HeritageCollective

Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East Sussex

On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Limited

November 2014

Project Ref: 14/1661

Project Number: 14/1661 Authored by: Nick Garland Reviewed by: Karl Hulka Date: November 2014 Document version M:\HC\Projects\Projects 1601- 1700\14.1661 - Lillybank Farm, Battle\Reports\14.1661 Lillybank Farm, Battle - DBA v.1 (2014.11.28).docx

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CONTENTS PAGE NO.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 1.0 INTRODUCTION 6 2.0 PLANNING FRAMEWORK 7 3.0 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY 9 4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 10 5.0 SITE CONDITIONS AND THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT 22 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 24 SOURCES CONSULTED 26

APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: Site location maps APPENDIX 2: East Sussex HER maps and list APPENDIX 3: Historic Maps and Images Appendix 3.1: 1575 Saxton’s Map of Sussex Appendix 3.2: 1610 Speed’s Map of Sussex Appendix 3.3: 1778 Yeakall and Gardner’s Map of Sussex Appendix 3.4: 1806 Ordnance Surveyors drawing Appendix 3.5: 1859 Tithe Map of Battle Appendix 3.6: 1873 Ordnance Survey map Appendix 3.7: 1898 Ordnance Survey map Appendix 3.8: 1909 Ordnance Survey map Appendix 3.9: 1930 Ordnance Survey map Appendix 3.10: 1946 Aerial photograph (RAF) Appendix 3.11: 1959 Aerial photograph (MAL) Appendix 3.12: 1970 Aerial photograph (MAL) Appendix 3.13: 1994 Aerial photograph (MAL) Appendix 3.14: 2013 Google Earth Image

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The site known as Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East Sussex is proposed for redevelopment.

The application site has been shown to have a low to moderate potential for earlier prehistoric activity, dating specifically to the Later Mesolithic period and suggesting sporadic occupation in this area. There is also a low to moderate potential for later prehistoric and Roman activity, relating in particular to evidence for iron ore mining / working and a routeway running through this area. There is also a moderate potential for medieval activity, related to the position of the application site on the periphery of the probable battlefield of the Battle of Hastings in 1066. There is also a moderate to high potential for medieval and post-medieval agricultural activities across the study area. This assessment suggests a low potential for all other periods.

Existing impacts on any surviving archaeological deposits and features will derive predominantly from the arable use of the land from at least the early 19th century onwards, which is likely to have horizontally truncated below ground strata. This includes the cutting of field boundaries and drainage ditches that border and cross the application site. The subsequent change of use of the land within the application site from arable to pasture will have limited any further truncation of below ground strata in recent years. The densely wooded nature of the area prior to the medieval period is likely to have restricted extensive occupation of the area and subsequent clearance may have adversely affected below ground strata.

On the basis of the available evidence it is advised that, due to a potential for medieval and post-medieval remains, an archaeological evaluation of the application site be carried out. In the first instance consultation with the East Sussex County Archaeologist should be undertaken in order to determine the scope of an archaeological evaluation, however, it is normal practice on a potential battlefield site that this should initially comprise a metal detecting survey of the application site to examine if there is any artefactual remains relating to the Battle of Hastings. This should be carried out under archaeological supervision and to an agreed methodology. In addition, a geophysical survey, and depending on the results, a targeted trial trenching exercise should be undertaken to assess the level of potential archaeological

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remains and/or any possible disturbance to the underlying strata. If no significant remains are encountered during the evaluation, any further work should be limited to a watching brief carried out on intrusive groundworks associated with the proposed development.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 This archaeological desk-based assessment has been prepared by Nick Garland MA (AIfA), archaeological consultant at Heritage Collective on behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Limited. Documentary research was carried out by the author.

1.2 The subject of this assessment is the site known as Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East Sussex, hereafter the ‘application site’. The site lies to the north of the historic town of Battle, and is centred at National Grid Reference (NGR) TQ (5)74416, (1)17001 (Appendix 1). The application site is located within the High Weald Area of Natural Beauty (AONB) and to the north of the Battle Abbey scheduled monument (1013226), the Battle of Hastings registered battlefield (1000013) and Battle Abbey registered park and garden (1000309).

1.3 Millwood Designer Homes Limited has commissioned Heritage Collective to establish the archaeological potential of the site, and to provide guidance on ways to accommodate any relevant constraints identified. This assessment is in accordance with the national planning policy framework (NPPF) and the procedures set out in ‘Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment’1.

1.4 This desk-based assessment comprises an examination of evidence on the East Sussex Historic Environment Record (HER) together with a range of archives and libraries including East Sussex Records Office (The Keep), National Archives and The British Library. The report incorporates the results of a comprehensive map regression exercise in order to review the impacts of existing development on potential underlying archaeological deposits. A site walkover was conducted by the author on the 13th November 2014.

1.5 The assessment thus enables all relevant parties to assess the archaeological potential of the site and to consider the need for design, civil engineering and archaeological solutions to the potentials identified.

1 IfA. Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment. (2014)

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2.0 PLANNING FRAMEWORK

National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)

2.1 Legislation regarding archaeology, including scheduled monuments, is contained in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, amended by the National Heritage Act 1983 and 2002.

2.2 The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) published in March 2012 provides guidance for planning authorities, property owners, developers and others on the preservation and investigation of archaeological remains. The framework sets out the obligations placed on the local planning authority (Chapter 12) through the development and implementation of a local plan. The framework also sets out the need for the determining authority to ensure that they have sufficient information when making decisions on applications affecting the historic environment.

2.3 In summary, government guidance on archaeology contained within the NPPF provides a structure for making decisions:

 where designated heritage assets (world heritage sites, scheduled monuments, listed buildings, protected wreck sites, registered parks and gardens, registered battlefields and conservation areas) are affected by development

 where the settings of heritage assets are affected by development

 where nationally important un-scheduled monuments are affected by development

2.4 In addition the National Planning Policy Framework:

• requires the applicant to provide proportionate information on heritage assets affected by the proposals and an assessment of the impact of the proposed development on the significance of the heritage asset

• places a duty on the decision making body to determine applications on the basis of sufficient evidence, gathered if necessary from field evaluation

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Local Policies

Rother District Local Plan 2006

2.5 The Local Plan was formally adopted by Rother District Council on the 10th July 2006. The council is in the process of preparing the new Local Plan, and while it is being prepared, a number of policies from the existing Local Plan have been saved by the Secretary of State. However, none of the saved policies are directly related to the treatment of archaeological remains and so the principle guidance continues to be those detailed above.

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3.0 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY

Geology

3.1 The British Geological Survey identifies the underlying solid geology as Ashdown Formation, comprising sandstone, siltstone and mudstone; a sedimentary bedrock formed during the Cretaceous period, approximately 134 to 146 million years ago in an area dominated by swamps, estuaries and deltas2.

