The Royal S ociety of Edinburgh

Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties

Report of a Conference organised by The Royal Society of Edinburgh

20 February 2007 CONTENTS

Acknowledgements ...... 2

Programme ...... 4

Foreword ...... 6

Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties ...... 7

Appendix One: Speakers’ Biographies ...... 22

Appendix Two: Participant List ...... 25

Rapporteur: David Rankin

Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties: 20 February 2007

© The Royal Society of Edinburgh: May 2007

ISBN: 978 0 902198 30 2

Requests to reproduce all or part of this document, larger print versions or more copies, should be submitted to: Stuart Brown The Royal Society of Edinburgh 22-26 George Street Edinburgh EH2 2PQ

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www.royalsoced.org.uk

Opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily represent the views of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, nor its Fellows. 20 February 2007

The Royal Society of Edinburgh wishes to acknowledge the support of

Glasgow City Council

The Herald

Archdiocese of Glasgow

Mr Willie Haughey, The City Charitable Trust

Mr Brian Souter

The Phoenix Car Company

2 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties

and thank the Organising Committee:

Sir John Arbuthnott FRSE Chairman, Greater Glasgow Health Board

Ian D Baillie CBE Director of the Board, The Mungo Foundation

Lia Brennan (RSE Staff) Events Officer

Róisín Calvert-Elliott (RSE Staff) Events Manager

The Most Rev M J Conti FRSE Archbishop of Glasgow

Professor Tom Devine OBE FBA FRSE Sir William Fraser Professor of Scottish History and Palaeography, University of Edinburgh

Matthew Marr Advisor to the Leader of the Council, Glasgow City Council

Cllr Steven Purcell Leader, Glasgow City Council

Professor John Richardson FRSE Emeritus Professor of Classics, University of Edinburgh

Dr Carol Tannahill Director, Glasgow Centre for Population Health

3 20 February 2007

CONFERENCE PROGRAMME

10.00 Registration and Coffee

10.30 Welcome Professor Jan McDonald FRSE Vice-President, The Royal Society of Edinburgh

10.35 Introduction and Overview Sir Muir Russell FRSE

Session 1: The Background

10.45 Will the poor always be with us? Professor Michael Pacione Chair of Geography, University of Strathclyde

11.05 Glasgow in Comparative Context: ‘Old’ Industrial Places in a Global Economy Professor Ray Hudson Director, Wolfson Research Institute, University of Durham

11.25 ‘Out of the Depths’ Case Study - Castlemilk Very Rev. John D Miller Castlemilk East Parish Church

11.45 Audience Question and Answer Session

12.15 Lunch

Session 2: The Present Chair: Archbishop Conti FRSE

13.15 Overview Dr Carol Tannahill Director, Glasgow Centre for Population Health

13.30 Mental Health Professor Stephen Platt Director, Research Unit in Health, Behaviour and Change, University of Edinburgh

13.35 Parenting and Families Professor Sarah Cunningham-Burley Co-Director, Centre for Research on Families and Relationships, University of Edinburgh

13.40 Role of Education Professor Lindsay Paterson Professor of Educational Policy, University of Edinburgh

4 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties

13.45 Work is better than worklessness and a good job is better than a bad job Professor Stephanie Young Senior Director, Skills & Learning, Scottish Enterprise Glasgow

13.50 Area-based Regeneration Councillor Steven Purcell Leader of Glasgow City Council

13.55 Panel Discussion

14.15 Audience Question and Answer Session

14.45 Tea and Coffee

Session 3: The Way from Here

15.00 Overview Sir John Arbuthnott FRSE

15.05 Regeneration Strategy for Glasgow. What are the Gaps? David Webster Development and Regeneration Services, Glasgow City Council

15.20 Problems to be radically addressed Professor Phil Hanlon Professor in Public Health, University of Glasgow

15.35 Building healthy communities for the future - what we know, what we don’t know, what we think we know and what we ought to know Professor Mike Kelly Public Health Excellence Centre Director, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)

15.50 Panel/Audience Discussion

16.10 Summation Alf Young The Herald

16.25 Moving Forward/Action Sir John Arbuthnott FRSE

16.30 Close

5 20 February 2007

Foreword

Glasgow is not only special; it is unique in its history and the combination of factors which have made it what it is today. Over the past quarter of a century, it has transformed itself from being the industrial heartland of an empire which no longer exists, a monument to a past period of ‘carboniferous capitalism’, into a vibrant and economically successful city of the twenty-first century. Yet despite the vigour and affluence which can be seen on every hand, the conditions of life for the poorest Glaswegians, especially in the big housing schemes, remain obstinately bad, and in some ways have become worse. Much excellent and important work is being done, but there remains much evidence of deprivation, especially social, cultural and spiritual. It was this situation, and the conviction that, although economically based, its solution was not susceptible to purely economic remedies, that led the Royal Society of Edinburgh to mount the conference of which this is the report.

On the initiative of Archbishop Mario Conti, a Fellow of the Society, an organising committee was set up, which identified three elements to be addressed in an attempt to identify the underlying problems:

— the context, both historical and geographical — the work currently being undertaken — ways forward, with particular attention to social, cultural and spiritual needs

The three sections of the conference followed the pattern of these three elements, with academics, practitioners and policy makers from within Glasgow and beyond contributing their expertise and insights at each stage. We were fortunate in having a wide and varied range of speakers, and it is hardly surprising, given the extent to which they represented people who had not only studied but in many cases lived with the deprivation that they were describing, that we heard throughout the day not only description and analysis of the situation but also an array of suggestions for improving it, many of which were taken up by the speakers in the third part of our conference. Such variety is inevitable when addressing such a multifaceted question, and was indeed anticipated in the title of the conference, with its reference to poverties in the plural. More surprising is the extent to which our speakers agreed that, although economic deprivation was a major cause, the poverties which still plague so many in Glasgow could only be transcended by paying attention to the family and society, to education and health, to the ways in which people valued themselves and the others and the communities in which they lived. In the more radical contributions of our last three speakers it was clear that the economic structures of the city were very important, especially in terms of reducing unemployment, but that what was needed above all were ways of changing the ideas of all of us about the values of our culture and society. The challenge is immense but cannot be ignored, and it is to be hoped that the questions which this meeting raised, not just for Glasgow, will be revisited in the months and years ahead.

John Richardson, FRSE Convener of the Organising Committee

6 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties

Introduction and Overview practitioners, he suggested that close attention be given to supporting and Following the welcome given by Jan enhancing the capacities of existing McDonald, the first session was introduced by grassroots organisations when developing Sir Muir Russell, who commended the Royal new, or refining existing, approaches. Further- Society of Edinburgh for acting as a catalyst in more, it was suggested that some of the most bringing the delegates and presenters significant past failures of planning emerged together, stating that it was fitting that the following the implementation of top-down Society be involved in examining the ongoing solutions which involved little or no challenges of post-industrial cities such as consultation with those most directly Glasgow in the 21st century. It was high- affected. Summarising, Sir Muir stated that lighted that Glasgow is not unique in the Glasgow’s problems should not be levels of socio-economic deprivation that considered intractable, but instead present need to be addressed, but that there is a need challenges which span the diversity of fields to understand why such issues have arisen in which delegates work, requiring new and what these mean in today’s reality, in agendas for working together in new ways, order that applicable solutions can be with the expectation that success will only be generated for the people of the city. While judged in the longer term. past attempts to address deprivation might be questioned in terms of sufficiency and Session 1: The Background appropriateness, it was noted that Glasgow has benefited from the establishment of a Will the poor always be with us? large number of voluntary and community Michael Pacione provided the context for the groups and could be considered a world conference by deploying a historical- leader in efforts to address deprivation. As a geographical perspective, focusing in result of such efforts, transformations were particular on the last 30 years. By way of evident in the local economy, in the civic and example, Professor Pacione examined personal infrastructure, in new industries longitudinal health data from an area located having being attracted to the city, in to the east of Glasgow Cross. Drawing expanded retail facilities and in the attention to high instances of cholera in investment made in businesses. Regeneration 1832, he noted that the same area was now was evident in many areas, including the found to exhibit high instances of cancer, waterfront, and the image of the city both at heart disease and long-term illness, all of home and abroad, has been transformed which were above the Scottish average. from that of the past. Although reflecting a change from infectious to degenerative diseases, it was suggested Yet Sir Muir also considered that it was that this Glaswegian location has exhibited necessary to recognise that for many people some of the worst health statistics in Scotland in Glasgow, such achievements have not over a period of almost 200 years. Continu- been sufficient and have not brought the ing, Professor Pacione outlined the context lifestyles, longevity or prosperity enjoyed by for the remainder of the conference using many other communities in Scotland. High- five linked themes: lighting the reference in the conference title to ‘poverties’ plural, Sir Muir illustrated how, — The first, termed the anatomy of despite physical regeneration, parts of the city disadvantage, reflected the fit of poverty still experience economic, social, cultural and within the broader concept of multiple spiritual poverty, with many people not deprivation, a concept which was shown to benefiting from the regeneration experienced change over time. For example, as society by others. Linking the session themes and advances and basic physiological needs are addressing both policy-makers and met, growing pressure is placed on meeting

