Relations between Immigration and Integration Policies in Europe Written from a pan-European perspective, this book examines the decision- making processes in immigration and integration policies in Europe across decades, focusing on several key moments of Europe’s postwar history. The analysis of factors taken into consideration by states in key moments of immigration policy (re)formulation shows that Europe is moving away from rational, economic arguments towards more political ones. This book contributes to the theoretical and practical debate regarding immigration and integration policies by arguing that – contrary to assumptions – immigration policy should not be treated as having precedence before integration policy. It also reflects on the growing anti-immigration sentiments as well as the securitisation and criminalisation of migration issues that are fuelled by right-wing politics. This book will be of key interest both to students and scholars of migration, the European Union, European integration, social policy, public policy, international relations, European studies, law, economics, sociology and to professionals, policy- makers, think tanks and associations in NGOs, the EU and other IOs. Maciej Duszczyk is Vice- Rector of the University of Warsaw for Research and International Relations, Poland. Member of the Centre of Migration Research and Transatlantic Forum on Migration and Integration. Marta Pachocka is Head of the Migration Policies Research Unit at the Centre of Migration Research of the University of Warsaw and Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Studies of the Collegium of Socio- Economics of SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Poland. Dominika Pszczółkowska is a Researcher at the Centre of Migration Research of the University of Warsaw in Poland. Routledge Advances in European Politics Muslim Attitudes Towards the European Union Bernd Schlipphak and Mujtaba Isani The Populist Radical Left in Europe Edited by Giorgos Katsambekis and Alexandros Kioupkiolis External Energy Security in the European Union Small Member States’ Perspective Matúš Mišík The Balkans on Trial Justice vs. Realpolitik Carole Hodge Greece and Turkey in Conflict and Cooperation From Europeanization to De-Europeanization Edited by Alexis Heraclides and Gizem Alioğlu Çakmak Diversity of Patchwork Capitalism in Central and Eastern Europe Edited by Ryszard Rapacki The EU in Association Agreement Negotiations Challenges to Complex Policy Coordination Daniel Schade Public Discourses and Attitudes in Greece during the Crisis Framing the Role of the European Union, Germany and National Governments Edited by Dimitris Katsikas Relations between Immigration and Integration Policies in Europe Challenges, Opportunities and Perspectives in Selected EU Member States Edited by Maciej Duszczyk, Marta Pachocka and Dominika Pszczółkowska For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com Relations between Immigration and Integration Policies in Europe Challenges, Opportunities and Perspectives in Selected EU Member States Edited by Maciej Duszczyk, Marta Pachocka and Dominika Pszczółkowska First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 selection and editorial matter, Maciej Duszczyk, Marta Pachocka, Dominika Pszczółkowska and Uniwersytet Warszawski; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Maciej Duszczyk, Marta Pachocka, Dominika Pszczółkowska and Uniwersytet Warszawski to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis. com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978- 0- 367- 20843- 1 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 0- 429- 26373- 6 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of figures vii List of tables viii List of contributors ix Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction 1 MACIEJ DUSZCZYK, MARTA PACHOCKA AND DOMINIKA PSZCZÓŁKOWSKA 2 Which factors influence states’ migration policies? 