3.2 No superficial deposits have been identified across the application site.

Topography

3.3 The study area is located on the northern edge of the town of Battle, situated in the High Weald region of East Sussex. The application site is located on the slope of a river valley that leads down towards a small stream to the north-west. The land rises to the south of the application site, with Caldbec Hill, one of the highest points in the surrounding landscape, located to the south-east. The application site itself is bounded to the east by the A2100, running north from the town, and to the south-west by Netherfield Road.

3.4 The application site is currently occupied by Lillybank Farm, a number of small structures located on the southern edge of the site, and a series of open fields of pasture, some of which are used for grazing horses. A small wooded area is located along the north-eastern boundary of the application site on an area of steeply sloping ground, falling westwards from the A2100 in the east. The site measures 250 metres in length, 200 metres in width and encloses an area of approximately 3.4 hectares. The application site is located across a steeply sloping area, rising from 38m AOD on the northern and western boundaries of the site, to 63m AOD on the south-eastern corner.

2 British Geological Survey online viewer http://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/mapViewers/home.html

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4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

4.1 Timescales used in this report:

Prehistoric Palaeolithic 450,000 - 12,000 BC Mesolithic 12,000 - 4,000 BC Neolithic 4,000 - 1,800 BC Bronze Age 1,800 - 600 BC Iron Age 600 - AD 43

Historic Roman AD 43 - 410 Saxon/Early Medieval AD 410 - 1066 Medieval AD 1066 - 1485 Post Medieval AD 1486 - 1800 Modern AD 1800 - Present

4.2 This chapter considers the archaeological finds and features from within a 2km radius of the application site, held on the East Sussex Historic Environment Record (HER ref 288/14), here after referred to as the ‘study area’, together with a map regression exercise charting the history of the site from the 16th century to the present day.

4.3 The application site is located approximately 1km to the north of the Battle Abbey scheduled monument (1013226), the Battle of Hastings registered battlefield (1000013) and Battle Abbey registered park and garden (1000309). The proposals considered by this assessment will have no direct impact on any of these designated heritage assets. The HER maps are included in this report as Appendix 2, showing the distribution of entries in the vicinity of the subject site. The map regression (Appendix 3) indicates that the application site was located in an area of land used for both pasture and arable activities from at least the early 19th century onwards and possible earlier.

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Earlier Prehistoric – Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic

4.4 While Palaeolithic activity within the Sussex region has been predominately informed by the discovery of Boxgrove Man, in West Sussex, a number of Upper Palaeolithic flints have been recovered as unstratfied artefacts across the Weald, including at Lower Beeding and High Hurstwood, to the west of the study area3. Evidence for the Mesolithic period in Sussex, identified by flint scatters and isolated flakes, is distributed predominantly on the Weald and suggests settlement in this area in the Later Mesolithic period4. A rise in the sea level during the later Mesolithic made coastal regions attractive, partially due to access to resources such as fresh and salt water fish and migratory birds and, as such, potentially supported sedentary settlement5. The current understanding of early Neolithic occupation within the Sussex region is focused upon evidence for ‘home base’ sites at Hassocks and Selmeston, which allowed seasonal access both to the south towards the coast and the resources it provided, and to the north into the Weald6. A number of rock shelters, or temporary camp sites, uncovered on the Weald suggest that this region was used as for seasonal hunting practices7. These earlier practises were later replaced by forest clearance and the organisation of agricultural practices in areas of fertile soil.

4.5 A number of artefacts dating to the Mesolithic period have been recovered from within the study area. This includes 114 flint flakes, including scrapers and microliths, recovered from fields 300 metres to the west of the application site during field walking in 1954 (MES3422). In addition, a number of flint flakes, including a small number of microliths, were recovered from an area approximately 2km to the north-east of the application site (MES2609, MES2618, MES4139).

4.6 While a number of Mesolithic finds recovered from the study area have been located in close proximity to the application site, these flints were unstratified and were collected during field walking of a ploughed field). Taken in context, these finds may represent wider occupation of this area during the Later

3 Holgate, R. Late Glacial and Post-Glacial Hunter-Gatherers in Sussex. In: Rudling (ed) The Archaeology of Sussex to AD2000. Heritage (2003), p34 4 Ibid, p34 5 Ibid p35-6 6 Drewett, P. Taming the Wild: The First Faring Communities in Sussex. In: Rudling (ed) The Archaeology of Sussex to AD 2000. Heritage (2003), p40 7 Ibid

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Mesolithic period (see section 4.4) and therefore the potential for in-situ archaeological remains dating from these periods on the site is considered to be low to moderate.

Later Prehistoric – Bronze Age and Iron Age

4.7 While there is limited evidence for the early or middle Bronze Age in the areas surrounding the study area, archaeological investigations in the Weald region have given indications of a low level of settlement in this area during the Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age8. In addition, the construction of a number of hillforts in close proximity to the Weald, on the northern edge of the South Downs, in this period may indicate that Wealden resources (e.g. timber) were being used by occupants of these hillforts9. Current evidence suggests a low density of settlement and few finds spots dating to the Middle Iron Age in East Sussex10 although a number of hillforts are located on the High Weald (i.e. Garden Hill. High Rocks, Philpots and Piper Cross) which were initially constructed in this period11. These hillforts continued in use and increased in number into the Late Iron Age despite the lack of evidence for wider settlement in this region12 and this may be connected to the increasing evidence for an ‘ironmaking industry’ in the Weald region during the Later Iron Age13.

4.8 A prehistoric ridgeway, or routeway, running from Fairlight to Netherfield, was located across the Weald area, 1.5km to the south-east of the application site (MES3434). Part of this trackway coincides with what is now the main High Street through Battle. The trackway is thought to be of a later prehistoric date as it pre-dates droveways of a probable Saxon date which cross the Weald region14.

4.9 In addition. two unstratfied finds dating to the Bronze Age have been uncovered within the study area. A Bronze trumpet was uncovered approximately 1 km to the south of the application site and remains the only

8 Hamilton, S. Sussex not Wessex: A regional perspective on Southern Britain c. 1200-200 BC. In: Rudling (ed) The Archaeology of Sussex to AD 2000. Heritage (2003), p73 9 Ibid 10 Ibid, p77 11 Hamilton, S. & Manley, J. Hillforts, Monumentality and Place: A Chronological and Topographic review of the First Millennium BC hillforts of South-East England. Journal of European Archaeology 2: Vol. 4(1): p7-42 (2001), p25-29 12 Ibid, p29 13 Cleere, H. & Crossley, D. The Iron Industry of the Weald. Leicester University Press (1985), p55 14 Harris, R.B. Battle: Historic Character Assessment Report. Sussex Extensive Urban Survey (EUS) (2009), p13

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example found within England. Dated to the Late Bronze Age, the find was uncovered while excavating a well near Battle some time prior to 1786 (MES3359). A second find, a bronze leaf shaped sword, was also uncovered 1 km to the south (MES3361).

4.10 While there is evidence for trackways within the study area, to the south of the application site suggesting the possible seasonal movement of the population through this area in the later prehistoric, there is limited further evidence to suggest occupation in this period. The presence of Bronze Age metalwork in this general area may suggest ritual activities, including deposition associated with watery contexts. However, the limited amount of metalwork finds makes this hypothesis difficult to substantiate. Consequently the potential for archaeological remains dating from these periods to be encountered on the site is considered to be low to moderate.

