DOCSLIB.ORG

Y-Chromosome Diversity in Native Mexicans Reveals Continental

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Y-Chromosome Diversity in Native Mexicans Reveals Continental AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 148:395–405 (2012) Y-Chromosome Diversity in Native Mexicans Reveals Continental Transition of Genetic Structure in the Americas Karla Sandoval,1,2 Andres Moreno-Estrada,2 Isabel Mendizabal,1 Peter A. Underhill,2 Maria Lopez-Valenzuela,1 Rosenda Pen˜ aloza-Espinosa,1,3 Marisol Lopez-Lopez,1,3 Leonor Buentello-Malo,4 Heriberto Avelino,5 Francesc Calafell,1 and David Comas1* 1Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), CEXS-UPF-PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 2Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 3Departamento de Sistemas Biolo´gicos, Universidad Auto´noma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico 4Instituto de Investigaciones Antropolo´gicas, Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico, Mexico City, Mexico 5Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany KEY WORDS Y-chromosome haplogroups; native Mexican populations; Mesoamerica; genetic diversity; male lineages ABSTRACT The genetic characterization of Native paternal lineages reveal different narratives of their Mexicans is important to understand multiethnic based population history, with sex-biased continental contribu- features influencing the medical genetics of present tions and different admixture proportions. At a conti- Mexican populations, as well as to the reconstruct the nental scale, we found that Arctic populations and the peopling of the Americas. We describe the Y-chromosome northernmost groups from North America cluster to- genetic diversity of 197 Native Mexicans from 11 popu- gether, but we did not find a clear differentiation within lations and 1,044 individuals from 44 Native American Mesoamerica and the rest of the continent, which populations after combining with publicly available coupled with the fact that the majority of individuals data. We found extensive heterogeneity among Native from Central and South American samples are re- Mexican populations and ample segregation of Q-M242* stricted to the Q-M3 branch, supports the notion that (46%) and Q-M3 (54%) haplogroups within Mexico. The most Native Americans from Mesoamerica southwards northernmost sampled populations falling outside Meso- are descendants from a single wave of migration. This america (Pima and Tarahumara) showed a clear differ- observation is compatible with the idea that present day entiation with respect to the other populations, which is Mexico might have constituted an area of transition in in agreement with previous results from mtDNA line- the diversification of paternal lineages during the coloni- ages. However, our results point toward a complex zation of the Americas. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:395– genetic makeup of Native Mexicans whose maternal and 405, 2012. VC 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The ability to reconstruct human population history well as Y-chromosome markers (Rangel-Villalobos et al., using uniparental systems has motivated a deluge of 2000, 2001a,b, 2008; Tarazona-Santos et al., 2001; Luna- genetic studies during the last decades. However, several Vazquez et al., 2003, 2005, 2008; Hernandez-Gutierrez et geographic regions remain underrepresented in compre- hensive surveys of human genetic variation. One such region is Mesoamerica, a wide area covering central- Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online southern Mexico and part of Central America (including version of this article. regions from Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica). Despite different civiliza- Grant sponsor: Agencia Espan˜ ola de Cooperacio´n Internacional tions arising in this region, Mesoamerica comprised an (AECI, Programa de Cooperacio´n Interuniversitaria e Investigacio´n interrelated cultural area that constituted one of the two Cientı´fica entre Espan˜a e Iberoame´rica); Grant number: A/7694/07. Grant sponsor: Direccio´n General de Investigacio´n, Ministerio de centers of the New World civilization (Carmack et al., Ciencia e Innovacio´n, Spain; Grant number: CGL2010-14944/BOS. 1996; Lo´pez-Austin and Lo´pez-Luja´n, 2001). The impact Grant sponsor: Direccio´ General de Recerca, Generalitat de Catalu- of post-Columbian European and African admixture with nya; Grant number: 2009SGR1101. Grant sponsor: Basque Govern- Native Mexicans is of great interest to understand dis- ment (Hezkuntza, Unibertsitate eta Ikerketa Saila, Eusko Jaurlar- ease susceptibility in Mexican populations (Bryc et al., itza); Grant number: BFI107.4. 