7 20 February 2007 higher order needs. While common housing tenure, now mainly concentrated in characteristics remain over time, e.g. the public sector. These trends were segregation and stigmatisation of the poor, confirmed by 1991 and were reiterated in the there has been a changed emphasis over time Census data of 2001: poverty and deprivation from problems in the urban physical remain concentrated in particular environment to the urban social environment. ‘environments of disadvantage’. Eradicating poverty was suggested by Professor Pacione — Second, conceptualisations of poverty to require policies which took multifaceted include a range of terms. However, a key approaches; which adopted a generational distinction is that between absolute and perspective; which sought to develop relative poverty. Absolute poverty refers to a strategies to address physical context; that situation where a family’s income is facilitated engagement with and insufficient to maintain mere ‘physical reconnection of marginalised people to efficiency’. Relative poverty is a broader mainstream society; and which placed most definition, which is based on needs being emphasis on education and training. culturally determined rather than biologically fixed, including needs such as job security, — Finally, in response to the question: ‘Will work satisfaction, etc. Absolutist approaches the poor always be with us?’ Professor imply that poverty can be eliminated; relativist Pacione highlighted that absolute poverty views accept that poverty will always remain. could and often has been eliminated, whereas relative poverty will always remain, — The third major theme established that suggesting a stimulus for renewed action. the root cause of poverty is economic, and in modern society stems from three principal Glasgow in Comparative Context: ‘Old’ sources: low wages earned by those Industrial Places in a Global Economy employed in declining traditional industries Ray Hudson provided further comparative or engaged, often on a part time basis, in context in an historical account, which newer service-based activities; unemployment examined industrial decline, poverty, experienced by those marginal to the job inequality and poor health by placing market such as single parents, the elderly, the Glasgow’s history of growth, decline and disabled, and, increasingly, never-employed (partial) renewal within the broader context of school leavers; and reductions in welfare long-term capitalist development. This took expenditure in most Western states due to account of Glasgow’s particular trajectory of growing demand and ensuing fiscal crises. growth and decline, but considered it within the context of wider capitalist models: an — Fourth, the changing geographical endemic tendency to produce inequalities is distribution of poverty was examined with embedded in the capitalist model of reference to indices of multiple deprivation in development. In conjunction, highlighting Glasgow between the years 1971 and 2001. the importance of ‘place’, such processes In 1971, major areas of poverty were located have been expressed in particular ways in in inner city areas and inner suburbs with Glasgow. The ability of government to further disadvantaged areas found in the East ameliorate the problems of place and its End, Maryhill area, and peripheral housing capacity to realign economies onto new estates. By 1981, following clearance and development paths is limited. Professor redevelopment of some inner-city Hudson postulated a five-stage model of neighbourhoods, the foci of deprivation had urban-industrial growth, decline and recovery, shifted to include areas such as Govan, drawing parallels between Glasgow and its Possilpark and Springburn along with association with persistent poverty and overcrowded, outer estates. The incidence of inequality with other industrial cities and deprivation became marked by a change in regions (e.g. in Spain, France and the USA):

