to all the pre-school in the country. This is to ensure study is useful for the cost estimate of pre- school in the country since the government is paying great attention to early education. c) Further research should consider in the use of interview method. This is to better understand the design of pre-school from the consultant himself.

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APPENDICES

Sample A - Form 1

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : A - ZON MIRI, BARU NIAH, BEKENU & MARUDI LOCATION : SK Temenggong Muip, Miri TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

Contract Particulars : Cost Fluctuation : Yes Competitive Tender List No Type of Contract : RM Int (Jv)/L Government Basis of Tender Open/Selected Private 5,367,735.10 L Bills of Quantities Competition 5,721,135.75 L Provisional Sum RM 574,000.00 5,915,131.80 L Bills of Appr. Quant. Negotiated 6,146,721.00 L Preliminaries RM 418,792.52 6,246,580.96 L Sched. of Rates/ Serials 6,252,487.00 L Spec. & Drawings Piling/Special RM 1,311,613.80 6,366,871.10 L Foundation 6,397,638.15 L Contract Period Stip. by Client : 6 months 7,944,736.65 L Building Works RM 2,888,959.68 10,838,146.40 L Contract Period Offered by Buliders : 6 months Internal Services RM 371,587.00 Number of Tenders Issued : 21 External Works RM 581,768.00 Number of Tenders Received : 17 Contract Sum RM 6,146,721.00

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Areas : Functional Unit : 119 m2 Design/Shapes (Net Usable Floor Area) Percentage of Gross Floor Area Lower Ground Floor - m2 Ground Floor 160 m2 (a) Below Grd. Flr 0%% Upper Floor - m2 External Wall Area 175 = GROSS FLOOR AREA 160 m2 Gross Floor Area 160 (b) Single Storey 100% % = 1.093 Construction Usable Area 119 m2 Circulation Area 35 m2 (c) Two-storey 0%% Ancillary Area - m2 Construction Internal Division 6 m2 Storey Heights : GROSS FLOOR AREA 160 m2 (d) 3-storey 0% Av. below Grd. Floor - m Construction Floor Space NOT Enclosed 61 m2 At Ground Floor 3.00 m (e) 2-Storey 0% % Roof Area 242 m2 Construction (Structural & Plant Rooms) Above Ground Floor - m

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 564,700.55 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 46,800.00 excluding external works : RM 4,584.72 / m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 32,000.00 being 5.67% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 564,700.55 Sample A - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 156,613.25 978.20 2,532 m 61.85 15.81 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 68,590.93 428.42 160 m2 428.42 1.00 43.63 4,187.00 179.40 Group Element Total 225,204.18 1,406.62 2,692 - 490.27 16.81 43.63 4,187.00 179.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 24,739.26 154.52 160 m2 154.52 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 58,641.43 366.27 242 m2 242.32 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 9,580.58 59.84 175 m2 54.75 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,180.55 19.87 64 m2 49.70 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 12,822.43 80.09 18 m2 702.98 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 12,759.00 79.69 26 m2 499.96 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 121,723.25 760.28 685 - 1,704.23 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 16,099.48 100.56 299 m2 53.84 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 8,292.89 51.80 160 m2 51.83 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 11,277.30 70.44 139 m2 81.13 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 15,983.88 99.84 61 m2 262.03 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 51,653.56 322.63 659 - 448.84 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 8,310.51 51.91 31 nos 268.08 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 24,536.66 153.26 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 9,510.46 59.40 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 21,890.70 136.73 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 351.00 2.19 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5I Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5J Builder's Work in Connection with Services 5,696.73 35.58 4 nos 1,424.18 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 70,296.06 439.07 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 468,877.05 2,928.60 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 2,925.00 18.27 ------6B Drainage 1,421.55 8.88 9 m 157.95 0.06 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 9,927.45 62.01 15 m 661.83 0.09 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate ------6H Linkway & Footpath 994.50 6.21 ------6I Turfing 1,755.00 10.96 300 m2 5.85 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support ------Group Element Total 17,023.50 106.33 ------Provisional Sum 46,800.00 292.31 Preliminaries 32,000.00 199.87 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 564,700.55 3527.11 Sample A - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 3 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 BRIEF SPECIFICATION GROSS FLOOR AREA 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 ELEMENT SPECIFICATION 1 Substructure 1A Piling 200mm x 200mm precast concrete pile, 250mm x 250mm precast concrete pile and belian 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Vibrated reinforced concrete Grade 25 pile cap, column stump, ground beam, and ground floor Finish Finish slab. 2 Superstructure 2A Frame Vibrated reinforced concrete Grade 25 roof beam, roof slab, column and stiffener. 2B Upper Floor Not Applicable 2C Roof Metal roofing sheet with mild steel/light weight metal roof truss system and uPVC rain water down pipe. 2D Stairs Not Applicable 2E External Walls 115mm thick brickwall. 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 110mm thick brickwall in common clay bricks in cement and sand (1:3) mortar. 2G Windows Aluminium framed top hung window, sliding window and fixed panel window. 2H Doors Timber flushed door, mild steel gate, complete with ironmongeries. 3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 20mm thick cement and sand plaster with emulsion paints to plastered walls, columns, beams, lintel, sill and hood. Glazed ceramic wall tiles to toilet. 3B Internal Floor Finishes Cement and sand (1:3) screed paving and non-slip homogeneous tiles flooring with waterproofing coating system. 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes Fibrous Plasterboard Ceiling and cemboard ceiling with emulsion paint. 3D External Finishes Cement and sand (1:3) rendering to apron, non-slip homogeneous tiles with waterproofing coating system to floor, external wall plastering and paint, cemboard ceiling with painting. 4 Fittings and Furnishings Generally loose furniture for classroom and standard teaching aids. 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances Standard and children washdown water closet, squatting water closet, vanity basin, hand bidet, bid tap, paper holder, double bowl drainer kitchen sink and stainless steel floor trap. 5B Cold Water Services HDPE water tank, ABS pipes class 12 and water meter. 5C Soil and Waste Services UPVC vent pipes, 50 litres HDPE grease inceptor, 1100m x 600mm manhole. 5D Air-Conditioning & Ventilation Ceiling fan system 5E Electrical Installation Electrical services complete with light fitting and SMATV Antenna. 5F Fire Protection Installation Portable fire extinguisher. 5G Lift & Conveyor Installation Not Applicable 5H Special Installation Not Applicable 5J Builder's Profit & Attendance Not Applicable on services 5k Builder's Work in Connection Reinforced concrete vanity counter and kitchen counter top. with Services 6 External Works

6A Site Clearance & Earthworks General site clearance, filling, trimming, levelling, compacting, fill materials in layer, etc., 6B Drainage U'including shaped maintenancecast-in-situ reinforced to temporary concrete earth Gradedrain, silt25 drainagetrap and temporaryand earth drain. culvert. 6C Foul Drainage UPVC pipes encased with Grade 25 concrete, manhole and septic tank. 6D Ancillary Buildings Not Applicable 6E Water Reticulation 600 Gallons HDPE water tank, HDPE and OD pipe complete with fittings and accessories.

