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Orientalia Christiana Periodica Yolumen 75 Fasciculus II 2009 ORIENTALIA CHRISTIANA PERIODICA COMMENTARII DE RE ORIENTALI AETATIS CHRISTIANAE SACRA ET PROFANA EDITI CURA ET OPERE PONTIFICII INSTITUTI ORIENTALIUM STUDIORUM PONTIFICIUMINSTITUTUM ORIENTALIUM STUDIORUM PIAZZA S. MARIA MAGGIORE, 7 ROMA Nr. 2 / 2009 Poste Italiiffie s.pt.a. - ^)eid&biteiiiSUxmaiiieBto postale. h coib^'2, DGB : 'óri:entalia Christiana periodica Piazza S. Maria Maggiore 7 — 00185 Roma www.orientaliachristiana.it tel. 0644741-7104; fax 06446-5576 ISSN 0030-5375 This periodical began publication in 1935. Two fascicles are issued each year, which contain articles, shorter notes and book reviews about the Christian East, that is, whatever concems the theology, history, patrology, liturgy, archaeology and Canon law of the Christian East, or whatever is closely connected therewith. The annual contribution is € 40,00 in Italy, and € 52,00 or USD 70,00 outside Italy. The entire series is still in print and can be supplied on demand. Subscription should be paid by a check to Edizioni Orientalia Christiana or a deposit to ccp. 34269001. International Bank Account Number (IBAN): CountFy Check Digit CIN Cod. ABI CAB Account Number IT 54 C 07601 03200 000034269001 BIC- CodI BPPIITRRXXX Edited by Corrado Marucci (Editor) e-mail: [email protected] - Jaros²aw Dziewicki (Managing Editor) e-mail: [email protected], with the Professors of the ' Pontifical Oriental Institute. ^ AU materials for publication (articles, notes, books for review) should be addressed to ' the Editor. SUMMARIUM ARTICULI OËvaldo Raineii, Vita del nostro padre Hara Dengel . 253-272 Michael C. Paul, Continuity and Change in the Novgorodian Archiepis- ' copal Office, 1478-1589 . 273-317 ' Yin7anzo Ruggieri, Patara: due casi di architettura bizantina e la con- , tinuita Urbana. 319-341 Stefano Parenti, Un fascicolo ritrovato deWhoro logion Sinai gr. 863 (IX secolo). 343-358 . dMailc M. Morozowich, A Palm Sunday Procession in the Byzantine Tradition? A Study of the Jerusalem and Constantinopolitan Evi- dence . 359-383 Mariam de Ghantuz Cubbe, Les trois prieres precedant le dialogue ante-sanctus dans la premiere anaphore syriaque des douze apotres 385-409 Marco Toti, Lermeneutica 5uale velcolo di un "ecumenismo pro- fondo" tra metodologia storico-religiosa e prassi spirituale. 411-427 Li Jing, NotI sui rapporti tra Tlmpero Romano d’Oriente e la Cina . 429-450 COMMENTARII BREYIORES Osvaldo Raineri Vita del nostro padre Hara Dengel Presentazione Gadla abuna Hard Dengel [Vita del nostro padre Hara Dengel], Asat- tami Tens'ae Masattamiya Deregget [Ed. Tens'ae], Addis Ababa 1997 a. m. [E.E. = A.D. 2004/5], pp. 10 (non numerate: Prefazionc, in amarico) + 158 (numerate: Vita e Miracoli, in ge'ez) + 158 (non numerate: versionc in amarico, affiancata al testo in ge‘ez) + 4 (non numerate; Effigie, in ge'ez). Alla "Prefazione” {ma5dem), in amarico, seguono: la "Vita" (gad²), divisa in dodici capitoli, dodici "Miracoli” (taammer) e r"Effigie’' {mal- ke’) di Hara Dengel. II libro, nella Biblioteca Apostolica Yaticana, ha la collocazione: "R.G. Oriente IV 4835". Nella "Prefazione” si danno i tratti essenziali della vita di Hara Den¬ gel, che la "Chiesa Ortodossa Tawahdo d’Etiopia” ha proclamato santo, per leroicita delle