8 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties

1. Originating during the time of Empire in economy, and through competing the 19th Century, cities such as Glasgow globally for inward investment. Yet jobs were considered centres of economic in the ‘new’ economy are often growth in an era of ‘carboniferous considered insecure, poorly paid and low capitalism’, although development was skilled, and result in exposure to high always marked by widespread poverty and levels of stress, associated with poor extreme inequalities. mental health. In response, government 2. The Depression of the 1920s/30s led to a capacity to effect economic change and rapid collapse in the economic fortunes reduce poverty has often been limited, of cities like Glasgow, as international particularly given the shift from markets collapsed and global markets Keynesian policies to a neo-liberal slumped. As a consequence, poverty economy and welfare state. deepened and spread. 3. From the late 1930s, rearmament, the Concluding, Professor Hudson suggested that subsequent War Economy, and later post- in seeking to transcend poverties in Glasgow, war reconstruction efforts in the 1950s, the role of the Scottish Executive should be led to rises in employment. For example, considered vital, enabling local solutions to ‘new’ industries such as chemical plants be applied to such problems. However, it was and automobile manufacturing emerged also suggested that cities such as Glasgow and were located in cities, which, along still struggle to adapt to new economic with the introduction of the national realities. Underlying problems remain and welfare state, were suggested, to a policies to address them have been degree, to have ameliorated poverty and insufficient and have potentially exacerbated inequality. However, while post-war current inequalities. Arguing that the recovery led to greater concern with situation should not be considered inevitable, equality and welfare rights, more Professor Hudson stressed that in order for progressive taxes and better education policies to change and for efforts to be made and housing, poor working conditions to transcend poverties, a sharp and sustained (e.g. in coal mining) continued to be shift in political priorities is required. damaging to health. An overall increase in affluence was not seen to translate into ‘Out of Depths’ Case Study - Castlemilk better health and ‘new’ diseases and The Reverend John Miller began by drawing illnesses of affluence emerged. attention to the last 35 years he has spent 4. From the late 1950s, secular decline of the living and working as a parish minister in one ‘old’ industrial economy led to the closure of the ‘big four’ housing schemes of Glasgow, of mines, steelworks and shipyards. While namely Castlemilk. In 1955, Castlemilk was this ended many ‘unhealthy’ jobs, it also noted to have a buoyant community spirit led to a permanent loss of employment. despite a lack of social facilities. However, Instances of poor health remained and a unemployment, the abolishment of the Rate younger generation suffered from new Support Grant and rising crime meant that by physical and mental health problems, the late 1970s the population had declined often associated with a lack of work. New and ties that had bound the community had policies were unable to create enough started to unravel. Regeneration plans in the ‘new’ jobs, while changes in the gender form of private investment had led to many of composition in the workforce led to the remaining tenants being decanted into increasing male unemployment. other housing, while their own areas and 5. Later, new urban and regional housing were regenerated. This in turn had development policies sought to negative impacts on social conditions and encourage enterprise through a switch child rearing, and often contributed to the from a manufacturing to a service-based death of elderly relatives due to the 9 20 February 2007 disruption associated with relocation. the costs of a relative’s burial can lead to Recounting the atomisation of the further indebtedness for already cash- community, Mr Miller outlined how new strapped families. initiatives (e.g. Safer Cities) and changes made by creating smaller areas, further With regeneration continuing, the disparities threatened neighbourly spirits. While that exist between some residents of acknowledging that regeneration has Castlemilk and others appear to grow, high- brought benefits to some residents, it was lighted by the development of new properties indicated that many of the residents on the costing £240,000, built alongside the houses scheme still lack employment. of people who display some of the worst health statistics in Britain. Drawing attention Questioning what has gone wrong with the to the positive community spirit that remains planned regeneration, Mr Miller drew in areas such as Castlemilk, Mr Miller attention to the structural changes that have recounted an instance where neighbours got taken place, the reduction in employment together to arrange a collection to subsidise and the associated decline in traditional the funeral of a fellow resident. It seems that community leadership roles. Attempts to the community spirit in Castlemilk may still be address these issues were coordinated under strong if only it can be used to positive effect, the auspices of a Scottish Office initiative: as viewed in Mr Miller’s summary of the New Life for Urban Scotland. This involved community fundraising effort: “In the poorest the development of a partnership approach streets of Castlemilk every funeral receives involving the providers of resources from this kind of response, for everyone knows the across sectors in coordinating efforts to need.” Concluding, Mr Miller highlighted maximise effectiveness. Although over 80 that while residents of Castlemilk may be community organisations were in operation materially poverty-stricken, the opposite was in Castlemilk at the time of the partnership, it true in relation to their spirit. was suggested that limited effort was given to tapping into their potential. Major power- Question and Answer Session and resource-holders such as local government and private developers were not Following this contextual and historical felt to engage with the community and, overview, the audience was invited to raise therefore, local priorities were often ignored. discussion points to be addressed by the panel of presenters. The key points raised Notwithstanding the improvements that have were as follows: been made to the housing stock within Castlemilk, statistics indicate that poverty is — What is the value placed on working in endemic, that unemployment is rife and that the community when spending cuts are being there is widespread and persistent use of implemented that impact on the capacity to illegal drugs. Overdoses and deaths from deliver such work? heroin which were once rare are now — What focus is given to examining the commonplace. A further consequence of the top-down policies that are implemented to increase in use of drugs, is the associated rise impact on deprived communities, when in violence, graphically illustrated in the evidence has shown that many of these murders of two young men in November policies do not work and indeed when much 2006. Continuing, Mr Miller drew attention of the current malaise can be attributed to to the vagaries of life lived on social welfare these very systems? and the higher costs met by those on benefit for basic provision of services such as Addressing the second point, panel members electricity and gas. Another example, this acknowledged that high level policy-drivers time of funeral costs, stressed how meeting have sought to boost competitive practices 10 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties with the assumption that trickle-down effects of the Trident nuclear ‘deterrent’ would reduce inequality. While such policies programme. Further moves might have not produced the desired effect, it was address the balance of power between acknowledged that an enormous political the private and public sector, better challenge remains to prioritise factors management in the NHS and enhanced continuing to produce such inequalities. In provision of investment in state response to the first point, considering the education. value placed on work undertaken in the communities, and discussing how the number In response, it was suggested that of agencies now operating in Castlemilk comparative evidence is hard to provide, in currently numbered nine or ten, Mr Miller was particular due to differences in political critical of the existing funding system. systems between the UK and examples that Acknowledging the rapid response that the do exist such as those in the United States. In voluntary sector can often give to addressing conjunction, the panel suggested that the local needs, he linked the decline in number causes of poverty and the application of a of organisations and groups with a lack of simple solution might depend on the security of funding. This has meant that definition applied, although it was reiterated highly qualified staff often spend substantial that poverty and deprivation are wider amounts of their service-delivery and problems than simply access to money. As managerial time completing forms that causal factors are multiple and varied, provide only year-to-year funding. solutions might also be complex. Furthermore, it was suggested that the Further points were invited, which included: present neo-liberal political framework is, like other models before it, amenable to change. — Seeking comparative evidence, a Continuing, it was suggested that great value delegate queried whether there was any is placed on community development projects evidence of solutions where the wealth by the communities in which they are based, gap had been reduced in other but that there are limits to the impacts of locations or cities. In conjunction, locally-delivered work without wider systemic another delegate suggested that a change. Acknowledging that a lot can be return to progressive taxation would done at a local level if the appropriate benefit areas such as Castlemilk. structures are in place, it was suggested that — Highlighting the increasing coverage there is a need for a new model of economic given to affluence and its associated development. Drawing on the example of a problems, a delegate queried whether it food project in Italy, it was suggested that might be necessary to re-evaluate what more effort could be directed to joining up is considered to be important within our the local and supra-local agencies when society. delivering services. — Linking these two points, another delegate queried whether there was A further point the panel was asked to merit in seeking to simplify the consider was the position that might be taken examination given to the causes and to by local government to address the win—lose the solutions to poverty. Such moves situations presented by globalisation, and the might see greater effort being given to policy effort required to capture and increasing the minimum wage, to understand local values and social priorities, curbing top levels of pay in society, to particularly when connecting micro and reversing the trend of decreasing public macro approaches. expenditure, to rethinking our attitude as a society to going to war, and to give Responses from the panel focused on the serious consideration to the scrapping potential need to rethink mainstream 11 20 February 2007 economic development in order that the situation is becoming steadily worse when responses to poverty become more moving from the least deprived to the most heterogeneous and imaginative. Although deprived areas: the effect is one of relative local government was suggested to have a position, not one confined to the extreme role, this should be set within a larger ends of the spectrum. However, despite such context. In addition, while solutions need to evidence, the manner in which health services be imaginative and while local communities are delivered is not skewed in the direction of necessarily have important roles, it is areas of highest deprivation. unrealistic to expect that poor communities will pull themselves up: there is a need for In other examples, income gradients were downward support and assistance. Professor shown to parallel health gradients, and Pacione introduced the concept of ‘aided self- societies with a greater income inequality help’, whereby disadvantaged local were shown to have poorer levels of overall communities are supported by appropriate health. While Scotland’s overall life strategies that enable them to mobilise their expectancy increased between 1991-2001, human resources to overcome poverty. figures for Glasgow indicated that its life expectancy was not increasing to the same Session 2: The Present extent, and indeed that gaps were widening between some poor and affluent The second session was introduced by communities. A recent report from the MRC Archbishop Conti, who began by making Social and Public Health Services Unit links between the morning’s focus on (University of Glasgow) suggested that this is historical and contextual features and the resulting from increases in suicide and second session’s focus on the ‘Present’, in chronic liver disease in poorer communities particular looking at what actions have been and from the fact that falls in the incidence of taking place and are currently underway to heart disease deaths are occurring more address poverty and inequality issues. In his quickly in affluent communities. In addition, introduction, the Archbishop highlighted the high levels of violence are evident in need for a coordinated approach between Glasgow, with one third of Scottish murders statutory and voluntary sectors, and occurring in the city. Relating the incidence recognised that poverty in a relative sense of violence to deprivation and highlighting may always remain. the ‘team’ culture of violence, Dr Tannahill identified the sense of belonging that gang Overview violence can create, which provides a sense of Carol Tannahill started from the premise that self-importance and worth, otherwise lacking our least healthy communities are unlike our in some parts of poorer communities. most healthy communities in every way. Poverty indices (e.g. employment, access to More optimistically, data were presented on service, environmental indicators) were social capital. Areas with high levels of social compared, which highlighted the contrast in capital generally enjoy social and economic poverty—affluence that exists between well- benefits and are also found to be more off areas of Glasgow such as Newton Mearns healthy. Glasgow is considered to have a and areas of high deprivation such as generally strong degree of social capital Dalmarnock. Such disparities were suggested overall, although it is lower among younger to illustrate that singular approaches such as adults and in poorer communities. However, providing new jobs or improving housing data signifying levels of social and civic would be unlikely to close the inequalities participation indicated that memberships of gap. Further evidence was presented clubs and religious organisations is declining, showing clear and steady gradients of poorer which results in reduced opportunities for health across social groups. In Glasgow, the people to work together to effect change in 12 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties their communities. ‘Bonding’ social capital Increased risk of experiencing anxiety/ was much stronger in Glasgow than depression has generally been found to be ‘bridging’ social capital (links between people 1.5 - 2 times higher for the most who are different from each other). disadvantaged groups, with the strongest associations found in respect of poor For Glasgow, the rising importance of relative education, lower income/poorer standard of poverty was acknowledged, along with living and unemployment. Professor Platt changes over time in its effects on health. suggested that these findings illustrate that Highlighting the historical transition from poor mental health and its resolution is about infectious diseases being the major causes of more than just worklessness. death to an increased incidence of degenerative diseases, Dr Tannahill drew In the UK, data taken from the Health Survey attention to the current rise in social for England indicates that a higher epidemics, including mental health problems, percentage (20%) of those in the lowest addictions and violence. Continuing, Dr income quintile have a positive GHQ-12 Tannahill argued that this evidence suggested score, compared with 9% of those in the the need to move from an emphasis on highest income quintile. These findings were material and physical environment solutions, supported by other data drawn from the through medical and technical solutions to British Household Panel Survey, which again those which seek social and cultural made the link between mental health, low responses to the health challenges, in income, poverty and material living standards. particular psycho-social factors: social status, In Scotland, GP consultations for anxiety and poor social affiliations and early childhood depression are twice as high in the most influences on life. More broadly, whole- deprived areas, there are marked gradients for population problems such as alcohol abuse, hospital admission rates for schizophrenia, obesity and mental health problems which and suicide is three times higher in deprived affect all communities need to be addressed. areas, with the gap noted to be rising. In Glasgow, admission to psychiatric hospitals Summarising, Dr Tannahill stated: ‘If we keep and numbers of suicides are significantly doing what we’ve always done, we’ll get higher than in Scotland as a whole, with what we’ve always got’. In this vein, higher instances of deliberate self-harm also problems remain despite the plethora of linked to socio-economic deprivation. High- policies targeted at deprived communities. In lighting the greater impact of the 1970s determining what strategies come next, it was economic shock on an industrialised city such suggested that everyone needs to feel valued as Glasgow, Professor Platt suggested that and respected, be in a position to develop addressing these issues requires major friendships and to have the advantage of an inequalities first to be stabilised, then early childhood that provides a basis for reversed. enhanced self-confidence. Parenting and Families Mental Health Sarah Cunningham-Burley discussed research Stephen Platt gave an overview of the links into poverty, parents and families, drawing on between poverty and mental ill-health, findings from three studies. These included: drawing on nine large-scale studies, which findings exploring the life of people living on examined the relationship between a low income; studies of resilience in psychiatric disorder and socio-economic disadvantaged communities; and introductory disadvantage at an individual level. Eight of data from a longitudinal study. The these studies showed a relationship between experience of living on a low income has lower socio-economic status and a higher been suggested to challenge people’s self- prevalence of anxiety and depression. esteem and self-confidence. Seeking to 13 20 February 2007 maintain a sense of self-respect, parents in rewards of such education and training this study were found to prioritise spending vary by industrial sector. on children, often going without or going — General education is mostly as effective, into debt to enable their children to partici- in terms of benefits, as vocationally pate effectively in ‘normal’ social life, e.g. specific education. However, general Christmas. Financial and material support education increases flexibility in provided by families and friends ran parallel economic life and widens opportunities to the provision of supportive relationships, to a greater extent. although people felt ambivalent about asking — Widening participation in general for support more widely. education has positively impacted on gender, religious, ethnic and social class In the second study examining resilience and inequalities. However, educational social capital, people in deprived areas were participation is not sufficient and found to attend to both positive and negative reforms have only been moderately aspects of their community. For example, effective at reducing inequalities. parents sought to prevent children Further action to address inequalities experiencing threats (e.g. alcohol and drugs) necessitates encouragement of universal while at the same time identifying positives of participation at successively more their communities (e.g. good neighbours). advanced levels. Parents revealed their aspirations for children, — General education is good for individual but lacked the resources to be able to meet students and for society, but, contrary to them. Parenting styles related to resilience popular belief, there is no have been found to minimise the risks and to straightforward causal relationship support the development of children. between the general level of education and economic development in a society. Initial research in the final study, taking in the — There are queries to be raised regarding whole of Scotland, identified the inter- whether the debate surrounding the relationship between age of parenthood and economic consequences of education is deprivation: younger mothers were found to based on a misunderstanding of the be more deprived, have lower levels of relationship between poverty and educational attainment, less contact with education. Concluding, Professor services and engage in more health Paterson stated that a good, critical, damaging behaviours (e.g. reduced instances general education also encourages the of breast-feeding). development of liberal values and involvement in socially worthwhile Summarising, Professor Cunningham-Burley activities. suggested that this study highlights important secular trends in relation to parenthood that In summary, education is considered the introduce further cultural divides associated prize, which escaping from poverty can with child-rearing and deprivation. bring.