6F Sewerage Reticulation UPVC piping for soil, waste and vent pipe. 6G Fencing & Gate PVC Coated chainlink fencing and galvanised rectangular hollow section steel gate. 6H Linkway & Footpath Belian post metal roofing covered linkway and 100mm thick reinforced Grade 25 concrete footpath. 6I Turfing Spot turfing with 90% axonopus compressus (cow grass) 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Timber rainwater harvesting tank support constructed of belian structure. Support Sample B - Form 1

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : A - ZON MIRI, BARU NIAH, BEKENU & MARUDI LOCATION : SK Tudan, Miri TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 600,972.02 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 46,800.00 excluding external works : RM 4,739.24 / m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 34,000.00 being 5.66% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 600,972.02 Sample B - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 163,208.37 1,019.40 3,092 m 52.78 19.31 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 68,590.93 428.42 160 m2 428.42 1.00 44.63 4,938.00 185.40 Group Element Total 231,799.30 1,447.82 3,252 - 481.20 20.31 44.63 4,938.00 185.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 25,190.30 157.34 160 m2 157.34 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 59,902.08 374.15 242 m2 247.53 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 9,834.76 61.43 175 m2 56.20 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,264.93 20.39 64 m2 51.01 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 13,162.61 82.21 18 m2 721.63 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 13,097.51 81.81 26 m2 513.23 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 124,452.19 777.33 685 - 1,746.94 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 15,270.66 95.38 299 m2 51.07 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 7,914.45 49.43 160 m2 49.47 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 10,677.77 66.69 139 m2 76.82 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 15,061.74 94.08 61 m2 246.91 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 48,924.62 305.58 659 - 424.27 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 8,310.51 51.91 31 nos 268.08 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 24,536.66 153.26 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 9,510.46 59.40 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 31,753.80 198.33 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 351.00 2.19 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5I Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5J Builder's Work in Connection with Services 5,696.73 35.58 4 nos 1,424.18 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 80,159.16 500.67 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 485,335.27 3,031.40 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 2,082.60 13.01 ------6B Drainage 5,896.80 36.83 36 m 163.80 0.22 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 15,286.05 95.48 48 m 318.46 0.30 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 9,055.80 56.56 78 m 116.10 0.49 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath 760.50 4.75 ------6I Turfing 1,755.00 10.96 300 m2 5.85 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support ------Group Element Total 34,836.75 217.59 ------Provisional Sum 46,800.00 292.31 Preliminaries 34,000.00 212.36 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 600,972.02 3,753.66 Sample B - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : A - ZON MIRI, BARU NIAH, BEKENU & MARUDI LOCATION : SK Suai 1, Batu Niah TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 555,770.97 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 52,000.00 excluding external works : RM 4,341.18 / m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 31,500.00 being 5.67% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 555,770.97 Sample C - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 97,702.80 610.25 990 m 98.69 6.18 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 71,679.66 447.71 160 m2 447.71 1.00 43.63 4,187.00 179.40 Group Element Total 169,382.46 1,057.96 1,150 - 546.40 7.18 43.63 4,187.00 179.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 27,812.59 173.72 160 m2 173.72 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 67,343.90 420.63 242 m2 278.28 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 10,862.80 67.85 175 m2 62.07 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,606.20 22.52 64 m2 56.35 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 14,537.90 90.80 18 m2 797.03 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 14,465.83 90.35 26 m2 566.84 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 138,629.22 865.88 685 - 1,934.29 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 17,200.30 107.43 299 m2 57.53 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 8,859.89 55.34 160 m2 55.37 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 12,048.40 75.25 139 m2 86.68 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 17,076.80 106.66 61 m2 279.95 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 55,185.39 344.69 659 - 479.53 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 9,233.90 57.67 31 nos 297.87 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 20,094.62 125.51 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 10,567.18 66.00 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 25,272.00 157.85 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 390.00 2.44 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5I Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5J Builder's Work in Connection with Services 6,329.70 39.54 4 nos 1,582.43 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 71,887.40 449.01 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 435,084.47 2,717.53 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 5,720.00 35.73 ------6B Drainage 1,228.50 7.67 7 m 175.50 0.04 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 13,052.00 81.52 25 m 522.08 0.16 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 8,086.00 50.51 59 m 137.05 0.37 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath 650.00 4.06 ------6I Turfing 1,950.00 12.18 300 m2 6.50 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support 6,500.00 40.60 ------Group Element Total 37,186.50 232.27 ------Provisional Sum 52,000.00 324.79 Preliminaries 31,500.00 196.75 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 555,770.97 3471.34 Sample C - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 3 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 BRIEF SPECIFICATION GROSS FLOOR AREA 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 ELEMENT SPECIFICATION 1 Substructure 1A Piling 250mm x 250mm precast concrete pile. 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Vibrated reinforced concrete Grade 25 pile cap, column stump, ground beam, and ground floor Finish Finish slab. 2 Superstructure 2A Frame Vibrated reinforced concrete Grade 25 roof beam, roof slab, column and stiffener. 2B Upper Floor Not Applicable 2C Roof Metal roofing sheet with mild steel/light weight metal roof truss system and uPVC rain water down pipe. 2D Stairs Not Applicable 2E External Walls 115mm thick brickwall. 2F Windows & External Doors Aluminium framed top hung window, sliding window, fixed panel window, timber flush door and belian panel door with steel door frame. 2G Internal Walls & Partitions 115mm thick brickwall. 2H Internal Doors Timber flush door and belian panel door with steel door frame. 3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 20mm thick cement and sand plaster with emulsion paints to plastered walls, columns, beams, lintel, sill and hood. Glazed ceramic wall tiles to toilet. 3B Internal Floor Finishes Cement and sand (1:3) screed paving and non-slip homogeneous tiles flooring with waterproofing coating system. 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes Fibrous Plasterboard Ceiling and cemboard ceiling with emulsion paint. 3D External Finishes Cement and sand (1:3) rendering to apron, non-slip homogeneous tiles with waterproofing coating system to floor, external wall plastering and paint, cemboard ceiling with painting. 4 Fittings and Furnishings Generally loose furniture for classroom and standard teaching aids. 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances Standard and children washdown water closet, squatting water closet, vanity basin, hand bidet, bid tap, paper holder, double bowl drainer kitchen sink and stainless steel floor trap. 5B Plumbing Installation HDPE piping and HDPE water tank for incoming cold water suppply and ABS pipe for distribution 5C Soil, Waste & Vent Pipe UPVC vent pipes, 50 litres HDPE grease inceptor, 1100m x 600mm manhole. 5D Air-Conditioning & Ventilation Ceiling fan system 5E Electrical Installation Electrical services complete with light fitting and SMATV Antenna. 5F Fire Protection Installation Portable fire extinguisher. 5G Lift & Conveyor Installation Not Applicable 5H Communication Installation Not Applicable 5J Special Installation Not Applicable 5K Builder's Profit & Attendance Not Applicable on services 5L Builder's Work in Connection Reinforced concrete vanity counter and kitchen counter top. with Services 6 External Works 6A Site Works General site clearance, filling, trimming, levelling, compacting, fill materials in layer, etc., including maintenance to temporary earth drain, silt trap and temporary culvert. 6B Drainage U' shaped cast-in-situ reinforced concrete Grade 25 drainage and earth drain. 6C Foul Drainage UPVC pipes encased with Grade 25 concrete, manhole and septic tank. 6D Ancillary Buildings Not Applicable 6E Water Reticulation 600 Gallons HDPE water tank, HDPE and OD pipe complete with fittings and accessories.

