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FILMOGRAPHY 100 Days (Nick Hughes, 2001, Rwanda/UK). Africa United (Debs Gardner Paterson, 2010, UK/South Africa/Rwanda). Alphonse’s Bike (Eric Kabera, 2008, Rwanda). As We Forgive (Laura Waters Hinson, 2008, USA). A Culture of Murder (BBC Panorama, 1994, UK). A Killer’s Homecoming (D. Volker, UK, 2004). Beasts of No Nation (Cary Joji Fukunaga, 2015, USA). Blood Diamond (Edward Zwick, 2006, USA/Germany). Chronicle of a Genocide Foretold (Daniele Lacourse and Yvan Patry, 1996, Canada). Finding Hillywood (Christopher Towey and Leah Warshawski, 2013, USA). Gacaca, Living Together Again in Rwanda? (Anne Aghion, 2002, France). Ghosts of Rwanda (Greg Barker and Darren Kemp, 2004, USA). Grey Matter (Kivu Ruhorahoza, 2011, Rwanda/Australia). Hotel Rwanda (Terry George, 2004, UK/USA/Italy/South Africa). Icyizere: Hope (Patrick Mureithi, 2008, USA). In Rwanda We Say ... The Family That Does Not Speak Dies (Anne Aghion, 2004, France). In the Tall Grass: Inside Gacaca (John Coll Metcalfe, 2006, USA). Intore (Eric Kabera, 2014, Rwanda). Iseta: Behind the Roadblock (Juan Reina, 2008, Rwanda/Kenya). Journey Into Darkness (BBC Panorama, 1994, UK). Justice Seekers (Antonio Ribeiro, 2014, UK). The Keepers of Memory (Eric Kabera, 2004, Rwanda). Kigali, des images contre un massacre (Jean-Christophe Klotz, 2006, France). Kinyarwanda (Alrick Brown, 2011 France/USA). La France au Rwanda (Robert Genoud, 1999, France). Lignes de front (Jean-Christophe, Klotz, 2009). Machine Gun Preacher (Mark Forster, 2011, USA). Mothers Courage, Thriving Survivors (Leo Kalinda, Canada, 2005). Munyurangabo (Lee Isaac Chung, 2007, Rwanda/USA). My Neighbor My Killer (Anne Aghion, 2009, France). BIBLIOGRAPHY 217

Opération Turquoise (Alain Tasma, 2007, France). Rwanda: Beyond the Deadly Pit (Gilbert Ndahayo, 2008, Rwanda). Rwanda – Do Scars Ever Fade? (Paul Freedman, USA, 2004). Rwanda: Hope in Hell (BBC Comic Relief, 2001 UK). Rwanda: In Search of Hope (Peter Raymont, 1999 Canada). Rwanda: Living Forgiveness (Ralph Springhorn, Switzerland, 2004). Rwanda, récit d’un survivant (Robert Genoud, 2001, France). Rwanda’s Untold Story (John Conroy, 2014, UK). Rwanda: The Genocide Fax (Brad Clark, 2001, Canada). Rwanda Through Us, Humanity (Marie-France Collard, 2006, Belgium/Rwanda). Shake Hands with the Devil (Roger Spotiswoode, 2007, Canada). Shake Hands with the Devil: The Journey of Roméo Dallaire (Peter Raymont, 2004 Canada). Shooting Dogs (Michael Caton-Jones, 2005, UK/Germany). Shoah (Claude Lanzmann, 1985, France). Sometimes in April (Raoul Peck, 2005, USA). The Bloody Tricolour (BBC Panorama, 1995, UK). The Constant Gardener (Fernando Meirelles, 2005, UK/Germany). The Dead Are Alive: Eyewitness in Rwanda (Anne van der Wee, 1996, Belgium). The Diary of Immaculee (Peter LeDonne, 2006, USA). The Last King of Scotland (Kevin Macdonald 2006, USA/UK). The Salt of the Earth (Juliano Salgado and Wim Wendres, 2014, France/Brazi/ Japan). The Spectre of Hope (Paul Carlin, USA, 2012). Things of the Aimless Wanderer (Kivu Ruhorahoza, 2015, UK/Rwanda). True Stories: Men in Pink (Channel 4, UK, 1999). Tuez-les tous ! Rwanda: Histoire d’un génocide ‘sans importance’ (Raphaël Glucksmann, David Hazan and Pierre Mezerette, France, 2004). Un dimanche à Kigali (Robert Favreau, 2006, Canada). Valentina’s Nightmare: A Journey Into the Rwandan Genocide (BBC Panorama, 1997, UK). We Are All Rwandans/Twese Turi Abanyarwanda (Debs Gardner-Paterson, 2008, UK). When Good Men Do Nothing (BBC Panorama, 1998, UK).