Role of Education Work is better than worklessness and a Lindsay Paterson discussed the role of good job is better than a bad job education in overcoming the effects of Stephanie Young’s presentation discussed poverty, arguing that some research runs work and worklessness in Glasgow, and counter to conventional wisdom. Five points began with an examination of recent were made: increases in employment and the creation of — There are clear economic benefits of new jobs. Although the employment rate has participating in advanced education, substantially increased, it remains lower than tempered with the knowledge that the the Scottish average. In addition there are 14 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties several geographically concentrated pockets in the last decade to the current emphasis on of poverty which remain. Three factors were thematic and social regeneration. introduced which underlie the continuing Highlighting recent improvements, Councillor existence of poverty: Purcell identified new jobs, houses, schools — There remains a significant number of and leisure facilities, which were in evidence workless people: high numbers of across the city. These were brought about as people on Incapacity Benefit and a result of government investment and private Income Support sector inputs, with the role of the voluntary — There is a significant number of people sector in Glasgow being especially noted. who ‘cycle’ in and out of the labour However, in acknowledging the sustained market, possibly related to a lack of and deep-rooted problems of long-term perceived financial or psychological poverty that a number of people in Glasgow benefit between working a ‘dead-end’ experience, it was suggested that there is job or receiving benefit. much more to be done. — In-work poverty causes problems for people/families on low incomes: wages Discussing a poverty of ambition, it was in the areas that make up the most indicated that some families now include a deprived 15% of Scotland are 40% third generation who have never worked, lower than those in the rest of Scotland. whilst a number of communities are affected In-work poverty was also suggested to by drugs and alcohol problems. Such malaise be psychosocial in nature. was acknowledged to damage the wider community. Yet, positive changes have been Outlining what is required, Professor Young, made in a number of areas. In education, this drawing on a series of findings from other includes rebuilt/ refurbished schools, new research, suggested that Glasgow requires investment in primary schools and higher both more jobs and, crucially, more good than average investment in Sure Start jobs, i.e. better paid or those providing a programmes. The establishment of the more worthwhile experience. Barriers to such Glasgow Housing Association has provided change are both economic - availability and for spending on revitalising homes, whilst type of jobs, and institutional - arising from Scottish Executive schemes were suggested to organisational cultures and public sector have enabled the provision of more structures. As a solution, it was suggested affordable housing. Meanwhile, reviews of that whilst growing the economy is primarily social policy seek to inform future thinking on a macroeconomic challenge, more local social regeneration in Glasgow. In this vein, political responses can create an environment work was continuing to build community where business flourish, people are valued involvement in structures such as community and skills are acquired. Such moves would planning and community health partnerships, tackle low paid jobs and seek to join up leading to resources being devolved public sector interventions to address downward to allow greater prioritisation to worklessness. be given to addressing local needs.

Summarising, Professor Young reiterated the Drawing attention to reforms made to career need to move people into work and to move advice programmes and reductions in the people into ‘good jobs’ that are reasonably uptake of welfare benefits, Councillor Purcell paid. felt that significant steps forward had already been taken and that there was an optimism Area-based Regeneration felt across Glasgow. Such aspiration was Steven Purcell discussed the changes that had suggested to have been reflected in the taken place in Glasgow, focusing on the shift current cultural and sports strategy. from an emphasis on area-based regeneration Highlighting a perceived increase in local 15 20 February 2007 confidence, Councillor Purcell stated that support of the job market was key to success action in the next decade would be as in the city. In terms of measuring educational ambitious as the last. Advocating an open success, Councillor Purcell acknowledged a economy, acknowledging the challenges of a need for a cultural change for valuing, world-wide economy and with the help of the recognising, and celebrating success and a audience, Councillor Purcell aimed for need to link this back to aspirations of the Glasgow to continue to flourish. people. On the final point, he highlighted the need to consider survival as a race, the Question and Answer Session value placed on an open economy and the links between Glasgow and Edinburgh as one After providing a summary of the session, economy helping to shape a sustainable Archbishop Conti called for questions from future for Scotland. the audience. There were many diverse and wide-ranging points raised, which included: Calling for more audience points, Archbishop Conti sought to draw attention to the title of — A delegate, recently returned to the city, the conference, suggesting that it was questioned what might be done to deliberately chosen to be ambiguous; address lost values and what emphasis ‘transcending poverties’ includes the was being placed on the value of love economic, the cultural and the political. for the city of Glasgow, in particular Continuing, Archbishop Conti asked the highlighting problems associated with audience to consider the analyses in the the increase in dirt and the way in which second session and how, given the panel’s young people treat the city. insight, they might stimulate suggestions as — Another point queried the lack of to how ways forward might be developed. In private sector representation at the response, a delegate raised the following conference, with another delegate point: asking the panel to reflect on whether curbs were needed to reduce the — Drawing attention to earlier statements disparity between salaries for high and which inferred relative poverty to be low income earners. inevitable, an appeal was made to the — More broadly, a delegate suggested that panel to reject this inevitability, with the if transformational change was needed focus instead being directed towards to engage disaffected young people, seeking clarity about both the causes there was a need for a paradigm shift in and consequences of poverty. By how society measures, identifies and suggesting that there is a need to respects success so that non-traditional address both, the panel was asked to learners can be better encouraged to consider the priorities for an incoming participate. Scottish Executive in May when seeking — A further query asked the panel to to tackle poverty. consider Glasgow City Council’s response to debates about globalisation Responses from the panel suggested that any in relation to poverty. simplification of the issues would fail to address the problem. Moving away from Councillor Purcell responded by highlighting manifesto-like responses would instead focus the high levels of civic pride evident among on whole-system and societal responses in the people of Glasgow, suggesting that more order to enhance the value placed on, and work to address the environment is needed in respect given to, all groups in society. This the future. Acknowledging their absence, he systemic point was reinforced when attention recognised the inputs of the private sector in was drawn to the negative impacts that poor other forums and stated that private sector mental health has on other features of an 16 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties individual’s life, suggesting again the need for Glasgow experiences higher instances of an inclusive response to improve child poverty, adult mortality, addictions, opportunities and an equalising of chances to homelessness and violence, and lower levels participate in society. of happiness. To overcome such problems and to impact on poverty, it was suggested Several panel members called for more effort that more effort be given to rebuilding the to be given to providing ‘good’ jobs, coupled role of the father and supporting for disad- with more investment in community learning vantaged young men. and an emphasis on supporting people through training and qualifications when Secondly, looking at recent figures from the they enter the workplace and once they are in 2006 Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation, it. It was also suggested that future work is an east-west divide was shown with a strong required to promote education, to address imbalance of poverty evident in the east. This early years provision, to speed up the reform divide was suggested by Mr Webster to be at of welfare and to develop links between its starkest since the first figures were culture and employment strategies. Several produced in 1971. Whereas it was accurate members of the panel highlighted the limited to say that the West had ‘pockets of fiscal powers held by the Scottish Executive deprivation’, there were only ‘pockets of and that attempts to address poverty should prosperity’ in the east. In highlighting this focus on lobbying for devolved fiscal negative picture, it was suggested that the responsibility and tax redistribution. data also present an opportunity. For example, the east and north of the city had Session 3: The Way from Here been industrial and the loss of industry and increase in derelict land offered The introduction to the third session was development potential. This potential is given by Sir John Arbuthnott. reflected in transport enhancements which are intended to improve the locational Regeneration Strategy for Glasgow - advantages of the east end, including the What are the Gaps? east-end regeneration route, linking the M80 David Webster began by examining the gaps and M74. In addition, further work was in the regeneration strategy for Glasgow, addressed toward the bid for the focusing on two issues: the break-up of the Commonwealth Games in 2014, which family and the role of the male; and the would bring regeneration to the Dalmarnock imbalance between the east and west of the and Bridgeton areas in the east. city and the untapped regeneration possibilities this presents. This presents a big agenda, but when looking at examples from other cities, it was First, the societal consequences of changes to suggested that developments should aim male and female employment patterns were farther than currently envisaged. For highlighted. In Glasgow in 2001, excepting example, while London has successfully bid students, almost one third of adult males for the Olympic Games, east London also has aged 16 to 48 were not in employment; a the Thames Gateway project to promote the figure higher than anywhere else in the UK. area’s redevelopment. Mr Webster suggested The decline of male employment in post- that further work should build on that already industrial Glasgow is associated with higher underway on current road transport routes instances of non-intact families and lone- and on new railway links to Airdrie and parents, in comparison with the Scottish Bathgate, focusing on areas that are already average. As a consequence of low levels of of high quality in the built environment such adult male employment and participation in as the conservation area, Parkhead Cross. family roles, Mr Webster suggested that These might act as a positive 17 20 February 2007