2010), as well as to reconstruct the history of Mesoamer- ica and the peopling of the Americas (Mulligan et al., *Correspondence to: David Comas. E-mail: [email protected] 2008). Numerous studies on this region have focused on Mes- Received 26 July 2011; accepted 29 February 2012 tizo populations using autosomal markers (Rangel-Villa- lobos et al., 1999; Cerda-Flores et al., 1987, 2002a,b; DOI 10.1002/ajpa.22062 Cerda-Flores and Garza-Chapa, 1989; Felix-Lopez et al., Published online 11 May 2012 in Wiley Online Library 2006; Wang et al., 2008; Silva-Zolezzi et al., 2009) as (wileyonlinelibrary.com). VC 2012 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC. 396 K. SANDOVAL ET AL. al., 2005; Licea-Cadena et al., 2006; Torres-Rodriguez et individuals from 44 Native American populations to al., 2006; Gorostiza et al., 2007; Gutierrez-Alarcon et al., determine the distribution of paternal lineages within 2007; Rubi-Castellanos et al., 2009a,b; Salazar-Flores et Mexico in contrast with the continental landscape and al., 2010). These studies have shown a substantial con- evaluated its correlation to geographical, cultural, and tribution of Native American ancestry to extant Mexican linguistic factors. In addition, we contrasted our results Mestizo populations, supported by additional studies with the female counterpart for the same populations as based on mtDNA sequences (Torroni et al., 1994; Green revealed by mtDNA analysis (Sandoval et al., 2009) and et al., 2000; Gonza´lez-Oliver et al., 2001; Pen˜ aloza-Espi- found a remarkable differential contribution between nosa et al., 2007; Sandoval et al., 2009; Kemp et al., maternal and paternal lineages in Mesoamerica. 2010). Other studies have also described the paternal genetic diversity in Mexican indigenous groups (Rangel- MATERIALS AND METHODS Villalobos et al., 2000; Barrot et al., 2005; Felix-Lopez et al., 2006; Paez-Riberos et al., 2006; Kemp et al., 2010); Populations studied however, a better understanding could be gained by put- A total of 197 Native Mexican male individuals were ting this characterization into context with the continen- analyzed: 22 Triquis, 18 Tarahumaras, 2 Mixtecs, 7 Oto- tal landscape. Previous studies on continental genetic mis, 22 Nahuas from Xochimilco, 22 Nahuas from structure identified by autosomal markers (Wang et al., Zitlala, 9 Nahuas from San Pedro Atocpan, 17 Nahuas 2007; Yang et al., 2010), have reported a North-to-South from Santo Domingo Ocotitlan, 8 Purepechas, 19 Yucatec reduction of diversity in the Americas, consistent with Mayas, and 51 Pimas. An additional sample of 11 Que- early studies based on Y-chromosome diversity showing chuas from Peru were also analyzed and used for inter patterns of low haplotype diversity in Native American population comparisons. DNAs from Pima, Yucatec Maya populations (Ruiz-Linares et al., 1999; Underhill et al., and Quechua were provided by the laboratory of Judith 2001; Salzano, 2002). Concerning Y-chromosome varia- R. Kidd and Kenneth K. Kidd (Yale University, New Ha- tion, components of both Q1a3 and C3 subhaplogroups ven, Conn) where lymphoblastoid cell lines are main- are viewed as prehistoric Native paternal lineages in the tained. All samples were collected with the appropriate Americas while all other haplogroups are considered to informed consent and all individuals were native speak- reflect the consequences of post-Columbian contact. The ers with local ancestors; their geographic location is nearest molecular ancestors to Q and C subhaplogroups shown in Figure 1. in Native Americans are rare elsewhere, with the excep- tion of northern Asia, where they reach frequencies of 28 Y chromosome genotyping and 18%, respectively (Mulligan et al., 2004). With the identification of the haplogroup Q defining M242 SNP DNA concentration of all samples was normalized to 1 (Seielstad et al., 2003), the age of Q haplotypes in the ng/ll using the QuantifilerTM Human DNA Quantifica- Americas was estimated at 15,000–18,000 ybp (Bortolini tion Kit (Applied Biosystems). Three SNPs (M45, which et al., 2003). Although haplogroup Q is present in 76% of defines the major haplogroup P; M242, which defines Native Americans (Zegura et al., 2004), the Native haplogroup Q; and M207, which defines haplogroup