Pennsylvania Colonization Society As an Agent of Emancipation
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The Three-Fifths Clause: a Necessary American Compromise Or Evidence of America’S Original Sin?
THE THREE-FIFTHS CLAUSE: A NECESSARY AMERICAN COMPROMISE OR EVIDENCE OF AMERICA’S ORIGINAL SIN? A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Masters of Arts in Liberal Studies By Michael D. Tanguay, B.A. Georgetown University Washington, DC 4 April 2017 COPYRIGHT Copyright 2017 by Michael D. Tanguay All Rights Reserved ii THE THREE-FIFTHS CLAUSE: A NECESSARY AMERICAN COMPROMISE OR EVIDENCE OF AMERICA’S ORIGINAL SIN? Michael D. Tanguay, B.A. MALS Mentor: James H. Hershman, Ph.D. ABSTRACT For over 230 years historians and scholars have argued that the Three-fifths Clause of the United States Constitution, which counted slaves as three-fifths a citizen when calculating states’ population for apportionment in the House of Representatives, gave Southern states a disproportional amount of power in Congress. This “Slave Power” afforded by the additional “slave seats” in the House of Representatives and extra votes in the Electoral College allegedly prolonged slavery well beyond the anticipated timelines for gradual emancipation efforts already enacted by several states at the time of the Constitutional Convention. An analysis of a sampling of these debates starts in the period immediately following ratification and follows these debates well into the 21st century. Debates on the pro- or anti-slavery aspects of the Constitution began almost immediately after ratification with the Election of 1800 and resurfaced during many critical moments in the antebellum period including the Missouri Compromise, the Dred Scott decision, The Compromise of 1850 and the Wilmot Proviso. -
Frederick Douglass
Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Monographs Collection AMERICAN CRISIS BIOGRAPHIES Edited by Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer, Ph. D. Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Monographs Collection Zbe Hmcrican Crisis Biographies Edited by Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer, Ph.D. With the counsel and advice of Professor John B. McMaster, of the University of Pennsylvania. Each I2mo, cloth, with frontispiece portrait. Price $1.25 net; by mail» $i-37- These biographies will constitute a complete and comprehensive history of the great American sectional struggle in the form of readable and authoritative biography. The editor has enlisted the co-operation of many competent writers, as will be noted from the list given below. An interesting feature of the undertaking is that the series is to be im- partial, Southern writers having been assigned to Southern subjects and Northern writers to Northern subjects, but all will belong to the younger generation of writers, thus assuring freedom from any suspicion of war- time prejudice. The Civil War will not be treated as a rebellion, but as the great event in the history of our nation, which, after forty years, it is now clearly recognized to have been. Now ready: Abraham Lincoln. By ELLIS PAXSON OBERHOLTZER. Thomas H. Benton. By JOSEPH M. ROGERS. David G. Farragut. By JOHN R. SPEARS. William T. Sherman. By EDWARD ROBINS. Frederick Douglass. By BOOKER T. WASHINGTON. Judah P. Benjamin. By FIERCE BUTLER. In preparation: John C. Calhoun. By GAILLARD HUNT. Daniel Webster. By PROF. C. H. VAN TYNE. Alexander H. Stephens. BY LOUIS PENDLETON. John Quincy Adams. -
Report of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States
Library of Congress Report of the decision of the Supreme court of the United States REPORT OF THE DECISION OF THE Supreme Court of the United States, AND THE OPINIONS OF THE JUDGES THEREOF, IN THE CASE OF DRED SCOTT VERSUS JOHN F. A. SANDFORD. DECEMBER TERM, 1856. BY BENJAMIN C. HOWARD, FROM THE NINETEENTH VOLUME OF HOWARD'S REPORTS. WASHINGTON: CORNELIUS WENDELL, PRINTER. 1857. REPORT OF THE DECISION OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, AND THE OPINIONS OF THE JUDGES THEREOF, IN THE CASE OF DRED SCOTT VERSUS JOHN F. A. SANDFORD. DECEMBER TERM, 1856. BY BENJAMIN C. HOWARD, FROM THE NINETEENTH VOLUME OF HOWARD'S REPORTS. WASHINGTON: CORNELIUS WENDELL, PRINTER. 