6F Sewerage Reticulation UPVC piping for soil, waste and vent pipe. 6G Fencing & Gate PVC Coated chainlink fencing and galvanised rectangular hollow section steel gate. 6H Linkway & Footpath Belian post metal roofing covered linkway and 100mm thick reinforced Grade 25 concrete footpath. 6I Turfing Spot turfing with 90% axonopus compressus (cow grass) 6J Recreational Facilities Si Comel' playground equipment on thick rubber tiles. Sample D - Form 1

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : B - ZON BINTULU LOCATION : SK Asyakirin, Bintulu TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

Contract Particulars : Cost Fluctuation : Yes Competitive Tender List No Type of Contract : RM Int (Jv)/L Government Basis of Tender Open/Selected Private 4,734,591.70 L Bills of Quantities Competition 4,903,067.95 L Provisional Sum RM 473,200.00 4,924,046.50 L Bills of Appr. Quant. Negotiated 4,995,509.20 L Preliminaries RM 333,962.40 5,017,550.76 L Sched. of Rates/ Serials 5,022,183.80 L Spec. & Drawings Piling/Special RM 653,341.00 5,034,460.70 L Foundation 5,100,709.30 L Contract Period Stip. by Client : 6 months 7,981,907.60 L Building Work RM 2,499,158.70 9,175,055.00 L Contract Period Offered by Buliders : 6 months Internal Service RM 443,394.30 Number of Tenders Issued : 23 External Work RM 331,535.30 Number of Tenders Received : 21 Contract Sum RM 4,734,591.70