R) American C3-M217 associated haplogroups have only were genotyped in all individuals in 5ll reactions. The been detected among the Na-Dene-speaking Tanana, reactions contained 1 ll of DNA template, 0.25 llof203 Navajo, Chipewyan, and the Amerindian Cheyenne SNP Genotyping Assay, 1.25 ll of sterile-filtered water (Bergen et al., 1999; Karafet et al., 1999; Bortolini et al., and 2.5 ll of TaqMan1 Universal PCR Master Mix. Each 2002, 2003; Zegura et al., 2004). The higher haplotypic individual was amplified under standard conditions with diversity of C-M130 lineages in eastern Siberians and TaqMan1 probes (Applied Biosystems). Those individu- Asians (Lell et al., 2002) and an estimated coalescent for als not assigned within the major haplogroup P, were C-M130 of 25,000–30,000 ybp (Karafet et al., 1999; genotyped for marker M130 (which defines haplogroup
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Teachers Learning Lucha in Oaxaca, Mexico
    FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education Vol. 5, Iss. 2, 2019, pp. 6-27 TRAINED TO RESIST: TEACHERS LEARNING LUCHA IN OAXACA, MEXICO Christian Alejandro Bracho1 University of La Verne, USA Abstract Drawing on ethnographic data and interviews with 17 teacher educators and normal school students in Oaxaca, Mexico, this article examines a particular teaching formation rooted in the concept of lucha, revolutionary struggle. Participants described how, during their four years at a normal school, they learn, rehearse, and internalize a historical set of revolutionary scripts and strategies, as part of a political role they will perform as teachers. The post-1968 generation of teachers in this study recalled learning to fight in the 1970s and 80s, in an era of great opposition to the Mexican government and national union, while the younger generation described learning how to advocate for themselves so that they can create change in their communities. The study demonstrates how teacher training can explicitly cultivate new teachers’ capacities to operate as political actors, in opposition to standardized and apolitical professional models. Keywords: teacher training; activism; resistance; Oaxaca; normal schools In 2006, teachers in Oaxaca, Mexico made international headlines when they led a popular rebellion against the local and federal authorities, in opposition to the violent crackdown of a teachers’ strike over the summer. Dozens of teachers and activists were killed, and hundreds were injured over several months of insurrection. In 2014, 43 student teachers from a teacher training college (i.e., a normal school) were kidnapped and massacred while traveling around Guerrero state in an effort to organize funds for a strike in October, one that would commemorate the Tlatelolco Massacre in Mexico City in 1968.
    [Show full text]
  • Oasis America, Mesoamerica Y Aridoamerica
    OASISAMERICA, MESOAMERICA Y ARIDOAMERICA En el transcurso de los siglos, las prácticas culturales y las condiciones del medio ambiente propiciaron en algunas zonas el desarrollo de la agricultura como fuente principal de subsistencia y con ello, se definieron alrededor de 2500 a.C. dos grandes áreas o superáreas culturales: Aridoamérica y Mesoamérica. En el primer espacio la fuente principal de vida siguió siendo la caza y recolección, mientras que en Mesoamérica la vida se hizo sedentaria con base en la agricultura. Con el paso del tiempo, alrededor de 500 a.C., por la mejora de las técnicas de cultivo y de riego y el intercambio cultural parte de Aridoamérica (Suroeste de los E.U. y el Noroeste de México) fue ocupada por pueblos sedentarios. Esta región con cultura mixta se le conoce como Oasisamérica. Fue el antropólogo Paul Kirchhoff quien conceptualizó en 1943 estas tres grandes áreas geográficas-culturales: Aridoamérica, Oasisamérica y Mesoamérica. Queremos destacar que se trata de conceptos y que estas áreas no eran inmutables, sino en constante transformación de acuerdo con el desarrollo de las sociedades. Oasisamérica En algunas regiones semiáridas, haciendo uso de algunos ríos como el Gila y el Asunción en Arizona, los pobladores no quedaron en el nivel del nomadismo gracias a la adopción de nuevas técnicas e instrumentos de trabajo y el intercambio con las culturas mesoamericanas. Así, dentro de Aridoamérica se empezó a distinguir, alrededor de 500 a.C., un área cultural que se conoce como Oasisamérica. Se ubica en parte de los territorios actuales de Arizona, Nuevo México y California en los E.U.