‘counter-magnet’ for economic development, ‘inner work’ and feelings that create a culture to radically change people’s perceptions of promoting relationships with others. When the east and north of the city. considering the need for a cultural change, Professor Hanlon indicated that current Problems to be radically addressed unhappiness was experienced by groups from Phil Hanlon sought to develop new ideas by across Scottish society, suggesting that such examining radical issues that might be issues themselves are an epidemic of concern, confronted, starting from the premise that raising hopes that such a groundswell might there are three U-turns that need to be made lead to change taking place. in order to transcend poverties. Thirdly, considering how such change might The first, suggested to be more a swerve than be brought about, two forces which are a U-turn, concerns the need to better under- known to be influencing our future were stand current research on the nature of well- introduced: climate change and peak oil. being. Based on learning from evolutionary Peak oil refers to the finite amount of oil that psychology, it is suggested that humans the planet contains, and the knowledge that derive different advantages from both as we move to access and use the second half positive and negative feelings, requiring both of this oil, it will become increasingly expen- at different times throughout our history. The sive. It was suggested that climate change power of positive psychology was suggested and the combined pressures of our need to to extend our human repertoire, causing reduce the use of carbon and the price of others, the ‘enthusiasts’, to help create and carbon-based energy will transform our lives. shape new ideas, enabling us to broaden and Several options for directing future efforts build upon responses. Negative feelings are were mooted, which included: the potential linked, as they provide a counterweight to for waging further wars, engaging in efforts positive drives, enabling wider consideration to protect our species, or continued denial, to be given to the challenging and intractable for example building more motorways, ex- problems we face. tending airports, and planning as if the cur- rent status quo will persist. Suggesting that Secondly, adapting a line made famous by Bill we should prepare now for this change, Clinton, and considering the Professor Hanlon postulated that future institutionalisation of inequalities in a carbon rationing might provoke a shared neo-liberal economy, embraced through community spirit akin to the era of rationing individualism, consumerism and materialism, during and after World War II. Invoking such Professor Hanlon suggested that, ‘It is the a spirit with respect to external threats, he culture, stupid’. Crucially, at present, this considered that inequalities could be made culture has led to various levels of discontent, less severe: we might all derive health ben- as illustrated in data from a number of efits from being less subject to consumerism, ‘western’ continents, which show that while materialism and individualism. GDP has risen over time, the initial rise in wellbeing, whilst at first paralleling GDP, has Building healthy communities for the subsequently discontinued, flattened, and has future - what we know, what we don’t now gone into decline. ‘Affluenza’, know, what we think we know and what considered a ‘virus of affluence’ is attributed we ought to know to much current malaise. Identifying the Mike Kelly began by positing questions about origins of such problems to be cultural our ability to take an evidence-based suggests that a change is needed in our approach to transcending poverty: what do culture. Introducing work on Tipping Points we know about the mechanisms that link and relating this to wellbeing, Professor poverty, community and health; do we know Hanlon suggests that it is an individual’s enough to build for the future in a better way 18 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties than we have done in the past; and, how medicine. Seeking to develop new models, might we link the cultural, the spiritual and he suggested there is a need to develop the social together? Highlighting the plausible pathways that take into account the accumulated evidence, Professor Kelly stated biological, sociological and psychological that there are longstanding associations levels of explanation currently on offer. concerning health inequalities and poverty with community, geography, housing and the A potential way forward was presented by built environment more generally, and that drawing on research into ‘lifecourse’ and these associations are graphically evident in ‘lifeworlds’. The lifecourse approach Glasgow. Examining Glaswegian life- examines the accumulated effects on the expectancy and infant mortality over the last human body of social position and transitions decade, it was shown that rates of across the lifecycle, contrasting with the improvement have been greater and faster in majority of cross-sectional approaches to more advantaged groups. Similarly, data on research that are currently undertaken. A cancer rates show clear gradients by lifecourse approach takes in critical points geography, related to areas of deprivation. from conception, to birth, the early years, Thus, the gradient in health continues to school, transitions to work or unemployment, widen despite state efforts to tackle parenthood and later parenthood. Global inequalities in health. studies indicate that critical points in the lifecourse, which are very highly socially Despite such descriptive links, Professor Kelly patterned, operate as gateways or forks in the brought to the fore the limited evidence base road, which set in train patterns that may (< 0.4% of academic papers) of interventions endure and have very long lasting effects. proven to reduce health inequalities. Less Such lifecourse approaches also follow quite understood still is the precise nature of causal distinct patterns for different social groups. pathways between dimensions of inequality and health outcomes. In addition there is Professor Kelly then linked these approaches also uncertainty concerning how different to the idea of lifeworlds, popularised in dimensions of inequality (e.g. social class, German philosophy and comprising the loci age, gender, geography) link together and of experience: social, psychological and how the effects interact, resulting in a dearth physical. Represented by a series of spheres, of theoretical and empirical work, despite the the centre of an individual’s lifeworld involves abundance of descriptive work. Furthermore, contacts with closest associates, families, the ways in which different segments of the friends, etc. with successive spheres population respond to the same intervention representing extremes of the lifeworld, which may be different (e.g. rates of smoking which include the things a person comes into follow the social gradient). Why this should contact with less and less frequently. To be the case is not clear, as the mechanisms appreciate the impact of lifeworlds, there is a which underpin such social variation are little need to focus on the epicentre to gain an understood; effects are not universal. understanding of how cause works. The In order to advance the discussion and to epicentre of the lifeworld is where we live our seek new solutions, Professor Kelly drew lives socially, physically, intellectually and attention to the relationship between the spiritually and is also the point at which social and the biological, and to what stressors are moderated, mediated or exacer- constitutes proximal, intermediate and distal bated. With this in mind, social disadvantage causes. Yet, drawing on personal experience, is characterised by the inability or lesser ability he indicated that this relationship, which to control the lifeworld, while social crosses traditional boundaries, is often advantage is characterised by the ability to considered anathema to scientific disciplines better control the lifeworld. including sociology, psychology and 19 20 February 2007

When seeking to transcend poverties, it was include all aspects of poverties. He suggested that there are four types of raised concerns as to the focus on resources that help to control the lifeworld. biological solutions, suggesting that These include: technical resources relationships within poorer communities surrounding skills, money and access to be enriched through engaging in resources; enhancements to interpersonal opportunities and working across relationships, affected by housing, transport sectors. and ease of communication; intra-personal — A delegate highlighted the lack of skills, which include the ability to deal with representation at the conference of the emotions of life and its psychological groups from poor communities, and distress with equanimity or otherwise; and that without further work to empower meaning - providing for a meaningful such groups to bring forth solutions existence and having an ability to control it. from within these communities, it would be unlikely that appropriate solutions Concluding, and offering a causal hypothesis, would emerge. Additional comments Professor Kelly suggested that the trajectory recognised the difficulty both in through the lifecourse, mediated through the bringing forth these voices and in the lifeworld, is how structural factors influence need for those in the room to relinquish health. Building better communities for the their hold on power. future must start with lifeworlds and the — Commenting on the Castlemilk lifecourse. experience, a delegate queried the need to expand work that seeks to build Question and Answer Session capacities within deprived communities. Further efforts were needed to join up After a comprehensive summary, which housing, welfare, health and education revisited the main points of the presentations, to overcome piecemeal responses the following points were raised by stemming from work delivered from conference delegates: current funding silos. — Whether there are any other ways of · Following earlier discussion, a delegate looking at evidence-based medicine in discussed the need for greater fiscal relation to poverty. autonomy for Scotland. Highlighting — An observation that the main barrier the limited powers of the Scottish appears to be political will, and that Executive to raise taxes, the questioner current politics and their systems are not queried the remit of the conference and fit for purpose. In order to address whether it would be effective for the poverty it will be necessary to re-engage Royal Society of Edinburgh to call for with communities to encourage raises to taxes and redistribution of individuals to take account of their role wealth. in society. — Finally, a lady from Easterhouse — Referring to the conference title, and described how, while the day’s relating to earlier points, a delegate proceedings had been helpful, much of highlighted how references to the language that had been used transcendence and spirituality signified to her how little had changed. suggested a need for society to engage She suggested that rather than in the deeper questions in order to discussing how people from schemes address these problems. In response to such as Easterhouse experienced ‘ a related comment, Archbishop Conti poverty’ or ‘inequality’, conference highlighted that the title of the delegates might instead refer to the conference was deliberately ambiguous situation as one of ‘social and economic rather than vague, and was intended to apartheid’. 20 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties

Summarising the question and answer the fore examples such as the consumerist session, Sir John Arbuthnott suggested that models of Hong Kong and China, which people might contact the Royal Society after might be considered the new beneficiaries of the conference had concluded in order to the neo-liberal system, he argued that no help inform the development of an action government which attempted to promulgate plan, based on the presentations and points such ideas would get elected. raised by the audience. Instead, Mr Young suggested that the future Summation might more closely resemble that which was described by Phil Hanlon. He reiterated that Alf Young provided a summary of the day’s the push to increase GDP and material proceedings and began by drawing attention growth among major political parties in to the final point made in the previous western countries had not led to question and answer session. As such, he improvements for citizens in wellbeing, or suggested that the conference seemed to be improvements in inner spiritual life. comprised of a conversation among Continuing, he stated that ‘Tipping points’, academics and practitioners, but that this accelerated by climate change, were where does not seem to deal with the issues in the changes were most likely to take place, not language of the people in the community through taxing the rich until the pips squeak. who are most directly affected. Drawing Suggesting that the rich within society might upon an earlier theme, he stated that the seek to emulate the philanthropy of previous problem of poverty is not solely the problem generations’ entrepreneurs, Mr Young pro- of Glasgow and instead is a world-wide posed that those in receipt of large city problem, which raises questions regarding bonuses might consider doing something the forum in which such matters should be worthwhile with their money, by putting discussed. He highlighted how the morning’s some of it back into communities. He analyses had led to a personal feeling of concluded by arguing that such change depression as he considered that few new would not occur by overly focusing on ideas had emerged, albeit that absolute de-industrialisation, where this has left society poverty seemed to have been addressed. and the tragedy of people left behind. Furthermore, he considered that questions Acknowledging that ‘economic apartheid’ remained to be asked about the people who might well be a term that could be applied, had moved on from communities such as he considered that more focus needs to be Castlemilk, how their lives had changed and given to what works and to what is what mechanisms might have made their lives deliverable, rather than simply focus on different. raising taxes, reiterating once again that this wasn’t going to happen. Discussing efforts to abolish relative poverty, Mr Young stated that working to address those on the disadvantaged side of the economic distribution would necessitate that efforts also be applied to those at the more affluent end of the scale. In drawing attention to what he considered a sub-theme of the conference regarding arguments for change in fiscal policies and overthrowing the current neo-liberal capitalist system, Mr Young stated that while he might harbour such dreams, the reality he perceived was that: ‘It ain’t going to happen’. Bringing to 21 20 February 2007