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 516,175.14 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 46,800.00 excluding external works : RM 4,094.71 / m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 29,200.00 being 5.66% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 516,175.14 Sample D - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 106,414.78 664.67 2,320 m 45.87 14.49 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 64,528.84 403.05 160 m2 403.05 1.00 43.63 4,187.00 179.40 Group Element Total 170,943.62 1,067.71 2,480 - 448.91 15.49 43.63 4,187.00 179.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 25,265.42 157.81 160 m2 157.81 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 60,080.71 375.26 242 m2 248.27 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 9,964.08 62.24 175 m2 56.94 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,574.67 22.33 64 m2 55.85 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 13,201.87 82.46 18 m2 723.79 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 13,136.56 82.05 26 m2 514.76 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 125,223.32 782.14 685 - 1,757.41 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 15,111.06 94.38 299 m2 50.54 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 7,654.97 47.81 160 m2 47.84 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 10,633.11 66.41 139 m2 76.50 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 14,754.36 92.16 61 m2 241.87 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 48,153.49 300.77 659 - 416.75 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 8,310.51 51.91 31 nos 268.08 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 24,536.66 153.26 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 9,510.46 59.40 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 20,416.50 127.52 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 351.00 2.19 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5J Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5K Builder's Work in Connection with Services 5,696.73 35.58 4 nos 1,424.18 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 68,821.86 429.86 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 413,142.29 2,580.48 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 1,965.60 12.28 ------6B Drainage 947.70 5.92 6 m 157.95 0.04 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 9,529.65 59.52 13 m 733.05 0.08 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 9,617.40 60.07 84 m 114.49 0.52 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath 3,217.50 20.10 ------6I Turfing 1,755.00 10.96 300 m2 5.85 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support ------Group Element Total 27,032.85 168.85 ------Provisional Sum 46,800.00 292.31 Preliminaries 29,200.00 182.38 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 516,175.14 3,224.02 Sample D - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : B - ZON BINTULU LOCATION : SK Sg Tisang, Bintulu TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 498,382.54 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 46,800.00 excluding external works : RM 3,763.10 / m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 28,200.00 being 5.66% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 498,382.54 Sample E - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 35,085.96 219.15 60 m 584.77 0.37 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 99,190.00 619.54 160 m2 619.54 1.00 43.63 4,187.00 179.40 Group Element Total 134,275.96 838.69 220 - 1,204.31 1.37 43.63 4,187.00 179.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 24,839.74 155.15 160 m2 155.15 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 59,068.45 368.94 242 m2 244.08 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 9,697.89 60.57 175 m2 55.42 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,219.50 20.11 64 m2 50.30 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 12,979.44 81.07 18 m2 711.59 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 12,915.23 80.67 26 m2 506.08 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 122,720.25 766.51 685 - 1,722.63 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 15,789.88 98.62 299 m2 52.81 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 8,139.18 50.84 160 m2 50.87 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 11,060.43 69.08 139 m2 79.57 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 15,195.84 94.91 61 m2 249.11 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 50,185.32 313.46 659 - 432.36 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 8,310.51 51.91 31 nos 268.08 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 24,536.66 153.26 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 9,510.46 59.40 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 18,942.30 118.31 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 351.00 2.19 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5J Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5K Builder's Work in Connection with Services 5,696.73 35.58 4 nos 1,424.18 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 67,347.66 420.65 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 374,529.19 2,339.30 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 760.50 4.75 ------6B Drainage 17,550.00 109.62 6 m 2,925.00 0.04 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 17,064.45 106.58 13 m 1,312.65 0.08 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 10,553.40 65.92 84 m 125.64 0.52 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath 1,170.00 7.31 ------6I Turfing 1,755.00 10.96 300 m2 5.85 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support ------Group Element Total 48,853.35 305.14 ------Provisional Sum 46,800.00 292.31 Preliminaries 28,200.00 176.14 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 498,382.54 3,112.89 Sample E - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : B - ZON BINTULU LOCATION : SK Agama (M.I.S), Bintulu TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 451,294.40 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 46,800.00 excluding external works : RM 3,576.51/ m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 25,500.00 being 5.65% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 451,294.40 Sample F - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 35,085.96 219.15 60 m 584.77 0.37 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 77,654.57 485.03 160 m2 485.03 1.00 43.63 4,187.00 179.40 Group Element Total 112,740.53 704.18 220 - 1,069.80 1.37 43.63 4,187.00 179.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 24,089.50 150.46 160 m2 150.46 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 58,561.18 365.77 242 m2 241.99 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 9,694.23 60.55 175 m2 55.40 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,300.02 20.61 64 m2 51.56 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 12,747.33 79.62 18 m2 698.87 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 12,834.32 80.16 26 m2 502.91 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 121,226.59 757.18 685 - 1,701.19 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 16,254.28 101.52 299 m2 54.36 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 8,372.63 52.30 160 m2 52.33 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 11,385.74 71.12 139 m2 81.91 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 16,137.58 100.80 61 m2 264.55 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 52,150.22 325.73 659 - 453.15 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 8,310.51 51.91 31 nos 268.08 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 24,536.66 153.26 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 9,510.46 59.40 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 20,416.50 127.52 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 351.00 2.19 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5J Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5K Builder's Work in Connection with Services 5,696.73 35.58 4 nos 1,424.18 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 68,821.86 429.86 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 354,939.20 2,216.95 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 1,989.00 12.42 ------6B Drainage 1,105.65 6.91 7 m 157.95 0.04 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 8,874.45 55.43 9 m 986.05 0.06 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 8,868.60 55.39 76 m 116.69 0.47 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath 1,462.50 9.13 ------6I Turfing 1,755.00 10.96 300 m2 5.85 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support ------Group Element Total 24,055.20 150.25 ------Provisional Sum 46,800.00 292.31 Preliminaries 25,500.00 159.27 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 451,294.40 2,818.78 Sample F - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 3 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 BRIEF SPECIFICATION GROSS FLOOR AREA 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 ELEMENT SPECIFICATION 1 Substructure 1A Piling 250mm x 250mm precast concrete pile. 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Vibrated reinforced concrete Grade 25 pile cap, column stump, ground beam, and ground floor Finish Finish slab. 2 Superstructure 2A Frame Vibrated reinforced concrete Grade 25 roof beam, roof slab, column and stiffener. 2B Upper Floor Not Applicable 2C Roof Metal roofing sheet with mild steel/light weight metal roof truss system and uPVC rain water down pipe. 2D Stairs Not Applicable 2E External Walls 115mm thick brickwall. 2F Windows & External Doors Aluminium framed top hung window, sliding window, fixed panel window, timber flush door and belian panel door with steel door frame. 2G Internal Walls & Partitions 115mm thick brickwall. 2H Internal Doors Timber flush door and belian panel door with steel door frame. 3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 20mm thick cement and sand plaster with emulsion paints to plastered walls, columns, beams, lintel, sill and hood. Glazed ceramic wall tiles to toilet. 3B Internal Floor Finishes Cement and sand (1:3) screed paving and non-slip homogeneous tiles flooring with waterproofing coating system. 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes Fibrous Plasterboard Ceiling and cemboard ceiling with emulsion paint. 3D External Finishes Cement and sand (1:3) rendering to apron, non-slip homogeneous tiles with waterproofing coating system to floor, external wall plastering and paint, cemboard ceiling with painting. 4 Fittings and Furnishings Generally loose furniture for classroom and standard teaching aids. 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances Standard and children washdown water closet, squatting water closet, vanity basin, hand bidet, bid tap, paper holder, double bowl drainer kitchen sink and stainless steel floor trap. 5B Plumbing Installation HDPE piping and HDPE water tank for incoming cold water suppply and ABS pipe for distribution 5C Soil, Waste & Vent Pipe UPVC vent pipes, 50 litres HDPE grease inceptor, 1100m x 600mm manhole. 5D Air-Conditioning & Ventilation Ceiling fan system 5E Electrical Installation Electrical services complete with light fitting and SMATV Antenna. 5F Fire Protection Installation Portable fire extinguisher. 5G Lift & Conveyor Installation Not Applicable 5H Communication Installation Not Applicable 5J Special Installation Not Applicable 5K Builder's Profit & Attendance Not Applicable on services 5L Builder's Work in Connection Reinforced concrete vanity counter and kitchen counter top. with Services 6 External Works 6A Site Works General site clearance, filling, trimming, levelling, compacting, fill materials in layer, etc., including maintenance to temporary earth drain, silt trap and temporary culvert. 6B Drainage U' shaped cast-in-situ reinforced concrete Grade 25 drainage and earth drain. 6C Foul Drainage UPVC pipes encased with Grade 25 concrete, manhole and septic tank. 6D Ancillary Buildings Not Applicable 6E Water Reticulation 600 Gallons HDPE water tank, HDPE and OD pipe complete with fittings and accessories.

6F Sewerage Reticulation UPVC piping for soil, waste and vent pipe. 6G Fencing & Gate PVC Coated chainlink fencing and galvanised rectangular hollow section steel gate. 6H Linkway & Footpath Belian post metal roofing covered linkway and 100mm thick reinforced Grade 25 concrete footpath. 6I Turfing Spot turfing with 90% axonopus compressus (cow grass) 6J Recreational Facilities Si Comel' playground equipment on thick rubber tiles. Sample G - Form 1

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : C - ZON SIBU, KANOWIT, SONG, KAPIT, BELAGA & MUKAH LOCATION : SK Batu 10 Jalan Oya, Sibu TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

Contract Particulars : Cost Fluctuation : Yes Competitive Tender List No Type of Contract : RM Int (Jv)/L Government Basis of Tender Open/Selected Private 6,498,589.60 L Bills of Quantities Competition 6,758,056.84 L Provisional Sum RM 883,200.00 6,765,069.96 L Bills of Appr. Quant. Negotiated 7,843,573.10 L Preliminaries RM 568,804.75 8,407,583.47 L Sched. of Rates/ Serials 8,861,822.70 L Spec. & Drawings Piling/Special RM 1,633,642.90 9,031,578.73 L Foundation 9,826,605.30 L Contract Period Stip. by Client : 6 months 11,935,847.38 L Building Work RM 5,142,728.65 12,077,340.30 L Contract Period Offered by Buliders : 6 months Internal Service RM 579,342.60 Number of Tenders Issued : 21 External Work RM 1,018,886.40 Number of Tenders Received : 15 Contract Sum RM 9,826,605.30