1857. LC Report of the decision of the Supreme court of the United States http://www.loc.gov/resource/llst.027 Library of Congress SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. DECEMBER TERM, 1856. DRED SCOTT VERSUS JOHN F. A. SANDFORD. Dred Scott, Plaintiff in Error , v. John F. A. Sandford. This case was brought up, by writ of error, from the Circuit Court of the United States for the district of Missouri. It was an action of trespass vi et armis instituted in the Circuit Court by Scott against Sandford. Prior to the institution of the present suit, an action was brought by Scott for his freedom in the Circuit Court of St. Louis county, (State court,) where there was a verdict and judgment in his favor. On a writ of error to the Supreme Court of the State, the judgment below was reversed, and the case remanded to the Circuit Court, where it was continued to await the decision of the case now in question. -
Black Citizenship, Black Sovereignty: the Haitian Emigration Movement and Black American Politics, 1804-1865
Black Citizenship, Black Sovereignty: The Haitian Emigration Movement and Black American Politics, 1804-1865 Alexander Campbell History Honors Thesis April 19, 2010 Advisor: Françoise Hamlin 2 Table of Contents Timeline 5 Introduction 7 Chapter I: Race, Nation, and Emigration in the Atlantic World 17 Chapter II: The Beginnings of Black Emigration to Haiti 35 Chapter III: Black Nationalism and Black Abolitionism in Antebellum America 55 Chapter IV: The Return to Emigration and the Prospect of Citizenship 75 Epilogue 97 Bibliography 103 3 4 Timeline 1791 Slave rebellion begins Haitian Revolution 1831 Nat Turner rebellion, Virginia 1804 Independent Republic of Haiti declared, Radical abolitionist paper The Liberator with Jean-Jacques Dessalines as President begins publication 1805 First Constitution of Haiti Written 1836 U.S. Congress passes “gag rule,” blocking petitions against slavery 1806 Dessalines Assassinated; Haiti divided into Kingdom of Haiti in the North, Republic of 1838 Haitian recognition brought to U.S. House Haiti in the South. of Representatives, fails 1808 United States Congress abolishes U.S. 1843 Jean-Pierre Boyer deposed in coup, political Atlantic slave trade chaos follows in Haiti 1811 Paul Cuffe makes first voyage to Africa 1846 Liberia, colony of American Colonization Society, granted independence 1816 American Colonization Society founded 1847 General Faustin Soulouque gains power in 1817 Paul Cuffe dies Haiti, provides stability 1818 Prince Saunders tours U.S. with his 1850 Fugitive Slave Act passes U.S. Congress published book about Haiti Jean-Pierre Boyer becomes President of 1854 Martin Delany holds National Emigration Republic of Haiti Convention Mutiny of the Holkar 1855 James T. -
Aa000368.Pdf (12.17Mb)
Anthrax Vaccine n Water Wars n Debating the Draft THE AMERICAN $2.50 June 2003 The magazine for a strong America MILITARY “For God and Country since 1919 Fabulous destinations. 50 Exceptional accommodations. And now, a new level of personal service. ©2006 Travelocity.com LP.All rights reserved. Travelocity and the Stars Design are trademarks of Travelocity.com LP. LP.All CST#2056372- rights reserved.Travelocity.com and the Stars Design are trademarks of Travelocity.com ©2006 Travelocity Introducing the 2006 Cruise Collection from AARP Passport powered by Travelocity.® Make your next cruise even more memorable when you book with AARP Passport powered by Travelocity. The 2006 Cruise Collection offers more than 40 sailings with Specially Trained AARP Passport Representatives – STARs – to make certain your voyage is smooth and enjoyable. AARP members also enjoy other exclusive benefits on a wide range of itineraries; each specially selected for you and delivered by trusted AARP Passport travel providers. Your next cruise sets sail at www.aarp.org/cruisecollection28. Trusted Travel | 1.888.291.1762 | www.aarp.org/cruisecollection28 Not an AARP member yet? Visit us online to join today. AARP Passport powered by Travelocity may require a minimum number of staterooms to be booked on these sailings in order for a STAR to be onboard. In the event that a STAR will not be sailing, passengers will be notified prior to departure. contents June 2006 • Vol. 160, No. 6 12 When Heroes Come Home Hurt 4 Vet Voice The Legion, the Pentagon and local 8 Commander’s Message communities must reach out to a 10 Big Issues new generation of severely wounded veterans. -