APPENDIX ONE SPEAKERS’ BIOGRAPHIES

Professor Michael Pacione MA PhD DSc UK Parliament’s House of Commons Select Committee Chair of Geography on Coalfields Regeneration. In 2005 he was awarded University of Strathclyde the Victoria Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in recognition of his research work. Michael Pacione was educated at the University of St Andrews and the University of Dundee, receiving an MA Honours degree in Geography in 1970 and his PhD in 1973. In 2002 he was awarded the Higher Doctor- Very Rev. John D Miller ate degree of DSc by the University of Strathclyde in Castlemilk East Parish Church recognition of ‘his original and distinguished contribu- tion to learning in the field of Urban Geography’. For the past thirty-five years John Miller has been Professor Pacione has held academic positions in Minister of the Church of Scotland’s Castlemilk East Queen’s University, Belfast; the University of Guelph, Parish in Glasgow. He and his wife Mary have lived in Ontario; and the University of Vienna. Currently he a local authority house in the parish, and their children occupies the Chair of Geography at the University of grew up there, going to the local schools. Mary was Strathclyde in Glasgow. one of a small group of mothers who in 1974 founded a local parent and children organisation called the Professor Pacione’s principal research work is in the ‘Jeely Piece Club’. In 2001 John was appointed field of Urban Geography. An applied or problem- Moderator of the Church of Scotland’s General Assem- oriented perspective informs much of his research that bly. Following that year in office he has been back in focuses on the problems, policy and planning of cities the parish. in the contemporary world. He has published twenty- five books and more than 100 research papers in an international range of academic and professional Dr Carol Tannahill journals. His most recent books include Glasgow: the Director Socio-Spatial Development of the City (1995); Britain’s Glasgow Centre for Population Health Cities: Geographies of Division in Urban Britain (1997); Applied Geography: Principles and Practice (1999); and Carol Tannahill grew up in Glasgow, graduated BA in Urban Geography: A Global Perspective (2001, 2005). Human Sciences from Oxford University, and MPH and PhD in Public Health from the University of Glasgow. She is currently Director of the Glasgow Centre for Professor Ray Hudson Population Health, a research and development centre Director, Wolfson Research Institute and Professor which was established in 2004 to generate fresh of Geography at the University of Durham. insights and evidence for action to improve health and tackle inequality. She is also one of the principal Trained as a political-economic geographer, Professor investigators in GoWell: a large-scale evaluation of the Hudson holds the degrees of BA, PhD and DSc from health and wellbeing effects of community the University of Bristol and an Honorary DSc from regeneration in Glasgow. Roskilde University. He is the author or editor of 20 published books, 60 refereed journal articles and over Carol previously held the posts of Director of Health 50 book chapters. His most recent books are: Produc- Promotion and Executive Board Member of Greater ing Places (Guildford, 2001); Placing the Social Glasgow Health Board, and then Senior Adviser in Economy (with Amin and Cameron, Routledge, 2002); Health Development in the Public Health Institute of Economic Geographies, (Sage, 2005). He has been Scotland. She is a Fellow of the Faculty of Public Vice-President, Chair of Conference 2000 and Chair of Health and an Honorary Senior Lecturer with the the Research Division, of the Royal Geographical University of Glasgow. Society, 1999—2004 and was President of the Geogra- phy Section of the British Association for the Carol has contributed to a range of international, Advancement of Science in 2002. He is currently an national and local public health developments, elected Fellow of the British Academy, an elected including being the first Chair of the Scottish Health Academician of the Academy of Learned Societies for Promoting Schools Unit, member of the Advisory Group the Social Sciences and, until recently, was a member to the National Programme for Improving Mental of the Economic and Social Research Council Training Health and Wellbeing, and Temporary Adviser to the and Development Board and Specialist Advisor to the WHO Centre for Urban Health.

22 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties

Professor Stephen Platt Veterinary Medicine and also at the Centre for Director, Research Unit in Health, Behaviour and Research on Families and Relationships (CRFR), where Change she is one of its co-directors. University of Edinburgh She has been conducting research in the sociology of Professor Stephen Platt is Director of the Research Unit health and illness and family sociology for many years, in Health, Behaviour and Change (RUHBC) at the mostly employing qualitative methods. Her research University of Edinburgh. Previously he was Director of interests include young people, children and health; Research and Evaluation at the Health Education Board families, relationships and health, sociological aspects for Scotland and senior non-clinical scientist in two of genetics and health; public engagement in science. Medical Research Council units (Medical Sociology and She has recently conducted research on the experience Epidemiological Studies in Psychiatry). Trained in of young people affected by parental substance misuse sociology and social policy, Stephen has conducted and also on the experiences of caring and providing research using theoretical, conceptual and amongst mothers on low income (both funded by the methodological tools from other disciplines, including Joseph Rowntree Foundation). She is also involved in psychiatry, economics and epidemiology. His current teaching undergraduate medical students and post- research interests include: social and cultural aspects of graduate public health research students; she also suicidal behaviour; evaluation of complex interventions supervises several PhD students. for health improvement and reduction of health inequalities; smoking and socio-economic Professor Lindsay Paterson disadvantage; investigating the health impact of Professor of Educational Policy organisational change and restructuring; and University of Edinburgh supporting practice and policy development relating to public health. Professor Paterson has written on many aspects of the sociology of education — in particular on the effects For nearly 30 years Stephen has pursued a research of social disadvantage and on the expansion of higher interest in mental health and suicidal behaviour, education — and he has written widely on Scottish co-authoring many academic books and articles on politics and culture. He is Editor of the quarterly journal social, epidemiological and cultural aspects of suicide Scottish Affairs. and deliberate self-harm. He served on the planning group which developed the consultation draft of Professor Stephanie Young Choose Life, A National Strategy and Action Plan to Senior Director, Skills & Learning Prevent Suicide in Scotland and recently led a research Scottish Enterprise Glasgow team which conducted an evaluation of the first phase of Choose Life. Professor Young has worked for Scottish Enterprise Glasgow, Scotland’s largest regional economic Stephen is also involved in policy development and development agency, since 1998. Her work on learning analysis relating to public mental health and mental and skills encompasses a broad range of learning health improvement. He was one of the authors of futures; worklessness and workforce development With Health in Mind (2002), an influential publication issues including: the development of a new strategy; which helped to shift the debate about mental health Modern Apprenticeships; leading the National and in Scotland from the treatment of mental ill-health Glasgow Construction Skills Action Plan, and wider (service agenda) to the promotion of positive mental efforts on behalf of Scottish Enterprise to develop the well-being in the community (public mental health construction industry. Previously she led the agenda). Stephen is a member of the National development of the Skills Strategy for the Clyde Advisory Group to the Scottish Executive’s National shipyards and Scotland’s Literacy and Numeracy Programme for Improving Mental Health and Well- Strategy. She is currently working on joint projects with being. Scottish Parliament Futures Forum, the OECD and with a range of partners through the EU 6th Framework Professor Sarah Cunningham-Burley Research Programme. Co-Director, Centre for Research on Families and Relationships She is a member of the Scottish Construction Forum; University of Edinburgh Glasgow Employers Coalition; CRAD&LL; Glasgow Welfare to Work Forum; a member of the Steering Sarah Cunningham-Burley is Professor of Medical and Group for the DWP City Strategy and NEET Action Family Sociology at the University of Edinburgh, where Plan; and a Board member of the Scottish Network she has worked since 1990. She is based in the Division of Community Health Sciences (Public Health for Able Pupils (SNAP). Sciences section) within the College of Medicine and Stephanie is a graduate of Edinburgh and Leicester

23 20 February 2007

Universities, a Visiting Professor at the University of research post with the Medical Research Council in Glasgow and a Fellow of the RSA. She began her The Gambia, West Africa. On returning to the UK he career working as a Marketing Executive in the knit- completed a period of training in public health, after wear industry, and in 1986 moved into the field of which he was appointed to the post of Director of economic development. Health Promotion with The Greater Glasgow Health Board. In 1994 Phil moved to become a Senior Lecturer Her current interests include learning futures, the role in Public Health at the University of Glasgow and was of cultural innovators, personalisation and co-creation promoted to Professor in 1999. Between January 2001 in learning and the writing of a book on Adam Smith. and April 2003 Phil undertook a secondment to establish the Public Health Institute of Scotland.