INTERVIEWS Ahishakiye, N. (2015), Executive Secretary of IBUKA, Kigali, Rwanda 22 July. Irakoze, C. (2015), Director of Documentation at the Gisozi Memorial Centre and the Genocide Archive, Kigali, 21 July. Kamuronsi, Y. (2009) Aegis Trust Rwanda Director, Kigali, 24 June. Kasasa, A. (2015), Filmmaker and Producer, Kigali, 19 July. 218 BIBLIOGRAPHY

WEBSITES http://www.genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/ http://www.alfredojaar.net http://www.aegistrust.org http://dataxis.com/pay-tv-fta-broadcasting-in-rwanda/ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS http://www.intore-themovie.com/Directors_Notes.html http://www.rura.rw/ﬁleadmin/docs/statistics/Statistics_tariff_information_ Telecom_June_2013.pdf INDEX

A As We Forgive, 53n18 Act of looking, 5, 6, 42, 80, 82, Atrocity, 5, 7, 38, 51, 76, 85, 95, 110, 85–86, 116, 151, 154, 159, 148, 186, 195 185, 196 See also Images of atrocity Adams, E., 43 Audience Adhikari, M., 33 international, 3, 4, 26, 33, 35, 37, Aegis Rwanda, 102, 121n11, 121n13, 159, 163, 167, 173, 178 (see 171 also Western Perspective) Aegis Trust, 97, 102, 121n11, 122n22 of RFF, 170, 173, 175 See also Aegis Auschwitz, 157n5 Aestheticization, 42, 73 Australian Broadcasting Africa, 89n14 Corporation, 131 African conﬂict, 6, 18, 20, 22n24, 25, Auteur, 73, 84, 133, 137 32, 37, 56, 64, 74, 169 Avega, 94, 121n6 Africa United, 193n10 Ayinkamiye, J., 3, 153 Aghion, A., 35, 36 Ahishakiye, N., 93, 95, 103, 105, 121n5, 161–162, 171, 177, 178 B Akayesu, J-P., 193n15 Baer, U., 47, 87 Akomfrah, J., 7 Bagosora, T., 9, 17 Almond Tree Films, 165, 169 Bahutu Manifesto, 13 ﬁ See also Rwanda, lm production Baker, K., 61, 76 ’ Alphonse s Bike, 193n10 Balazs, B., 128 Amnesty International, 18, 23n32 Bale, J., 22n18, 41 Aperture, 65 Balkans, 26, 52n3 – Arthur, P., 127 128 Bangré, S., 172 Arusha Accords, 13, 22n21 Barlet, O., 168–169

Barthes, R., 5–6, 38–39, 40, 43–45, Celestin, 151 49, 57, 67, 70–71, 83, 84, 85, 86, See also Iseta 107, 108, 119 Chaon, A., 25–27, 29, 52n1, Batchen, G., 39 156–157n1 Baudrillard, J., 154 Chaplin, Ch., 173 Bazin, A., 39, 118 Cheadle, D., 33 BBC, 34–35, 53n14, 168 Cholera, 15, 28, 29, 63, 79, 82 Beasts of No Nation, 52n11 Chronicle of a Genocide Benako camp, 78, 79, 82 Foretold, 53n16 Benjamin, W., 39, 45, 59 Chronology, 47, 80, 85, 145 Bergen-Belsen, 83 See also Photography, temporality Berger, J., 39 Cieplak, P., 31, 32, 52n12, 141, 143, Bergson, H., 120, 144 148, 164, 167, 175, 177–179, Berkeley, B., 21n15 181, 190–191 Bernstein, C., 181 Cinema, 2: The Time-Image, 144 Bisesero, 188–189, 191 Civil war, 11, 13, 14, 22n21, 26, Blood Diamond, 52n11 32, 43 Bloody Tricolour, The, 34, 53n17 Clan de Madame (Akazu), 21n17 Blum, A., 99 Clark, P., 17–18, 23n33, 23n34 Bosnia, 65 Clinton, B., 14, 22n24, 127, 186 Broderick, M., 179–180 CNN, 131, 164 Brouneus, K., 180, 182 Cobain, K., 26 Brutality, 3, 12, 32, 65, 71, Cohabitation, 3, 18, 34, 36–37, 43, 85, 129 79, 187, 189 Bruzzi, S., 50, 53n21, 127, Commemoration 128, 129, 133–134, politics of, 3, 18–19, 46, 93, 161 151 practices, 23n34, 29, 94–95, 99 Bugesera, 12 Congo Wars, 11, 16 Buhrer, M., 89n2 Constant Gardner, The, 52n11 Bukavu, 66 Contextualization, 57, 64, 88, 128, Burgin, V., 39 131, 135 Burundi, 9, 13, 164, 198 Convents, G., 193n2 Butare, 92 Cook, S., 23n34, 121n7 Butler, J., 42, 55, 59, 71 Cooper, J., 21n14 Corner, J., 50, 117 Council of Elders, 172 C Crisis Committee, The, 9 Calhoun, D., 32 Culture of Murder, A, 53n15 Camera Lucida, 44 Curating Africa in the Age of Film Capa, F., 43 Festivals, 173 Caplan, P., 92, 121n3, 121n8 Curation, 18, 93, 122n22, 160 Caruth, C., 47, 88 Cyangugu, 146 INDEX 221