    [Show full text]
  • The Study of Human Y Chromosome Variation Through Ancient DNA
    Hum Genet DOI 10.1007/s00439-017-1773-z REVIEW The study of human Y chromosome variation through ancient DNA Toomas Kivisild1,2 Received: 12 January 2017 / Accepted: 24 February 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract High throughput sequencing methods have com- accumulate and get fixed over time. This review considers pletely transformed the study of human Y chromosome genome-scale evidence on ancient Y chromosome diver- variation by offering a genome-scale view on genetic vari- sity that has recently started to accumulate in geographic ation retrieved from ancient human remains in context of areas favourable to DNA preservation. More specifically a growing number of high coverage whole Y chromosome the review focuses on examples of regional continuity and sequence data from living populations from across the change of the Y chromosome haplogroups in North Eurasia world. The ancient Y chromosome sequences are providing and in the New World. us the first exciting glimpses into the past variation of male- specific compartment of the genome and the opportunity to evaluate models based on previously made inferences from Background patterns of genetic variation in living populations. Analy- ses of the ancient Y chromosome sequences are challenging Until recently, ancient DNA studies of human remain not only because of issues generally related to ancient DNA focused primarily on variation embedded in mitochon- work, such as DNA damage-induced mutations and low drial DNA (mtDNA). For decades, mtDNA had been a content of endogenous DNA in most human remains, but target of choice in population genetic studies because of also because of specific properties of the Y chromosome, its high mutation rate and high density of polymorphic such as its highly repetitive nature and high homology with markers (Wilson et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Y-Chromosome Analysis Reveals Genetic Divergence and New Founding Native Lineages in Athapaskan- and Eskimoan-Speaking Populations
    Y-chromosome analysis reveals genetic divergence and new founding native lineages in Athapaskan- and Eskimoan-speaking populations Matthew C. Dulika, Amanda C. Owingsa, Jill B. Gaieskia, Miguel G. Vilara, Alestine Andreb, Crystal Lenniec, Mary Adele Mackenzied, Ingrid Kritschb, Sharon Snowshoeb, Ruth Wrightb, James Martind, Nancy Gibsond, Thomas D. Andrewse, Theodore G. Schurra,1, and The Genographic Consortium2 aDepartment of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6398; bGwich’in Social and Cultural Institute, Tsiigehtchic, NT, Canada X0E 0B0; cInuvialuit Regional Corporation, Inuvik, NT, Canada X0E 0T0; dTłįchǫ Community Services Agency, Behchoko, NT, Canada X0E 0Y0; and ePrince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Yellowknife, NT, Canada X1A 2L9 Edited* by Francisco Mauro Salzano, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, and approved April 10, 2012 (received for review November 21, 2011) For decades, the peopling of the Americas has been explored mtDNA data (5). Even the dental traits used to justify a three- through the analysis of uniparentally inherited genetic systems in migration hypothesis did not group all Na-Dene speakers into Native American populations and the comparison of these genetic a single category separate from the other two (Amerind and data with current linguistic groupings. In northern North America, Eskimo-Aleut) groups and furthermore, suggested the inclusion two language families predominate: Eskimo-Aleut and Na-Dene. of Aleuts with Athapaskan speakers from northwestern America Although the genetic evidence from nuclear and mtDNA loci (3). Thus, although it is generally accepted that the two language suggest that speakers of these language families share a distinct families differ from each other, it is not clear whether they have biological origin, this model has not been examined using data from different genetic origins or instead, are the result of separate paternally inherited Y chromosomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head: Structural Violence Against Indigenous Oaxacans: a Transnational 1 Phenomenon
    Running head: Structural Violence Against Indigenous Oaxacans: A Transnational 1 Phenomenon Structural Violence Against Indigenous Oaxacans: A Transnational Phenomenon Andrew Tarbox Submission for Social Sciences Structural Violence Against Indigenous Oaxacans: A Transnational Phenomenon 2 Structural violence refers to the “social arrangements that systematically bring subordinated and disadvantaged groups into harm’s way and put them at risk for various forms of suffering” (Benson, 2008, p. 590). In the agricultural labor sector in the United States, structural violence takes the form of “deplorable wages and endemic poverty, forms of stigma and racism, occupational health and safety hazards, poor health” (Benson, 2008, p. 591). This system of structural violence began to develop in the agricultural sector in the nineteenth century. Before the nineteenth century, “the living and working conditions faced by farmworkers were not markedly different from those of industrial workers” (Thompson & Wiggins, 2002, p. 140). However, continuing into the twentieth century and especially through the New Deal reforms, the same degree of protection toward industrial workers did not extend to workers in the agricultural sector (Thompson & Wiggins, 2002). The lack of regulation in the agricultural sector has persisted. In addition, the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) sparked the flight of about 400,000 Mexican immigrants to the United States between 2000-2005 because American farmers were given large subsidies and could export agricultural goods cheaply; Mexican famers migrated to the United States because it became difficult to earn wages in Mexico from exports to the United States (Delgado-Wise & Márquez Covarrubias, 2007). Indigenous Mexicans, especially from the state of Oaxaca, made up a large proportion of those who fled.