sue virtu e i miracoli da lui compiuti, ed ha dedicato una chiesa in suo onore. Vi e scritto inoltre che, nel 1996 (E.E. = A.D. 2003/4), il Vescovo di Gimma e del Caffa, Abuna Estifanos, ha fatto tra- durre in amarico il testo ge‘ez della "Vita” del santo monaco. La "Vita del nostro padre Hara Dengel” — il cui nome significa "Schiere/Esercito/Milizia della Yergine” — e un libro che merita di essere segnalato, tra le numerose pubblicazioni uscite in 5uesti ultimi anni a cura del Patriarcato della Chiesa Ortodossa Tawahdo d’Etiopia. Alhinizio del volume, a piena pagina, figura la foto delfattuale “Beato e santo no¬ stro padre Pawlos, Patriarca, capo degli Arcivescovi d’Etiopia, Arcivesco- vo di Aksum e EIIage' della sede di Takla Haymanot”. La benemerita at- tivita editoriale del Patriarcato etiopico cura in particolarc la pubblica- zione di libri liturgici, biblici e devozionali in genere, mentre sono in minor numero 5uelli dedicati alle vite dei santi venerati in Etiopia, sc si eccettuano 5uelle di San Giorgio {Gadla 5eddus Giyorgis), del Santo Takla Haymanot {Gadla abuna Takla Haymanot) e di pochi altri. Pertan- to, la recente pubblicazione della Yita del santo Hara Dengel, oltre che in Etiopia, e accolta eon interesse dagli studiosi delfOriente cristiano, poi- che 5uesto santo non compare, per 5uanlo mi 7 noto, nel Sinassario della ' Titolo dellabate del monastero di Dabra Libanos — fondato da Takla Haymanot (t 1318) — e capo dei monaci deltEtiopia. OCP 75 (2009) 253-272 254 OSYALDO RAINERl Chiesa locale, mentre la Encyclopaedia Aethiopica^, alla voce Hara Den- gel, rimanda ai “Saints, local”, voce non ancora pubblicata. E da riferirsi al nostro santo il nome — riportato da solo senza allre indicazioni — che si legge nel volumetto Marha lebbund: "Gadla abuna Hara"^ (Vita del nostro padre Hara), che, nella Bibliography of Ethiopic Hagiographical Tradition'^, si trova pure nella stessa forma abbreviata, ma dove sono datI alcune notizie di lui e delle copie manoscritte conservate della sua “Vila”: «Hara fu il fondatore del monastero di Dara, Scioa. UNP [Unpublished] (a) Gadla Abuna Hara, Dara, Scioa; (b) Gadla Abuna Hara, Chiesa di San Raguc- le, Addis Ababa; (c) Gadla Abuna Hara, Fogara, Bagcmder; (d) Gadla Abuna Hara, EMML, 1974, Vol. I No 1, 5^; (e) Gadla Abuna Hara, Mahtama-Êellase, Walda Mas5al, Zekra Nagar (Addis Ababa, 1942), p. 547». Purtroppo, dei testi precitati (a) - (c), mi e stato possibile consultare unicamente (d), il 5uale recita testualmcnie: «No 69: Church of St. Raguel, Enloto, districl of Addis Ababa. Parchmenl, 21 X 14 cm. ff. 112+4, 3 cols., 19 lines, late 19lh c. 1) Ff. la-84b: The Combat of Hara Dengel [Gadla Hara Dengel]. Its is divided into monthly readings: (...). 2) Ff. 85b-91a; Panegiric of Hara Dengel [Wedddse Hara Dengel], 3) Ff. 91b-112b: Two miracles of Hara Dengel [Taamra Hara Dengel], bcginning ff. 91 b and 105a. NotI of owership by Raguel Church, verso of the real guard leaf. Copied for King Êahla Maryam (i.e. Menlik II — prayer, f. 84b) by Walda Êellase (colophon, f. 112b). The lext is occasionally rather blurred»*. Una seconda considerazione che accresce il pregio deiropera,'e il pe- riodo storico in cui si svolge la vila del santo protagonista, nato durante il regno di Claudio (1540-1559) e vissuto fino al tempo di Fasiladas (1632-1667), Tultimo