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An Architectural Model for the Bladderwort Utricularia Gibba (Lentibulariaceae) Author(S): Theresa A

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An Architectural Model for the Bladderwort Utricularia Gibba (Lentibulariaceae) Author(S): Theresa A An architectural model for the bladderwort Utricularia gibba (Lentibulariaceae) Author(s): Theresa A. Chormanski and Jennifer H. Richards Source: The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 139(2):137-148. 2012. Published By: Torrey Botanical Society DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-11-00088.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3159/TORREY-D-11-00088.1 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 139(2), 2012, pp. 137–148 An architectural model for the bladderwort Utricularia gibba (Lentibulariaceae)1 Theresa A. Chormanski2 Biology/Health & Wellness, Miami Dade College, 11011 SW 104th Street, Miami, FL 33176 Jennifer H. Richards Dept. of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199 CHORMANSKI, T. A. (Biology/Health & Wellness, Miami Dade College, 11011 SW 104th Street, Miami, FL 33176) and J. H. RICHARDS (Dept. of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199). J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 139: 137–148. 2012.—Members of the aquatic plant genus Utricularia have extremely modified vegetative morphology, which includes absence of roots and lack of a clear distinction between leaves and stems. In this study, the vegetative morphology, anatomy and growth pattern of Utricularia gibba (L.), a common species in the southern Florida Everglades, was analyzed to determine general developmental patterns and establish a basic model for growth of this species. Specimens were collected from different habitats in southern Florida during both the wet and dry seasons. Light and scanning electron microscopy were used to quantify anatomical and morphological characteristics. Utricularia gibba has a shoot apical meristem that produces repeating developmental units, each of which consists of a stolon bearing dichotomously branched leaf-like structure that supports the traps. These structures may subtend one or more axillary buds that can grow out to form additional stolons or inflorescences. The inflorescence produces aerial flowers, but also forms a modified stolon at its base that is covered with unique glandular papillae. Re-iteration of this model through branching creates the floating and benthic mats found in this species. The basic model can be expanded to other species of section Utricularia but not to all species of the genus. Key words: Carnivorous plants, Everglades, morphology, Utricularia gibba. The carnivorous plant family Lentibularia- al. 2004, Mu¨ller and Borsch 2005, Mu¨lleretal. ceae contains 42% of all carnivorous plant 2006, Ibarra-Laclette et al. 2011a), and a species in three genera, Pinguicula, Genlisea, 88.3 Mbp genome that is one of the smallest and Utricularia (Albert et al. 1992, Jobson et plant genomes described to date (Greilhuber et al. 2003, Mu¨ller et al. 2004, Mu¨ller et al. 2006). al. 2006). The high rates of molecular evolu- Utricularia, the largest and most evolutionarily tion likely contributed to the evolution of the derived genus of the family, has over 200 COX gene, potentially allowing for the greater species (Taylor 1989, Mu¨ller et al. 2006). These respiratory rate in the active bladders (Laak- species have unusual vegetative morphology konen et al. 2006). Genomic work has shown that includes the production of unique suction Utricularia, U. gibba in particular, to be an traps. These small globose traps actively expel ideal candidate for use as a model organism to water, creating an internal lumen with nega- study the relationship between genomic muta- tive pressure. When external hairs on the trap tions and physiological manifestations, high- door are triggered by small aquatic organisms, lighting the need for detailed morphological the door bulges inward, causing the trap walls and anatomical work (Ibarra-Laclette et al. to curve inward, and creating a negative 2011a, Ibarra-Laclette et al. 2011b). pressure that sucks in the prey (Lloyd 1929, Besides exhibiting the unusual characteristic Lloyd 1942, Taylor 1989, Joyeux et al. 2011, of carnivory, species of the genus Utricularia Vincent and Marmottant 2011). Recent mo- are unique because they have lost the typical lecular work has shown that Utricularia