    [Show full text]
  • I Reunión Interparlamentaria México-Uruguay
    I REUNIÓN INTERPARLAMENTARIA MÉXICO-URUGUAY Montevideo, Uruguay 15 y 16 de marzo de 2018 Serie: América N° 21 2 I REUNIÓN INTERPARLAMENTARIA MÉXICO-URUGUAY 15 y 16 de marzo de 2018, Montevideo, Uruguay ÍNDICE I. Información General. 5 II. Delegación del Congreso Mexicano. 9 III. Perfiles. 15 Senadora Lucía Topolansky, Vicepresidenta de Uruguay, Presidenta de la 17 Asamblea General y de la Cámara de Senadores. Representante Jorge Gandini, Presidente de la Cámara de Representantes 18 de Uruguay. Senadora Constanza Moreira, Presidenta de la Comisión de Asuntos 19 Internacionales de la Cámara de Senadores de Uruguay. Representante Jaime Mario Trobo, Presidente de la Comisión de Asuntos 20 Internacionales de la Cámara de Representantes de Uruguay. IV. Ficha Técnica de Uruguay. 21 Situación Económica. 25 Política Interior. 28 Política Exterior. 33 V. Relaciones México-Uruguay. 39 Relaciones Parlamentarias México-Uruguay. 41 Relaciones Bilaterales México-Uruguay 44 Relaciones Comerciales México-Uruguay. 47 Indicadores Económicos y Sociales México–Uruguay. 48 Tratados Bilaterales México-Uruguay. 49 Notas sobre Ceremonial y Protocolo. 50 VI. Documentos de Apoyo. 53 Nota Informativa. I Reunión Interparlamentaria México – Uruguay. Centro de 55 Estudios Internacionales Gilberto Bosques del Senado mexicano. Nota Informativa. Cooperación económica: Las oportunidades para 57 incrementar las relaciones comerciales y los procesos de integración regional. Centro de Estudios Internacionales Gilberto Bosques del Senado mexicano. Nota Informativa. Cooperación política: La revitalización de la Asociación 62 Estratégica México – Uruguay. Centro de Estudios Internacionales Gilberto Bosques del Senado mexicano. Nota Informativa. Debate sobre la política de drogas en México y Uruguay: 77 experiencias legislativas. Centro de Estudios Internacionales Gilberto Bosques del Senado mexicano.
    [Show full text]
  • Semiarid Ethnoagroforestry Management: Tajos in the Sierra Gorda, Guanajuato, Mexico Vincent M
    Hoogesteger van Dijk et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:34 DOI 10.1186/s13002-017-0162-y RESEARCH Open Access Semiarid ethnoagroforestry management: Tajos in the Sierra Gorda, Guanajuato, Mexico Vincent M. Hoogesteger van Dijk1, Alejandro Casas1 and Ana Isabel Moreno-Calles2* Abstract Background: The semi-arid environments harbor nearly 40% of biodiversity, and half of indigenous cultures of Mexico. Thousands of communities settled in these areas depend on agriculture and using wild biodiversity for their subsistence. Water, soil, and biodiversity management strategies are therefore crucial for people’s life. The tajos, from Sierra Gorda, are important, poorly studied, biocultural systems established in narrow, arid alluvial valleys. The systems are constructed with stone-walls for capturing sediments, gradually creating fertile soils in terraces suitable for agriculture in places where it would not be possible. We analyzed biocultural, ecological, economic and technological relevance of the artificial oasis-like tajos, hypothesizing their high capacity for maintaining agricultural and wild biodiversity while providing resources to people. Methods: We conducted our research in three sections of the Mezquital-Xichú River, in three communities of Guanajuato, Mexico. Agroforestry management practices were documented through semi-structured and in-depth qualitative interviews. Vegetation composition of local forests and that maintained in tajos was sampled and compared. Results: Tajos harbor high agrobiodiversity, including native varieties of maize and beans, seven secondary crops, 47 native and 25 introduced perennial plant species. Perennial plants cover on average 26.8% of the total surface of plots. Tajos provide nearly 70% of the products required by households’ subsistence and are part of their cultural identity.