D post-genocide, 17–18, 34–36, 159, Dallaire, R., 13, 14, 21n7, 22n23, 35, 162, 164–165, 179, 192 52n7, 53n9, 53n15, 99, 146, representation, 5, 6, 8, 20n6, 30, 157n11 35, 51, 53n21, 56, 58, 59, 75, Dauge-Roth, A., 30–33, 36, 52n7, 93, 82, 84, 126, 128, 129, 131, 126–127, 129, 131, 141, 156n1, 156, 159, 160, 162, 178, 195, 163, 178 197, 198 Davenport, Ch., 53n14 temporal dynamics, 4, 80, 109, Death Then, Life Now, 89n3 148, 174 Decontextualization, 32, 68–69, Dorland, M., 33 78, 108 Dovey, L., 168, 173, 174 Defraeye, P., 30–31, 33 Downing, L., 155 Deleuze, G., 144–145 Doyle, M., 25–26, 52n1 Delfour, J-J., 137 Durden, M., 64, 71, 89n5 Demir, N., 43 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 10, 164 E Depardon, R., 58 Eco, U., 46 Des Forges, A., 21n7, 21n15, 62 Ecole Technique Officielle, la, 33 Diary of Immaculee, The, 53n18 Ekotto, F., 167 Didi-Huberman, G., 157n5 Eltringham, N., 20n5, 21n9, 22n18, Dimanche a Kigali, Un, 31 23n34, 33, 46 Documentary Essentialism, 6, 42, 87, 189, 196 aesthetics, 50, 51, 128, 129, Ethics, 6, 78, 154–155 133, 134 Ethiopia, 74 archival footage, 8, 37, 51, 125, Ethnicity, 9, 13, 19, 116, 170 127, 129, 144, 183–184 See also Hutu; I.D. cards; Tutsi authenticity, 5, 38, 48, 100, 113, 150 death, 5, 7, 30, 37, 43, 49, 55, 59, F 82, 85, 110, 120, 157n4, 197 FAR, 10–11, 15 evidential claim, 8, 50, 59, 84, 85, Felman, Sh., 150, 160, 177, 126, 132, 138–139, 144, 154, 180–182 156, 160, 190, 197 Fiction films, 4, 34, 161 film, 5, 8, 19, 35, 40, 49, 50, 51, Finding Hillywood, 193n9 53n21, 56, 125, 127–129, 131, Flusser, V., 40 133, 139, 144, 154, 157n2, Francafrique, 14, 22n5 160, 162, 171, 175–197 France au Rwanda, La, genocide, 34–35, 139, 155, 174 53n17 photography, 7, 40, 48, 50–51, 56, French School, The, 125–126, 129, 58–59, 75, 102, 108, 110, 145, 149, 157n3 120, 125 Fujii, L., 21n15 222 INDEX