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 480,395.66 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 48,000.00 excluding external works : RM 3,685.17 / m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 27,200.00 being 5.66% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 480,395.66 Sample G - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 35,985.60 224.77 60 m 599.76 0.37 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 79,625.76 497.34 160 m2 497.34 1.00 43.63 4,187.00 179.40 Group Element Total 115,611.36 722.11 220 - 1,097.10 1.37 43.63 4,187.00 179.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 25,673.16 160.35 160 m2 160.35 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 61,071.60 381.45 242 m2 252.36 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 10,027.20 62.63 175 m2 57.30 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,328.80 20.79 64 m2 52.01 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 13,419.60 83.82 18 m2 735.72 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 13,353.06 83.40 26 m2 523.24 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 126,873.42 792.45 685 - 1,780.99 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 15,877.20 99.17 299 m2 53.10 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 8,178.36 51.08 160 m2 51.11 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 11,121.60 69.47 139 m2 80.01 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 15,763.20 98.46 61 m2 258.41 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 50,940.36 318.17 659 - 442.64 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 8,523.60 53.24 31 nos 274.95 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 25,165.80 157.19 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 9,754.32 60.93 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 21,948.00 137.09 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 360.00 2.25 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5J Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5K Builder's Work in Connection with Services 5,842.80 36.49 4 nos 1,460.70 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 71,594.52 447.18 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 365,019.66 2,279.91 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 3,432.00 21.44 ------6B Drainage 486.00 3.04 3 m 162.00 0.02 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 25,170.00 157.21 98 m 256.84 0.61 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 9,288.00 58.01 78 m 119.08 0.49 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath ------6I Turfing 1,800.00 11.24 300 m2 6.00 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support ------Group Element Total 40,176.00 250.94 ------Provisional Sum 48,000.00 299.81 Preliminaries 27,200.00 169.89 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 480,395.66 3,000.55 Sample G - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : C - ZON SIBU, KANOWIT, SONG, KAPIT, BELAGA & MUKAH LOCATION : SJK Thian Chin, Sibu TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 594,547.23 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 46,000.00 excluding external works : RM 4,625.74/ m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 33,700.00 being 5.67% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 594,547.23 Sample H - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 164,247.75 1,025.89 3,411 m 48.15 21.31 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 67,402.98 421.00 160 m2 421.00 1.00 43.63 4,187.00 179.40 Group Element Total 231,650.73 1,446.89 3,571 - 469.15 22.31 43.63 4,187.00 179.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 24,603.50 153.67 160 m2 153.67 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 58,526.95 365.56 242 m2 241.85 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 9,611.50 60.03 175 m2 54.92 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,190.70 19.93 64 m2 49.85 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 12,860.45 80.33 18 m2 705.07 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 12,796.87 79.93 26 m2 501.44 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 121,589.97 759.45 685 - 1,706.81 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 15,215.65 95.04 299 m2 50.89 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 7,837.61 48.95 160 m2 48.99 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 10,658.20 66.57 139 m2 76.68 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 15,106.40 94.35 61 m2 247.65 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 48,817.86 304.92 659 - 424.20 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 8,168.45 51.02 31 nos 263.50 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 24,117.23 150.64 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 9,347.89 58.39 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 23,241.50 145.17 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 345.00 2.15 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5J Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5K Builder's Work in Connection with Services 5,599.35 34.97 4 nos 1,399.84 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 70,819.42 442.34 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 472,877.98 2,953.59 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 3,070.50 19.18 ------6B Drainage 8,170.75 51.03 49 m 166.75 0.31 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 19,469.50 121.61 63 m 309.04 0.39 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 7,981.00 49.85 68 m 117.37 0.42 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath 1,552.50 9.70 ------6I Turfing 1,725.00 10.77 300 m2 5.75 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support ------Group Element Total 41,969.25 262.14 ------Provisional Sum 46,000.00 287.32 Preliminaries 33,700.00 210.49 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 594,547.23 3,713.53 Sample H - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : C - ZON SIBU, KANOWIT, SONG, KAPIT, BELAGA & MUKAH LOCATION : SK Hing Ung, Sibu TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 638,537.00 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 50,000.00 excluding external works : RM 4,984.21/ m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 36,100.00 being 5.65% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 638,537.00 Sample I - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 176,232.51 1,100.75 3,239 m 54.41 20.23 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 73,263.73 457.60 160 m2 457.60 1.00 43.63 4,187.00 179.40 Group Element Total 249,496.24 1,558.35 3,399 - 512.01 21.23 43.63 4,187.00 179.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 26,742.93 167.04 160 m2 167.04 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 63,616.25 397.35 242 m2 262.88 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 10,447.10 65.25 175 m2 59.70 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,468.10 21.66 64 m2 54.19 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 13,978.75 87.31 18 m2 766.38 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 13,909.61 86.88 26 m2 545.05 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 132,162.74 825.49 685 - 1,855.23 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 16,538.75 103.30 299 m2 55.31 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 8,519.14 53.21 160 m2 53.24 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 11,585.00 72.36 139 m2 83.35 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 16,420.00 102.56 61 m2 269.18 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 53,062.89 331.43 659 - 461.08 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 8,878.75 55.46 31 nos 286.41 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 26,214.38 163.73 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 10,160.75 63.46 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 22,862.50 142.80 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 375.00 2.34 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5J Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5K Builder's Work in Connection with Services 6,086.25 38.01 4 nos 1,521.56 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 74,577.63 465.81 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 509,299.50 3,181.08 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 2,900.00 18.11 ------6B Drainage 5,425.00 33.88 31 m 175.00 0.19 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 22,775.00 142.25 78 m 291.99 0.49 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 7,475.00 46.69 56 m 133.48 0.35 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath 2,687.50 16.79 ------6I Turfing 1,875.00 11.71 300 m2 6.25 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support ------Group Element Total 43,137.50 269.44 ------Provisional Sum 50,000.00 312.30 Preliminaries 36,100.00 225.48 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 638,537.00 3,988.29 Sample I - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : C - ZON SIBU, KANOWIT, SONG, KAPIT, BELAGA & MUKAH LOCATION : SK Hin Hua, Song TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 549,435.30 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 52,000.00 excluding external works : RM 4,612.10 / m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 31,100.00 being 5.66% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 549,435.30 Sample J - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 97,702.80 610.25 990 m 98.69 6.18 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 71,679.66 447.71 160 m2 447.71 1.00 43.63 4,187.00 179.40 Group Element Total 169,382.46 1,057.96 1,150 - 546.40 7.18 43.63 4,187.00 179.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 27,812.59 173.72 160 m2 173.72 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 66,160.90 413.24 242 m2 273.39 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 10,862.80 67.85 175 m2 62.07 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,606.20 22.52 64 m2 56.35 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 14,537.90 90.80 18 m2 797.03 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 14,465.83 90.35 26 m2 566.84 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 137,446.22 858.49 685 - 1,929.41 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 17,200.30 107.43 299 m2 57.53 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 8,859.89 55.34 160 m2 55.37 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 12,048.40 75.25 139 m2 86.68 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 17,076.80 106.66 61 m2 279.95 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 55,185.39 344.69 659 - 479.53 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 9,233.90 57.67 31 nos 297.87 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 27,262.95 170.28 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 10,567.18 66.00 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 23,777.00 148.51 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 390.00 2.44 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5J Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5K Builder's Work in Connection with Services 6,329.70 39.54 4 nos 1,582.43 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 77,560.73 484.44 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 439,574.80 2,745.58 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 845.00 5.28 ------6B Drainage 143.00 0.89 1 m 143.00 0.01 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 14,696.50 91.79 30 m 489.88 0.19 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 9,126.00 57.00 69 m 132.26 0.43 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath ------6I Turfing 1,950.00 12.18 300 m2 6.50 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support ------Group Element Total 26,760.50 167.15 ------Provisional Sum 52,000.00 324.79 Preliminaries 31,100.00 194.25 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 549,435.30 3,431.77 Sample J - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : C - ZON SIBU, KANOWIT, SONG, KAPIT, BELAGA & MUKAH LOCATION : SK Ng Bawai, Kapit TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 561,908.53 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 56,000.00 excluding external works : RM 4,286.98 / m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 31,800.00 being 5.66% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 561,908.53 Sample K - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 41,983.20 262.23 60 m 699.72 0.37 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 92,896.72 580.23 160 m2 580.23 1.00 43.63 4,187.00 179.40 Group Element Total 134,879.92 842.46 220 - 1,279.95 1.37 43.63 4,187.00 179.