angiosperm root, stem, and leaf organogra- species have very high rates of molecular phy, are highly plastic in their growth patterns, evolution (Jobson and Albert 2002, Jobson et and display a range of vegetative morpholog- ical characters that have unknown homology 1 This work was funded by Florida Fish and (Lloyd 1942, Rutishauser and Sattler 1989, Wildlife Commission, Nongame Wildlife Grants Richards 2001, Rutishauser and Isler 2001). Program (NG06-003). Most angiosperms have clearly defined stems, 2 Author for correspondence. E-mail: tchorman @mdc.edu roots, and leaves that have a predicable posi- Received for publication December 12, 2011, and tional relationship to each other and are distin- in revised form April 3, 2012. guishable by unique identifying characteristics. 137 138 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL.139 Utricularia species lack identifiable roots at ability, highlight questions about how the any ontogenetic stage, and the identity of the Utricularia plant body is constructed. Prior other two organs types is not always obvious work has aimed to reconcile structure in (Lloyd 1942, Rutishauser and Sattler 1989, various species with ‘‘normal’’ plant morphol- Rutishauser and Isler 2001). Descriptions of ogy. In this study, we asked a different shoot morphology range from a traditional question: What is the basic architecture of approach that labels part of the plant as leaf the plant; i.e., what are the rules of construc- and part as stem (Taylor 1989), to one that tion and patterns of growth followed by labels the plant as either wholly leaf-like Utricularia species? The aim of this study (Goebel 1891, Kumazawa 1967), or wholly was to create an architectural model for U. stem-like (Godfrey and Wooten 1981). This gibba L., a common Everglades Utricularia lack of consensus on the morphological clas- species, through analysis of basic morphology sification and homology of the vegetative and anatomy, as well as to quantify the range organs extends to the traps. The traps have of variation on that model through analysis of generally been interpreted as parts of leaves, phenotypic variations among field collected representing leaf divisions (Goebel 1891, plants. Lloyd 1942, Taylor 1989). Traps appear in diverse positions on the plant body through- TERMINOLOGY. In order to avoid bias as to out the genus, including stolons, leaves, tips the homology of structures in Utricularia of leaves, and rhizoids, suggesting that trap plants, we have used neutral terminology to homology is still uncertain (Taylor 1989). describe these structures (Fig. 19). The largest Regardless of their homology, the traps horizontally growing stem on a plant is remain one of the most complex structures referred to as the primary stolon (S1). found on these plants (Lloyd 1942, Adamec Branches from the primary stolon are referred 2011, Joyeux et al. 2011). to as secondary stolons (S2), branches from The vegetative body of Utricularia species is the secondary stolons are referred to as primarily composed of long, highly branched, tertiary stolons (S3), and so forth. Branches horizontally-growing stems, referred to as arising from the base of the inflorescence are stolons (Taylor 1989). Other flattened photo- referred to as modified stolons (SM); these synthetic structures, normally referred to as branches have been referred to as rhizoids by leaves, arise from the primary stolon. Axillary some authors (Lloyd 1942, Taylor 1989). Two buds or extra-axillary buds are seen in some classes of lateral structures arise from the species (Goebel 1891, Rutishauser and Sattler different types of stolons: photosynthetic leaf- 1989). Additional vegetative structures, re- like structures (LLSs), which are terete to flat, ferred to as rhizoids and air shoots, are often usually determinate, and photosynthetic; and found on Utricularia plants. The term rhizoid inflorescence appendages (IAs), which are has been used to describe structures of claw-like lateral structures found on modified uncertain homology that arise from the stolon, stolons at the base of the inflorescence. The leaves, or inflorescence base and that appear region of the stolon where the LLSs attach to help anchor the plant in the soil (Goebel is designated a node. The small organism- 1891, Taylor 1989). Air shoots are filamen- trapping bladders, which have elaborate doors tous, floating, lateral structures with scales and glandular hairs,
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