Roman

4.11 Sussex was quickly occupied by the Roman military shortly after the Claudian conquest of Britain in AD 43. This initial and rapid military presence was quickly followed by the construction of urban centres at Hassocks and Chichester, both to the west of the study area, interspersed by rural landscapes. This included the continuation of farmsteads and field systems from the Late Iron Age, but also the establishment of a series of 1st century villa complexes, much earlier than elsewhere in Britain15. A number of large scale iron working sites have been uncovered in the Weald region, which utilised the local resources for iron production associated, in part, with the Classis Britannica, the British fleet of the Roman Empire16. The association with the fleet has led to the interpretation that perhaps the Weald was administered separately from the local government as an Imperial estate17.

4.12 Two probable iron working sites in the Roman period are located approximately 2km to the north-east of the application site. One of these, dating to the 2nd century AD was excavated in 1952 by the Battle and District Historical Society (MES3346). The excavations included the discovery of a number of iron ore working pits, some of which were 15 to 20 metres in

15 Rudling, D. Roman Rural Settlement in Sussex: Continuity and Change. In: Rudling (ed) The Archaeology of Sussex to AD2000. Heritage (2003) 16 Ibid, p114 17 Cleere, H. & Crossley, D. The Iron Industry of the Weald. Leicester University Press (1985), p66-69

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diameter. They also recorded a large spoil heap containing a sizable assemblage of pottery18. The excavators interpreted the site as being used solely for iron ore mining and pre-treatment activities19. In addition, a single ore roasting pit, which dated to the Roman period, was also uncovered during the construction of the Mountfield to Hastings pipeline (MES2616)20.

4.13 The archaeological remains dating to this period within the study area represent a number of small scale iron working sites that correspond to our current wider understanding of the function of this area for iron production. However, the evidence for Roman industrial activities is located 2km from the application site and as a result, the potential for archaeological remains dating from this period to be encountered on the site is considered to be low to moderate.

Saxon/ Early Medieval

4.14 While there is limited archaeological evidence for occupation in Sussex during the Early Saxon period, there is evidence for a small number of settlements to the west of the study area at Bishopstone, Beddingham and Itford21. During the Saxon period this region was located within the Kingdom of Sussex, a large part of which was occupied by the Forest of Andred or Andredsweald, or what is now known as the Weald. This densely forested region, of which the study area forms a part, measured 120 miles by 90 miles according to documentary sources. There is currently no evidence for Anglo- Saxon activity, either in the form of finds or features, in or around the town of Battle22, suggesting that there was no settlement in this area during this period.

4.15 There is a similar paucity of data for occupation in the Later Saxon period although a number of settlements located within the study area were mentioned in Domesday. The Anglo-Saxon period is represented on the HER within the study area by two settlements, namely Netherfield (MES19378),

18 Ibid, p295 19 Ibid 20 Jones, G. Archaeological Observation of the Mountfield to Hastings Water Pumping Main Pipeline. Archaeological Notes, Sussex Archaeological Collections vol 123 (1985), p243-6 21 White, S. Early Saxon Sussex c.410-c.650 In: Leslie, K. & Short, B. An Historical Atlas of Sussex. Phillimore (1999), p28-29 22 Harris, R.B. Battle: Historic Character Assessment Report. Sussex Extensive Urban Survey (EUS) (2009), p13

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located 2.1km to the north-west of the application site and of Whatlington (MES19386), located 2km to the north-east23.

4.16 During this period, the study area was located within the densely forested area of the Forest of Andred, or what is now known as the Weald. As such there is limited evidence for settlement, or any other occupation, within this region. Consequently the potential for archaeological remains dating from this period to be encountered on the site is considered to be low.

Medieval

4.17 The Norman invasion of England in 1066, led by Duke William II of Normandy, formed a pivotal moment in British History. The invasion was instigated, in part, by the lack of a named successor following the death of King Edward the Confessor, and the claim by Duke William to the English throne following the coronation of King Harold II. The Battle of Hastings, which took place on the 14th October 1066, saw these two leaders engage on the battlefield and ‘marked the opening of a new phase in English history both in terms of domestic politics and the relationship with Europe’24. The nationally designated site of the Battle of Hastings (registered battlefield), is located 1.2km to the south of the application site (MES3354, 1000013). A number of contemporary sources, notably the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the text of William of Poitiers, Archdeacon of Lisieux and Chaplin of William the Conqueror, and of course the famous Bayeux Tapestry detailed the events of the battle.

4.18 English Heritage’s Battlefield report25 identifies the location of the Hastings battlefield primarily on the subsequent location of the high altar of Battle Abbey which, as discussed below (see section 4.21) was positioned on the precise spot where King Harold fell during the battle26. Documentary accounts suggest that Harold’s forces approached from the north, after defeating Viking armies at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, and formed on Caldbec Hill, to the north of the battle site.

23 Bannister, N. Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation. (2010) 24 English Heritage website: Battle of Hastings http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/caring/listing/battlefields/battle- of-hastings [date accessed 06.11.2014] 25 English Heritage, 1995, Battlefield Report: Hastings 1066, p1 26 Whitelock, D. (ed). The Norman Conquest. Its Setting and Impact. London (1966).

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4.19 However, recent analysis has put forwards a series of theories that the location of the battlefield lay elsewhere. This includes an account by local historian Nick Austin who argues, based on interpretations of historical evidence, including that of the Bayeux Tapestry, that the battle was actually fought 3 km to the south in the village of Crowhurst27. An application by Nick Austin to English Heritage for a review of the current location of the Battle of Hastings battlefield was recently refused28. John Greham, a military historian, has also recently challenged the position of the battlefield in a new book titled ‘The Battle of Hastings 1066 - The Uncomfortable Truth’29. Greham theorises that Caldbec Hill, located approximately 500 metres to the south-east of the application site and traditionally seen as the location of the rallying point for King Harold’s forces (see section 4.18), was actually the central location of the battle. Greham’s theory is based upon two main points. Firstly he believes that the strategic importance of Caldbec Hill for the Saxon forces, would not have been given up by Harold, a shrewd military general, to fight on lower ground. Secondly, Greham believes that it was unlikely that the monks who founded Battle Abbey either knew of the location of the death of King Harold, having limited contemporary knowledge, or would have positioned the abbey in a relatively inaccessible area and instead would have opted for a more attractive position.