American Free Blacks and Emigration to Haiti
#33 American Free Blacks and Emigration to Haiti by Julie Winch University of Massachusetts, Boston Paper prepared for the XIth Caribbean Congress, sponsored by the Caribbean Institute and Study Center for Latin America (CISCLA) of Inter American University, the Department of Languages and Literature of the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, and the International Association of Comparative Literature, held in Río Piedras March 3 and 5, in San Germán March 4, 1988 August 1988 El Centro de Investigaciones Sociales del Caribe y América Latina (CISCLA) de la Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Recinto de San Germán, fue fundado en 1961. Su objetivo fundamental es contribuir a la discusión y análisis de la problemática caribeña y latinoamericana a través de la realización de conferencias, seminarios, simposios e investigaciones de campo, con particular énfasis en problemas de desarrollo político y económico en el Caribe. La serie de Documentos de Trabajo tiene el propósito de difundir ponencias presentadas en actividades de CISCLA así como otros trabajos sobre temas prioritarios del Centro. Para mayor información sobre la serie y copias de los trabajos, de los cuales existe un número limitado para distribución gratuita, dirigir correspondencia a: Dr. Juan E. Hernández Cruz Director de CISCLA Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico Apartado 5100 San Germán, Puerto Rico 00683 The Caribbean Institute and Study Center for Latin America (CISCLA) of Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Germán Campus, was founded in 1961. Its primary objective is to make a contribution to the discussion and analysis of Caribbean and Latin American issues. The Institute sponsors conferences, seminars, roundtable discussions and field research with a particular emphasis on issues of social, political and economic development in the Caribbean. -
The PAS and American Abolitionism: a Century of Activism from the American Revolutionary Era to the Civil War
The PAS and American Abolitionism: A Century of Activism from the American Revolutionary Era to the Civil War By Richard S. Newman, Associate Professor of History Rochester Institute of Technology The Pennsylvania Abolition Society was the world's most famous antislavery group during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Indeed, although not as memorable as many later abolitionists (from William Lloyd Garrison and Lydia Maria Child to Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth), Pennsylvania reformers defined the antislavery movement for an entire generation of activists in the United States, Europe, and even the Caribbean. If you were an enlightened citizen of the Atlantic world following the American Revolution, then you probably knew about the PAS. Benjamin Franklin, a former slaveholder himself, briefly served as the organization's president. French philosophes corresponded with the organization, as did members of John Adams’ presidential Cabinet. British reformers like Granville Sharp reveled in their association with the PAS. It was, Sharp told told the group, an "honor" to be a corresponding member of so distinguished an organization.1 Though no supporter of the formal abolitionist movement, America’s “first man” George Washington certainly knew of the PAS's prowess, having lived for several years in the nation's temporary capital of Philadelphia during the 1790s. So concerned was the inaugural President with abolitionist agitation that Washington even shuttled a group of nine slaves back and forth between the Quaker State and his Mount Vernon home (still, two of his slaves escaped). The PAS was indeed a powerful abolitionist organization. PAS Origins The roots of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society date to 1775, when a group of mostly Quaker men met at a Philadelphia tavern to discuss antislavery measures. -
John Punch Indentured Servant