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 29,952.02 187.08 160 m2 187.08 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 72,524.20 452.99 242 m2 299.69 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 11,698.40 73.07 175 m2 66.85 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,883.60 24.26 64 m2 60.68 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 15,656.20 97.79 18 m2 858.34 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 15,578.57 97.30 26 m2 610.45 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 149,292.99 932.48 685 - 2,083.09 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 18,523.40 115.70 299 m2 61.95 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 9,541.42 59.60 160 m2 59.63 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 12,975.20 81.04 139 m2 93.35 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 18,390.40 114.87 61 m2 301.48 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 59,430.42 371.20 659 - 516.41 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 9,944.20 62.11 31 nos 320.78 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 21,640.36 135.17 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 11,380.04 71.08 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 30,506.00 190.54 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 420.00 2.62 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5J Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5K Builder's Work in Connection with Services 6,816.60 42.58 4 nos 1,704.15 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 80,707.20 504.10 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 424,310.53 2,650.24 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 2,520.00 15.74 ------6B Drainage 2,079.00 12.99 11 m 189.00 0.07 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 25,599.00 159.89 67 m 382.07 0.42 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 10,500.00 65.58 75 m 140.00 0.47 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath ------6I Turfing 2,100.00 13.12 300 m2 7.00 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support 7,000.00 43.72 ------Group Element Total 49,798.00 311.04 ------Provisional Sum 56,000.00 349.78 Preliminaries 31,800.00 198.62 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 561,908.53 3,509.67 Sample K - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : C - ZON SIBU, KANOWIT, SONG, KAPIT, BELAGA & MUKAH LOCATION : SK Long Gang, Belaga TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 870,585.30 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 80,000.00 excluding external works : RM 6,959.45 / m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 49,300.00 being 5.66% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 870,585.30 Sample L - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 181,558.40 1,134.01 2,306 m 78.73 14.40 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 110,276.40 688.78 160 m2 688.78 1.00 43.63 4,187.00 179.40 Group Element Total 291,834.80 1,822.80 2,466 - 767.52 15.40 43.63 4,187.00 179.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 42,788.60 267.26 160 m2 267.26 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 101,786.00 635.75 242 m2 420.60 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 16,712.00 104.38 175 m2 95.50 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 5,548.00 34.65 64 m2 86.69 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 22,366.00 139.70 18 m2 1,226.21 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 22,255.10 139.01 26 m2 872.07 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 211,455.70 1,320.75 685 - 2,968.32 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 26,462.00 165.28 299 m2 88.50 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 13,630.60 85.14 160 m2 85.19 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 18,536.00 115.78 139 m2 133.35 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 26,272.00 164.09 61 m2 430.69 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 84,900.60 530.29 659 - 737.73 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 14,206.00 88.73 31 nos 458.26 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 36,483.00 227.87 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 16,257.20 101.54 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 36,580.00 228.48 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 600.00 3.75 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5J Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5K Builder's Work in Connection with Services 9,738.00 60.82 4 nos 2,434.50 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 113,864.20 711.19 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 702,055.30 4,385.03 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 1,400.00 8.74 ------6B Drainage 1,080.00 6.75 4 m 270.00 0.02 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 17,690.00 110.49 18 m 982.78 0.11 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 15,160.00 94.69 76 m 199.47 0.47 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath 900.00 5.62 ------6I Turfing 3,000.00 18.74 300 m2 10.00 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support ------Group Element Total 39,230.00 245.03 ------Provisional Sum 80,000.00 499.68 Preliminaries 49,300.00 307.93 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 870,585.30 5,437.66 Sample L - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : C - ZON SIBU, KANOWIT, SONG, KAPIT, BELAGA & MUKAH LOCATION : SK SLDB No.1, Mukah TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 530,797.65 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 52,000.00 excluding external works : RM 3,969.48 / m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 30,000.00 being 5.65% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 530,797.65 Sample M - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 38,984.40 243.50 60 m 649.74 0.37 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 86,261.24 538.79 160 m2 538.79 1.00 43.63 4,187.00 179.40 Group Element Total 125,245.64 782.28 220 - 1,188.53 1.37 43.63 4,187.00 179.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 28,035.09 175.11 160 m2 175.11 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 67,882.65 423.99 242 m2 280.51 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 10,949.70 68.39 175 m2 62.57 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,635.05 22.70 64 m2 56.80 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 14,654.20 91.53 18 m2 803.41 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 14,581.56 91.08 26 m2 571.38 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 139,738.25 872.80 685 - 1,949.77 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 16,671.12 104.13 299 m2 55.76 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 8,771.29 54.79 160 m2 54.82 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 11,927.92 74.50 139 m2 85.81 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 16,706.03 104.35 61 m2 273.87 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 54,076.36 337.76 659 - 470.26 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 9,233.90 57.67 31 nos 297.87 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 20,094.62 125.51 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 10,567.18 66.00 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 26,507.00 165.56 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 390.00 2.44 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5J Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5K Builder's Work in Connection with Services 6,329.70 39.54 4 nos 1,582.43 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 73,122.40 456.72 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 392,182.65 2,449.57 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 8,736.00 54.56 ------6B Drainage 10,933.00 68.29 58 m 188.50 0.36 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 18,330.00 114.49 49 m 374.08 0.31 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 10,166.00 63.50 79 m 128.68 0.49 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath ------6I Turfing 1,950.00 12.18 300 m2 6.50 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support 6,500.00 40.60 ------Group Element Total 56,615.00 353.62 ------Provisional Sum 52,000.00 324.79 Preliminaries 30,000.00 187.38 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 530,797.65 3,315.36 Sample M - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : C - ZON SIBU, KANOWIT, SONG, KAPIT, BELAGA & MUKAH LOCATION : SK Ek Hua, Mukah TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 556,880.48 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 51,200.00 excluding external works : RM 4,470.66 / m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 31,500.00 being 5.66% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 556,880.48 Sample N - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 114,765.18 716.82 2,205 m 52.05 13.77 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 70,561.93 440.73 160 m2 440.73 1.00 43.63 4,187.00 179.40 Group Element Total 185,327.11 1,157.55 2,365 - 492.78 14.77 43.63 4,187.00 179.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 27,375.92 170.99 160 m2 170.99 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 65,143.04 406.88 242 m2 269.19 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 10,694.00 66.79 175 m2 61.11 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,550.24 22.17 64 m2 55.47 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 14,314.24 89.41 18 m2 784.77 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 14,243.28 88.96 26 m2 558.12 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 135,320.72 845.21 685 - 1,899.65 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 16,935.68 105.78 299 m2 56.64 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 8,723.56 54.49 160 m2 54.52 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 11,863.04 74.10 139 m2 85.35 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 16,814.08 105.02 61 m2 275.64 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 54,336.36 339.38 659 - 472.15 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 9,091.84 56.79 31 nos 293.29 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 26,843.52 167.66 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 10,404.61 64.99 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 23,411.20 146.23 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 384.00 2.40 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5J Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5K Builder's Work in Connection with Services 6,232.32 38.93 4 nos 1,558.08 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 76,367.49 476.99 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 451,351.68 2,819.14 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 3,200.00 19.99 ------6B Drainage 1,209.60 7.56 7 m 172.80 0.04 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 9,958.40 62.20 10 m 995.84 0.06 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 6,220.80 38.86 42 m 148.11 0.26 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath 320.00 2.00 ------6I Turfing 1,920.00 11.99 300 m2 6.40 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support ------Group Element Total 22,828.80 142.59 ------Provisional Sum 51,200.00 319.79 Preliminaries 31,500.00 196.75 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 556,880.48 3,478.27 Sample N - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : D - ZON LIMBANG & LAWAS LOCATION : SK Bukit Luba, Limbang TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