4.20 A recent Time Team special30 examined the arguments for the precise location of the battlefield, including the traditional location and John Greham’s theory of its location on Caldbec Hill. Metal detector surveys at both locations failed to uncover any evidence for artefacts associated with a medieval battle (i.e. arrowheads, chain mail, pieces of armour, sword tips). An alternative location was provided through landscape analysis of the areas surrounding modern day Battle and included a LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) survey, a remote sensing technique that maps the detailed topographic features of the surrounding area. This survey and an analysis of the historical accounts of the Battle of Hastings led to the conclusion that the likely focus of the battlefield was located underneath what is now a small roundabout at the junction of the A2100 and Marley Lane. This location is located approximately 200 metres to the east of the present designated area of the battlefield and

27 Austin, N. Secrets of the Norman Invasion. Ogmium Press (2010). 28 English Heritage Designation Department: Review Response. Register of Historic Battlefields Review assessment: Battle of Hastings (2014). 29 Greham, J. The Battle of Hastings 1066 - The Uncomfortable Truth: Revealing the True Location of England's Most Famous Battle. (2012). 30 Time Team – Episode 275, Season 54"1066: The Lost Battlefield" – Original air date [01/12/2013]

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English Heritage have stated following the results of the program that ‘the area was already understood by historians to have been part of the battlefield’ and that ‘this work can be seen as adding to current understanding of the physical constraints within which the opposing armies met in 1066’31.

4.21 Following his victory at the Battle of Hastings and subsequent march on London, William was crowned King of England on Christmas day 1066. However, in 1070, Pope Alexander II ordered the Normans do penance for the death of many during the conquest of England and as such; King William promised to build an Abbey on the site of the Battle of Hastings. The Abbey, now called ‘Battle Abbey’, was founded in 1067, constructed by 1094 and the remains are now a scheduled monument and Grade I listed building (MES3355, 1013226) located 1.2km to the south of the application site. The site of the High Altar was originally constructed over the, albeit disputed, location of the site of King Harold’s death32. Surviving features of the Abbey include a 13th century dormitory and a gatehouse, which was built in 1338 (MES3435). In addition a timber framed building, known as the Hospital of St Thomas, was constructed just outside of the gateway, also in the 14th century (MES3360).

4.22 The foundation of Battle Abbey formed the impetus for the creation of the medieval town of Battle within the lands of the ecclesiastical institution (MES19436), as illustrated by Domesday33. The town of Battle was mentioned initially within documentary evidence dating to 1180 (MES3417) and later formed part of a medieval market town (MES19437), the stimulus of which presumably originates from pilgrimage to the site of the Battle of Hastings as well as Battle Abbey.

4.23 A number of standing late medieval buildings, dating from the late 14th century onwards, were also constructed along the High Street in Battle during this period. This included a number of timber framed structures (MES3367, MES3376, MES3394) and Wealden hall houses (MES3368, MES3388, MES3398, MES3400, MES3402, MES3403, MES3405, MES3419, MES20246). Two archaeological excavations within the town centre have also uncovered

31 English Heritage: Research on Battle Abbey and Battlefield http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/1066-battle-of-hastings-abbey-and-battlefield/history-and-research/research/ [date accessed 11/11/2014] 32 English Heritage, 1995, Battlefield Report: Hastings 1066 33 Morris, J. (ed.), Domesday Book 2. Sussex. Phillimore (1976).

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the remains of medieval occupation. This includes a number of pits and boundary ditches dating to the 12th century at Pilgrims Rest (MES17313) and a number of stone walls, ditches and several pits, also dating to the 12th century (MES21673). In addition a 15th century timber framed house called Wood’s Place, is located 2km to the north-east (MES2623).

4.24 A number of farmsteads, initially dating to the medieval period and continuing into the post-medieval period, have been identified across the study area. This includes, in closest proximity to the application site, La Rette farmstead, dating to the 1219 and located 600 metres to the north (MES19382). In addition, further farmsteads are located at Crowhurst (MES4148), 2.5km to the north-west, Eastlands (MES19384) 1.9km to the north-east and Itterton (MES19383) 1.6km to the north. Two further medieval farmsteads included Lower Almonry Farm (MES19434) located 1.4km to the south-west and Little Park Farm, (MES19435), 1.2km to the south-east.

4.25 A number of probable medieval features have been identified as part of a survey of Battle Great Wood, located approximately 2.3km to the south-east of the application site. The survey was undertaken in 2009 ahead of felling operations and comprised a desk based assessment and a walkover survey of the forest34. The features identified included a number of boundary bank and ditches (MES22107, MES22108, MES22235, MES22242, MES22317), a sunken trackway (MES22110, MES22327, MES22367), a number of charcoal burning platform (MES22207, MES22208, MES22209) and saw pits (MES22211).

4.26 While the designated area for registered battlefield relating to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 is located 1km to the south of the application site, there has in recent years been further speculation as to the validity of this site. While it is beyond the scope of this assessment to speculate on the location of the battlefield, the current theories appear to suggest its location was at some distance from the the application site. While the application site is located 500 metres to the north-west of Caldebec Hill, the position of the battle according to John Greham’s theory, the steeply sloping nature of the application site (see section 3.4) makes it an unlikely area for a pitched battle and it was at best on the periphery to the fighting. As part of the wider assessment of the

34 Brown, D. & Blandford, V. An Archaeological Desk-based Assessment and Walkover Survey of Battle Great Wood. South East Woodland Archaeology Forum. (2009).

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battle and of its movements, the application site may have been occupied, albeit briefly, by forces moving through this area although it is unlikely that any fighting took place in this area. Consequently there is a moderate potential for medieval activity, related to the position of the application site on the periphery of the probable battlefield of the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

4.27 Following 1066 and the establishment of Battle Abbey, the settlement of Battle grew from initially serving the craftsman who built the abbey to becoming a thriving settlement in its own right. The wider study area, including the application site, was likely occupied by agricultural fields interspersed by isolated farmsteads which served the town and its surrounding area. As such the potential for archaeological remains relating to agricultural activities and dating to this period and are considered to be moderate to high.

Post Medieval

4.28 The remaining entries on the East Sussex HER relate to post medieval features and finds, many of which are buildings dating from the 18th century onwards and reflect the post medieval expansion of Battle.

4.29 Saxton’s Map of the Sussex 1575 (Appendix 3.1) represents the earliest map of the study area in this assessment and lists the major settlements in this period, including that of ‘Battell’, now Battle. While Speed’s map of Sussex 1610 (Appendix 3.2) provides little further detail, Yeakall and Gardner’s Map of Sussex 1778 (Appendix 3.3) illustrates the approximate location of the application site in an area of fields to the north of the settlement of Battle. The Ordnance Surveyors drawing of 1806 (Appendix 3.4) reiterates the position of the application site on the earlier map, as an area of open fields flanked by two roads to the east and west.

4.30 The first map to provide detail within the boundary of the application site in this assessment is the Tithe map of Battle dating to 1859 (Appendix 3.5). The map illustrates the location of the application site predominately in a single field (plot 868) adjacent to ‘Waddles Wish’. In addition a small area of the application site is located within a second small forested area (plot 721). The accompanying apportionment states that these two plots were owned by Rev

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Francis Roberts Phillips, occupied by Edward Roakes and represent an arable field called ‘Spring Field’ and an area of plantation respectively.