Future anterior, 83, 109 Eugenie, 192 (see also Keepers of See also Photography, temporality Memory, The) Inbigiza, B., 183 (see also Keepers of Memory, The) G Kabaga, G., 125, 157n4 (see also Gacaca, 17, 18, 23n33, 35, 36, Gikondo) 53n18, 143, 146, 149, 151, 160, Liliane, 185, 192 (see also Keepers of 171, 180, 182 Memory, The) Gacaca, Living Together Again in Mugenzira, E., 92, 120n2, 187 Rwanda?, 35, 53n18 Mukangango, V., 125, 130 (see also Gacuriro, 165 Thompson, A.) Gardner-Paterson, D., 175 Mwanankabandi, B., 1–2 (see also Génocidaires, 15, 17, 19, 70, 79, 148, Strategy of Antelopes, The) 151, 187–189 Narcisse, 188 (see also Keepers of Genocide Memory, The) aftermath, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 14, 17, 27, Rwililiza, I., 1–2 (see also Strategy of 28, 30, 34, 46, 52n8, 57, Antelopes, The) 61–64, 80, 86, 91, 102, 105, Tatiane, 142, 153 (see also Iseta) 120, 125–127, 156, 160, 163, Uzamukunda, R., 147 (see also 164, 169, 174, 176, 195, 197, Iseta) 198 (see also Documentary; Genocide victims Image; Photography) anonymity, 6, 42, 65, 72, 76, 103, memorials, 4, 5, 8, 19, 23n34, 120, 189, 196, 197 43–46, 85–86, 89, 91, 96, 100, identiﬁcation, 100, 104, 107, 110, 104, 108, 115, 118, 120, 115–116, 119, 152–154 122n19, 123n26, 139, 153, rehumanization, 104, 152–153 156, 171 retraumatization, 4, 18, 161 reduction, 6, 16, 32, 36, 42, 106, Gerard, Prunier, 15, 151, 189 110, 112, 113, 141, 155, 160, See also Iseta 190, 196 (see also Genocide Ghana, 168 victims, rehumanization) Ghosts of Rwanda, 35, 36, 53n16 Genocide Archive, 94, 97, 101, 103, Gikandi, S., 7 121n11, 122n23, 122n24, Gikondo, 27, 125, 129, 131, 132, 122n25, 141, 149, 171, 180 134, 136, 138, 140–152, 154, Genocide Survivors 156, 186 Alfonsine, 185 (see also Keepers of See also Gikondo scene; Gikondo Memory, The) footage Alfred, 148 (see also Iseta) Gikondo footage, 143, 144, 146, 150, Angelique, 186 (see also Keepers of 152, 154, 156 Memory, The) Gikondo scene, 132, 134, 136, 138, Claudette, 184 (see also Keepers of 142, 143, 145, 148 Memory, The) Gisenyi, 175 INDEX 223

Gisozi, 97 100 Days, 30, 33, 52n12, 140, 153, Gisozi images, 102–110, 112, 164, 176 113–120, 122n19 Hurt, J., 33 Gisozi Memorial Centre, 5, 97, Hutu, 9, 10–13, 15, 19, 20n1, 21n9, 122n19, 185, 193n13 21n17, 25, 66, 69, 70, 96, 175 See also KGM Hutu Ten Commandments, 11, 70 Godard, J-L., 138 Goma refugee camp, 29, 63 Gorazde siege, 26 I Gothenburg Film Festival, 165 Ibreck, R., 23n34, 93–96, 99, 101, Gourevitch, P., 10, 22n26, 52n7, 66 121n3, 121n14 Green, D., 38 IBUKA, 93–94, 103, 121n4, 161, 184 Grey Matter, 31, 33–34, 167 Iconicity, 132, 134, 136, 150 Guyer, S., 23n34, 95, 96 Icyizere: Hope, 53n18, 175 I.D. cards (Identity Cards), 9, 13, 19, 102, 114, 116, 184 H IDP, 10, 16 Habyarimana, J., 9, 12, 14–15, Images 21n–22n, 25, 126 of atrocity, 5, 7, 38, 41, 49, 51, 57–59, Halbwachs, M., 47, 20 70, 71–73, 75, 84, 86–88, 110, Halter, A., 98 126, 148, 186, 195–196 (see also Hanning Speke, J., 13 Photography, atrocity) Hanusch, F., 89n1 documentary, 5–8, 19, 20n6, 30, Hatzfeld, J., 1, 2, 52n7, 89n2, 154, 35, 37, 40, 43, 48–51, 52n8, 182, 192, 198 53n21, 75, 85, 110, 125, 129, Heffernan, V., 36 190, 196–198 Hillywood, 173–176, 192, 193n9 evidential value, 28, 42, 102–110, Hilsum, L., 22n21, 51n1 112–120, 131–137, 132, 133, Holmes, G., 9–10, 14–17, 19, 21n11, 135, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145, 23n29, 34, 35, 139, 159, 161, 152 (see also Gisozi images; 164, 166, 168, 170–171, 177 Hughes, Nick; Zapruder ﬁlm) Holocaust, 4, 6, 10, 20, 28, 31, 35, metonymic, 28, 127 73, 89n11, 95, 99, 102, 104, speciﬁcity, 41, 51, 59, 76, 77, 86, 119–120, 122n22, 127, 137, 134, 138, 196 138, 154, 177, 191, 198 Impuzamugambi, 12, 21n16 Hossli, 65–66 Indexicality, 40, 118 Hotel Rwanda, 4, 31, 33–34, 131, 174 In Rwanda We say … The Family that Hron, M., 31–34, 36–37, 159 Does Not Speak Dies, 35, 36, Hughes, N., 27, 121n15, 126–127, 53n18 129–131, 134–156, 156n1, Intore, 177, 193n11 157n3, 157n4, 157n8, 157n10, In the Tall Grass: Inside 164, 178, 186, 197 Gacaca, 53n18 224 INDEX