Contract Particulars : Cost Fluctuation : Yes Competitive Tender List No Type of Contract : RM Int (Jv)/L Government Basis of Tender Open/Selected Private 5,408,571.60 L Bills of Quantities Competition 5,741,218.56 L Provisional Sum RM 580,000.00 6,039,182.50 L Bills of Appr. Quant. Negotiated 6,162,126.20 L Preliminaries RM 449,440.04 6,234,343.20 L Sched. of Rates/ Serials 6,251,043.20 L Spec. & Drawings Piling/Special RM 749,541.00 6,480,732.85 L Foundation 6,750,000.00 L Contract Period Stip. by Client : 6 months 7,194,898.09 L Building Works RM 2,761,267.05 7,605,825.50 L Contract Period Offered by Buliders : 6 months Internal Services RM 396,582.10 Number of Tenders Issued : 21 External Works RM 471,741.41 Number of Tenders Received : 13 Contract Sum RM 5,408,571.60

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 617,551.25 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 58,000.00 excluding external works : RM 4,882.94 / m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 35,000.00 being 5.67% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 617,551.25 Sample O - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 108,976.20 680.66 990 m 110.08 6.18 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 79,954.74 499.40 160 m2 499.40 1.00 44.63 4,938.00 185.40 Group Element Total 188,930.94 1,180.06 1,150 - 609.47 7.18 44.63 4,938.00 185.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 31,021.79 193.76 160 m2 193.76 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 73,794.85 460.92 242 m2 304.94 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 12,118.30 75.69 175 m2 69.25 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 4,022.90 25.13 64 m2 62.86 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 16,215.35 101.28 18 m2 889.00 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 16,135.12 100.78 26 m2 632.25 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 153,308.31 957.56 685 - 2,152.06 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 19,184.95 119.83 299 m2 64.16 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 9,882.20 61.72 160 m2 61.76 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 13,438.60 83.94 139 m2 96.68 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 19,047.20 118.97 61 m2 312.25 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 61,552.95 384.46 659 - 534.86 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 10,299.35 64.33 31 nos 332.24 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 30,408.68 189.93 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 11,786.47 73.62 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 26,520.50 165.65 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 435.00 2.72 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5I Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5J Builder's Work in Connection with Services 7,060.05 44.10 4 nos 1,765.01 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 86,510.05 540.34 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 490,302.25 3,062.42 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 4,147.00 25.90 ------6B Drainage 1,587.75 9.92 5 m 317.55 0.03 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 16,783.75 104.83 32 m 524.49 0.20 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 8,903.00 55.61 58 m 153.50 0.36 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath 652.50 4.08 ------6I Turfing 2,175.00 13.59 300 m2 7.25 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support ------Group Element Total 34,249.00 213.92 ------Provisional Sum 58,000.00 362.27 Preliminaries 35,000.00 218.61 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 617,551.25 3,857.22 Sample O - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : D - ZON LIMBANG & LAWAS LOCATION : SK Tang Lapadan, Lawas TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 633,893.97 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 56,000.00 excluding external works : RM 4,897.38 / m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 35,900.00 being 5.66% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 633,893.97 Sample P - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 107,993.20 674.52 1,020 m 105.88 6.37 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 102,955.16 643.06 160 m2 643.06 1.00 44.63 4,938.00 185.40 Group Element Total 210,948.36 1,317.58 1,180 - 748.93 7.37 44.63 4,938.00 185.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 30,251.54 188.95 160 m2 188.95 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 73,249.44 457.52 242 m2 302.68 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 11,815.38 73.80 175 m2 67.52 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,922.44 24.50 64 m2 61.29 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 15,812.76 98.77 18 m2 866.93 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 15,734.36 98.28 26 m2 616.55 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 150,785.92 941.81 685 - 2,103.92 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 17,948.61 112.11 299 m2 60.03 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 9,350.59 58.40 160 m2 58.44 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 12,715.70 79.42 139 m2 91.48 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 17,922.59 111.94 61 m2 293.81 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 57,937.49 361.88 659 - 503.76 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 9,944.20 62.11 31 nos 320.78 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 21,640.36 135.17 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 11,380.04 71.08 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 23,254.00 145.24 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 420.00 2.62 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5I Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5J Builder's Work in Connection with Services 6,816.60 42.58 4 nos 1,704.15 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 73,455.20 458.80 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 493,126.97 3,080.06 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 3,920.00 24.48 ------6B Drainage 1,134.00 7.08 6 m 189.00 0.04 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 23,289.00 145.46 68 m 342.49 0.42 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 10,724.00 66.98 77 m 139.27 0.48 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath 700.00 4.37 ------6I Turfing 2,100.00 13.12 300 m2 7.00 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support 7,000.00 43.72 ------Group Element Total 48,867.00 305.22 ------Provisional Sum 56,000.00 349.78 Preliminaries 35,900.00 224.23 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 633,893.97 3,959.29 Sample P - Form 3