4.31 The First Edition Ordnance Survey (OS) map of 1873 (Appendix 3.6) shows the continued location of the application site within a single field adjacent to a north to south orientated road, to the east, and ‘Waddle’s Wish’, a small farmstead to the south. This map also illustrates the small wooded area on the north-eastern boundary of the application site, as well as the general arable nature of the surrounding area, as shown on the earlier tithe map. The following OS map of 1898 (Appendix 3.7) illustrates the addition of a single small structure on the southern boundary of the site and the division of the large arable field into two sections. In addition the small wooded area, present in the north-eastern corner, is shown as a steeply sloping embankment falling from the road into the application site boundary. The following OS map of 1930 (Appendix 3.9) illustrates a similar situation within the application site boundary, however, the field boundary within the site has been removed.

4.32 Aerial photographs of the study area dated to 1946 (Appendix 3.10) show the continued presence of the application site within a single field of pasture. Several small structures are still present along the southern boundary of the application site. The site is flanked to the south by a series of houses and to the east by a north-south orientated road. The small forested area located on the north-eastern boundary of the site is still visible on this photograph. While the following aerial photograph of 1959 (Appendix 3.11) illustrates no changes within the application site boundary, it does show development, mainly house construction, in the areas to the east and west of the site. Aerial photographs of the area in 1970 (Appendix 3.12) illustrate the continued use of the application site as a field of pasture, however, a hedgerow has been erected to split the site into two fields. This field boundary is also present on the following aerial photographs of the area dated to 1994 (Appendix 3.13).

4.33 Finally, the Google Earth image of the area, dating to 2013 (Appendix 3.19), illustrates the current condition of the application site. The application site is occupied by two large fields of pasture, part of which are used for horses, divided by a single hedgerow. Several small structures, which form the core of Lillybank Farm, are located along the southern boundary of the site. An area of woodland is located on a steeply sloping area along the north-eastern

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boundary. The site is flanked by a small stream on the north-western extent and is bounded on all sites by field boundaries consisting primarily of hedgerows.

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5.0 SITE CONDITIONS AND THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

5.1 The application site is currently occupied by two large fields of pasture, divided by and defined by a series of large hedgerows. A number of small semi-permanent structures are located along the southern boundary of the application site.

5.2 Prior to the construction of the existing farmstead, the site appears to have been in agricultural use as both arable activities and fields of pasture, from the at least the early 19th century and possible earlier. The land use prior to that is unclear although the application site appears to have been located on the periphery of the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and, later in the medieval period, in an area of agricultural land to the north of the town of Battle. Prior to this the study area was located in a densely wooded area, interspersed by areas of occupation dating to the early and later prehistoric period. In addition industrial activities, including iron working, dating to the later prehistoric and Roman period have also been identified across the study area.

5.3 Existing impacts on any surviving archaeological deposits and features will derive from the arable use of the land from at least the early 19th century onwards, which is likely to have horizontally truncated below ground strata. This includes the cutting of field boundaries and drainage ditches that border and cross the application site. The subsequent change of use of the land within the application site from arable to pasture will have limited any further truncation of below ground strata in recent years. The densely wooded nature of the area prior to the medieval period is likely to have restricted extensive occupation of the area and subsequent clearance may have adversely affected below ground strata.

Development Proposals

5.4 The proposed development comprises construction of a residential development, the details of which are yet to be confirmed.

5.5 Foundations, service trenches and other intrusive groundworks resulting from this development are likely to impact on the existing ground. These intrusions are likely to encounter evidence of agricultural features such as field boundaries and drainage ditches. While agricultural activities may

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have truncated underlying deposits, the possibility of encountering unknown archaeological deposits cannot be discounted. The assessment suggests that any unknown remains are most likely to be medieval or post-medieval in origin.

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6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 The site known as Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East Sussex is proposed for redevelopment.

6.2 In line with the policies of the local planning authority and national government guidance as set out in the NPPF, an archaeological desk based assessment has been undertaken to clarify the archaeological potential of the application site and assess the level of impact development proposals may have on any archaeology present.

6.3 The application site has been shown to have a low to moderate potential for earlier prehistoric activity, dating specifically to the Later Mesolithic period and suggesting sporadic occupation in this area. There is also a low to moderate potential for later prehistoric and Roman activity, relating in particular to evidence for iron ore mining / working and a routeway running through this area. There is also a moderate potential for medieval activity, related to the position of the application site on the periphery of the probable battlefield of the Battle of Hastings in 1066. There is also a moderate potential for medieval and post-medieval agricultural activities across the study area. This assessment suggests a low potential for all other periods.

6.4 On the basis of the available evidence it is advised that, due to a potential for medieval and post-medieval remains, an archaeological evaluation of the application site be carried out. In the first instance consultation with the East Sussex County Archaeologist should be consulted to determine the scope of an archaeological evaluation, however, it is normal practice on a potential battlefield site that this should comprise a metal detecting survey of the application site to examine if there is any artefactual remains relating to the Battle of Hastings. This should be carried out under archaeological supervision and to an agreed methodology. The most appropriate methodology for metal detecting survey is employed by the Battlefields Trust for similar surveys at the Battle of Edgehill and Bosworth35. In addition a geophysical survey and depending on the results, a targeted trial trenching exercise should be undertaken to assess the level

35 UK Battlefields Resource Centre: Battle of Edgehill http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/resource-centre/civil- war/battlepageview.asp?pageid=542&parentid=500 [date accessed 12/11/2014]

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of potential archaeological remains and/or any possible disturbance to the underlying strata. If no significant remains are encountered during the evaluation, any further work should be limited to a watching brief carried out on intrusive groundworks associated with the proposed development.

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SOURCES CONSULTED

East Sussex Record Office (The Keep) East Sussex Historic Environment Record The British Library The National Archives National Monument Records (Aerial Photograph search only)

Primary Records

East Sussex Record Office Maps Speed’s map of Sussex 1610 Yeakall and Gardner’s map of Sussex 1778

British Library Maps Saxton’s map of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Middlesex 1575 Ordnance Surveyors Drawing, 1806 Sussex XLIII.15 1:2500 1873, 1898, 1909, 1930

The National Archives

IR 30/35/21 Tithe Map of Battle 1859 IR 29/35/21 Tithe Apportionment of Battle 1859

Secondary Sources

Reports / Articles

Bannister, N. Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation. (2010) Brown, D. & Blandford, V. An Archaeological Desk-based Assessment and Walkover Survey of Battle Great Wood. South East Woodland Archaeology Forum. (2009). Drewett, P. Taming the Wild: The First Faring Communities in Sussex. In: Rudling (ed) The Archaeology of Sussex to AD 2000. Heritage (2003), p39- 46 English Heritage, 1995, Battlefield Report: Hastings 1066