Councillor Steven Purcell Current research interest include ‘culture and health’, Leader of Glasgow City Council uses of integrated public health data and evaluation of complex public health interventions. Steven Purcell was elected Leader of Glasgow City Council in May 2005 (age 32). Since becoming Professor Mike Kelly Leader, Councillor Purcell has changed the city’s focus Public Health Excellence Centre Director toward social renewal and economic growth, with National Institute for Health and Clinical education and getting people into work a key feature Excellence (NICE) of his leadership. Professor Mike Kelly is Director of the Centre of Public He has helped deliver a £1 billion reform of public Health Excellence at NICE. He originally graduated in services within Glasgow, bringing together various Social Science from the University of York, holds a agencies and 6000 staff to improve local services. This Masters degree in Sociology from the University of initiative covers economic development, health Leicester, and undertook his PhD in the Department of improvement, tackling worklessness and community Psychiatry in the University of Dundee. Before joining safety. the new NICE, he was Director of Evidence and Guidance at the Health Development Agency. Profes- Councillor Purcell lives in his native Yoker in Glasgow. sor Kelly has held posts at the Universities of Leicester, David Webster Dundee, Glasgow, Greenwich and Abertay. He now Development and Regeneration Services has an honorary chair in the Department of Public Glasgow City Council Health and Policy at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London. David Webster studied Economics at Queens’ College, Cambridge and Management at the University of Professor Kelly is a medical sociologist with research Glasgow, and is a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of interests in evidence based approaches to health Housing and an Honorary Senior Research Fellow in improvement, methodological problems in public the Department of Urban Studies, University of health research, coronary heart disease prevention, Glasgow. He has worked at the Board of Trade, chronic illness, disability, physical activity, health London School of Economics, London Boroughs inequalities, social identity and community involvement Association and Centre for Environmental Studies, and in health promotion. is currently Housing Strategy Manager with Glasgow City Council. He has published widely on housing, labour market and urban regeneration issues and been Alf Young an adviser to the House of Commons Environment, Assistant Editor Social Security and Scottish Affairs Committees. The Herald

Alf Young is assistant editor at The Herald, responsible Professor Phil Hanlon for comment and analysis. He also writes three regular Professor of Public Health columns each week for the paper on business, eco- University of Glasgow nomics and politics. He has been a journalist for nearly thirty years, having previously been a teacher, lecturer Phil Hanlon was educated in the West of Scotland and and political researcher. Originally from Greenock he is graduated in medicine from Glasgow University in chairman of Riverside Inverclyde, the urban regenera- 1978. tion company on the Lower Clyde and a season ticket holder at Greenock Morton, now promoted to Division Following a period when he gained clinical experience One of the Scottish Football League. in adult medicine and general practice, he took up a

24 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties

APPENDIX TWO PARTICIPANT LIST

Mr Doug Adams Dr Graham Blount Greater Glasgow & Clyde Health Board Parliamentary Officer, SCPO Glasgow Edinburgh

Dr Syed Ahmed Miss Evelyn Borland Consultant in Public Health Medicine and Clinical Head of Planning and Health Improvement, Director, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde North Glasgow CHCP Glasgow Glasgow

Ms Rosie Anderson Mr Jim Boyle Glasgow Programme Coordinator Oxfam UK Poverty Programme Mr Ian Appleton Glasgow Architect Edinburgh Miss Biba Brand Regional Manager, Scottish Drugs Forum +Sir John Arbuthnott MRIA FRSE Glasgow Chairman, Greater Glasgow NHS Board Glasgow Mr Jack Brannan Retired Mr Stewart Asken Kinloch Rannoch Manager, Rough Sleepers Initiative Hamilton Mrs Maureen Brogan J & P Brogan Mr Ian Baillie Glasgow The Mungo Foundation Glasgow Rev David Brown Priest, All Saints Church Mrs Maureen Bain Glasgow Student, University of Paisley Paisley Mr Paul Brown Principal Solicitor, Brown & Co Solicitors at Legal Mr Hamish Battye Services Agency Ltd Head of Planning and Health Improvement Glasgow SE CHCP, Glasgow Ms Anne Bryce Project Lead ISPI Mrs Eileen Baxendale NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Castlemilk Community Church Glasgow Glasgow Ms Vicki Bryson Mr W Beattie Head of Client Services, Nation 1 Justice of Peace Glasgow Kilbarchan Revd Mary Buchanan Mr Keir Bloomer Ecumenical Officer, United Reformed Church Chief Executive, Clackmannanshire Council Glasgow Clackmannanshire

* Denotes Speaker / + Denotes Chairman

25 20 February 2007

Sister Ann Buckeridge Dr Graham Connelly Daughter of Charity of St Vincent De Paul Senior Lecturer, University of Strathclyde Easterhouse Glasgow

Miss Grace Buckley +The Most Rev M J Conti FRSE Justice and Peace Commision, Archdiocese of Archbishop of Glasgow, The Curial Offices Glasgow Glasgow

Mrs Lisa Bullen Mr Ronnie Convery Planning Manager, Communities Scotland Archdiocesan Director of Communications Glasgow Glasgow

Ms Annie Campbell Mr David Conway Project Manager, The Mungo Foundation CPHM, Information Services Glasgow Edinburgh

Ms Louise Carlin Mr Dan Coughlan Scotland Country Programme Manager Weaver Oxfam UK Poverty Programme Barmulloch Glasgow Dr Frank Craig Mrs Anita Carnochan Business Adviser, Institute for Enterprise Teacher, North Lanarkshire Council Glasgow North Lanarkshire Mr Jim Crichton Mr John Carnochan Head of Mental Heatlh, West CHCP Modular Violence Reduction Unit, Strathclyde Police Building, Gartnavel Royal Museum Glasgow Glasgow

Sister Eileen Cassidy *Professor Sarah Cunningham-Burley Sisters of Notre Dame Co-Director, Centre for Research on Families and Glasgow Relationships, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Revd Alastair Cherry Moderator, The Presbytery of Glasgow Sister Helen Darragh Glasgow Secretary Glasgow Sister Margaret Clark Sisters of Notre Dame Mr Alan Davidson Glasgow Principal Officer, Glasgow City Council Glasgow Mrs Jennifer Clement Vice-Convenor, Church and Society, ACTS Mr Steven Davies Inglewood, Funding and Strategy Manager GeDC Ltd Alloa Greater Easterhouse Development Company Ltd Easterhouse Professor John Coggins FRSE Vice-Principal for Life Sciences and Medicines Ms Pam Dawson University of Glasgow Scottish Centre for Regeneration Glasgow Glasgow

* Denotes Speaker / + Denotes Chairman

26 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties

Mrs Kathleen Deacon Ms Gillian Forrester Development Co-ordinator Support Worker, The Lilias Graham Trust, Glasgow Homelessness Network Stirling Glasgow Miss Claire Frew Mr John Dickie Development Coordinator Head, Child Poverty Action Group in Scotland Glasgow Homelessness Network Glasgow Glasgow

Mrs Caroline Dicks Dr Hildebrand Frey Community Regeneration Manager Senior Lecturer, University of Strathclyde Communties Scotland Glasgow Glasgow Ms Frances Gallagher Ms Amanda Dobbratz Education Improvement Service, Education SRC President, Glasgow School of Art Students Services, Glasgow City Council Association Glasgow Glasgow Miss Lesleyanne Gemmill Rev William Donnelly Area Manager, Rough Sleepers Initiative Parish Priest, St Andrew’s Church Hamilton Bearsden Dr Paul Gilfillan Mrs Margaret Doran Research Fellow, University of Glasgow Depute Director Glasgow Glasgow City Council Education Services Glasgow Mr David Gilmour Finance Director, Anniesland College Mr Bob Dow Glasgow Chairperson, Educational Institute of Scotland Glasgow Dr David Gordon Head of Public Health Observatory Division Dr William Duncan NHS Health Scotland Chief Executive, The Royal Society of Edinburgh Glasgow Edinburgh Mr Kenny Gormal Mr Paul Ede Development Officer Student Development and Regenerations Services, Whiteinch Glasgow City Council Glasgow Ms Pauline Edmiston Co-ordinator, Transformation Team Cllr Irene Graham Glasgow Councillor, Glasgow City Council Glasgow Mr James Egan Head of Policy and Practice, Scottish Drugs Mr Andrew Grant Forum Managing Director, Nation 1 Glasgow Glasgow

Ms Jackie Erdman Dr Linsay Gray Inequalities Manager, GC and C NHS Research Associate, MRC Social and Public Glasgow Science Unit Glasgow

* Denotes Speaker / + Denotes Chairman

27 20 February 2007

Mrs Elizabeth Guest Mr Iain Johnston Edinburgh Development Worker, Parish Development Fund, Church of Scotland Mr Andrew Guest Edinburgh Edinburgh Ms Martina Johnston-Gray Ms Honor Hania Development Co-ordinator Learning Duntocher Glasgow Homelessness Network Glasgow *Professor Phil Hanlon Professor in Public Health Rev Dr Martin Johnstone Public Health Institute of Scotland, University of Executive Director, Faith in Community Glasgow (Scotland) Glasgow Mr Thomas Harrigan Inter-faith Liaison, Glasgow City Council Mrs Lorraine Judge Glasgow GOALS Director, GOALS PROJECT University of Paisley Sister Phylliis Hoey Paisley Kirkintilloch Mr Edmund Jurczyk Miss Shona Honeyman Glasgow Senior Development Officer Glasgow City Council Sister Lilias Clare Kane Glasgow Bon-Secours de Paris Langside *Professor Ray Hudson Director *Professor Mike Kelly Wolfson Research Insitute, University of Durham Public Health Excellence Director Durham National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Ms Frances Hume Glasgow Training Development FICS Mr Jim Kelly Glasgow The Mungo Foundation Glasgow Mr Neil Hunter Joint General Manager, Glasgow Addiction Mr Peter Kelly Services, Director Glasgow Poverty Alliance Glasgow Ms Isla Hyslop Head of OD, Gartnavel Royal Hospital Mr John Kerr Glasgow Chairman of GEDC Ltd Greater Easterhouse Development Company Dr Helene Irvine Easterhouse Consultant in Public Health NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Ms Cath Krawczyk Glasgow Project Co-ordinator ISPI NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Dr Lewis Johnman CBE TD Glasgow Retired Medical Practitioner Straven * Denotes Speaker / + Denotes Chairman

28 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties

Mrs Sally Kuenssberg Ms Joanne McGarry Board Member, NHS Project Lead ISPI Glasgow Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS Glasgow Dr Maggie Lachlan Consultant in Public Health Rev Jim McGarry NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde Team Leader, RC Parishes Easterhouse Glasgow Glasgow