7 WITOLD KLAUS, MACIEJ DUSZCZYK AND DOMINIKA PSZCZÓŁKOWSKA 3 Relations between immigration and integration policies in postwar Europe 24 MARCIN GOŃDA, MAGDALENA LESIŃSKA AND MARTA PACHOCKA 4 In(ter)dependent policies? Expert survey findings on relations between immigration and integration policies in selected EU member states 46 MARCIN GOŃDA AND KAROLINA PODGÓRSKA 5 Slowly turning into a ‘Country of Immigration’? On the interaction between migration and integration policies in Germany 61 NORA RATZMANN AND THOMAS K. BAUER 6 Postwar immigration and integration policies in the Netherlands: an unstable marriage 77 RINUS PENNINX vi Contents 7 The ‘housebroken’ far- right parties and the showdown in Danish migration and integration policies 106 SHAHAMAK REZAEI AND MARCO GOLI 8 Spain: multiple- governance and integration policies in diverse socio- demographic contexts 125 ANDREU DOMINGO, GEMMA PINYOL- JIMÉNEZ AND RICARD ZAPATA- BARRERO 9 Immigration and integration policies in the absence of immigrants: a case study of Poland 146 MAREK OKÓLSKI AND DOMINIK WACH 10 Immigration and integration policies in Czechia: a new immigration destination country in the EU 173 AGNIESZKA ZOGATA- KUSZ 11 ‘Fair Dinkum’ migration policy: lessons from Australia 197 STEFAN MARKOWSKI AND KATARZYNA KWAPISZ WILLIAMS 12 Conclusions 224 MACIEJ DUSZCZYK, MARTA PACHOCKA AND DOMINIKA PSZCZÓŁKOWSKA Index 226 Figures 5.1 Perceptions of the impact of immigration 63 7.1 The positioning of the import of labour from abroad in the early 1970s 113 7.2 The positioning of the import of labour from abroad in 2019 – An identical game, played differently 117 8.1 Arrivals in Spain from abroad showing nationality by general continental origins, 1996–2017 127 8.2 Main national origins of the immigrant population residing in Spain, 2018 129 8.3 Evolution of unemployment by birthplace, Spain, 2004–2018 130 8.4 Percentage of households where all adults are unemployed, by large continental groups, Spain, 2018 132 10.1 Trend in the number of foreigners in Czechia by type of residence, 2004–2018 174 Tables 3.1 Periods in postwar migration processes and policies in Western Europe 29 4.1 Structure of the panel of experts 48 4.2 Responses to Q11: ‘Please select the statement below which best describes the relations between your country’s current immigration and integration policies’ 51 4.3 Responses to Q12: ‘Based on your own knowledge and experience, please select the statement below which best describes the desired relations between immigration and integration policies in your country’ 54 4.4 Responses to Q13: ‘What do you expect the relations between immigration and integration policies in your country to be like over the next five years?’ 55 4.5 Relationship between policies (aggregated findings) 56 5.1 Indicators of immigrants’ obligations in the German society (selection) 65 8.1 Total population and foreign-born population by autonomous region, Spain, 2018 133 Contributors Thomas K. Bauer is Professor of Economics at the University of Bochum and Vice- President of the RWI-Leibniz Institute for Economic Research. He is a research fellow of IZA, research affiliate of the Center for Comparative Immi- gration Studies (CCIS) at the University of California-San Diego, USA, and the Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM, London). From 2011 to 2019 he was member of the Expert Council of German Foundations on Integration and Migration. Andreu Domingo holds a doctorate in sociology (1997) and a master’s degree in demography (1989). He is a researcher (1984) and has been Deputy Direc- tor of the Centre for Demographic Studies (CED) since 1997. Specialised in international immigration and family formation, he is also interested in popu- lation theory. He was Associate Professor at the Department of Geography of the Autonomous University of Barcelona from 2006 to 2012. Since 2005, he has been Principal Investigator of the International Migration Research Group of the CED, the Group of Studies on Demography and Migration (GEDEM, http://gedemced.uab.cat/es), recognised as a consolidated research group by the Generalitat de Catalunya (Autonomous Government of Catalonia). His cur- rent research project is ‘Demography, migrations and new statistical frontiers: Big Data, Continuous Population Records and Administrative Records’. He has been a member of the Catalan Academy of Science, Institut d’Estudis Cata- lans, since 2018. Maciej Duszczyk is Vice- Rector of the University of Warsaw for Research and International Relations. Prof. Duszczyk has been associated with the Institute of Social Policy, University of Warsaw, where he was Deputy Director for Research and International Programmes. For ten years he headed the Migra- tion Policy Unit at the Centre of Migration Research of the University of War- saw. He has been