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Gardiner, M. Economy and Landscape change in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Sussex. In: Rudling (ed) The Archaeology of Sussex to AD 2000. Heritage (2003), p151-160 Hamilton, S. Sussex not Wessex: A regional perspective on Southern Britain c. 1200-200 BC. In: Rudling (ed) The Archaeology of Sussex to AD 2000. Heritage (2003), p69-88 Hamilton, S. & Manley, J. Hillforts, Monumentality and Place: A Chronological and Topographic review of the First Millennium BC hillforts of South-East England. Journal of European Archaeology 2: Vol. 4(1): p7-42 (2001). Harris, R.B. Battle: Historic Character Assessment Report. Sussex Extensive Urban Survey (EUS) (2009). Holgate, R. Late Glacial and Post-Glacial Hunter-Gatherers in Sussex. In: Rudling (ed) The Archaeology of Sussex to AD2000. Heritage (2003), p29- 38 Jones, G. Archaeological Observation of the Mountfield to Hastings Water Pumping Main Pipeline. Archaeological Notes, Sussex Archaeological Collections vol 123, p243-6. (1985). Jones, R. Hastings to Herstmonceux: The Castles of Sussex Ecclesiastical Sites in Sussex. In: Rudling (ed) The Archaeology of Sussex to AD 2000. Heritage (2003), p171-178 Rudling, D. Roman Rural Settlement in Sussex: Continuity and Change. In: Rudling (ed) The Archaeology of Sussex to AD 2000. Heritage (2003), p111-126 Taylor, M. Ecclesiastical Sites in Sussex. In: Rudling (ed) The Archaeology of Sussex to AD 2000. Heritage (2003), p161-170 White, S. Early Saxon Sussex c.410-c.650 In: Leslie, K. & Short, B. An Historical Atlas of Sussex. Phillimore (1999), p28-29

Books

Antram, N. and Pevsner, N. The Buildings of England. Sussex: East with Brighton and Hove. Yale University Press (2013). Austin, N. Secrets of the Norman Invasion. Ogmium Press (2010). Brandon, The Sussex Landscape. London (1977). Cleere, H. & Crossley, D. The Iron Industry of the Weald. Leicester University Press (1985)

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Greham, J. The Battle of Hastings 1066 - The Uncomfortable Truth: Revealing the True Location of England's Most Famous Battle. (2012). Leslie, K. & Short, B. An Historical Atlas of Sussex. Phillimore (1999). Lewis, S. (ed). A Topographical Dictionary of England (1848). Mawer, A. & Stenton, F. (eds). The Place Names of Sussex, Part II. English Place Name Society Cambridge University Press (1930). Morris, J. (ed.), Domesday Book 2. Sussex. Phillimore (1976). Page, W. (ed). A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 2. Victoria County History (1973). Rudling (ed) The Archaeology of Sussex to AD 2000. Heritage (2003). Russell, M. Roman Sussex. Tempus Publishing (2006). Vincent, A. Roman Roads of Sussex. Middleton Press (2000).

Internet

Archaeology Data Service http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/ [date accessed 20/10/2014] British Geological Society online viewer http://www.bgs.ac.uk/opengeoscience/home.html?Accordion2=1#maps [date accessed 20/10/2014] British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/ [date accessed 20/10/2014] English Heritage website: Battle of Hastings http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/caring/listing/battlefields/battle-of-hastings [date accessed 06.11.2014] English Heritage: Research on Battle Abbey and Battlefield http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/1066-battle-of- hastings-abbey-and-battlefield/history-and-research/research/ [date accessed 11/11/2014] English Heritage Thesaurus http://thesaurus.english-heritage.org.uk/ [date accessed 20/10/14] Rother District Council http://www.rother.gov.uk/ [date accessed 20/10/2014] UK Battlefields Resource Centre: Battle of Edgehill http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/resource-centre/civil- war/battlepageview.asp?pageid=542&parentid=500 [date accessed 12/11/2014]

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APPENDIX 1: Site location maps

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Ordnance Survey © Crown copyright [2008] All rights reserved. Licence number LIG1153 APPENDIX 1.1: Site Location

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Ordnance Survey © Crown copyright [2008] All rights reserved. Licence number LIG1153 APPENDIX 1.2: Detailed site Location

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APPENDIX 2: Historic Environment Record Map and List

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LILLYBANK FARM, LONDON ROAD, BATTLE, EAST SUSSEX Appendix 2.3: Entries on the East Sussex HER within 2km

Archaeology

Monument Record Name Monument Type ID Type Prehistoric MES2609 MON meso flints FINDSPOT, SITE MES2618 FS Mountfield To Hastings Pipeline: flintwork FLINT SCATTER MES3359 FS BA horn FINDSPOT MES3361 FS BA sword FINDSPOT MES3422 FS La Rette Farm: flintwork FINDSPOT, SITE MES3434 MON Fairlight - Netherfield Ridgeway (Lin 130): ridgeway TRACKWAY MES4139 FS Mountfield To Hastings Pipeline: scraper FINDSPOT, SITE Roman MES2616 MON Mountfield To Hastings Pipeline: bloomery ORE HEARTH, PIT, BLOOMERY MES3346 MON Petley Wood: RB bloomery IRONSTONE WORKINGS, BLOOMERY, SITE Anglo-Saxon / Early Medieval MES19378 MON Netherfield: Saxon Settlement SETTLEMENT, HAMLET MES19386 MON Whatlington: Saxon Settlement SETTLEMENT, HAMLET Medieval MES2623 BLD Wood'S Place: C15 House HOUSE, HOUSE, SITE, TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING MES3350 MON St Mary'S Church: med church CHURCH MES3354 MON Battle Of Hastings: C11 battle site BATTLEFIELD, SITE

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MES3355 MON Battle Abbey: med abbey BENEDICTINE MONASTERY, ABBEY, DORMITORY, MES3360 BLD HOSPITAL OF ST THOMAS HOSPITAL, HOSPITAL MES3362 FS 'Battle': med coin hoard FINDSPOT, FINDSPOT MES3363 MON pond bay POND BAY MES3367 BLD 22 High Street: C15 building TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING MES3368 BLD Almonry,37, High Street: C15 Open Hall House OPEN HALL HOUSE, HOUSE, BUILDING MES3376 BLD Slatters: Med house TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING, HOUSE, BUILDING MES3388 BLD Pilgrim'S Rest Restaurant: C15 building WEALDEN HOUSE, TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING, GUEST MES3394 BLD 33-35 Odd, High Street: C14 building CELLAR, GUILDHALL MES3398 BLD 10 Lower Lake: C15 house WEALDEN HOUSE, TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING MES3400 BLD 89 & 90 High Street: C15 building TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING, WEALDEN HOUSE MES3402 BLD 4 & 5 Upper Lake: C14 building TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING, WEALDEN HOUSE MES3403 BLD 73 High Street: C15 building WEALDEN HOUSE, TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING MES3405 BLD 12 & 13 High Street: C15 building WEALDEN HOUSE, OUTBUILDING, OUTBUILDING, SHOP MES3417 MON Battle: Medieval town TOWN MES3419 BLD 76 & 77 High Street: C15 building TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING, WEALDEN HOUSE, INN MES3435 MON High Street, Battle Abbey: med gatehouse ABBEY, GATEHOUSE, COURT ROOM, COURT ROOM, SITE MES4148 MON Crowhurst Farm: medieval -post-medieval farm HOUSE, FARM, FARM MES16739 MON La Rette Farm: medieval farm FARM MES17313 MON Pilgrims Rest: medieval features DITCH, PIT MES19382 MON Le Rette Farm: Medieval Farmstead (Large) FARMSTEAD MES19383 MON Itterton Manor: Medieval Farmstead (Large) FARMSTEAD MES19384 MON Eastlands Farm: Medieval Farmstead (Large) FARMSTEAD MES19434 MON Lower Almonry Farm: Medieval Farmstead (Large) FARMSTEAD, SETTLEMENT MES19435 MON Little Park Farm: Medieval Farmstead (Large) FARMSTEAD, SETTLEMENT MES19436 MON Battle: Medieval Market Town TOWN, MARKET, SETTLEMENT MES19437 MON Battle Hill: Medieval Market Town TOWN, SETTLEMENT MES20246 MON 38, 39 & 40 Lower Lake: C15 building WEALDEN HOUSE