John Punch Indentured Servant Which Orbadiah inclined so metaphysically that Lester overglazed her fieldstones? Fitting Odie secularise spinally. Son hoping slangily as unmaimed Spiro subintroduced her hajjis pronounce sooner. Were punished while on trial of john punch shall lift up the general council president too many indentured servant and heavily on what type of passenger transportation beyond his gun 1640 Indentured servant John Punch is sentenced to a lifetime of slavery in. Mixed Race Studies John Punch. Obama roots traced to reduce slave in US named John Punch. Virginia and the Carolinas Laws Flashcards Quizlet. Servants and duty boys all forms of indentured servitude regulated by social customs and contracts. Indentured servitude in British America Wikipedia. But previous research could open a curb Was John Punch the slave. Slavery Antislavery and his Underground Railroad. 1640 Virginia courts sentenced a strong run away servant John Punch to either his. 1640 Virginia courts sentenced a black border away servant John Punch shall serve. John Punch of an enslaved African who lived in the colony of Virginia Thought to that been an indentured servant Punch attempted to enhance to Maryland and was sentenced in July 1640 by the Virginia Governor's Council would serve as a burn for any remainder to his life. Slave John Punch Build Nation. An African servant John Punch is sentenced to bank after school away. African slavery rather than indentured servitude in history American colonies. Had ended with our man named John Punch being declared a thank for prime as. Thought might have sent an indentured servant Punch attempted to band to Maryland and was sentenced in July 1640 by the. -
THE BLACK SLAVE OWNERS by Joseph E. Holloway the Majority of Black Slave
THE BLACK SLAVE OWNERS By Joseph E. Holloway The majority of black slave owners were members of the mulatto class, and in some cases were the sons and daughters of white slave masters. Many of the mulatto slave owners separated themselves from the masses of black people and attempted to establish a caste system based on color, wealth, and free status. According to Martin Delany, the colored community of Charleston City clung to the assumptions of the superiority of white blood and brown skin complexion. These mulattoes of the old free Black elite did not attend church with the dark-skinned blacks of Charleston City. They not only formed congregations which excluded freedmen of dark complexion, but they only married among other mulattoes to “keep the color in the family.” Large numbers of free Blacks owned black slaves in numbers disproportionate to their representation in society. According to the federal census of 1830, free blacks owned more than 10,000 slaves in Louisiana, Maryland, South Carolina, and Virginia. The majority of black slave-owners lived in Louisiana and planted sugar cane. Slave holding among the mulatto class in South Carolina was widespread according to the first census of 1790, which revealed that 36 out of 102, or 35.2 percent of the free Black heads of family held slaves in Charleston City. By 1800 one out of every three free black recorded owning slave property. Between 1820 and 1840 the percentage of slaveholding heads of family ranged from 72.1 to 77.7 percent, however, by 1850 the percentage felt to 42.3 percent. -
The Port Royal Journal of Charlotte L. Forten, 1862-1863
THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTO RY VOL. XXXV-July, 1950-No. 3 A SOCIAL EXPERIMENT: THE PORT ROYAL JOURNAL OF CHARLOTTE L. FORTEN, 1862-1863. Charlotte L. Forten, the author of the following Jour- nal, was born of free Negro parents in Philadelphia in 1838, the granddaughter of James Forten, wealthy sail- maker and abolitionist,' and the daughter of Robert Bridges Forten. Her father, a staunch enemy of prejudice,2 re- fused to subject her to the segregated schools of her native city, sending her instead to Salem, Massachusetts, when she 1 Accounts of James Forten 's important contributions to antislavery will be found in Lydia Maria Child, The Freedmen's Book (Boston, 1865), 100- 103; William C. Nell, Colored Patriots of the American Revolution (Boston, 1855), 166-169; Robert Purvis, Remarks on the Life and Character of James Forten, Delivered at Bethel Church, March 30, 1842 (Philadelphia, 1842); and nmorebriefly in the Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1928-1937), VI, 536-537. 