Interahamwe, 2, 15–17, 20n2, 21n16, Karnik, N., 51n1, 81, 82 131, 145–146, 183 Kasasa, A., 161, 162, 166–168, 169, Interim government, 9 173, 175, 176, 191 Irakoze, C., 97, 102–103, 105, Kayibanda, G., 12 122n23, 171–172, 180 Keane, F., 35, 52n7 Iseta: Behind the Roadblock, 8, 35, Keepers of Memory, The, 8, 35–37, 53n15, 139, 140 53n18, 120n2, 159, 177, 190, 197 Kennedy, J.F., 132–134, 136, 137 J Kenya, 143 Jaar, A., 58, 89n5 Kepley, V., 127 James, S., 58, 75 KGM, 91, 97–106, 109–112, 116, John, 151 118, 119, 121n10–122n24, 170, See also Iseta 171, 179 Journalist(s), 9, 25–30, 32, 34, 35, 60, See also Kigali Genocide Memorial 127, 129, 130, 131, 139, 140, Kibumba camp, 83 141, 146, 163, 164, 168, 171, Kibuye, 5 184, 189 Kid, The, 173, 175, 176 See also Western perspective Kigali, 4, 5, 8–10, 14, 26, 27, 29, 31, Journey Into Darkness, 34, 53n15 35, 45, 53n15, 89, 89n7, 91, 92, Journey of Romeo Dallaire, The, 35, 97, 98, 103, 104, 121n13, 52n9, 53n15 122n19, 125, 127, 128, 131, Justice Seekers, 35 139, 140, 145, 152, 153, 164, 165, 166, 173, 175, 184, 188, 193n7, 193n13, 197 K Kigali Airport, 9, 131 Kabera, E., 37, 140, 142, 147, 151, Kigali City Council, 97 152, 154–156, 157n9, 161, 164, Kigali, des images contre un 165, 167–169, 173, 176, massacre, 35, 53n15, 128, 139 177–183, 186–192, 193n10 Kigali Genocide Memorial, 4, 5, 8, 44, Kabore, G., 164 89, 91, 127, 153, 193n13, 197 Kabuga, 62, 63, 89n7 Killer’s Homecoming, A, 36, 53n18 Kagame, P., 10, 16, 23n31, 171 King, E., 19, 23n34, 96, 99, 121n3, Kagera region, 77 121n12 Kambanda, J., 9, 17, 146, 183 Kinyarwanda, 21n17, 99, 100, 166, Kamuronsi, Y., 102–104, 105, 110, 167, 173, 189 122n20 Kinyarwanda (Film), 31, 33 Kangura, 11, 17 Klotz, J-Ch., 128, 139, 140, 157n8 See also Photography, propaganda Koff, C., 121n7 Kankundiye, R., 142 Korey, W., 21n14 Kanziga, A., 21n17 Kracauer, S., 46, 59, 128 Karnell, A., 21n15 Krauss, R., 53n19 INDEX 225