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MES21673 MON The Jenner And Simpson Mill Site, Mount: Med features PIT, GULLY, POND, PIT, DITCH, WALL, CESS PIT MES22107 MON Great Wood: Bank & ditch BOUNDARY BANK, DITCH MES22108 MON Battle Great Wood: Bank & Ditch BOUNDARY BANK, DITCH MES22110 MON Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22207 MON Battle Great Wood: Charcoal burning platform CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM MES22208 MON Battle Great Wood: charcoal burning platform CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM MES22209 MON Battle Great Wood: Charcoal burning platform CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM MES22210 MON Battle Great Wood: Saw pit SAW PIT MES22211 MON Battle Great Wood: Saw pit SAW PIT MES22235 MON Battle Great Wood: Bank & Ditch BOUNDARY BANK MES22242 MON Battle Great Wood: Bank & Ditch BOUNDARY BANK MES22317 MON Battle Great Wood: Woodbank WOOD BANK MES22327 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22367 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22456 MON Beech Farm: Med settlement SETTLEMENT MES23892 BLD St Mary Madgelene: C12 church CHURCH Post-Medieval MES3336 BLD C18 tollhouse TOLL HOUSE MES3337 BLD Battle Workhouse: C19 workhouse WORKHOUSE, SITE MES3338 BLD 17 & 18 High Street: C18 building BUILDING MES3351 BLD The Deanery: C16 deanery VICARAGE MES3357 MON Beech Mill: PM furnace FURNACE POND MES3365 BLD 20 High Street: C17 building TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING MES3366 BLD 26 High Street: C17 building TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING MES3369 BLD Bryddes: C18 House HOUSE, FIRE STATION, BUILDING MES3370 BLD 56-58 High Street: C16 House BUILDING, TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING, HOUSE MES3371 BLD 81 - 81A High Street: C16 House HOUSE, BUILDING, TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING MES3373 BLD Little Park Farm: C18 Farmhouse FARMHOUSE, BUILDING, TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING

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MES3374 BLD Marley House: C17 Farmhouse FARMHOUSE MES3378 BLD 3 Upper Lake: C18 building BUILDING MES3380 MON PM windmill WINDMILL MES3381 BLD Station Approach: C19 Railway Station BUILDING, RAILWAY STATION MES3382 BLD Barrack Farm, Whatlington Road: C17 Farmhouse FARMHOUSE, BUILDING MES3384 BLD No 1 Upper Lake, Battle: C18 House HOUSE, BUILDING MES3385 BLD No 2 Upper Lake: C19 House BUILDING, HOUSE MES3389 BLD Grey Cottages,: C17 House HOUSE, BUILDING MES3390 BLD 49-51 High Street, Battle: C17 Building BUILDING MES3391 BLD 66 High Street: C17 House HOUSE, BUILDING MES3395 BLD 10, 11 & 12 Mount Street: C17 building TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING MES3397 BLD Stream House: C17 House HOUSE, TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING, BUILDING MES3399 BLD 82-86 High Street, The Abbey Hotel: C19 building BUILDING, HOTEL, HOUSE MES3404 BLD Great Beech: C17 House HOUSE, BUILDING MES3407 MON Battle Abbey: C19 gardens LANDSCAPE PARK, GARDEN, FORMAL GARDEN, GARDEN, MES3418 BLD Peppers & Forge Cottage: C17 house TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING MES3421 BLD Old Thatch: PM building TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING MES3423 MON C19 smock mill SMOCK MILL MES4118 MON Rodesdale Forge: PM forge POND BAY, FORGE MES17114 MON Caldbec Hill: C18 barracks BARRACKS MES19908 MON St Mary'S Church: anti-tank cubes ANTI TANK BLOCK, NODAL POINT MES19930 MON Beech Estate: C18 firing range FIRING RANGE MES20182 MON Beech Estate: C16/17 range ARTILLERY FIRING RANGE MES20373 BLD Starrs Green Cottage: C17 building BUILDING MES20374 BLD Starrs Green Cottage: C18 building BUILDING MES21061 MON Whatlington Mill: C19 mill CORN MILL MES21095 BLD 2, 3 & 3A High Street: C17 building TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING MES21116 BLD Beech Farmhouse: C18 building BUILDING, FARMHOUSE, BARN

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MES21117 MON Little Minepit Field: Quarry QUARRY MES21118 MON Minepit Field: Quarry QUARRY MES21119 MON Union Field: C18 building BUILDING MES21674 MON The Jenner And Simpson Mill Site, Mount Street, Battle, East PIT, TROUGH MES22099 BLD Croft Cottage And Hopcroft: C17 building TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING MES22628 MON Battle Great Wood: Victorian pathway FOOTPATH MES22629 MON Battle Great Wood: c19th pathway FOOTPATH MES22656 MON Battle Great Wood: C19 pathway FOOTPATH MES22663 MON Battle Great Wood: C19 pathway FOOTPATH MES22665 MON Battle Great Wood: C19 trackway TRACKWAY MES22666 MON Battle Great Wood: C19 trackway TRACKWAY MES22675 MON Battle Great Wood: c19th pathway FOOTPATH MES22677 MON Battle Great Wood: c19th pathway FOOTPATH MES22678 MON Battle Great Wood: c19th pathway FOOTPATH MES22752 MON Battle Great Wood: c19th pathway FOOTPATH MES22753 MON Battle Great Wood: c19th pathway FOOTPATH MES22754 MON Battle Great Wood: c19th pathway FOOTPATH MES22755 MON Battle Great Wood: c19th pathway FOOTPATH MES22756 MON Battle Great Wood: c19th pathway FOOTPATH MES22757 MON Battle Great Wood: c19th pathway PATH MES22779 MON brick works BRICKWORKS MES22780 MON brick kiln BRICK KILN MES23393 MON Reeves Wood, Netherfield Farm: Saw pit SAW PIT MES23394 MON Reeves Wood, Netherfield Farm: Saw pit SAW PIT MES23403 MON Ashes Wood, Netherfield Farm: Saw pit SAW PIT MES23404 MON Ashes Wood, Netherfield Farm: Saw pit SAW PIT MES23405 MON Ashes Wood, Netherfield Farm: Saw pit SAW PIT MES24175 BLD The Thatched Cottage : C19 building TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING, HOUSE