2Robert Bridges Forten was so opposed to discrimination that he re- peatedly threatened to leave the United States for Canada. Just before the Civil War he did move to England, only to return and enlist as a private in the Forty-Third United States Colored Regiment. He died while in recruiting service in Maryland, and was buried with full military honors. Samuel P. Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5 (Harrisburg, 1868-1871), V, 1084. The Liberator, May 13, 1864, contains an account of his life and a description of his funeral. 233 234 JOURNALOF NEGROHISTORY was sixteeni years old. -
“White”: the Judicial Abolition of Native Slavery in Revolutionary Virginia and Its Racial Legacy
ABLAVSKY REVISED FINAL.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 4/13/2011 1:24 PM COMMENT MAKING INDIANS “WHITE”: THE JUDICIAL ABOLITION OF NATIVE SLAVERY IN REVOLUTIONARY VIRGINIA AND ITS RACIAL LEGACY † GREGORY ABLAVSKY INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1458 I. THE HIDDEN HISTORY OF INDIAN SLAVERY IN VIRGINIA .............. 1463 A. The Origins of Indian Slavery in Early America .................. 1463 B. The Legal History of Indian Slavery in Virginia .................. 1467 C. Indians, Africans, and Colonial Conceptions of Race ........... 1473 II. ROBIN V. HARDAWAY, ITS PROGENY, AND THE LEGAL RECONCEPTUALIZATION OF SLAVERY ........................................... 1476 A. Indian Freedom Suits and Racial Determination ...................................................... 1476 B. Robin v. Hardaway: The Beginning of the End ................. 1480 1. The Statutory Claims ............................................ 1481 2. The Natural Law Claims ....................................... 1484 3. The Outcome and the Puzzle ............................... 1486 C. Robin’s Progeny ............................................................. 1487 † J.D. Candidate, 2011; Ph.D. Candidate, 2014, in American Legal History, Univer- sity of Pennsylvania. I would like to thank Sarah Gordon, Daniel Richter, Catherine Struve, and Michelle Banker for their insightful comments on earlier drafts of this Comment; Richard Ross, Michael Zuckerman, and Kathy Brown for discussions on the work’s broad contours; and -
The Origins and Uses of the Three-Fifths Clause Related to Slavery and Taxation
The Origins and Uses of the Three-Fifths Clause Related to Slavery and Taxation A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of History at Liberty University in Candidacy for a Master of Arts in History by William F. Hughes Advisory Committee Dr. Carey M. Roberts, Committee Chair Dr. Joseph Super, Reader 2018 i Table of Contents Abstract . ii Introduction . 1 Historiography . 9 Historical Interpretation . 17 Thesis Objectives . 25 Chapter 1: Slavery and Citizenship . 27 Chapter 2: Slavery and Representation . 57 Chapter 3: Slavery and Taxation . 76 Conclusion . 104 Bibliography . 113 ii Abstract The Three-fifths clause of the 1787 U.S. Constitution is noted for having a role in perpetuating racial injustices of America’s early slave culture, solidifying the document as pro- slavery in design and practice. This thesis, however, examines the ubiquitous application of the three-fifths ratio as used in ancient societies, medieval governments, and colonial America. Being associated with proportions of scale, this understanding of the three-fifths formula is essential in supporting the intent of the Constitutional framers to create a proportional based system of government that encompassed citizenship, representation, and taxation as related to production theory. The empirical methodology used in this thesis builds on the theory of “legal borrowing” from earlier cultures and expands this theory to the early formation of the United States government and the economic system of the American slave institution. Therefore, the Three-fifths clause of the 1787 U.S. Constitution did not result from an interest to facilitate or perpetuate American slavery; the ratio stems from earlier practices based on divisions of land in proportion to human scale and may adhere to the ancient theory known as the Golden Ratio.