Kuhn, A., 46 Migrations: Humanity in Kurdi, A., 43 Transition, 7, 59, 74–78, 81, Kwetu Film Institute (KFI), 165 86, 109 Militia(s), 2–3, 9–10, 12, 14, 15, 20n2, 32, 127, 131, 146, 164, L 183, 187 Lake Kivu, 191 See also Interahamwe – Lanzmann, C., 137, 138, 177, 191 Mirzoeff, N., 59, 63 65, 68, 89n5, Last King of Scotland, The, 52n11 93, 95, 99, 121n3 Latent representation, 6, 28, 197 Modern Times, 173 Laub, D., 149, 182 Mogadishu, 56 – Lemkin, R., 11, 21n14 Möller, F., 4, 27 28, 30, 52n2, 57, – Let There Be Light: The Rwanda 89n5, 157n1, 160 161 Project, 1994–1998, 58 Moriarty, M., 43 Lieux de memoire, 96 Moses, D., 21n14 Life, 65, 132 Mothers Courage, Thriving Life Laid Bare: The Survivors in Survivors, 53n18 Rwanda Speak, 2, 3, 192 MTN network, 173 Lignes de front, 31 Mukangango, J., 125, 130, 157n4 Linﬁeld, S., 60, 61, 63, 64, 68, 72 Mukantaganzwa, D., 146 Lister, M., 53n19 Mungai, A., 169 Luckhurst, R., 70, 73, 75, 88, 89n12 Munyurangabo, 31, 33 Lumiere brothers, 127 Murambi, 5, 92, 99, 121n10, 121n16, 187 Mureithi, P., 175 M Musekeweya (New Dawn), 166 – Melvern, L., 12–15, 21n7, 21n10, Museum effect, 104 107 21n15, 25, 32, 33, 52n1 My Neighbor My Killer, 35, 53n18 Memorial Bisesero, 93 Holocaust, 99, 104 N Ntarama, 92, 93, 99, 121n16 Nahimana, F., 17 Nyange, 92, 93, 185 Naimasiah, N., 31, 167–168 Nyanza, 93, 103, 183 Nair, P., 59–61, 73–78, 81, 86 Memorialization, 18–19, 28, 33, 88, Nairobi, 131 93, 131, 163, 169, 196 Natchwey, J., 58 Memory National Commission for the Fight collective, 7, 28, 30, 46–49, 91, 93, Against Genocide (CNLG), 94, 94, 108, 119–120, 142, 156, 193n8 172, 186, 190 Ndahayo, G., 167, 169 manifestation of, 99, 106 Ndahiro, A., 33 Menossi, M., 140 New York Times, The, 65, 81, 89n14 226 INDEX

Ngara, 77 aesthetics, 6, 30, 37, 45, 50–51, 56, Ngarambe, F., 184–185 59, 60–61, 68, 72–80, 82, Ngeze, H., 17 84–85, 87–88, 90n16, 91, 109, Nichols, B., 5, 50, 154 113–114, 118, 120, 122n26, Nigeria, 168 128–129, 133–134, 137 Noeme, 39, 43, 84 aftermath, 7, 15–17, 27–28, 30, 46, Nora, P., 86 51, 57–58, 61–64, 75–76, 80, Norfolk, S., 58 86–87, 91, 102, 105, 120, Norridge, Z., 35, 52n7, 60, 126, 132, 125–127, 156, 160, 197 139, 141, 153, 157n6 atrocity, 5, 7, 38, 41, 49, 51, 57–59, Ntangengwa, F., 98 70–73, 75, 84, 86–87, 195 Ntarama, 92–93, 99, 121n16, death, 6, 7, 30, 37, 38, 39, 43, 186–187 44, 45, 49, 50, 55, 56, 57, Ntaryamira, C., 9 59, 66, 67, 69, 72, 83, 85, 91, Nyamirambo, 184 95, 109, 110, 114, 118, Nyamwiza, 1 120, 196 Nyange memorial, 92, 93, forensic, 60–61, 64, 68, 73, 78, 175, 185 85–86, 88 Nyange school, 175 institutional context, 39, 135 Machine Gun Preacher, 52n11 malleability, 6, 42, 130, 133, 134, O 141, 151, 178, 180, 195 On Photography, 39 Mamdani, M., 10, 13, 21n12, Ontology, 7, 40, 70, 22n18, 22n19 96, 120 Memory, 43–50, 59, 67, 85, 86, 91, Operation Turquoise, 14, 16, 93 92, 93, 104, 108, 109, 120, Operation Turquoise (Film), 31 126, 140, 196 Photojournalism, 43, 59, 60, 73, 75, 84 P Politics in Rwanda, 12–13, 18–19, Paris-Match, 65 22n21, 93 Peirce, C., S., 38 Portrait, 4, 8, 43, 44, 57, 58, 60, 81, Pellicule maudite, 132, 137, 138, 139, 82, 88, 100–102, 104, 106, 157n5 109, 113, 115–117, 122n23, Peress, G., 7, 41, 45, 58–68, 70–74, 151, 187 (see also Genocide 76–80, 82–89, 91, 101, 109, victim, identiﬁcation) 120, 126, 197 Power, S., 21n14, 22n24, 22n26 Pierre, 151 presidential Guard, 9–10 See also Iseta Prisons Commissioner, 172 Phan Thị Kim Phuc, 132 Professional witness, 8, 35, 126, Phoenix, J., 131 139, 143, 144, 147, 160 Photography Professionalism, 99–101 INDEX 227