    [Show full text]
  • History and Geography of Human Y-Chromosome in Europe: a SNP Perspective
    JASs Invited Reviews Journal of Anthropological Sciences Vol. 86 (2008), pp. 59-89 History and geography of human Y-chromosome in Europe: a SNP perspective Paolo Francalacci & Daria Sanna Dipartimento di Zoologia e Genetica Evoluzionistica, Università di Sassari, via Muroni 25 – 07100 Sassari, Italy e-mail: [email protected] Summary - e genetic variation observed in the modern European populations can be used to reconstruct the history of the human peopling of the continent. In recent times, a great importance has been given to uniparental markers such as the Y-chromosome. is chromosome, which is passed from father to son, does not have a counterpart subject to recombination and the only possible source of variation is mutation. e nucleotide changes accumulate over time in the molecule, with no rearrangement among lineages. Lately, the D-HPLC technique, which allows the eff ective detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), was used to boost the number of available polymorphisms on the Y-chromosome. Since the year 2000, a number of studies were aimed both at the reconstruction of Y-chromosome phylogeny and the geographic distribution of Y-chromosome variation in Europe. e distribution of distinctive Y-chromosome lineages can also display a correspondence with geography, thus providing patterns of affi nity and clues concerning past human movements. It is therefore possible to recognize the eff ect of the colonization of Europe following the Last Glacial Maximum, both from the western Iberian and the eastern Balkan refuges. Other lineages show a migratory wave from the Near East, consistent with the demic diff usion model of agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • Triqui Tonal Coarticulation and Contrast Preservation in Tonal Phonology∗
    TRIQUI TONAL COARTICULATION AND CONTRAST PRESERVATION IN TONAL PHONOLOGY∗ CHRISTIAN DICANIO Haskins Laboratories Tonal languages vary substantially in the degree in which coarticulation occurs across word boundaries. In languages like Mandarin, coarticulation is strong and results in extensive variation in how tones are produced (Xu, 1994). In languages like Thai, coarticulation is noticeably weaker and does not result in the same degree of tonal overlap (Gandour, Tum- tavitikul, and Satthamnuwong, 1999). Just what accounts for such differences? The current study examines how tones are coarticulated in Itunyoso Triqui (IT), an Oto-Manguean lan- guage with nine lexical tones, across different contexts and speech rates. The findings show that contour tones influence the production of adjacent tones significantly more than level tones do, often resulting in tonal assimilation. Though, the degree of assimilation across contexts was relatively small in comparison to previous work on tonal coarticulation. Tonal dissimilation between the highest and lowest tones in the experiment and F0 range expan- sion during faster speech rate were also observed. These findings suggest that IT speakers actively preserve tonal contrasts in their language in conditions where one would antici- pate the greatest mechanical overlap between tones. The ramifications of this research are discussed in relation to the literature on tone production and perception. This research pre- dicts that tonal languages which more heavily weigh F0 height as a tonal cue undergo less coarticulatory variation than those which weigh F0 slope more heavily. Keywords: tone, coarticulation, Oto-Manguean, speech rate Introduction In the initial stage of describing a tone language, one typically examines how each lexical tone is pro- duced in isolated words.