sovrano menzionalo nel Gad². Fu 5uello un periodo assai sofferto e significalivo per la storia sia politica che religiosa del- TEtiopia, in relazione alla gravc crisi per Tinyasione musulmana condot- ta da Ahmed ibn Ibrahirti, detto Gra´ (Mancino)^, che devastó il paese per un ventennio (1523-1543), conducendo da Harar le sue spcdizioni contro le province cristiane, eon loccupazione di territori, saceheggi e distruzioni specialmente delle chiese, fino alla devaslazione della citla ^ EncAeth 2, 2005, p. 1009. ^ Marha lebbuna, p. 79. “ Kinefe-Rigb Zelleke 1975, p. 77, nr. 78. 5 Da correggere in: "EMML, 1975, 1, N°. 69" (v. EMML 1, p. 71). *EMML1, p. 71. ^ Cf. Taddesse Tamrat 1972, pp. 297-302. V1TA DEL NOSTRO PADRE HARA DENGEL 255 Santa di Aksum. II re Lebna Dengel, nel 1535, chiese Taiuto del Porto- gallo contro rinvasione del Gran®. Nel 1541 sbarcarono a Massaua quat- trocento fucilieri, comandati da Cristoforo da Gama, i 5uali, dopo alter- ne vicende belliche tra i due schieramenti, in un attacco sferrato al ne- mico, il 21 febbraio 1543, eon un colpo di archibugio, abbatterono il Gran. II re Claudio, che aveva intrapreso la ricoslruzione delTEtiopia de- vastata e privata di molti cristiani uccisi o fatti prigionieri, nel 1559, cadde a sua volta in battaglia per mano dei musulmani. Alcuni anni prima, nel 1555, era partito da Lisbona per TEtiopia un gruppo di missionari Gesuiti®, ai 5uali santlgnazio indirizzava i suoi "Reeuerdos que podran ayudar para la rcduction de los reynos del Preste Juan a la union de la iglesia y religion catholica”'°. Gon TarTwo dei sa- cerdoti europei ebbero inizio in Etiopia profonde controversie tra la fede tradizionale o alessandrina e la dottrina cattolica, e nac5uero violente reazioni contro i tentativi di latinizzazione messi in opera dai missio¬ nari". A Claudio successe il re Minas (1559-1563) e 5uindi Sarsa Dengel (1563-1597), che fu piu tollerante del suo predecessore verso i caltolici; poi regnarono in Etiopia Ya5ob (1597-1603, 1605-1607) e Za-Dengcl (1603-1604), il 5uale, cssendo favorevole al cattolicesimo, fu scomuni- cato dal metropolita e mori poi in battaglia. Dó qui di seguito il riassunto della “Yita” e dei “Miracoli” di Hara Dengel, in cui sono comprese le citazioni, riportate tra virgolette, della traduzione di alcune parti del testo ge‘ez, seguito dalia mia versione di tutta la “Effigie” del santo. Yita di Hara Dengel Capitolo I II padre e la m5dre di Hara Dengel vivevano nella terra di Dara'^; il nom" di suo padre era Giovanni, episcopos'® di Rema'"’, mentre sua m5dre si chiamava Walatta Giyorgis, ed erano ambedue di nobile famiglia. Essi avevano tre figli e tre figlie, e uno di essi era Hara Dengel. ® Cf, Feudo di Maria, pp. 52-56: "Lentrata in scena del Portogallo”. * Cf. Leonardo Cohen - Andrcu Martinez, EncAeth 3, 2007, p. 277; Caraman 1985. Raineri 2003, p. 15. '' Feudo di Maria, pp. 54-55. Michel Kleiner, EncAeth 2, pp. 97-98: “Dara... is a region in Bagemder, loeated on the south-eastem shores of LakI Tana...". Titolo da intendersi qui come designante una alta carica ecclesiastica, non insignita d2iirordine dellepiscopato, 2iirepoca in Etiopia proprio del solo metropolita (pdppds) prove- niente dall’Egitto. Conti Rossini 1892, p. 43: "(dabra) rËmS, rËmat"; Angelini 2006, pp.
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