Propaganda, 11, 15, 21n15, 28, 46, Robert, P., 27 55, 70, 99, 163, 171 Rochero, 151 Prunier, G., 12–13, 15, 21n7, See also Iseta 21n10, 22n19, 22n20, 22n25, Rosen, P., 128 22n26, 23n29, 46, 69, 189 Roskis, E., 27, 29, 48 Punctum, 44, 49, 57, 86, 108 Ruhorahoza, K., 31, 161, 166, 167, referent, 39, 40, 43–45, 49, 56, 58, 168, 169, 179 65–67, 69, 71, 77–78, 80, 82, Rusesabagina, P., 33, 52n7, 52n13 104, 109–110, 113–115, Rutaganda, G., 17, 131, 193n15 118–120, 125 Rutazibwa, P., 33 Signiﬁcation, 106, 114, 129 Rwanda temporality, 43–48, 51, 56–57, 59, colonial history, 12–14, 22n18 63, 65, 67, 80, 88, 104, 109, ﬁlm production, 8, 159, 160, 165, 118–120, 126 (see also 166, 168, 169, 179 Documentary, noeme; government, 9, 10, 13, 15–17, 19, Documentary, temporal 20, 22n21, 26, 27, 32, 52n13, dynamic) 93–95, 161, 168, 170, 175, Truth claim, 29, 38, 58, 71 177, 190 (see also RPF) post-independence history, 13, 146 R Rwanda Academy of Language and Radio Rwanda, 11, 21n15 Culture in the Ministry of Culture Radio Television Libre des Mille and Sports, 168 Collines (RTLM), 11, 17, Rwanda Cinema Centre, 140, 164, 166 21n15 See also RCC RCC, 165–168, 169–173 Rwanda: Beyond the Deadly See also Rwanda Cinema Centre Pit, 53n18 Readability, 33–34, 130, 189 Rwanda: Do Scars ever Fade, 53n18 Reconciliation, 3, 18, 19, 23n33, 34, Rwanda Film Festival (RFF), 164, 36, 167, 174, 176, 190 165, 167, 170, 172, 173, 175 Refugee camps, 7, 11, 15, 16, 29, 34, Rwandan genocide 57, 58, 62, 63, 65, 74, 77, 81, 82, artistic response, 20n6, 50, 134 84, 86, 89n14, 164 coverage in media, 25, 30, 51n1, Regarding the Pain of Others, 37, 39, 60, 64, 130, 146 42 execution, 8, 11, 12, 21n7, 21n17, Region, 144, 148, 150, 168 130 See also Deleuze footage of, 27, 37, 51, 82, 121n15, Reina, J., 126, 140, 147, 151, 152, 125–157, 183–184 154, 155 international response, 13–15, 17, Renzaho, Th., 9 18, 21n11, 25, 26, 28, 34, 66, Re-traumatization, 4, 18, 161 91, 131, 132, 146 (see also Reuf, D., 58 Journalist) 228 INDEX

Rwandan genocide (cont.) Sheikh, F., 58 legacy, 9, 20n6, 165, 167, 168, Shoah, 137, 180, 186 169, 178 Shohat, E., 148, 162, 168, 174, 175 preparation, 9–13 Shooting Dogs, 4, 31–34, 52n12, 174 Rwanda: Histoire d’un genocide “sans Silence, The, 7, 59, 62–69, 71, 72, 73, importance”, 53n17 78, 79, 86, 88, 89n6, 89n8, Rwanda: Hope in Hell, 35, 53n15 89n10, 98, 109, 191 Rwanda: Living Forgiveness, 36, Simon, A., 133, 134, 151 53n18 Simpson, O.J., 26 Rwanda, recit d’un survivant, Sobchack, V., 56, 135, 136, 154 53n18 Somalia, 14, 22n24, 56 Rwanda Through Us, Sometimes in April, 1, 31, 34 Humanity, 53n18 Sontag, S., 5, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45, 48, Rwanda TV (RTV), 166, 167 49, 51, 62, 71, 72, 73, 75–77, 84, Rwanda Utilities Regulatory 86–88, 118, 136, 138, 195, 196, Authority, 193n5 198, 199 Rwandan ﬁlm industry, 164, 170, Spacey, K., 186 176, 177 Spectatorship, 42, 165, 168, 172, 173, See also Rwanda, ﬁlm production 174, 176, 182, 193n2 Rwandan Patriotic Army Spectre of Hope, The, 89n13 (RPA), 21n12 Stallabrass, J., 55, 59, 75 Rwandan Patriotic Front Stam, A., 53n14 (RPF), 10–18, 21n12, 22n21, 26, Stam, R., 148, 162, 168, 174, 175 27, 53n14, 93, 95, 96, 99, 127 Stereotype, 3, 25, 32, 33, 41, 42, 46, Rwanda’s Untold Story, 35, 168 64, 71, 162, 163, 177 Stipulating, 48–50, 62, 84, 86 Stone, D., 46 S Strategy of Antelope: Living in Salgado, S., 7, 41, 58, 59, 60, 61, Rwanda After the Genocide, 73–87, 89, 89n13, 91, 101, 109, The, 1, 192 120, 126, 197 Studium, 44, 57, 71 Salt of the Earth, The, 89n13 Subjectivity, 6, 51, 105, 133, 146 Saxgren, H., 58 Sudan, 74 Saxton, L., 28, 127, 128, 137, 138, Sundaram, A., 161 154, 155 Swedish Institute, The, 165 Security Council, 14–15, 62 Swender, R., 127 Sekula, A., 39, 75 Senna, A., 26 Shake Hands With the Devil: The T Failure of Humanity In Tagg, J., 39 Rwanda, 13, 31, 34, 35, 52n9, Tanzania, 7, 11, 17, 26, 62, 63, 74, 53n15, 157n11 77, 78, 82, 88, 89n14, 164 INDEX 229

