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U.S. History Openstax Rice University 6100 Main Street MS-375 Houston, Texas 77005 U.S. History OpenStax Rice University 6100 Main Street MS-375 Houston, Texas 77005 To learn more about OpenStax, visit http://openstaxcollege.org. Individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our website. © 2016 Rice University. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Under this license, any user of this textbook or the textbook contents herein must provide proper attribution as follows: - If you redistribute this textbook in a digital format (including but not limited to EPUB, PDF, and HTML), then you must retain on every page the following attribution: “Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11740/latest/.” - If you redistribute this textbook in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: “Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11740/latest/.” - If you redistribute part of this textbook, then you must retain in every digital format page view (including but not limited to EPUB, PDF, and HTML) and on every physical printed page the following attribution: “Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11740/latest/.” - If you use this textbook as a bibliographic reference, then you should cite it as follows: OpenStax, US History. OpenStax. 30 December 2014. <http://cnx.org/content/col11740/latest/>. For questions regarding this licensing, please contact [email protected]. Trademarks The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, OpenStax CNX logo, Connexions name, and Connexions logo are not subject to the license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University. ISBN-10 1938168364 ISBN-13 978-1-938168-36-9 Revision UH-2014-002(03/2016)-BB Table of Contents Preface . 1 Chapter 1: The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492 . 7 1.1 The Americas . 8 1.2 Europe on the Brink of Change . 18 1.3 West Africa and the Role of Slavery . 24 Chapter 2: Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 1492–1650 . 33 2.1 Portuguese Exploration and Spanish Conquest . 34 2.2 Religious Upheavals in the Developing Atlantic World . 42 2.3 Challenges to Spain’s Supremacy . 46 2.4 New Worlds in the Americas: Labor, Commerce, and the Columbian Exchange . 52 Chapter 3: Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies, 1500–1700 . 63 3.1 Spanish Exploration and Colonial Society . 64 3.2 Colonial Rivalries: Dutch and French Colonial Ambitions . 67 3.3 English Settlements in America . 72 3.4 The Impact of Colonization . 86 Chapter 4: Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763 . 95 4.1 Charles II and the Restoration Colonies . 96 4.2 The Glorious Revolution and the English Empire . 102 4.3 An Empire of Slavery and the Consumer Revolution . 105 4.4 Great Awakening and Enlightenment . 110 4.5 Wars for Empire . 114 Chapter 5: Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests, 1763-1774 . 125 5.1 Confronting the National Debt: The Aftermath of the French and Indian War . 126 5.2 The Stamp Act and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty . 130 5.3 The Townshend Acts and Colonial Protest . 136 5.4 The Destruction of the Tea and the Coercive Acts . 143 5.5 Disaffection: The First Continental Congress and American Identity . 147 Chapter 6: America's War for Independence, 1775-1783 . 155 6.1 Britain’s Law-and-Order Strategy and Its Consequences . 156 6.2 The Early Years of the Revolution . 163 6.3 War in the South . 169 6.4 Identity during the American Revolution . 173 Chapter 7: Creating Republican Governments, 1776–1790 . 183 7.1 Common Sense: From Monarchy to an American Republic . 184 7.2 How Much Revolutionary Change? . 187 7.3 Debating Democracy . 195 7.4 The Constitutional Convention and Federal Constitution . 202 Chapter 8: Growing Pains: The New Republic, 1790–1820 . 211 8.1 Competing Visions: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans . 212 8.2 The New American Republic . 218 8.3 Partisan Politics . 224 8.4 The United States Goes Back to War . 232 Chapter 9: Industrial Transformation in the North, 1800–1850 . 241 9.1 Early Industrialization in the Northeast . 242 9.2 A Vibrant Capitalist Republic . 250 9.3 On the Move: The Transportation Revolution . 258 9.4 A New Social Order: Class Divisions . 261 Chapter 10: Jacksonian Democracy, 1820–1840 . 271 10.1 A New Political Style: From John Quincy Adams to Andrew Jackson . 272 10.2 The Rise of American Democracy . 278 10.3 The Nullification Crisis and the Bank War . 281 10.4 Indian Removal . 285 10.5 The Tyranny and Triumph of the Majority . 291 Chapter 11: A Nation on the Move: Westward Expansion, 1800–1860 . 299 11.1 Lewis and Clark . 300 11.2 The Missouri Crisis . 306 11.3 Independence for Texas . 308 11.4 The Mexican-American War, 1846–1848 . 313 11.5 Free Soil or Slave? The Dilemma of the West . 321 Chapter 12: Cotton is King: The Antebellum South, 1800–1860 . 329 12.1 The Economics of Cotton . 330 12.2 African Americans in the Antebellum United States . 336 12.3 Wealth and Culture in the South . 343 12.4 The Filibuster and the Quest for New Slave States . 353 Chapter 13: Antebellum Idealism and Reform Impulses, 1820–1860 . 361 13.1 An Awakening of Religion and Individualism . 362 13.2 Antebellum Communal Experiments . 368 13.3 Reforms to Human Health . 373 13.4 Addressing Slavery . 377 13.5 Women’s Rights . 382 Chapter 14: Troubled Times: the Tumultuous 1850s . 389 14.1 The Compromise of 1850 . 390 14.2 The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Republican Party . 399 14.3 The Dred Scott Decision and Sectional Strife . 406 14.4 John Brown and the Election of 1860 . 411 Chapter 15: The Civil War, 1860–1865 . 419 15.1 The Origins and Outbreak of the Civil War . 420 15.2 Early Mobilization and War . 426 15.3 1863: The Changing Nature of the War . 431 15.4 The Union Triumphant . 440 Chapter 16: The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877 . 451 16.1 Restoring the Union . 452 16.2 Congress and the Remaking of the South, 1865–1866 . 456 16.3 Radical Reconstruction, 1867–1872 . 460 16.4 The Collapse of Reconstruction . 468 Chapter 17: Go West Young Man! Westward Expansion, 1840-1900 . 479 17.1 The Westward Spirit . 480 17.2 Homesteading: Dreams and Realities . 486 17.3 Making a Living in Gold and Cattle . 491 17.4 The Loss of American Indian Life and Culture . 496 17.5 The Impact of Expansion on Chinese Immigrants and Hispanic Citizens . 502 Chapter 18: Industrialization and the Rise of Big Business, 1870-1900 . 511 18.1 Inventors of the Age . 512 18.2 From Invention to Industrial Growth . 517 18.3 Building Industrial America on the Backs of Labor . 524 18.4 A New American Consumer Culture . 533 Chapter 19: The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870-1900 . 541 19.1 Urbanization and Its Challenges . 542 19.2 The African American “Great Migration” and New European Immigration . 550 19.3 Relief from the Chaos of Urban Life . 555 19.4 Change Reflected in Thought and Writing . 563 Chapter 20: Politics in the Gilded Age, 1870-1900 . 573 This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11740/1.3 20.1 Political Corruption in Postbellum America . 574 20.2 The Key Political Issues: Patronage, Tariffs, and Gold . 581 20.3.
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