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 1 7 - Educational Building A-1-160 JOB TITLE CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN CLIENT : KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PRASEKOLAH SERTA KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN BAGI NEGERI : SARAWAK SEBAGAI PROJEK KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA DI BAWAH BIDANG KEBERHASILAN UTAMA NEGARA (NKRA) - PAKEJ 10 SUB-PAKEJ : D - ZON LIMBANG & LAWAS LOCATION : SJK Soon Hwa Sundar, Lawas TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010 INFORMATION TOTAL PROJECT Project and Contract Information Project Details and Site Conditon Contract : The project is a 1-storey pre-school building comprising of learning & activity area, dining, toilet, PWD 203A kitchen and all associated mechanical & electrical and external work.

Market Conditions : Competitive

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design/Shape Information Accomodation and Design Features : The proposed pre-schoool is complete with learning & activity area, dining, toilet and kitchen.

Brief Cost Information Contract Sums RM 622,388.91 Functional Unit Costs Provisional Sums RM 56,000.00 excluding external works : RM 4,907.13 / m2 Prime Cost Sums RM - Preliminaries RM 35,200.00 being 5.66% of remainder Contingencies RM - being % Contract Sum Contract Sums less Contingencies RM 622,388.91 Sample Q - Form 2

ELEMENTAL COST ANALYSIS - Form 2 7 - Educational Building A-1-160

SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS

GROSS FLOOR AREA : 160 m2 TENDER DATE : 10 August 2010

Total Cost Cost per m2 Element Element Unit Element Reinforced Reinforce- Formwork of Element GFA Unit Rate Ratio Concrete ment m2 RM RM Quantity RM per m2 GFA m3 kg 1 Substructure 1A Piling 129,762.08 810.49 2,488 m 52.16 15.54 - - - 1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish 77,193.48 482.15 160 m2 482.15 1.00 44.63 4,938.00 185.40 Group Element Total 206,955.56 1,292.64 2,648 - 534.30 16.54 44.63 4,938.00 185.40

2 Superstructure 2A Frame 29,952.02 187.08 160 m2 187.08 1.00 12.70 2,185.00 184.65 2B Upper Floors ------2C Roof 71,250.20 445.03 242 m2 294.42 1.51 - - - 2D Stairs ------2E External Walls 11,698.40 73.07 175 m2 66.85 1.09 - - - 2F Internal Walls & Partitions 3,883.60 24.26 64 m2 60.68 0.40 - - - 2G Windows 15,656.20 97.79 18 m2 858.34 0.11 - - - 2H Doors 15,578.57 97.30 26 m2 610.45 0.16 - - - Group Element Total 148,018.99 924.52 685 - 2,077.82 4.28 12.70 2,185.00 184.65

3 Finishes 3A Internal Wall Finishes 18,523.40 115.70 299 m2 61.95 1.87 - - - 3B Internal Floor Finishes 9,541.42 59.60 160 m2 59.63 1.00 - - - 3C Internal Ceiling Finishes 12,975.20 81.04 139 m2 93.35 0.87 - - - 3D External Finishes 18,390.40 114.87 61 m2 301.48 0.38 - - - Group Element Total 59,430.42 371.20 659 - 516.41 4.12 - P.C.Sum Tendered 4 Fittings and Furnishing ------Allowed Sum 5 Services 5A Sanitary Appliances 9,944.20 62.11 31 nos 320.78 0.19 - - - 5B Cold Water Services 29,360.10 183.38 ------5C Soil and Waste Services 11,380.04 71.08 ------5D Air-conditioning & Ventilation System ------5E Electrical Installation 22,666.00 141.57 ------5F Fire Protection Installation 420.00 2.62 ------5G Lift & Conveyor Installation ------5H Special Installation ------5I Builder's Profit & Attendance on Services ------5J Builder's Work in Connection with Services 6,816.60 42.58 4 nos 1,704.15 0.02 - - - Group Element Total 80,586.94 503.34 ------Sub-total exc. External Works, 494,991.91 3,091.71 ------Preliminaries and Contingencies 6 External Works 6A Site Clearance & Earthworks 4,970.00 31.04 ------6B Drainage 2,464.00 15.39 8 m 308.00 0.05 - - - 6C Foul Drainage 15,827.00 98.86 30 m 527.57 0.19 - - - 6D Ancillary Buildings ------6E Water Reticulation ------6F Sewerage Reticulation ------6G Fencing & Gate 10,836.00 67.68 78 m 138.92 0.49 - - - 6H Linkway & Footpath ------6I Turfing 2,100.00 13.12 300 m2 7.00 1.87 - - - 6J Rainwater Harvesting Tank Support ------Group Element Total 36,197.00 226.09 ------Provisional Sum 56,000.00 349.78 Preliminaries 35,200.00 219.86 TOTAL (less Contingencies) 622,388.91 3,887.43 Sample Q - Form 3