    [Show full text]
  • Admixture and Population Structure in Mexican-Mestizos Based on Paternal Lineages
    Journal of Human Genetics (2012) 57, 568–574 & 2012 The Japan Society of Human Genetics All rights reserved 1434-5161/12 $32.00 www.nature.com/jhg ORIGINAL ARTICLE Admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on paternal lineages Gabriela Martı´nez-Corte´s1,5, Joel Salazar-Flores1, Laura Gabriela Ferna´ndez-Rodrı´guez1, Rodrigo Rubi-Castellanos1, Carmen Rodrı´guez-Loya1, Jesu´s Salvador Velarde-Fe´lix2, Jose´ Franciso Mun˜oz-Valle3, Isela Parra-Rojas4 and He´ctor Rangel-Villalobos1,5 In the nonrecombining region of the Y-chromosome, there are single-nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) that establish haplogroups with particular geographical origins (European, African, Native American, etc.). The complex process of admixture that gave rise to the majority of the current Mexican population (B93%), known as Mestizos, can be examined with Y-SNPs to establish their paternal ancestry and population structure. We analyzed 18 Y-SNPs in 659 individuals from 10 Mexican-Mestizo populations from different regions of the country. In the total population sample, paternal ancestry was predominately European (64.9%), followed by Native American (30.8%) and African (4.2%). However, the European ancestry was prevalent in the north and west (66.7–95%) and, conversely, Native American ancestry increased in the center and southeast (37–50%), whereas the African ancestry was low and relatively homogeneous (0–8.8%). Although this paternal landscape concurs with previous studies based on genome-wide SNPs and autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs), this pattern contrasts with the maternal ancestry, mainly of Native American origin, based on maternal lineages haplogroups. In agreement with historical records, these results confirm a strong gender-biased admixture history between European males and Native American females that gave rise to Mexican-Mestizos.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial DNA Diversity of Present-Day Aboriginal Australians and Implications for Human Evolution in Oceania
    Journal of Human Genetics (2016), 1–11 & 2016 The Japan Society of Human Genetics All rights reserved 1434-5161/16 www.nature.com/jhg ORIGINAL ARTICLE Mitochondrial DNA diversity of present-day Aboriginal Australians and implications for human evolution in Oceania Nano Nagle1, Kaye N Ballantyne2,3, Mannis van Oven3, Chris Tyler-Smith4, Yali Xue4, Stephen Wilcox5, Leah Wilcox1, Rust Turkalov5, Roland AH van Oorschot2, Sheila van Holst Pellekaan6,7, Theodore G Schurr8, Peter McAllister9, Lesley Williams10, Manfred Kayser3, R John Mitchell1 and The Genographic Consortium27 Aboriginal Australians are one of the more poorly studied populations from the standpoint of human evolution and genetic diversity. Thus, to investigate their genetic diversity, the possible date of their ancestors’ arrival and their relationships with neighboring populations, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity in a large sample of Aboriginal Australians. Selected mtDNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms and the hypervariable segment haplotypes were analyzed in 594 Aboriginal Australians drawn from locations across the continent, chiefly from regions not previously sampled. Most (~78%) samples could be assigned to mtDNA haplogroups indigenous to Australia. The indigenous haplogroups were all ancient (with estimated ages 440 000 years) and geographically widespread across the continent. The most common haplogroup was P (44%) followed by S (23%) and M42a (9%). There was some geographic structure at the haplotype level. The estimated ages of the indigenous haplogroups range from 39 000 to 55 000 years, dates that fit well with the estimated date of colonization of Australia based on archeological evidence (~47 000 years ago). The distribution of mtDNA haplogroups in Australia and New Guinea supports the hypothesis that the ancestors of Aboriginal Australians entered Sahul through at least two entry points.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing the History of Mesoamerican Populations Through the Study of the Mitochondrial DNA Control Region
    Reconstructing the History of Mesoamerican Populations through the Study of the Mitochondrial DNA Control Region Amaya Gorostiza1,2,Vı´ctor Acunha-Alonzo3,Lucı´a Regalado-Liu1, Sergio Tirado1, Julio Granados4, David Sa´mano5,He´ctor Rangel-Villalobos6, Antonio Gonza´ lez-Martı´n1* 1 Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 2 Laboratorio de Identificacio´n Gene´tica, GENOMICA S.A.U. Grupo Zeltia, Madrid, Spain, 3 Laboratorio de Gene´tica Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Antropologı´a e Historia, Mexico City, Mexico, 4 Divisio´nde Immunogene´tica, Departamento de Trasplantes, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Me´dicas y Nutricio´n Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico, 5 Academia de Cultura Cientı´fica – Humanı´stica, Universidad Auto´noma del Estado de Me´xico, Mexico City, Mexico, 6 Instituto de Investigacio´n en Gene´tica Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Cie´naga, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlan, Mexico Abstract The study of genetic information can reveal a reconstruction of human population’s history. We sequenced the entire mtDNA control region (positions 16.024 to 576 following Cambridge Reference Sequence, CRS) of 605 individuals from seven Mesoamerican indigenous groups and one Aridoamerican from the Greater Southwest previously defined, all of them in present Mexico. Samples were collected directly from the indigenous populations, the application of an individual survey made it possible to remove related or with other origins samples. Diversity indices and demographic estimates were calculated. Also AMOVAs were calculated according to different criteria. An MDS plot, based on FST distances, was also built. We carried out the construction of individual networks for the four Amerindian haplogroups detected.
    [Show full text]