Taxonomy, 6, 31, 34 Usabyeyezu, A., 152 Testimony See also Iseta burden, 3, 75, 133, 147, 160, 178, Ut, N., 132 181, 182, 183, 189, 190 Uvin, P., 16, 22n21, 23n33 practice, 122n22, 138, 150, Uwilingiyimana, A., 9 183, 197 survivors’, 8, 36, 50, 52n7, 92, 100, 105, 122n24, 137, 148, 153, V 159, 171, 172, 180–189, Valentina’s Story, 34–35 191–192, 197 Van Loorsdrecht, B., 58 Things of the Aimless Vantage point, 73, 78, 83, 145, 149 Wanderer, 167 Verdery, K., 121n7 Thompson, A., 25, 52n1, 126, 129, Vidal, C., 23n34, 94, 121n3, 121n7 130–132, 136, 142, 147, 151, Vietnam, 132 152, 154, 155, 156n1 Voyeurism, 6, 38, 42, 65, 87, 138, Tiananmen Square, 132 186, 196 Trauma, 7, 30, 37, 47, 71, 88, 167, 174, 180, 182, 189, 196, 197 W Tribeca Film Festival, 165, 167 Warren Commission, 132 True Story: Men in Pink, 53n18 Washington DC, 119 Tuez-les tous!, 53n17 We Are All Rwandans/Twese Turi Turpin, J-M., 29 Abanyarwanda, 175 – Tutsi, 9 14, 17, 19, 20n1, 21n10, 25, Wedding photographs, 112, 113, 33, 53n14, 66, 69, 70, 93, 96, 115, 117 144, 170, 171, 175, 188 Western perspective, 25, 29, 31–35, Twa, 9 37, 41, 48, 61, 82, 118, 130, Tyler, P., 128 136, 149, 155, 156, 163, 164, 169, 178, 180, 186, 192, 196 When Good Men Do Nothing, 33, U 53n16 Ubaldo, R., 4, 52n7, 160–161 Whitehead, A., 48, 121n9 UNAMIR, 13, 14, 22n22 Williams, P., 94, 96, 100, 104, 105, UN Convention on the Prevention 106, 108, 110, 112, 113, 115, and Punishment of the Crime 118, 121n7 of Genocide, 11 Winston, B., 38, 50, 53n21, 149, 150, UN International Criminal 160, 180 Tribunal For Rwanda Witnessing, 5–8, 49, 50, 60, 86, 137, (ICTR), 17, 18, 23n33, 139, 140, 149, 150, 153, 156, 131, 137, 154 160, 180, 181, 182, 185, 186, United States Holocaust 190, 192, 197 Museum, 119 World Bank, 166, 193n6 230 INDEX

Z Zapruder ﬁlm, 131–137, 139, 141, Zaire, 7, 10–11, 14–16, 26, 29, 48, 147, 151 62, 63, 66, 74, 82, 88, 89n14, ZDF, 131 115, 123n27 Zelizer, B., 5, 38, 40, 48, 49, 55–58, Zapruder, A., 132 62, 83, 86–88, 89n11, 132, 195