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MES24250 BLD 43 & 44 Lower Lake : C17 building TIMBER FRAMED BUILDING Modern MES3364 MON Battle Abbey: stone plaque COMMEMORATIVE MONUMENT, SITE MES19904 MON Punch Bowl Farm: anti-tank bouys ANTI TANK BLOCK MES19908 MON St Mary'S Church: anti-tank cubes ANTI TANK BLOCK, NODAL POINT MES19909 MON pillbox PILLBOX MES22212 MON Battle Great Wood: Military trench TRENCH MES22244 MON Battle Great Wood: Trench TRENCH MES22318 MON Battle Great Wood: Excavation/Depression TRENCH Undated MES2619 MON Mountfield To Hastings Pipeline: tile kiln PIT, KILN, SITE MES3347 FS Undated pottery FINDSPOT MES3408 MON Mountfield To Hastings Pipeline: earthworks BANK (EARTHWORK), CHARCOAL BURNERS SITE, SITE MES7217 MON Uckham Lane Gardens: mound MOUND MES15532 MON Undated Pit PIT MES16693 MON Rette Farm: Quarry QUARRY MES17234 PLA Stonepit Shaw: Quarry? QUARRY MES22109 MON Great Wood: Quarry QUARRY MES22111 MON Great Wood: Quarry QUARRY MES22112 MON Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22113 MON Great Wood: Quarry QUARRY MES22114 MON Great Wood: Sunken trackways TRACKWAY MES22115 MON Great Wood: Platform/Terrace PLATFORM MES22206 MON Battle Great Wood: platform PLATFORM MES22245 MON Battle Great Wood: Saw pit SAW PIT MES22247 MON Battle Great Wood: Charcoal Burning Platform CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM MES22248 MON Battle Great Wood: Charcoal Burning Platform CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM MES22249 MON Battle Great Wood: Saw Pit SAW PIT

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MES22250 MON Battle Great Wood: Platform CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM MES22251 MON Battle Great Wood: Quarry QUARRY MES22252 MON Battle Great Wood: Platform PLATFORM MES22253 MON Battle Great Wood: Platform PLATFORM MES22255 MON Battle Great Wood: Platform PLATFORM MES22315 MON Battle Great Wood: Platform PLATFORM MES22319 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22320 MON Battle Great Wood: Excavation/Depression PIT MES22321 MON Battle Great Wood: Excavation/Depression PIT MES22322 MON Battle Great Wood: Excavation/Depression PIT MES22323 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22324 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22325 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22326 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22348 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22349 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22350 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22360 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22361 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22362 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22363 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22364 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22365 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22366 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22630 MON Battle Great Wood: Quarry QUARRY MES22631 MON Battle Great Wood: Quarry QUARRY MES22632 MON Battle Great Wood: Quarry QUARRY MES22654 MON Battle Great Wood: depressions HOLLOW

Archaeological Desk-based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © 7 assessment Sussex

HeritageCollective

MES22655 MON Battle Great Wood: depression HOLLOW MES22657 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22658 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22659 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22660 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22662 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22664 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22667 MON Battle Great Wood: sunken trackway TRACKWAY MES22668 MON Battle Great Wood: Sunken Trackway TRACKWAY MES22669 MON Battle Great Wood: earthworks EARTHWORK MES22670 MON Battle Great Wood: excavations PLANTATION MES22672 MON Battle Great Wood: quarry QUARRY MES22695 MON Battle Great Wood: sunken trackway TRACKWAY MES22696 MON Battle Great Wood: quarry QUARRY MES22749 MON Battle Great Wood: ditch DITCH MES22750 MON Battle Great Wood: ditch DITCH MES22751 MON Battle Great Wood: sunken trackway TRACKWAY MES23395 MON Reeves Wood, Netherfield Farm: Charcoal Platform CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM MES23396 MON Ashes Wood, Netherfield Farm: Charcoal Platforms CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM MES23397 MON Ashes Wood, Netherfield Farm: Charcoal Platforms CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM MES23398 MON Ashes Wood, Netherfield Farm: Charcoal Platforms CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM MES23399 MON Ashes Wood, Netherfield Farm: Charcoal Platforms CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM MES23400 MON Ashes Wood, Netherfield Farm: Charcoal Platforms CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM MES23401 MON Ashes Wood, Netherfield Farm: Charcoal Platforms CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM MES23402 MON Ashes Wood, Netherfield Farm: Charcoal Platforms CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM MES23406 MON High Wood, Netherfield Farm: Lynchet LYNCHET MES23410 MON Mill Wood, Netherfield Farm: Area of minepits QUARRY MES23411 MON Mill Wood, Netherfield Farm: Charcoal Platforms CHARCOAL BURNING PLATFORM

Archaeological Desk-based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © 8 assessment Sussex

HeritageCollective

MES23412 MON Mill Wood, Netherfield Farm: Lynchet LYNCHET MES23415 MON High Wood, Netherfield Farm: Trackway TRACKWAY

Scheduled Monuments List Entry Name 1013226 Battle Abbey

Registered Battlefield List Entry Name 1000013 Battle of Hastings, 1066

Registered Parks and Gardens List Entry Grade Name 1000309 II Battle Abbey

Conservation Areas Name Battle

Archaeological Desk-based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © 9 assessment Sussex

HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3: Historic Maps and Images

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, On behalf of Millwood Designer November 2014 © Assessment Battle, East Sussex Homes Ltd HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3.1: 1575 Saxton's Map of Sussex

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © Assessment Sussex HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3.2: 1610 Speed's Map of Sussex

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © Assessment Sussex HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3.3: 1778 Yeakall and Gardner's Map of Sussex

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © Assessment Sussex HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3.4: 1806 Ordnance Surveyors Drawing

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © Assessment Sussex HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3.5: 1859 Tithe Map of Battle

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © Assessment Sussex HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3.6: 1873 Ordnance Survey map

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © Assessment Sussex HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3.7: 1898 Ordnance Survey map

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © Assessment Sussex HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3.8: 1909 Ordnance Survey map

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © Assessment Sussex HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3.9: 1930 Ordnance Survey map

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © Assessment Sussex HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3.10: 1946 Aerial photograph (RAF)

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © Assessment Sussex HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3.11: 1959 Aerial photograph (MAL)

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © Assessment Sussex HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3.12: 1970 Aerial photograph (MAL)

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © Assessment Sussex HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3.13: 1994 Aerial photograph (MAL)

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © Assessment Sussex HeritageCollective

APPENDIX 3.13: 2013 Google Earth Image

Archaeological Desk Based Lillybank Farm, London Road, Battle, East On behalf of Millwood Designer Homes Ltd November 2014 © Assessment Sussex