Mrs Elizabeth Lambie Mrs Kathleen McGill Teacher, Hermitage Academy Health Improvement Helensburgh Stobhill and Inequalities Manager Glasgow Mr Mark Langdon Comm Action Worker, Ruchill Youth Project Mrs Anne Marie McGill Glasgow Service Manager, Gartnavel Royal Hospital Glasgow Mr Neil Langhorn Social Inclusion and Anti-poverty Strategy Team Miss Janie McGraw Leader, Scottish Executive Teacher, St Stephen’s Primary School Edinburgh Glasgow

Mr David Liddell Ms Debbie McGuire Director, Scottish Drugs Forum The Pheonix Car Company Ltd Glasgow Paisley

Ms Catherine Lynch Mr Paul McKearnon The Lilias Graham Trust Support Worker, The Lilias Graham Trust Stirling Stirling

Dr Gerry McCartney Mr Alan McKell Spr Public Health Professional Associate, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde The Craighead Institute Glasgow Glasgow

Dr Allyson McCollam Sister Julia P. McLoughlin Chief Executive, SDC FOR MH Retired Teacher Edinburgh Glasgow

Ms Cathy McCormack Karyn McLuskey Glasgow Violence Reduction Unit, Strathclyde Police Dr Richard McCready Glasgow National Secretary, Justice and Peace Scotland Glasgow Sister Maura McMonamon Miss Marie McCusker Sisters of Notre Dame All Saints Church Glasgow Glasgow Mrs Karen McMurrich +Professor Jan McDonald FRSE Director, McMurrich Associates Vice-President, The Royal Society of Edinburgh Glasgow

* Denotes Speaker / + Denotes Chairman

29 20 February 2007

Mr James McNair Miss Agnes Malone Steering Group, Hope 2008 Trustee, St Nicholas Care Trust Archdiocese of Milngavie Glasgow Bishopbriggs Mr Alastair D. McNeill NHS Mr Cairns Mason Stirling Stirling

Mr George McSorley Mr Noel Mathias Chief Executive, Unity Enterprise Strategy Officer, Faith in the Community Glasgow Glasgow

Mrs Linda McTavish Rev John Matthews Principal, Anniesland College Parish Minister Glasgow Glasgow

Mrs Laura Macdonald Mr Peter Matthews Research Assistant, PhD Researcher MRC: Social and Public Health Sciences Unit Department of Urban Studies Glasgow University of Glasgow Glasgow Professor Sally Macintyre FRSE Professor Keith Millar Director, Psychological Medicine, University of Glasgow MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Glasgow Glasgow Ms Bridget Cowan Millar Ms Jill Mackay Head of Strategic Management (Children’s Project Manager, Ruchill Youth Project Services), Social Services, Glasgow City Council Glasgow Glasgow

Miss Flora Mackenzie *Very Rev. John Miller Principal Officer, Regional Office, Crossreach Castlemilk East Parish Church Glasgow Glasgow

Mrs Sally Mackenzie Mr Andy Milne National Coordinator, The Poverty Alliance Chief Executive, Ibrox Business Park, Scottish Glasgow Urban Regeneration Forum Glasgow Miss Janice MacNamara Resettlement/Outreach, Rough Sleepers Initiative Mrs Margaret Moore Hamilton Gha (SST) Team Manager Communities Scotland Ms Helen MacNeil Glasgow Chief Executive, GCVS Glasgow Mrs Margaret Morris Project Coordinator, CEIS Miss Jean Macphail Glasgow Retired Nurse Hawick Mrs Cath Morrison Chief Executive, The Lilias Graham Trust Stirling

* Denotes Speaker / + Denotes Chairman

30 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties

Rev Leslie Morrison Mr Iain Paterson Chairman, Scottish Churches Housing Action Principal Officer (Policy and Planning) Edinburgh Service Modernisation, Glasgow City Council Glasgow Mr Alan Muir Assistant Editor, Kirkintilloch Herald Series and *Professor Lindsay Paterson Glasgow East News Professor of Educational Policy Townhead University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Ms Una Munro Senior Service Manager, The Mungo Foundation Ms Kirsteen Paton Glasgow PhD Researcher Department of Urban Studies, Sister Teresa O’Byrne Glasgow University Pastoral (Parish) Glasgow Castlemilk Miss Amanda Paul Mr Michael O’Donnell NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde Social Work Glasgow Glasgow Mrs Pauline Petrie Ms Dana O’dwyer Professional Associate, The Craighead Institute Chief Executive, The Mungo Foundation Clarkston Glasgow Glasgow

Miss Aileen O’Gorman *Professor Stephen Platt Physio Manager, Shettleston H/C Director Glasgow Research Unit in Health, Behaviour and Change, University of Edinburgh Miss Lindsey O’Hare Edinburgh Occupational Therapist, Parkview Resource Centre Mr John Price Glasgow Retired Eaglesham Ms Maureen O’Neill Craig Project Lead (ISPI), ISPI Team Ms Amanda Pringle Glasgow Manager, Drumchapel Law and Advice Centre Glasgow *Professor Michael Pacione Chair of Geography *Councillor Steven Purcell University of Strathclyde Glasgow City Council Glasgow Glasgow

Giovanna Pacitti Mr Pat Quinn Support Worker, The Lilias Graham Trust Researcher, CEIS Stirling Glasgow

Mr John Bruce Park David Rankin Lord Dean of Guild, The Merchants House of Research Unit in Health, Behaviour and Change, Glasgow University of Edinburgh Glasgow Edinburgh

* Denotes Speaker / + Denotes Chairman

31 20 February 2007

Miss Sue Rawcliffe Professor Em Adrian Sinfield Director of Policy, GCVS Edinburgh Glasgow Mr Austin Smith Ms Gail Reid Development Co-ordinator Secondary Services Manager Glasgow Homelessness Network Glasgow Addiction Services Glasgow Glasgow Mr Peter Smith Professor Margaret Reid Archdiocese of Glasgow Public Health, University of Glasgow Glasgow Glasgow Dr Stephen Smyth Professor J S Richardson FRSE Ecumenical Officer, Glasgow Churches Together Emeritus Professor of Classics Glasgow Department of Classics, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Mr Ian Spittal Project Manager, The Mungo Foundation Ms Caroline Ritchie Glasgow Educational Institute of Scotland Glasgow Ms Laurel Stevens Training Officer ISPI Mr Mick Rodgers NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Group Manager, Glasgow City Council Glasgow Glasgow Mrs Geraldine Strickland Dr Finn Romanes Non-Executive Director, NHS Borders SpR in Public Health, NHS Lanarkshire Hamilton Mr Ian Stuart West Dunbartonshire Deacon Lewis Rose National Co-ordinator Mrs Fiona Stuart Scottish Churches Ind. Mission Chair of Tullochan Trust Blackburn West Dunbartonshire

+Sir Muir Russell FRSE Rev Joseph Sullivan Principal and Vice-Chancellor RC Priest, St Philip’s University of Glasgow Glasgow

Mr Ronnie Saez Sister Dorothea Sweeney Chief Executive of GEDC Ltd Sisters of Notre Dame Greater Easterhouse Development Company Ltd Glasgow Easterhouse Mr Gerry Sweeny Ms Eeva Sarkkinen Sports Development Coach, Ruchill Youth Project Development Co-ordinator Ruchill Glasgow Homelessness Network Glasgow *Dr Carol Tannanhill Director, Glasgow Centre for Population Health Rev Dr Norman Shanks Glasgow Minister, Govan Old Parish Church Glasgow

* Denotes Speaker / + Denotes Chairman

32 Glasgow’s People: Transcending Poverties

Miss Alison Teyhan *Mr Alf Young Research Assistant Policy Editor, The Herald MRC: Social and Public Health Sciences Unit Glasgow Glasgow *Professor Stephanie Young Mr David Thomson Senior Director Associate Pastor, Destiny Church Employability, Enterprise Glasgow Glasgow Glasgow

Mr Vincent Toal Editor, Flourish Newspaper Glasgow

Dr Joy Tomlinson Public Health, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Glasgow

Professor Ivan Turok Professor, Department of Urban Studies University of Glasgow Glasgow

Mr Fred Twine Retired Pollockshields

Mr David Walsh Info Manager Glasgow Centre for Population Health Level 6 Glasgow

*Mr David Webster Development and Regeneration Services Glasgow City Council Glasgow

Mr Andrew Whittet Transformation Team Glasgow

Mr Bruce Whyte Information Manager Glasgow Centre for Population Health Level 6 Glasgow

Mr Derek Williams Scotland Manager, Joseph Rowntree Foundation York

Mrs Janet Wilson Local Alliances Officer, Ash Scotland Edinburgh

* Denotes Speaker / + Denotes Chairman

33 The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) is an educational charity, registered in Scotland. Independent and non-party-political, we are working to provide public benefit throughout Scotland and by means of a growing international programme. The RSE has a peer-elected, multidisciplinary Fellowship of 1400 men and women who are experts within their fields.

The RSE was created in 1783 by Royal Charter for “the advancement of learning and useful knowledge”. We seek to provide public benefit in today’s Scotland by:

• Organising lectures, debates and conferences on topical issues of lasting importance, many of which are free and open to all

• Conducting independent inquiries on matters of national and international importance

• Providing educational activities for primary and secondary school students throughout Scotland

• Distributing over £1.7 million to top researchers and entrepreneurs working in Scotland

• Showcasing the best of Scotland’s research and development capabilities to the rest of the World

• Facilitating two-way international exchange to enhance Scotland’s international collaboration in research and enterprise

• Emphasising the value of educational effort and achievement by encouraging, recognising and rewarding it with scholarships, financial and other support, prizes and medals

• Providing expert information on Scientific issues to MSPs & Researchers through the Scottish Parliament Science Information Service